1.
Renaissance Centre (Erie, Pennsylvania)
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Renaissance Centre, formerly known as the Erie Trust Company Building and the G. Daniel Baldwin Building, is a 198-foot skyscraper located in Erie, Pennsylvania in the United States. Intended to be the headquarters for the largest bank in Erie, completed in 1928 at the climax of the Roaring Twenties, the buildings namesake bank failed in 1933 after the start of the Great Depression. It was renamed the G. Daniel Baldwin Building in 1943, in 1996, it became Renaissance Centre and was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 2000. Renaissance Centre is located in downtown Erie at the intersection of State Street, the main thoroughfare in Erie. It is the citys sole skyscraper and dominates the city skyline, Renaissance Centre has a height of 198 feet and is the tallest multi-story building in Erie, Pennsylvania, but second-tallest overall, the central spire of St. Peter Cathedral is taller at 265 feet. The building itself is 82 1⁄2 feet deep,161 feet wide, the first three floors on the north and west fronts of Renaissance Centre are faced with Indiana limestone while the remaining floors are clad in light buff-colored brick. Its main entrance on State Street consists of multiple, set-back arches that rise one-and-a-half stories up the facade, the buildings name is engraved on a faux-limestone sign mounted above the archway. Starting at the 11th floor, the building is setback, Renaissance Centre has a total floor space of 150,000 square feet spread across its 14 floors. Originally, the first floor comprised the bank lobby, but has been divvied up into an atrium, six murals by New York-painter Edward A. Turnbull depicting historical events from Erie history were located on the first floor, five remain, but were hidden by renovations. The 14th floor offers views of Presque Isle State Park, Lake Erie and, on days, Long Point. Shortly after the passage of the National Bank Act by Congress in 1864, one of these, Dime Savings and Loan, was founded in 1866, it was reorganized as the Erie Trust Company in 1902. The economic boom following World War I set off a flurry of building activity in downtown Erie, including a skyscraper at 12th. By the mid-1920s, the Erie Trust Company had become the dominant banking institution in the city, the bank hired the New York City-architectural firm Dennison and Hirons in 1925 to design its new headquarters—the firm also designed the Home Savings Bank Building in Albany, New York. The Erie Trust Company Building was completed in 1928 at a cost of $2 million, a year later, the stock market crashed sparking the Great Depression, and, by 1933, the Erie Trust Company went bankrupt. Its remnants and that of another defunct bank were reorganized into the National Bank and Trust, which continued to occupy its former headquarters now owned by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The state auctioned off the Erie Trust Company Building in 1943 in a court and was acquired by the Tenth Street Building Corporation. The building was renamed after companys president at the time, G. Daniel Baldwin, in 1945, despite its owners operating a large and profitable business, the occupancy in the building decreased to less than 30 percent in the 1970s and 1980s. The G. Daniel Baldwin Building was, again, put up for auction in June 1996, the Tenth Street Building Corporation donated the building to the Greater Erie Charity Golf Classic where it sold to local developer Tom Kennedy for $315,000 with the proceeds going to charity
2.
Modern architecture
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Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, the cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in the suburbs of Paris. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist, for each function its material, for each material its form and its ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, at the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art 1896-99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France, it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In 1903-1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously used for industrial structures. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectators view of the stage. Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style, in his book Moderne Arkchtekture he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on modern life. Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior, the reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, an open space of steel, glass. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings and his Steiner House, in Vienna, was an example of what he called rationalist architecture, it had a simple stucco rectangual facade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture and this residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings and a tower
3.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
4.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
General Motors
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With global headquarters at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, United States, GM manufactures cars and trucks in 35 countries. In 2008,8.35 million GM cars and trucks were sold globally under various brands, current auto brands are Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, and Wuling. Former GM automotive brands include McLaughlin, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Saturn, Vauxhall, the company was founded by William C. Durant on September 16,1908 as a holding company. The company was the largest automobile manufacturer from 1931 through 2007, in addition to brands selling assembled vehicles, GM also has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. General Motors produces vehicles in 37 countries under twelve brands, Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Cadillac, Holden, HSV, Opel, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, Jie Fang, and Ravon. The current company, General Motors Company LLC, was formed in 2009 following the bankruptcy of General Motors Corporation, the new company purchased the majority of the assets of the old GM, including the brand General Motors. In addition to its twelve brands, General Motors also holds a 20% stake in IMM, General Motors employs 212,000 people and does business in more than 140 countries. General Motors is divided into five segments, GM North America, Opel Group, GM International Operations, GM South America. General Motors led global vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007, longer any other automaker. General Motors acts in most countries outside the U. S. via wholly owned subsidiaries, GMs OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety, security and information services. In 2009, General Motors shed several brands, closing Saturn, Pontiac, and Hummer, in 2010, the reorganized GM made an initial public offering that was one of the worlds top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability later that year. General Motors Corporation was formed on September 16,1908, in Flint, Michigan, GMs co-founder was Charles Stewart Mott, whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GMs creation. Over the years, Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM, and spent his life with his Mott Foundation, GM acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, Oakland, also in 1909, GM acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant, along with R. S. McLaughlin, lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers trust, because of the amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions. The next year, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company in the U. S. and in Canada in 1915, Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation in 1916, merging Chevrolet with GM, shortly thereafter, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. These facilities were added to the factories that were exclusive to Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland
8.
CBRE Group
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CBRE Group, Inc. is an American commercial real estate company with headquarters in Los Angeles, California. As of its successful 2011 bid to acquire part of ING, CBRE was ranked at 363 in the Fortune 500 in 2014 and was the highest-ranked company in the real estate sector. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Tucker, Lynch & Coldwell was established on August 27,1906, following CB Commercial’s 1998 acquisition of Richard Ellis International Limited, which traced its roots to London in 1773, the company changed its name to CB Richard Ellis. In June 2004, CBRE began trading on the New York Stock Exchange, in 2005, CBRE was first recognized as a Fortune 1000 company, and in 2006 it was added to the S&P500. In late 2006, CBRE merged with Trammell Crow Company in a transaction valued at $2.2 billion, the agreement also included INGs listed securities business. The company changed its name to CBRE Group, Inc. on October 3,2011 and this change was made to bring the formal name of the company into alignment with the well recognized CBRE brand. In January 2017, CBRE Group acquired Floored, a New York-based commercial real estate software company, on January 31,2017, CBRE Global Investment Partners disclosed that it would invest $450 million in a portfolio of retail property on the West Coast. In real estate, as of 2011, CBREs approach has been to invest in properties that need upgrading before they are sold, real estate investment operations reside in CBRE Investors, a wholly owned subsidiary of CBRE Group. As of 2011, the CBRE Investors unit had US$37,600,000,000 of assets under management
9.
John C. Portman Jr.
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John Calvin Portman Jr. is an American neofuturistic architect and real estate developer widely known for popularizing hotels and office buildings with multi-storied interior atria. Portman also had a large impact on the cityscape of his hometown of Atlanta, with the Peachtree Center complex serving as downtowns business. The Peachtree Center area includes Portman-designed Hyatt, Westin, Mandarin Oriental, portmans plans typically deal with primitives in the forms of symmetrical squares and circles. Portman graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1950 and his firm completed the Merchandise Mart in downtown Atlanta in 1961. The multi-block Peachtree Center was begun in 1965 and would expand to become the center of hotel and office space in Downtown Atlanta. Portman would develop a similar complex at San Franciscos Embarcadero Center. The Shanghai Centre was the first of major projects in China. Portmans work was featured in an exhibition at Atlantas High Museum of Art in 2009. Portman is a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, Portman is praised for his cinematic interiors artfully relating interior space and elements to the individual
10.
