1.
Special operations
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Special operations may be performed independently of or in conjunction with, conventional military operations. The primary goal is to achieve a political or military objective where a conventional force requirement does not exist or might adversely affect the strategic outcome. Special operations are conducted in a low-profile manner that aims to achieve the advantages of speed, surprise. Special operations are implemented through specific, tailored intelligence. The decade 2003–2012 saw U. S. national security strategy rely on special operations to an unprecedented degree, identifying, hunting, and killing terrorists became a central task in the Global War on Terrorism. Linda Robinson, Adjunct Senior Fellow for U. S, Special Operations appropriations are costly, Its budget went from $2.3 billion in 2001 to $10.5 billion in 2012. Some experts argued the investment was worthwhile, pointing to the raid in May 2011 that killed Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad, others claimed that the emphasis on Special Operations precipitated a misconception that it was a substitute for prolonged conflict. Raids and drone strikes are tactics that are decisive and often incur significant political. Although raids and drone strikes are necessary to disrupt dire and imminent threats…special operations leaders readily admit that they should not be the pillar of U. S. military strategy. Instead, Special Operations commanders stated that grand strategy should include their indirect approach, Special operations forces is a term primarily used in the West. It is an all encompassing term that defines a nation’s specialized units, the term special forces is also used by countries around the world to describe their specialized unit, however. Examples of special operations include, special reconnaissance/military intelligence, unconventional warfare, psyops, Special operations are sometimes associated with unconventional warfare, counter-insurgency, operations against guerrillas or irregular forces, low-intensity operations, and foreign internal defense. They are sometimes referred to as forces, commandos. This is known in the special operations community as foreign internal defense, recently the 82nd Airborne Division has also been conducting special operations in Iraq. The 82nd Airborne has been assigned to advise and assist Iraqi Security Forces, in March 2015, a 173rd Airborne battalion of around 600 American paratroopers headed to Ukraine to train Ukrainian national guard troops. The training took place at the Yavoriv training center near the western Ukrainian city of Lviv, the 173rd Airborne paratroopers trained the Ukrainians on how to better defend themselves against Russian and rebel artillery and rockets. Training also included securing roads, bridges, and other infrastructure and this program was known as Fearless Guardian which was congressionally approved under the Global Contingency Security Fund. Under the program, the United States trained three battalions of Ukrainian troops over a six-month period, list of US Special Operations Forces
2.
Aviation Survival Technician
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Aviation Survival Technician is the United States Coast Guard term for its rescue swimmers. They are trained at the U. S. Coast Guards enlisted Aviation Survival Technician/Rescue Swimmer school at Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City, the challenging job is featured prominently in the 2006 film The Guardian, starring Kevin Costner and Ashton Kutcher. The course is 24 weeks long, the course includes instruction on rescue techniques, helicopter deployment techniques, and myriad technical skills from small engine repair to parachute packing and maintenance. Successful completion of this results in being awarded the Aviation Survival Technician rating. After completion of A-School, all AST are sent to Training Center Petaluma, after three weeks of EMT training, they must take and pass the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians-Basic test as part of their qualification as a helicopter rescue swimmer. Full qualification as a swimmer can take up to a year from the first day of A-School, as graduates must learn the aircraft systems. The rescue swimmer training program has a high student attrition rate, prior to a realignment of enlisted aviation rates throughout the Coast Guard circa 1999, the AST rate was called ASM, Aviation Survivalman. Naval aircrewman United States Air Force Pararescue Air-sea rescue USCG AST duty description Story about the Rescue Swimmer in 2004 IMO Awards-Exceptional Bravery at Sea 2013, Two USCG AST2s
3.