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
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Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP is an American architectural, urban planning, and engineering firm. It was formed in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings, with a portfolio spanning thousands of projects across 50 countries, SOM is one of the largest architectural firms in the world. Their primary expertise is in commercial buildings, as it was SOM that led the way to the widespread use of the modern international-style or glass box skyscraper. They have designed several of the tallest buildings in the world, including the John Hancock Center, Willis Tower, due to their faithful following of Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohes ideas, Frank Lloyd Wright nicknamed them The Three Blind Mies. Notable SOM architects include, Edward Charles Bassett, Natalie de Blois, Gordon Bunshaft, David Childs, Myron Goldsmith, Bruce Graham, Gertrude Kerbis, Fazlur Rahman Khan. Lucien Lagrange, Walter Netsch, Larry Oltmanns, Brigitte Peterhans, Adrian Smith, indeed, Khan is responsible for developing the algorithms that made the Hancock building and many subsequent skyscrapers possible. Another notable SOM engineer is Bill Baker, who is best known as the engineer of Burj Khalifa, to support the towers record heights and slim footprint, he developed the buttressed core structural system, consisting of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that form a Y shape. Davis Allen, a pioneer in corporate interior design, had a tenure at SOM. Throughout its history, SOM has been recognized more than 1,700 awards for quality. More than 900 of these awards have received since 1998. In 1996 and 1962, SOM received the Architecture Firm Award from the American Institute of Architects, SOM is the only firm to have received this honor twic13 R+D Awards from Architect Magazine. In addition, a collaboration between SOM and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, The Center for Architecture, Science and Ecology, was honored with a fifth award. SOM has completed over 10,000 projects around the United States and in more than 50 other countries around the world, london, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Mumbai, and Abu Dhabi. Smaller field offices supplement these in such as the Philippines. Burj Khalifa is the tallest man-made structure ever built, at 829.8 m, construction began on 21 September 2004, and the building officially opened on 4 January 2010. The towers architect and engineer was Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, george J. Efstathiou was the Managing Partner for the project. Bill Baker, the Chief Structural Engineer for the project, invented the buttressed core structural system in order to enable the tower to achieve such heights economically, Adrian Smith, who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill until 2006, was the Consulting Design Partner. The primary builder is a joint venture of South Korean Samsung C&T, one World Trade Center, also known as the Freedom Tower, is located in Manhattan, New York City, and is 1,776 ft high, making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere
11.
Gensler
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M. Arthur Gensler Jr. & Associates, Inc. referred to as Gensler, is an American design and architecture firm headquartered in San Francisco. In 2015, Gensler generated $1.18 billion in revenue, as of 2015, it operated offices in 46 cities in 16 countries worldwide. Art and Drue Gensler, and their associate, James Follett and it is also involved in planning and urban design, brand strategy, environmental graphic design, mission-critical facilities, sustainable design consulting and other areas. As of 2015, the firm employed more than 5,000 people working in 46 offices in 16 countries, genslers newest offices is at the Custard Factory in Birmingham UK which was opened in 2016. Gensler was awarded the Architecture Firm Award in 2000 by the American Institute of Architects, in 2015, Gensler was awarded for their proposed London Underline project. Founder Art Gensler received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Design Futures Council in 2016, Arthur Gensler - AIACC Lifetime Achievement Award. Art Gensler proud of design, largest architect firm in world
12.
SmithGroupJJR
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SmithGroupJJR is an architectural firm headquartered in Guardian Building in Detroit, Michigan. As of 2016, it ranks among the top 10 Architecture firms according tohttp, //www. architectmagazine. com/architect-50/2016/ and as the United States seventh largest architecture and engineering firm. The firm is composed of client industry-focused practices serving Campus, Community, Waterfront, Health, Learning, Science & Technology, and Workplace markets. The firm has offices in ten cities, Detroit, Ann Arbor, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Madison, Phoenix, San Francisco, Shanghai, in 2000, the firm changed its name from Smith, Hinchman & Grylls to SmithGroup. In 2011, the firm incorporated its sister firm, JJR, the firm expanded outside North America by opening an office in Shanghai, China, in December 2013. Notable architects from SmithGroupJJR include Minoru Yamasaki and Wirt C, J. Hinchman J. L. Hudson Department Store and Addition Bankers Trust Building — Wirt C. Rowland The Players Clubhouse — William E. Kapp Buhl Building — Wirt C, rowland Mistersky Power Plant — Amedeo Leone Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church, Indian Village, Detroit — Wirt C. Rowland Meadow Brook Hall — William E. Kapp Intramural Sports Building, University of Michigan, rowland Guardian Building — Wirt C. Rowland Denby High School — Wirt C, rowland Pershing High School — Wirt C. and John Gallagher. AIA Detroit, The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture, meyer, Katherine Mattingly and Martin C. P. McElroy with Introduction by W. Hawkins Ferry, Hon A. I. A. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Thomas J Holleman & James P Gallagher, Smith, Hinchman & Grylls,125 Years of Architecture and Engineering, 1853-1978. SmithGroupJJR company website Architectureweek. com, Article about the company on its 150th anniversary — in Architecture Week
13.
Turner Construction
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Turner Construction Company is an American construction company. It is one of the largest construction management companies in the United States of America and it is a subsidiary of the German company Hochtief. Henry Chandlee Turner founded Turner Construction Company in 1902, with $25,000 in start-up capital, at 11 Broadway, Turners first job was a $687 project to build a concrete vault for Thrift Bank in the borough of Brooklyn. In 1903, a Scottish industrialist named Robert Gair, involved with the manufacture of paper products, the facility, finished in 1904, measured 180,000 sq ft, making it, at the time, the largest reinforced concrete building in the United States. At the same time the company was developing plans for the Gair building, the original design showed the stairs were to be made of steel, but Turner thought concrete was a less expensive alternative. After examining public bidding records, Henry Turner undercut competing offers and was awarded the chance to build several staircases in concrete and his alternative worked, leading to contracts for more than 50 staircases and platforms for the Interborough Rapid Transit. The company established branch offices to maintain its geographic scope. The Buffalo office followed in 1908, as did the office in Boston, when the United States entered World War I, Turner was among the countrys most successful builders. From World War I to the Great Depression, the companys billings grew from under $12 million to nearly $44 million, like most industries, construction suffered during the economic collapse and Turners volume fell to $2.5 million by 1933. The company recovered and revenues increased to $12 million by 1937, the company suspended commercial construction during the war years, focusing instead on construction of military camps, factories, and government buildings. Henry Turner stepped down as president in 1941, to serve as chairman and make room for his brother, Archie Turner, Archie Turner led the company through the war, but poor health limited his tenure. In October 1946, Henry Turner retired as chairman, handing the post to his ailing brother, for his replacement, Archie Turner selected Admiral Ben Moreell, the individual responsible for forming the Seabees. One month after Moreells appointment, Archie Turner died of a heart attack, four months later, Moreell resigned, and the void was filled by Henry Turners son, Henry Chandlee Turner, Jr. Under Chan Turner, as a result of numerous construction projects. After surpassing $100 million in revenues in 1951, Turner built the United Nations Secretariat building in New York in 1952, during the 1960s, notable projects included the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in the early part of the decade and Madison Square Garden in 1967. The company opened a office in Cincinnati in 1954, followed by offices in Los Angeles in 1964, Cleveland and Columbus in 1966. In 1969, Turner issued over-the-counter stock, in 1972, the companys stock began trading on the American Stock Exchange. The company added offices in Detroit and Denver in 1973, Pittsburgh and Atlanta in 1976, Seattle in 1977, notable projects included the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Hospital in 1974 and the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library in 1977, the year Turner eclipsed $1 billion in sales
14.
Marriott International
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Marriott International, Inc. is an American multinational diversified hospitality company that manages and franchises a broad portfolio of hotels and related lodging facilities. Founded by J. Willard Marriott, the company is now led by his son, Executive Chairman Bill Marriott and President and Chief Executive Officer Arne Sorenson. Marriott was founded by John Willard Marriott in 1927 when he and his wife, Alice Sheets Marriott, opened a beer stand in Washington. As a Mormon missionary in the summers in Washington, D. C. The Marriotts later expanded their enterprise into a chain of restaurants and they opened their first hotel, the Twin Bridges Marriott Motor Hotel, in Arlington, Virginia, in 1957. Their son, J. W. Marriott, Jr. led the company to spectacular worldwide growth during his more than 50-year career, in March 2012, at age 80, he turned the CEO responsibilities over to Arne Sorenson, while he assumed the title of Executive Chairman. Marriott International was formed in 1993 when Marriott Corporation split into two companies, Marriott International and Host Marriott Corporation, in 1995, Marriott was the first hotel company worldwide to offer guests the option to book reservations online, via the companys implementation of MARSHA. In April 1995, Marriott International acquired a 49% interest in Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company LLC, the cost to Marriott was estimated to have be about $200 million in cash and assumed debt. There were other benefits for Ritz-Carlton flowing from its relationship with Marriott, such as being able to take advantage of the parent companys reservation system, the partnership was solidified in 1998 when Marriott acquired a majority ownership of The Ritz-Carlton. Today, there are 81 Ritz-Carlton properties around the world, the Marriott World Trade Center was destroyed during the September 11,2001 attacks. The changes were completed in 2003, Marriott International owned Ramada International Hotels & Resorts until its sale on September 15,2004 to Cendant. On July 19,2006, Marriott announced that all lodging buildings it operated in the United States, the new policy includes all guest rooms, restaurants, lounges, meeting rooms, public space and employee work areas. There were bombings at the Islamabad Marriott in 2008 and at the Jakarta Marriott in 2009, on November 11,2010, Marriott announced plans to add over 600 hotel properties by 2015. The bulk of the additions will be in emerging markets, India, where it plans to have 100 hotel properties, China, and Southeast Asia. On January 21,2011, Marriott said that pornography would not be included in the entertainment offered at new hotels, which will use an internet-based video on demand system. On December 13,2011, J. W. Marriott, Jr. announced he would be stepping down as CEO of the company and it was announced that Arne Sorenson would be taking over as CEO as of March 2012. His had released 2010 tax returns showed earnings in 2010 of $113,881 in directors fees from Marriott. S, in December 2012, Guinness World Records recognized the five-star JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai as the worlds tallest hotel. The scheme disrupted operation of mobile telephone hotspots by sending fraudulent Wi-fi de-authentication packets
15.
Marriott Hotels & Resorts
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Marriott Hotels & Resorts is Marriott Internationals flagship brand of full-service hotels and resorts. The company, based in Washington D. C. is repeatedly included on the Forbes Best Companies to Work for list, as of January 2017, there were 552 hotels and resorts operating under the brand. The loyalty program is called Marriott Rewards, the Marriott chain began with two motels in the 1950s. The first opened as a Quality Inn airport motel near Washington D. C. and another nearby, the Twin Bridges. With the opening of the motel, Marriott was born as a brand name. The Twin Bridges motel is still operating, but as a full-service hotel, the Twin Bridges property was demolished in 1990, but the Key Bridge property still operates. In 1967, Marriott opened its first resort hotel, Camelback Inn, in Arizona, Marriott Hotels & Resorts expanded outside of the United States for the first time in 1969 with the opening of the Marriott in Acapulco, Mexico. By 1975, Marriott Hotels & Resorts had expanded to Europe, in these first several decades, Marriott International owned and managed many of the hotels within its portfolio. In 1993, the decided to spin off the real estate ownership operations as a new company, Host Marriott. In September 2005, Marriott Hotels & Resorts unveiled its first new designs in ten years. Dubbed mSpot, the new rooms feature clean lines and updated technology
16.
Downtown Detroit
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Downtown Detroit is the central business district and a residential area of the city of Detroit, Michigan, United States. Detroit is the city in the larger Metro Detroit region. Downtown Detroit is bordered by M-10 to the west, Interstate 75 to the north, I-375 to the east, the citys main thoroughfare M-1 links Downtown to Midtown, New Center, and the North End. Downtown contains much historic architecture and many of the prominent skyscrapers in Detroit, including the Renaissance Center, the Penobscot Building, One Detroit Center, Historic churches, theatres, and commercial buildings anchor the various downtown districts. Downtown has a number of parks including those linked by a promenade along the International Riverfront and its central square is Campus Martius Park. In recent years the area has seen tremendous growth and redevelopment. Since 2000 a number of construction projects have been completed including the new Compuware Headquarters at Campus Martius Park. General Motors moved their headquarters into the Renaissance Center, and the Detroit Lions have relocated from Pontiac to Downtown Detroit. High-profile events like the 2005 MLB All-Star Game, Super Bowl XL, as a result, new residents are moving into Detroit in the assortment of new lofts that are opening. An example of these trends is the Westin Book-Cadillac Hotel, in 2006, the Cleveland-based Ferchill Group began the $180 million redevelopment of the historic Book Cadlliac Hotel at the corner of Washington Blvd. and Michigan Avenue. DTE Energy Headquarters features an urban oasis of parks, walkways, in 2007, Downtown Detroit was named among the best big city neighborhoods in which to retire by CNN Money Magazine editors. Downtown contains popular destinations including, the International Riverfront, the MGM Grand Detroit, Greektown Casino Hotel, Downtown Detroit hosts over 92,000 workers which make up about one-fifth of the citys total employment base, in addition, it is home to about 5,300 residents. Downtown offers a number of high rises, including Riverfront Towers, The Albert. The Renaissance Center contains the Detroit Marriott hotel, General Motors headquarters, as well as many shops, Compuware has its headquarters in the Compuware World Headquarters building by Campus Martius Park in Downtown Detroit. Compuware moved its headquarters and 4,000 employees to Downtown Detroit in 2003, Little Caesars and Olympia Entertainment have their headquarters in the Fox Theatre. Ernst & Young has offices in One Kennedy Square on Campus Martius Park, pricewaterhouse Coopers has offices in a building across from Ford Field. Chrysler maintains executive offices at Chrysler House in the citys Financial District, in 2011, Quicken Loans moved its headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown. Comerica Bank and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan are also major employers downtown, as of the 2010 Census, there were 5,287 people residing in the district
17.
Detroit International Riverfront
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The Detroit International Riverfront is a tourist attraction and landmark of Detroit, Michigan extending from the Ambassador Bridge in the west to Belle Isle in the east, for a total of 5½ miles. The Marriott at the Renaissance Center and the Roberts Riverwalk Hotel are also situated along the International Riverfront, private companies and foundations together with the city, state, and federal government have contributed several hundred million dollars toward the riverfront development. The Detroit Riverfront Conservancy, incorporated as a 501 organization, helped raise funds for the International Riverfront project, developers planned the initial east riverfront promenade investment at $559 million, which included contributions of $135 million from GM and $50 million from the Kresge foundation. The development marked a step toward the potential bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. If accepted as the U. S. candidate by USOC, lowered crime figures improve Detroits prospects for the USOC competition. Soft-drink manufacturer Faygo has stepped up its efforts as major sponsor, successful events such as Super Bowl XL have showcased Detroit as a city accustomed to hosting supersized crowds. The area contains the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge which is the international wildlife preserve in North America. The Refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, Belle Isle Park is a 982 acres island state park in the Detroit River managed by the State of Michigan. Until November 12,2013, it was a park operated by the City of Detroit Recreation Department. It connects to the city by the MacArthur Bridge, the park contains a Nature Center where visitors are able to traverse wooded trails and view wildlife natural habitats. The island includes a swimming beach. Chene Park is located on the near east side of Detroit at the foot of Chene Street, located just east of Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, it contains a 6, 000-seat amphitheater where concerts are regularly scheduled every summer. Jazz, Classic Soul and Rhythm and Blues acts are the staples of the season, the park also includes park trails, the Chene Park Fountain, and the Lake Lounge bar. The Detroit Riverfront Conservancy has connected the park to the Renaissance Center along a riverside promenade, Dequindre Cut Greenway is a non-motorized trail extending from the Detroit River northward, with the future potential to connect to the Ferndale-Birmingham greenway in Oakland County. The mile long trail primarily connects the Lafayette Park neighborhood and Eastern Market to the Riverwalk, the greenway utilizes half of the corridor, with a 20-foot wide paved path with separate lanes for biking and walking. Construction of phase I of the Dequindre Cut Greenway, extending from the River one mile north to Gratiot Avenue, is complete. The first phase of the trail officially opened May 14,2009 with an opening ribbon-cutting ceremony at the Woodbridge Street entrance of the greenway between Orleans Street and St. Aubin Street. The Dequindre Cut Greenway phase II North project begins at the terminus of the phase I at Gratiot Avenue
18.
Shopping center
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A shopping arcade is a specific form serving the same purpose. Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, however, many smaller arcades have been demolished, replaced with large centers or malls, often accessible by vehicle. Technical innovations such as lighting and escalators were introduced from the late 19th century. From the late 20th century, entertainment venues such as movie theaters, as a single built structure, early shopping centers were often architecturally significant constructions, enabling wealthier patrons to buy goods in spaces protected from the weather. In places around the world, the shopping centre is used, especially in Europe, Australia. Mall is a term used predominantly in North America, outside of North America, shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, malls are commonly referred to as shopping centres, the majority of British shopping centres are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include West Quay in Southampton, Manchester Arndale, Bullring Birmingham, Liverpool One, Trinity Leeds, Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow and these centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year, there are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of $12.47 billion and this represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome, One of the earliest public shopping centers is Trajans Market in Rome located in Trajans Forum. Trajans Market was probably built around 100-110 CE by Apollodorus of Damascus, the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, isfahans Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered Tehrans Grand Bazaar also has a lengthy history, the oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the Chester Rows. Dating back at least to the 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage, different rows specialized in different goods, such as Bakers Row or Fleshmongers Row. The Marché des Enfants Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today, the Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs today. The Passage du Caire was opened in Paris in 1798, the Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819
19.