Elizabeth City, North Carolina
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Elizabeth City is a city in Pasquotank County, North Carolina, in the United States. As of the 2014 census, it had a population of 18,047, Elizabeth City is the county seat and largest city of Pasquotank County. It is the cultural, economic and educational hub of the sixteen-county Historic Albemarle region of northeastern North Carolina, the city is the economic center of the region, as well as home to many historic sites and cultural traditions. Marketed as the Harbor of Hospitality, Elizabeth City has had a history of shipping due to its location at a narrowed bend of the Pasquotank River. Founded in 1794, Elizabeth City prospered early on from the Dismal Swamp Canal as a mercantile city, with the addition of minor roads, a schoolhouse, and soon a church, a small community was established at these narrows. In 1793, construction of the Dismal Swamp Canal began, which would drive Elizabeth Citys commerce, in 1794, the town was renamed Elizabethtown, but due to confusion with another town of the same name, in 1801, the city was renamed Elizabeth City. The name Elizabeth has been attributed to Elizabeth Betsy Tooley, a local tavern proprietress who donated much of the land for the new town, the improvements made to the Dismal Swamp Canal made Elizabeth City a financial center of trade and commercially successful for the early 19th century. In 1826, the government purchased 600 stocks in the canal and, in 1829. With these funds, the Dismal Swamp Canal was widened and deepened, further bolstering Elizabeth Citys financial success was the movement in 1827 of the customs house from Camden County to Elizabeth City. From only 1829 to 1832, Elizabeth Citys tolls tripled, during the American Civil War the Confederate States had a small fleet stationed at Elizabeth City. After the Battle of Roanoke Island the Union forces sent a fleet to take the city, there was a small skirmish that followed which ended in a Union victory. Elizabeth City was under Union control for the remainder of the war, meanwhile, overland travel slowly improved, furnishing greater trade between neighboring counties, and a ferry continued to be used for transport between Elizabeth City and Camden County. However, the completion of competing canals and railroads around Elizabeth City diverted some of its success to neighboring cities. The declaration of World War II reinvigorated Elizabeth Citys industries, particularly in shipbuilding, textiles, additionally from 1942 to 1944, the Elizabeth City Shipyard manufactured thirty 111-foot SC-class submarine chasers, four YT-class yard tugboats, and six 104-foot QS-class quick supply boats. The Elizabeth City Shipyard not only built the largest number of subchasers for the war effort, as of June 2013, the Elizabeth City Shipyard is still in operation. The conclusion of the war led to an economy as industry withdrew gradually over the following decades to form the service. Starting in the late 1990s, revival efforts in tourism and civic revitalization centered over downtown, during the Civil War, there was a small battle between the Confederate states and the Union near Elizabeth City on the Pasquotank River on February 10,1862. It was nothing more than a skirmish and casualties were low, the battle ended in a Union victory with subsequent capture of the city
4.
Emergency medical technician
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Emergency Medical Technician and ambulance technician are terms used in some countries to denote a health care provider of emergency medical services. EMTs are clinicians, trained to quickly to emergency situations regarding medical issues, traumatic injuries. EMTs operate under a limited scope of practice, EMTs are normally supervised by a medical director, who is a physician. Some EMTs are paid employees, while others are volunteers, there is considerable degree of inter-provincial variation in the Canadian Paramedic practice. For this reason, any discussion of Paramedic Practice in Canada is necessarily broad, regulatory frameworks vary from province to province, and include direct government regulation to professional self-regulating bodies, such as the Alberta College of Paramedics. Only someone registered in Alberta can call themselves an EMT or Paramedic in Alberta, in this manner, the confusing myriad of titles and occupational descriptions can at least be discussed using a common language for comparison sake. Most providers that work in ambulances will be identified as Paramedics by the public, however, in many cases, the most prevalent level of emergency prehospital care is that which is provided by the Emergency Medical Responder. Primary care paramedics are the entry-level of paramedic practice in Canadian provinces, primary Care Paramedics may also receive additional training in order to perform certain skills that are normally in the scope of practice of Advanced Care Paramedics. This is regulated both provincially and locally, and ordinarily entails an aspect of medical oversight by a body or group of physicians. This is often referred to as Medical Control, or a role played by a base hospital, the Advanced Care Paramedic is a level of practitioner that is in high demand by many services across Canada. However, still not all provinces and jurisdictions have ACPs, the ACP typically carries approximately 20 different medications, although the number and type of medications may vary substantially from region to region. As well as bypassing a closer hospitals to get an identified stroke patient to a stroke centre, Critical Care Paramedics are paramedics who generally do not respond to 9-1-1 emergency calls, with the exception of helicopter scene calls. Instead they focus on transferring patients from the hospital they are currently in to other hospitals that can provide a level of care. CCPs often work in collaboration with registered nurses and respiratory therapists during hospital transfers, however, when acuity is manageable by a CCP or a registered nurse or respiratory therapist is not available, CCPs will work alone. Providing this care to the patient allows the hospital to avoid losing highly trained staff on hospital transfers. CCPs are able to all of the care that PCPs and ACPs provide. Where an PCP and ACP may run 40–50 medical codes per year a CCP may run 1–2 in an entire career. IV/IO starts are nearly non-existent in the field and for this reason CCPs are required to attend double the amount of time in classroom situations or in hospital to keep current
5.
Petaluma, California
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Petaluma /pɛtəˈluːmə/ is a small city in Sonoma County, California, in the United States. Its population was 57,941 according to the 2010 Census, the Rancho Petaluma Adobe, located in Petaluma, is a National Historic Landmark. Its construction started in 1836 by order of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo and it was the center of a 66,000 acre ranch stretching from Petaluma River to Sonoma Creek. The adobe is considered one of the best preserved buildings of its era in Northern California, Petaluma is a transliteration of the Coast Miwok phrase péta lúuma which means hill backside and probably refers to Petalumas proximity to Sonoma Mountain. Petaluma has a well-preserved, historic city center includes many buildings that survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The Coast Miwok resided in southern Sonoma County, and Péta Lúuma was originally the name of a Miwok village east of the Petaluma River. The Petaluma area was part of a 66,000 acre 1834 Mexican land grant by Governor Jose Figueroa to Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo called Rancho Petaluma. In 1836, Vallejo ordered construction of his Rancho Petaluma Adobe a ranch house in Petaluma, Vallejos influence and Mexican control in the region began to decline after Vallejos arrest during the Bear Flag Revolt in 1846. Pioneers flocked into Petaluma from the eastern United States after Michael Celiberti found gold in the Sierra Nevadas in 1849, the towns position on the Petaluma River in the heart of productive farmland was critical to its growth during the 19th and early 20th centuries. There were brothels downtown along Petaluma Boulevard, which used to be the main thoroughfare until U. S. Highway 101 was constructed in the 1950s. The Sonoma County Bank Building, now the home of the Baker Creek Heirloom Seed Company, Petaluma soon became known for its grain milling and chicken processing industries, which continue to the present as a smaller fraction of its commerce. At one time, Petaluma was known as the Egg Capital of the World, Petaluma hosted the only known Poultry drugstore and is the place where the egg incubator was invented by Lyman Byce in 1879. Petaluma is also where Randall Smith founded Mesa/Boogie, maker of guitar amplifiers used by such musicians as Carlos Santana. Even though it is no known as the Egg Capital of the World, Petaluma maintains a strong agricultural base today with dairy farms, olive groves, vineyards. As one of the few communities in the left standing after the earthquake, Petaluma was the staging point for most Sonoma County rescue. Petaluma is today the location of many distinguished, well-preserved pre-1906 buildings, the downtown area has suffered many river floods over the years and during the Depression commerce declined. A lack of funds prevented the demolition of the old homes, in the 1960s there was a counter-culture migration out of San Francisco into Marin County and southern Sonoma County, looking for inexpensive housing in a less urban environment. The old Victorian, Queen Anne and Eastlake style houses were restored, Historic iron-front buildings in the downtown commercial district were also rescued
6.