Office
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When used as an adjective, the term office may refer to business-related tasks. In legal writing, a company or organization has offices in any place that it has a presence, even if that presence consists of, for example. In modern terms an office usually refers to the location where white-collar workers are employed, as per James Stephenson, Office is that part of business enterprise which is devoted to the direction and co-ordination of its various activities. Offices in classical antiquity were often part of a complex or a large temple. The High Middle Ages saw the rise of the chancery, which was usually the place where most government letters were written. With the growth of large, complex organizations in the 18th century, the first purpose-built office spaces were constructed. The time and motion study, pioneered in manufacturing by F. W. Taylor led to the “Modern Efficiency Desk” with a top and drawers below. However, by the midpoint of the 20th century, it became apparent that an efficient office required discretion in the control of privacy, the main purpose of an office environment is to support its occupants in performing their job. Work spaces in an office are typically used for conventional office activities such as reading, writing, there are nine generic types of work space, each supporting different activities. In addition to individual cubicles, there are meeting rooms, lounges. Some offices also have an area where workers can make their lunches. There are many different ways of arranging the space in an office and whilst these vary according to function, managerial fashions and the culture of specific companies can be even more important. While offices can be built in almost any location and in almost any building, some modern requirements for offices make this difficult, such as requirements for light, networking. The primary purpose of a building is to provide a workplace and working environment primarily for administrative. These workers usually occupy set areas within the building, and usually are provided with desks, PCs. The structure and shape of the office is impacted by both management thought as well as materials and may or may not have walls or barriers. The word stems from the Latin officium, and its equivalents in various, mainly romance, languages. An officium was not necessarily a place, but rather an often mobile bureau in the sense of a staff or even the abstract notion of a formal position
20.
Henry Ford II
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Henry Ford II, sometimes known as HF2 or Hank the Deuce, was the eldest son of Edsel Ford and eldest grandson of Henry Ford. He was president of the Ford Motor Company from 1945 to 1960, chairman and chief executive officer, notably, under the leadership of Henry Ford II, Ford Motor Company became a publicly traded corporation in 1956. From 1943 to 1950, he served as president of the Ford Foundation. Henry Ford II was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Eleanor Clay Ford and he and his brothers, Benson and William, and his sister Josephine, grew up amid affluence. He graduated from The Hotchkiss School in 1936 and he attended Yale University, where he served on the business staff of The Yale Record, the campus humor magazine, but he left without graduating in 1940. When his father Edsel, the president of Ford, died of cancer in May 1943, Henry Ford II was serving in the Navy, the elderly and ailing Henry Ford, company founder, re-assumed the presidency. By this point in his life, the elder Ford was mentally inconsistent, suspicious, the directors elected him, and he served until the end of the war. During this period the company began to decline, losing over $10 million a month, the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt had been considering a government takeover of the company in order to ensure continued war production, but the idea never progressed to execution. Henry Ford II left the Navy in July 1943 and joined the management a few weeks later. After two years, he took over the presidency of the business on September 21,1945, Henry Ford II immediately adopted an aggressive management style. Next, acknowledging his inexperience, he hired several seasoned executives to support him and he hired former General Motors executives Ernest Breech and Lewis Crusoe away from the Bendix Corporation. Breech was to serve in the years as HF2s business mentor. Additionally, HF2 hired ten young up-and-comers, known as the Whiz Kids and these ten, gleaned from an Army Air Forces statistical team, HF2 envisioned as giving the company the ability to innovate and stay current. Two of them, Arjay Miller and Robert McNamara, went on to serve as presidents of Ford themselves. A third member, J. Edward Lundy, served in key roles for several decades. It was reported that 100,000 orders for this car were taken the day it was introduced to the market, Henry Ford II was president of Ford Motor Company from 1945 to 1960. In 1956, under his leadership, the became a publicly traded corporation. When he resigned the presidency, he became CEO of the company, during his term as CEO of Ford, he resided in Grosse Pointe, Michigan
21.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
22.
Roman Gribbs
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Roman Stanley Gribbs was an American politician who served as the Mayor of Detroit from 1970 to 1974. Later, Gribbs served as a judge on the Michigan Court of Appeals, Gribbs was the last white mayor of the majority-black city until the election of Mike Duggan in 2013. Gribbs was born in Detroit on December 29,1925 and he was raised on a farm near Capac, Michigan. His parents were Polish immigrants who were farmers, though his father also worked on the Ford assembly line. After graduating from school in 1944, Gribbs served in the Army until 1948. He graduated from the University of Detroit in 1952 with a degree in economics and accounting and he was an instructor at the university from 1955 through 1957, and became an assistant prosecutor in 1957, a position he held until 1964. He entered private practice in 1964, and ran for a seat as a Recorders Court judge in 1966, in 1968, Gribbs was appointed sheriff of Wayne County, later winning a full four-year term. However, in 1969 he was elected mayor of Detroit, defeating opponent Richard H. Austin who later became Michigan Secretary of State. Rather than residing in the Manoogian Mansion, official residence of the mayor of Detroit, Gribbs maintained residence in Rosedale Park Historic District, in 1973, Gribbs declined to seek re-election and was replaced by Coleman Young who was elected Detroits first African-American mayor in November of that year. After leaving the office, Gribbs returned to private practice. Gribbs became a court judge in 1975. He was elected to the Michigan Court of Appeals in 1982, Gribbs retired to Northville in suburban Detroit, and conducted private practice in mediation and arbitration. He was the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Piast Institute, Gribbs was married to Katherine Stratis from 1954 to 1982, and together they had four daughters and one son. In 1990, he married Leola Young Barr. Lee had two children by a marriage, Robert Brent Barr, deceased and Dr Michelle Barr. Gribbs died on April 5,2016 at his home in Northville, Michigan from cancer, aged 90
23.
Ambassador Bridge
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The Ambassador Bridge is a suspension bridge that connects Detroit, Michigan, United States, with Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It is the busiest international crossing in North America in terms of trade volume. A2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the region, the bridge is owned by Grosse Pointe billionaire Manuel Moroun through the Detroit International Bridge Company in the United States and the Canadian Transit Company in Canada. In 1979, when the owners of the bridge put it on the New York Stock Exchange and shares were traded, Moroun was able to buy shares. The bridge carries 60 to 70 percent of commercial traffic in the region. Moroun also owns the Ammex Detroit Duty Free Stores at both the bridge and the tunnel, a new bridge, the Gordie Howe International Bridge, proposed by the Detroit River International Crossing commission, has been approved for construction by the Canadian and United States governments. The new bridge further downriver between Detroit and Windsor will be owned and operated by the Windsor-Detroit Bridge Authority, a Crown corporation owned by the Canadian federal government, after the American Civil War, Detroit–Windsor was a destination stop for railroads in the area. The Michigan Central and the Great Western railroads in addition to others operated on either side of the border connecting Chicago with the Atlantic Seaboard, to cross the Detroit River, these railroads operated ferries between docks on either side. Warehouses in Chicago were forced to store grain that could not be shipped to eastern markets, the net effect of these delays increased commodity prices in the country, and both merchants and farmers wanted a solution from the railroads. The Michigan Central proposed the construction of a tunnel under the river with the support of their counterparts at the Great Western Railway, construction started in 1871 and continued until ventilating equipment failed the next year, work was soon abandoned. Attention turned in 1873 to the alternative of building a bridge over the river. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers commissioned a study of a bridge over the Detroit River, representatives of the shipping industry on the Great Lakes opposed any bridge with piers in the river as a hazard to navigation. Discussions continued for the remainder of the decade to no avail, the U. S. Congress requested a new study for a bridge in 1889, but no bridge was approved. Finally, the Michigan Central built the Detroit River Tunnel in 1909–10 to carry trains under the river and this tunnel benefited the Michigan Central and Great Western railroads, but the Canada Southern Railway and other lines still preferred a bridge over the river. Plans for a bridge were revived in 1919 to commemorate the end of World War I and to honor the youth of Canada, the Ambassador Bridge opened November 15,1929, its total cost of $23.5 million reportedly 1% under the budget. A Canadian immigration inspector jumped to his death in April 1930, the bridge has been used by other suicide jumpers. After it opened, high divers considered it as a venue for a record, the bridge over the Detroit River had the longest suspended central span in the world when it was completed in 1929—1,850 feet. This was a record until the George Washington Bridge opened between New York and New Jersey in 1931, the bridges total length is 7,500 feet
24.
Windsor, Ontario
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Windsor is a city in Ontario and the southernmost city in Canada. It is located on the shore of the Detroit River, directly across the river from Detroit. Windsor is a contributor to Canadas automotive industry and has a storied history. Prior to European exploration and settlement, the Windsor area was inhabited by the First Nations, a French agricultural settlement was established at the site of Windsor in 1749. It is the oldest continually inhabited European-founded settlement in Canada west of Montreal, the area was first named la Petite Côte. Later it was called La Côte de Misère because of the sandy soils near LaSalle, Windsors French-Canadian heritage is reflected in French street names such as Ouellette, Pelissier, François, Pierre, Langlois, Marentette, and Lauzon. The current street system of Windsor reflects the Canadien method of land division. Today, the street name often indicates the name of the family that at one time farmed the land where the street is now located. The street system of outlying areas is consistent with the British system for granting land concessions, there is a significant French-speaking minority in Windsor and the surrounding area, particularly in the Lakeshore, Tecumseh and LaSalle areas. In 1794, after the American Revolution, the settlement of Sandwich was founded and it was later renamed Windsor, after the town in Berkshire, England. The Sandwich neighbourhood on Windsors west side is home to some of the oldest buildings in the city, including Mackenzie Hall, today, this building functions as a community centre. The oldest building in the city is the Duff-Baby House built in 1792 and it is owned by Ontario Heritage Trust and houses government offices. The François Baby House in downtown Windsor was built in 1812 and houses Windsors Community Museum, Windsor was the site of a battle during the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1838, and also served as a theatre for the Patriot War, later that year. Windsor was established as a village in 1854, then became a town in 1858, the Windsor Police Service was established on July 1,1867. A fire consumed much of Windsors downtown core on October 12,1871, Sandwich, Ford City and Walkerville were separate legal entities in their own right until 1935. They are now historic neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ford City was officially incorporated as a village in 1912, it became a town in 1915, and a city in 1929. Walkerville was incorporated as a town in 1890, Sandwich was established in 1817 as a town with no municipal status. It was incorporated as a town in 1858 and these three towns were annexed by Windsor in 1935
25.
Belle Isle Park (Michigan)
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Belle Isle, officially Belle Isle Park, is a 982-acre island park in the Detroit River, between the United States mainland and Canada. Owned by the City of Detroit, it is managed as a park by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources through a 30-year lease initiated in 2013. Belle Isle is the largest city-owned island park in the United States and is the third largest island in the Detroit River after Grosse Ile and it is connected to mainland Detroit by the MacArthur Bridge. It also previously housed a Nature Center where visitors were able to traverse wooded trails and view wildlife natural habitats, a former Belle Isle Zoo, riding stables, the island includes a half-mile swimming beach. The island was settled by French colonists in the 18th century, the Island was once the estate of General Alexander Macomb, Jr. whose monument stands in the Washington Boulevard Historic District in downtown Detroit. On July 4,1845, a picnic party was held on the island to change the name to “Belle Isle” in honor of Miss Isabelle Cass. Belle Isle literally means island in French. It is misspelled according to contemporary French rules, however, prominent urban park designer Frederick Law Olmsted created a design for the island in the 1880s however, only some elements of his design were completed. The 1908 Belle Isle Casino building is not a gambling facility. A highlight of Belle Isle is a botanical garden and the Belle Isle Conservatory. Both the conservatory and the adjacent aquarium were designed by Detroit architect Albert Kahn, who designed city landmarks such as Cadillac Place, on one night in 1908 Byron Carter of Cartercar stopped to help a stranded motorist on Belle Isle. When he cranked her Cadillac, it kicked back and broke his jaw, complications from the injury turned into pneumonia and he died. The island park served as a ground by the U. S. military during World War II for a re-enactment of a Pacific island invasion by the Navy. The island was temporarily renamed Bella Jima, and Detroiters were treated to the sight of an invasion without the bloodshed. It was conducted after the invasion of Iwo Jima, architect Cass Gilbert designed Belle Isles James Scott Memorial Fountain. Gilberts other works include the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, william Livingstone Memorial Light, the only marble lighthouse in the United States, is on the east end of the island, with sumptuous materials and architecture. It was named for the president of the Lakes Carriers Association who advocated safety, at one time, the island housed a canoe concession, which provided rental canoes and stored private ones. Canoe riders often stopped at the nearby Remick Band Shell which hosted concerts from 1950 to 1980
26.
Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel
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The Westin Peachtree Plaza, Atlanta is a skyscraper hotel on Peachtree Street in downtown Atlanta, Georgia adjacent to the Peachtree Center complex and the former Davisons/Macys flagship store. After housing 17 governors of Georgia until 1921, it was demolished in 1923 for the Henry Grady Hotel, named for Atlanta Constitution newspaper journalist/magnate and that and the Roxy Theatre were in turn demolished for the current building. The building opened as the tallest hotel in the world, in 1977, however, it was surpassed by its architectural twin, the Peachtree Plaza Hotel opened as the tallest building in the southeastern United States, surpassing One Shell Square in New Orleans. It lost that title in 1983, when the Southeast Financial Center in Miami surpassed it and it was the tallest building in downtown Atlanta for 13 years until it was surpassed by 191 Peachtree Tower, which in turn was surpassed by SunTrust Plaza. The hotel was featured in the 1981 film Sharkys Machine starring Burt Reynolds. In actuality, however, the stunt scene was filmed at the nearby Hyatt Regency Hotel, using its shorter, the building is cast in reflective glass in a cylindrical shape that reflects much of the downtown skyline. Another small cylinder runs the height of the building on one side. The uppermost floors hold the Sun Dial Restaurant and Bar, a restaurant that offers panoramic views of the city. The top floor of the restaurant completes a revolution every 30 minutes. When the building first opened in 1976, the seven-story tall lobby atrium rose out of a half-acre, according to a contemporary postcard, architect Portman designed this area as a modern interpretation of a Venetian Plaza. In a newspaper advertisement, the called the lobby more like a park. In a humorous 1982 column dismissing the extravagance of modern hotel lobbies, will complained that Atlantas Peachtree Plaza has a lobby that Lewis and Clark could not have found their way across. He compared the pond-like body of water to a Walden in everything but charm in which you can drown yourself, eventually, the lake was drained and lobby redesigned as a more standard hotel gathering place with carpet, chairs and sofas. The hotel was notable for its Peachtree Ballroom, which was the largest in Atlanta when it opened. It has since surpassed by the Georgia International Convention Center. Several local broadcasters have transmitted from an antenna mast atop the building, beginning when it became Atlantas tallest, two LPTV stations currently transmit from the top, analog WTBS-LP26, and digital-only WTHC-LD42.1. As of 2009, WTBS-LP is moving to the Bank of America Plaza, from the antenna as co-owned WANN-LP/WANN-CD. The main FM antenna recently belonged to WZGC FM92.9, while a smaller antenna still carries backup signals for that station and previously for WVEE FM103.3, both owned by CBS Radio
27.
Peachtree Center
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Peachtree Center is a district located in Downtown Atlanta, Georgia. Most of the structures that make up the district were designed by Atlanta architect John C, a defining feature of the Peachtree Center is a network of enclosed pedestrian sky bridges suspended above the street-level, which have garnered criticism for discouraging pedestrian street life. The district is served by the Peachtree Center MARTA station, providing access to rapid transit, Peachtree Center is notable for its uniform embodiment of the modern architectural style popular at the time. Yet the defining feature of Peachtree Center is its insular orientation, thus, as intown Atlanta began its post-1990 resurgence, Peachtree Center was increasingly criticized as an area that epitomized contemporary Atlantas generic urbanity and sense of placelessness. Other critics claim that Peachtree Center is disorienting, killed downtown street-life, the U. S. Census Bureau has its Atlanta Regional Census Center in Suite 1000 in the Marquis Two Tower. The Consulate-General of Argentina is located in Suite 2101 in the Marquis One Tower, the Consulate-General of Germany is located in Suite 901 of the Marquis Two Tower. The Consulate-General of South Korea is located in Suite 500 in the International Tower, embarcadero Center Peachtree Center official website
28.