Sitka, Alaska
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As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,881. In terms of area, it is the largest city-borough in the U. S. with a land area of 2,870.3 square miles. Urban Sitka, the part that is thought of as the city of Sitka, is on the west side of Baranof Island. The current name Sitka means People on the Outside of Baranof Island, Sitkas location was originally settled by the Tlingit people over 10,000 years ago. The Russians settled Old Sitka in 1799, calling it Redoubt Saint Michael, the governor of Russian America, Alexander Baranov, arrived under the auspices of the Russian-American Company, a colonial trading company chartered by Tsar Paul I. In June 1802, Tlingit warriors destroyed the settlement, killing many of the Russians. Baranov was forced to levy 10,000 rubles in ransom for the return of the surviving settlers. Baranov returned to Sitka in August 1804, with a large force, the ship bombarded the Tlingit fort on the 20th, but was not able to cause significant damage. The Russians then launched an attack on the fort and were repelled, however, after two days of bombardment, the Tlingit hung out a white flag on the 22nd, and then deserted the fort on the 26th. Following their victory at the Battle of Sitka, the Russians established New Archangel as a permanent settlement named after Arkhangelsk, the Tlingit re-established a fort on the Chatham Strait side of Peril Strait to enforce a trade embargo with the Russian establishment. In 1808, with Baranov still governor, Sitka was designated the capital of Russian America, bishop Innocent lived in Sitka after 1840. The Cathedral of Saint Michael was built in Sitka in 1848 and became the seat of the Russian Orthodox bishop of Kamchatka, the Kurile and Aleutian Islands, and Alaska. Swedes, Finns and other Lutherans worked for the Russian-American Company, Sitka was the site of the transfer ceremony for the Alaska purchase on October 18,1867. Russia was going through economic and political turmoil after it lost the Crimean War to Britain, France, russia offered to sell it to the United States. Secretary of State William Seward had wanted to purchase Alaska for quite time as he saw it as an integral part of Manifest Destiny. While the agreement to purchase Alaska was made in April 1867, the cost to purchase Alaska was $7.2 million. Sitka served as the capital of the Alaska Territory until 1906, the Alaska Native Brotherhood was founded in Sitka in 1912 to address racism against Alaska Native people in Alaska. By 1914 the organization had constructed the Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall on Katlian Street, in 1937, the United States Navy established the first seaplane base in Alaska on Japonski Island
7.
Coast Guard Station Cape Disappointment
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Cape Disappointment Station is also the site of the oldest search and rescue station within the Thirteenth Coast Guard District. The station’s Area of Responsibility reaches from Ocean Park on the Washington Coast south to Tillamook Head on the Oregon Coast, the station has nine search and rescue boats, including the 52-foot motor lifeboat Triumph, two 47-foot motor lifeboats, and two 29-foot Defender class response boats. The 52-SPC-HWX and the 47-MLB have all designed for operations in heavy surf conditions and are capable of being rolled over by breaking swells. Also colocated with the station is the oldest lighthouse on the Northwest Coast of the United States, Cape Disappointment Light, less than two miles to the northwest is North Head Light, which provides a beacon for the northern approaches to the Columbia River Bar. Commonly known as Station Cape D, station crewmembers respond to 100-200 calls for every year. This area is regarded as one of the most treacherous river bars in the world. Because of the number of shipwrecks near the river entrance it is often called “The Graveyard of the Pacific. ”During winter storms. With the combination of strong outgoing tides and large incoming swells, large surf conditions can exist in, the Cape Disappointment headland was first charted as “San Roque” by a Spanish explorer named Bruno de Heceta while exploring the Northwest Coast in August 1775. Heceta recognized this was probably the mouth of a river but was unable to explore the entrance, since his crewmembers were weak. Using Hecetas navigational charts during an expedition along the West Coast of North America in 1788, Gray and his crewmembers successfully crossed the treacherous bar and anchored in Baker Bay to trade goods with the Chinook Indians who populated the region. The river was named in honor of this first passage, the first U. S. Life-Saving Service station at Cape Disappointment was built on the site of Fort Canby in 1877. For the first five years volunteers manned the station entirely, in 1882, the first full-time Life Saving Service crew was sworn in at this site. Then in 1915, the Life Saving Service merged with the Revenue Cutter Service to form the United States Coast Guard, the existing station was first occupied in February 1967 and is currently the site for Station Cape Disappointment and the National Motor Lifeboat School. United States Coast Guard, Coast Guard Station Cape Disappointment United States Coast Guard, History in the Columbia River Area United States Coast Guard, Cape Disappointment Lighthouse
8.