Atlanta, Georgia
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
29.
Embarcadero Center
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There is an outdoor ice skating rink during winter months. Embarcadero Center sits on a 9. 8-acre site located off the Embarcadero in the district of San Francisco. Developed by Trammell Crow, David Rockefeller and John Portman, construction began with Tower One in 1971, with the last off-complex extension, Embarcadero West, completed in 1989. The 4.8 million square feet complex accommodates offices for 14,000 people along with mixed-use areas accommodating retail, dining, entertainment, Embarcadero Station Vaillancourt Fountain Peachtree Center, Atlanta Renaissance Center, Detroit Westin Bonaventure Hotel, Los Angeles Woodbridge, Sally B. Official Embarcadero Center website 360 degree panoramic photographs of San Franciscos Embarcadero Center, from Don Bains 360° Panoramas
30.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
31.
Westin Bonaventure Hotel
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The Westin Bonaventure Hotel and Suites is a 367-foot, 35-story hotel in Los Angeles, California, constructed between 1974 and 1976. Portman, Jr. it is the largest hotel in the city, the top floor has a revolving restaurant and bar. It was originally owned by investors that included a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Mitsubishi Corporation, the building is managed by Interstate Hotels & Resorts, and is valued at US$200 million. The hotel and its architect John Portman have been the subject of documentaries, entry by land is forbidding to those who carelessly walk but entrance is nevertheless encouraged at many different levels. Once inside, however, it becomes daunting to get out again without bureaucratic assistance, in so many ways, its architecture recapitulates and reflects the sprawling manufactured spaces of Los Angeles. Fredric Jameson discusses the hotel in his book Postmodernism, or, although the top floor is numbered 35, there are no floors numbered 7 or 13, so technically this is only a 33-story building. The four elevator banks are named by colors and symbols, Red Circle, Yellow Diamond, Green Square and you can see it under construction in the 1975 film The Wilderness Family. In cartoon form, the building can be seen in the very first shot of Jem in the episode The Beginning, in 2002, the hotel was the location for a Fear Factor stunt which involved crossing a bridge of plexiglass discs on cables suspended on the lobbys fifth floor. The television series Its a Living was set in a restaurant atop the Bonaventure. The building made appearances in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas, the hotel was also used as a setting for R&B singer Ushers music video for the 2002 hit single, U Dont Have To Call. A pivotal scene in the four episode Another Mister Sloane of the espionage drama Alias took place in the Bonaventure Hotel as well. Postmodernism or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, the Westin Bonaventure Hotel & Suites, Los Angeles
32.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
33.
Westin Hotels & Resorts
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Westin Hotels & Resorts is an American upscale hotel chain owned by Marriott International. As of 2013, Westin operated over 192 hotels in multiple countries across the globe, in 1930, Severt W. Thurston and Frank Dupar of Seattle, Washington met unexpectedly during breakfast at a diner in Yakima, Washington. The competing hotel owners decided to form a management company to all their properties. The men invited Peter and Adolph Schmidt, who operated five hotels in the Puget Sound area, to join them, the chain consisted of 17 properties,16 in Washington and one in Boise, Idaho. Western expanded to Vancouver, British Columbia and Portland, Oregon in 1931, by the early 1950s, Western also had properties in Montana and Utah. Early management developed each property individually, after more than two decades of rapid growth, many of its properties were merged into a single corporate structure in 1958, focusing on bringing the hotels together under a common chain identity. Western Hotels managed a floating hotel aboard the ocean liner QSMV Dominion Monarch, the chain also managed the restaurant atop the Space Needle, which they continued to manage until 1982. The company was renamed Western International Hotels in 1963, to reflect its growth overseas and that same year, the company went public. On November 1,1965, Western International announced an agreement with Hotel Corporation of America. In 1970, Western International was acquired by UAL Corporation, at the end of its 50th anniversary on January 5,1981, the company changed its name again to Westin Hotels. In 1987, UAL Chairman Richard Ferris announced a plan to make UAL into Allegis, a conglomerate based around United Airlines, Hertz Rent a Car, Hilton Hotels. This strategy failed, however, and Westin was sold in 1988 to Aoki Corporation of Japan, in 1994 Aoki sold it to Starwood Capital, real estate investment firm and parent of Starwood Lodging, and Goldman Sachs, an investment bank. In 1998 Starwood assumed full ownership of the company, Westin claims to have been the first hotel chain to introduce guest credit cards, 24-hour room service, and personal voice mail in each room. Westin markets certain amenities available in its properties to the public under the brand name Heavenly, in 2005, Westin became the first hotel company to gain a national retail store presence when Nordstrom started carrying the Heavenly Bed line in more than 60 stores. Westin refreshed its partnership with United Airlines in 2008 and these amenities were stopped following the merger with Continental Airlines. Especially in the last decade, Westin has focused on expanding globally, since 2005, the number of hotels has grown from 120 locations in 24 countries to over 192 locations in 37 countries as of 2013. In 2016, Marriott International acquired Starwood, becoming the worlds largest hotel company, the Westin Palace Madrid - historic 1912 luxury hotel in Madrid The Westin San Jose - Formerly the Saint Claire and Hyatt Saint Claire. Westin Hamburg - opened in 2016 and located in Hamburgs iconic Elbphilharmonie concert hall The Westin Sydney Westin Alumni Association, www. westinalumni. org Westin Hotels & Resorts Westin Hotel Store
34.
Singapore
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Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, sometimes referred to as the Lion City or the Little Red Dot, is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia. It lies one degree north of the equator, at the tip of peninsular Malaysia. Singapores territory consists of one island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its size by 23%. During the Second World War, Singapore was occupied by Japan, after early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its workforce. Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub, the country has also been identified as a tax haven. Singapore ranks 5th internationally and first in Asia on the UN Human Development Index and it is ranked highly in education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, and housing, but does not fare well on the Democracy index. Although income inequality is high, 90% of homes are owner-occupied, 38% of Singapores 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. There are four languages on the island, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil. English is its language, most Singaporeans are bilingual. Singapore is a multiparty parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The Peoples Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959, however, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island, Sang Nila Utama, the Srivijayan prince said to have founded and named the island Singapura, perhaps saw a Malayan tiger. There are however other suggestions for the origin of the name, the central island has also been called Pulau Ujong as far back as the third century CE, literally island at the end in Malay. In 1299, according to the Malay Annals, the Kingdom of Singapura was founded on the island by Sang Nila Utama and these Indianized Kingdoms, a term coined by George Cœdès were characterized by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was part of the Johor Sultanate. The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period, in 1824 the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, prior to Raffles arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations
35.
Coleman Young
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Coleman Alexander Young was an American politician who served as mayor of Detroit, Michigan from 1974 to 1994. Young was the first African-American mayor of Detroit, although Young had emerged from the far left element in Detroit, he moved to the right after his election as mayor. He called a truce and gained widespread support from the citys business leaders. The new mayor was energetic in the construction of the Joe Louis Arena, highly controversial was his assistance to General Motors to build its new Poletown plant at the site of the former Dodge Main plant, which involved evicting many long-time residents. It has been argued that he pulled out of the neighborhood to rehabilitate the downtown business district. In 1981, he received the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP, Young was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama to William Coleman Young, a dry cleaner, and Ida Reese Jones. His family moved to Detroit in 1923, where he graduated from Eastern High School in 1935, a member of United Auto Workers, Young worked for Ford Motor Company and later the United States Post Office Department. During World War II, Young served in the 477th Medium-Bomber Group of the United States Army Air Forces as a lieutenant, bombardier. As a lieutenant in the 477th, he played a role in the Freeman Field Mutiny in which 162 African-American officers were arrested for resisting segregation at a base near Seymour, Indiana in 1945. In the 1940s, Young was labelled a fellow traveler of the Communist Party by belonging to groups whose members belonged to the Party. He protested segregation in the Army and racial discrimination in the UAW, in 1948, Young supported Progressive Party presidential candidate Henry A. Wallace. The encounter came at a highly publicized hearing in Detroit. Young’s performance made him a hero in Detroit’s growing black community. ”On the HUAC congressman from Georgia, “I happen to know, in Georgia, Negro people are prevented from voting by virtue of terror, intimidation and lynchings. It is my contention you would not be in Congress today if it were not for the restrictions on voting on the part of my people. I have not been responsible for firing a person from his job for what I think are his beliefs, or what somebody thinks he believes in, and things of that sort. That is the hysteria that has swept up by this committee. ”According to historians Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes and Ronald Radosh. Young built his base on the East Side in the 1940s and 1950s. In 1960, he was elected as a delegate to help draft a new constitution for Michigan
36.
Detroit Symphony Orchestra
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The Detroit Symphony Orchestra is an American orchestra based in Detroit, Michigan. Its main performance center is Orchestra Hall at the Max M. Fisher Music Center in Detroits Midtown neighborhood, the DSO performs throughout the metro Detroit area in both paid neighborhood series concerts and free community concerts. The DSO can also be seen and heard live on the web at dso. org/live, the DSO performed the first concert of its first subscription season at 8,00 p. m. on Monday, Dec.19,1887 at the Detroit Opera House. He was succeeded in subsequent seasons by a variety of conductors until 1900 when Hugo Kalsow was appointed and served until the orchestra ceased operations in 1910. The Detroit Symphony resumed operations in 1914 when ten Detroit society women each contributed $100 to the organization, the appointment of the Russian pianist Ossip Gabrilowitsch as music director in 1918 brought instant status to the new orchestra. A friend of composers Gustav Mahler and Sergei Rachmaninoff, Gabrilowitsch demanded a new auditorium be built as a condition of his accepting the position, Orchestra Hall was completed for the new music director in 1919 in four months and twenty-three days. Under Gabrilowitsch, the Detroit Symphony Orchestra quickly became one of the most prominent orchestras in the country, in 1922, the orchestra gave the worlds first radio broadcast of a symphony orchestra concert with Gabrilowitsch conducting and guest artist Artur Schnabel at the piano. From 1934 to 1942, the performed for millions across the country as the official orchestra of The Ford Sunday Evening Hour national radio show. In 1939, three years after Gabrilowitschs premature death, the orchestra moved from Orchestra Hall to the Masonic Temple Theatre due to financial problems caused by the Great Depression. In the 1940s, the orchestra disbanded twice and moved to three different performing venues, in 1946, the orchestra moved to the Wilson Theater which was renamed Music Hall. In 1956, the moved to Ford Auditorium on the waterfront of the Detroit River. The orchestra once again enjoyed national prestige under music director Paul Paray, Paray was followed by noted music directors Sixten Ehrling, Aldo Ceccato, Antal Doráti, and Günther Herbig. Two Motown albums featured the strings with the Motown rhythm section the Funk Brothers, the combined ensemble was known as the San Remo Golden Strings and enjoyed two hit singles, Hungry for Love and Im Satisfied, which charted on the Billboard Top 100. In 1966, members of the orchestra were seen recording in the Motown studio on West Grand Boulevard with The Supremes for the ABC TV documentary Anatomy of Pop, the song they perform is the hit My World Is Empty Without You by Holland, Dozier, and Holland. There were 2 full albums released by the group, Hungry for Love, in 1970, the DSO instituted the Detroit Symphony Youth Orchestra as a training group, under Paul Freeman. In 1989, following a 20-year rescue and restoration effort, the Detroit Symphony Orchestra returned to Orchestra Hall, further renovations to the hall were completed in 2003, including a $60 million addition and a recital hall and education wing, the Max M. Fisher Music Center. A fine arts school, the Detroit School of Arts, was added to the DSO campus in 2004. Neeme Järvi began his music directorship in 1990, and served through 2005, Järvi now has the title of music director emeritus with the orchestra
37.
Cylinder
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In its simplest form, a cylinder is the surface formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given straight line called the axis of the cylinder. It is one of the most basic curvilinear geometric shapes, commonly the word cylinder is understood to refer to a finite section of a right circular cylinder having a finite height with circular ends perpendicular to the axis as shown in the figure. If the ends are open, it is called an open cylinder, if the ends are closed by flat surfaces it is called a solid cylinder. The formulae for the area and the volume of such a cylinder have been known since deep antiquity. The area of the side is known as the lateral area. An open cylinder does not include either top or bottom elements, the surface area of a closed cylinder is made up the sum of all three components, top, bottom and side. Its surface area is A = 2πr2 + 2πrh = 2πr = πd=L+2B, for a given volume, the closed cylinder with the smallest surface area has h = 2r. Equivalently, for a surface area, the closed cylinder with the largest volume has h = 2r. Cylindric sections are the intersections of cylinders with planes, for a right circular cylinder, there are four possibilities. A plane tangent to the cylinder meets the cylinder in a straight line segment. Moved while parallel to itself, the plane either does not intersect the cylinder or intersects it in two line segments. All other planes intersect the cylinder in an ellipse or, when they are perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder, a cylinder whose cross section is an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola is called an elliptic cylinder, parabolic cylinder, or hyperbolic cylinder respectively. Elliptic cylinders are also known as cylindroids, but that name is ambiguous, as it can also refer to the Plücker conoid. The volume of a cylinder with height h is V = ∫0 h A d x = ∫0 h π a b d x = π a b ∫0 h d x = π a b h. Even more general than the cylinder is the generalized cylinder. The cylinder is a degenerate quadric because at least one of the coordinates does not appear in the equation, an oblique cylinder has the top and bottom surfaces displaced from one another. There are other unusual types of cylinders. Let the height be h, internal radius r, and external radius R, the volume is given by V = π h
38.
Flagship
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A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the first, largest, fastest, most heavily armed. In common naval use, the flagship is fundamentally a temporary designation. Historically, only larger ships could accommodate such requirements, the term was also used by commercial fleets, when the distinction between a nations navy and merchant fleet was not clear. In the age of sailing ships, the flagship was typically a first-rate, non-first rates could serve as flagships, however, the USS Constitution, a frigate, served as flagship for parts of the United States Navy during the early 19th century. In the 20th century, ships became large enough that the types, cruisers and up, could accommodate a commander. Some larger ships may have a flag bridge for use by the admiral. Because its primary function is to coordinate a fleet, a flagship is not necessarily more heavily armed or armored than other ships, during World War II admirals often preferred a faster ship over the largest one. Modern flagships are designed primarily for command and control rather than for fighting, as with many other naval terms, flagship has crossed over into general usage, where it means the most important or leading member of a group, as in the flagship station of a broadcast network. Is used as both a noun and adjective describing the most prominent or highly touted product, brand, location, derivations include the flagship brand or flagship product of a manufacturing company, flagship store of a retail chain, or flagship service of a hospitality or transportation concern. The term flagship may have applications, Auto companies may have a flagship in the form of their leading or highest-priced car. Electronics companies may have a series of products considered to be their flagship, for example, the Samsung Galaxy S series consists of several flagship smartphones that are released on a yearly basis. In rail transport, a service is either the fastest or most luxurious. Often it is also a train or service. In some cases, special service or a class above first class may be available in the service while it is not offered in normal services. Flagship services are used to present the company in advertising or abroad. Most states in the United States provide public university education through one or more university systems, the phrase flagship institution or flagship university may be applied to an individual school or campus within each state system. These schools are often land-grant, sea-grant, or space-grant research universities, the use of the term is seen by some as elitist and boastful
39.
Degree (angle)
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A degree, usually denoted by °, is a measurement of a plane angle, defined so that a full rotation is 360 degrees. It is not an SI unit, as the SI unit of measure is the radian. Because a full rotation equals 2π radians, one degree is equivalent to π/180 radians, the original motivation for choosing the degree as a unit of rotations and angles is unknown. One theory states that it is related to the fact that 360 is approximately the number of days in a year. Ancient astronomers noticed that the sun, which follows through the path over the course of the year. Some ancient calendars, such as the Persian calendar, used 360 days for a year, the use of a calendar with 360 days may be related to the use of sexagesimal numbers. The earliest trigonometry, used by the Babylonian astronomers and their Greek successors, was based on chords of a circle, a chord of length equal to the radius made a natural base quantity. One sixtieth of this, using their standard sexagesimal divisions, was a degree, Aristarchus of Samos and Hipparchus seem to have been among the first Greek scientists to exploit Babylonian astronomical knowledge and techniques systematically. Timocharis, Aristarchus, Aristillus, Archimedes, and Hipparchus were the first Greeks known to divide the circle in 360 degrees of 60 arc minutes, eratosthenes used a simpler sexagesimal system dividing a circle into 60 parts. Furthermore, it is divisible by every number from 1 to 10 except 7 and this property has many useful applications, such as dividing the world into 24 time zones, each of which is nominally 15° of longitude, to correlate with the established 24-hour day convention. Finally, it may be the case more than one of these factors has come into play. For many practical purposes, a degree is a small enough angle that whole degrees provide sufficient precision. When this is not the case, as in astronomy or for geographic coordinates, degree measurements may be written using decimal degrees, with the symbol behind the decimals. Alternatively, the sexagesimal unit subdivisions can be used. One degree is divided into 60 minutes, and one minute into 60 seconds, use of degrees-minutes-seconds is also called DMS notation. These subdivisions, also called the arcminute and arcsecond, are represented by a single and double prime. For example,40. 1875° = 40° 11′ 15″, or, using quotation mark characters, additional precision can be provided using decimals for the arcseconds component. The older system of thirds, fourths, etc. which continues the sexagesimal unit subdivision, was used by al-Kashi and other ancient astronomers, but is rarely used today
40.
1980 Republican National Convention
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The 1980 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States convened at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan, from July 14 to July 17,1980. The Republican National Convention nominated former Governor Ronald W. Reagan of California for President, Reagan, running on the theme Lets Make America Great Again, stayed in Detroits Renaissance Center, at the time the worlds tallest hotel, and delivered his acceptance speech at Joe Louis Arena. It remains the major party national political convention to have been held in Detroit. Under rules devised by the Nixon administration in 1972, only one candidate was permitted to have his name placed in nomination and this thwarted an attempt by John B. Anderson to have a speaker at the convention. John Connallys expensive campaign yielded only one delegate, who stood by her man to the end. Reagan waited until the Convention in July, to announce his choice of a running mate, during the convention, the possibility of choosing former president Gerald Ford as the vice-presidential nominee was given at least some consideration. Ford asked for certain powers and prerogatives that have described as making Ford a co-president. These included the return of Henry Kissinger as Secretary of State, the two sides could not come to an agreement, and ultimately George Bush was chosen less than 24 hours before the ticket was announced. There was some scattering, and a challenge, which as seen below. This would be the last time during the 20th century that the half of the ticket would be contested
41.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
42.
Gerald Ford
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Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, following the resignation of Richard Nixon. Prior to this he served eight months as the 40th Vice President of the United States, before his appointment to the vice presidency, Ford served 25 years as U. S. Representative from Michigans 5th congressional district, the nine of them as the House Minority Leader. As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War, with the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U. S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation, one of his most controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Fords presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, in the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. Arthur not to be elected in his own right, following his years as President, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. After experiencing health problems, he died at home on December 26,2006, Ford lived longer than any other U. S. president –93 years and 165 days – while his 895-day presidency was the shortest of all presidents who did not die in office. Gerald Rudolph Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14,1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. His mother was Dorothy Ayer Gardner and his father was Leslie Lynch King Sr. a wool trader, Dorothy separated from King just sixteen days after her sons birth. She took her son with her to the Oak Park, Illinois, home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, from there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Dorothy and King divorced in December 1913, she gained custody of her son. Fords paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930, Ford later said his biological father had a history of hitting his mother. James M. Ford later told confidantes that his father had first hit his mother on their honeymoon for smiling at another man. After two and a half years with her parents, on February 1,1916, Dorothy married Gerald Rudolff Ford and they then called her son Gerald Rudolff Ford, Jr. The future president was never adopted, and did not legally change his name until December 3,1935. He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half-brothers from his mothers marriage, Thomas Gardner Tom Ford, Richard Addison Dick Ford. Ford also had three half-siblings from the marriage of Leslie King, Sr. his biological father, Marjorie King, Leslie Henry King
43.
Southfield Town Center
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The Southfield Town Center is a cluster of five interconnected skyscrapers forming a contemporary 2,200, 000-square-foot office complex in the Detroit suburb of Southfield, Michigan. It includes the Westin Southfield Detroit Hotel, restaurants, a center. Separately, there is a 33-story luxury residential high-rise at 5000 Town Center, the American Center, another 26-story office tower near the confluence of Interstate 696 and M-10, is not part of the complex. The Town Center is across from the Civic Centre, and it is located between West 10 Mile Road and I-696, M-10, and Evergreen Road, as well as being close to the Mixing Bowl. An enclosed two-story garden atrium connects the hotel with the towers of the Southfield Town Center, the atrium area also contains 94,000 square feet of retail space. Planners adapted the Town Center location to avoid protected wetland areas, the original route for the I-696 freeway placed it along 10 1⁄2 Mile Road southeast of 11 Mile and Greenfield Roads. Recognizing the value of an office complex and its tax revenue. Highway planners re-routed the freeway to run along 11 Mile Road and this delayed construction, but freed up the land to build the first phase, then called the Prudential Town Center with the first skyscraper,3000 Town Center completed in 1975. A six-lane freeway ramp nearby remained half-completed for about 10 years in order to modify the route to accommodate the massive Town Center project, additional towers were constructed in 1979,1983,1986,1987, and 1989. Lawrence Technological University is directly across M-10 from the center, a variety of contemporary, high-rise office buildings surround the immediate area. Multiple connecting freeways in the vicinity facilitate its access to the metro region. The property, which abuts M-10, is 1⁄2 mile from I-696, residential high-rises and varieties of mid-density housing are within walking distance. The surrounding Southfield area contains single-family homes, many with brick ranch style architecture, the Modern styled buildings contain distinctive elements of High-Tech architecture. The complex contains restaurants and gift shops which support its function as a major conference center. Inside, the Westin hotel opens to an enclosed garden atrium area which connects the Town Center buildings and is available for catering. An aerial view of the separate 5000 Town Center residential high-rise resembles a pair of grand pianos. As a result, many residents have geometric rooms and common hallways, albeit with picturesque views of the wooded landscape. The complex contains ample parking space in adjoining garages, American Center Architecture of metropolitan Detroit List of tallest buildings in Detroit List of tallest buildings in Michigan North Park Towers Fisher, Dale
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Southfield, Michigan
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Southfield is a city in Oakland County of the US state of Michigan. It is a suburb of Detroit, MI. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 71,739, in addition, a 33-story luxury residential high-rise is separate from the complex. To the west, near the confluence of I-696/Reuther Freeway and M-10/Lodge Freeway, is the American Center, Southfield was surveyed in 1817 according to the plan by Michigan territorial governor Lewis Cass. The first settlers came from nearby Birmingham and Royal Oak, Michigan, as well as the states of New York, the area that would become Southfield was settled by John Daniels in 1823. Among the founders were the Heth, Stephens, Harmon, McClelland, Town 1 north,10 east was first organized as Ossewa Township on July 12,1830, but the name was changed just seventeen days later to Southfield Township. The township took its name from its location in the fields of Bloomfield Township. A post office was established in 1833 and the first town built in 1873. The Southfield Fire Department was formed on April 6,1942, in the 1950s, cities and villages began to incorporate within the township, including Lathrup Village in 1950, and Beverly Hills in 1957. The current city hall was built in 1964 as part of the new Civic Center complex, the Civic Center was expanded in 1971 to include a sports arena with swimming pool. Evergreen Hills Golf Course was added in 1972, and in 1978, a new public safety building, the Southfield Pavilion, in 2003, an expanded and redesigned Southfield Public Library opened to the public on the Civic Center grounds, featuring state-of-the-art facilities. Duns Scotus College is now the home of Word of Faith Christian Center. L, guardian Alarm, and Online Trading Academy. Today, more than 100 Fortune 500 companies have offices in Southfield, sumitomo Corporation operates the Detroit Office in Suite 1450 at 27777 Franklin Road. Industries supported by the office include automotive, rolled steel, october 28,2014, Fifth Third Bank announced plans to move its Michigan regional headquarters from Southfield to downtown Detroit in what will be named the Fifth Third Bank Building at One Woodward. Northland Center, one of the first shopping malls in the nation, opened in Southfield in 1954, Southfield is home to over 780 acres of parkland and a nationally recognized public school district. The Consulate of Macedonia in Detroit is in the Southfield Town Center, and the Consulate of Iraq in Detroit is in Southfield. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 26.28 square miles. The main branch of the River Rouge runs through Southfield, the city is bounded to the south by Eight Mile Road, its western border is Inkster Road, and to the east it is bounded by Greenfield Road
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