United States Air Force Pararescue
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Pararescuemen are United States Air Force Special Operations Command and Air Combat Command operators tasked with recovery and medical treatment of personnel in humanitarian and combat environments. These special operations units are used to support NASA missions and have been used to recover astronauts after water landings. They are attached to other SOF teams from all branches to other operations as appropriate. Of the roughly 200 Air Force Cross recipients, only 24 are enlisted rank, part of the little-known Air Force Special Operations community and long an enlisted preserve, the Pararescue service expanded to include Combat Rescue Officers early in the 21st century. As early as 1922 there was a recognized need for trained personnel to go to remote sites to rescue airmen, however, it was another two decades before technology and necessity helped to create what would eventually become Air Force Pararescue. Even so, there were developments in critical technologies and these parachutes and the techniques smokejumpers used with them were completely different from the techniques used by Army airborne units. It was in year that Dr. Leo P. Martin was trained by the U. S. Forest Service Smokejumper Parachute Training Center in Seeley Lake. During the first months after Americas entry into the War, there was little need for air rescue. As the war progressed, a U. S. strategic bombing campaign was launched, Rescue units were formed around the globe under the operational control of local commanders. While training, techniques and equipment varied, one rule was constant, Search and rescue of downed aviators in the continental United States fell primarily to the Civil Air Patrol, a civilian aviation group under the command of the Army Air Corps. The CAP would usually send in ground crews after locating a site, however, they would sometimes land small aircraft. With Canadas entry into WWII in 1939, former Canadian fighter ace Wop May was put in charge of training operations and took command at the No 2 Air Observer School in Edmonton. Edmonton was one of the stops for A-20 Boston, B-26 Marauder. When these aircraft went down, typically due to mechanical or navigational problems, Mays school was often asked to supply aircraft to search for downed planes, but even when one was spotted there was often little they could do to help. May decided to address this problem, in early 1942 May asked for volunteers from his civilian servicing crew, and about a dozen agreed to join. With basically no equipment, the instruction consisted of jump and pull and windage was calculated by throwing an Eatons catalogue out the door. Early operations were comical, but in early 1943 May sent two volunteers, Owen Hargreaves and Scotty Thompson to the smoke jumpers school in Missoula, Montana to be trained by the U. S. Forest Service. After six weeks they returned home with borrowed equipment to train two other volunteers, Wilfred Rivet and Laurie Poulsom
9.
Naval aircrewman
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The Naval Aircrewman rating is an enlisted rating of the US Navy. It was previously designated as aviation anti-submarine warfare operator, however, under the CNO-directed Helicopter Master Plan, all 78XX and 94XX aircrewmen were re-designated as aviation warfare systems operators. The description of the Naval Aircrew Rate on this page define only the Active Duty aspects of the AW rate, fleets, positions, the Full Time Support and Selected Reserves components of the U. S. Naval Reserves make up the largest number of Aircrew in todays Navy. Many technologically advanced navies have a similar trade, all AWs must attain a minimum amount of education and training in several fields of science, technology, and aviation at several different schools. The educational pipeline averages 18 months to 2 years in length, the following list describes most of those schools, NACCS of NAS Pensacola, Florida, trains and evaluates AW students in basic flight physiology and water survival. The course includes low-pressure hypobaric chamber training, night vision evaluations, multi-station spatial disorientation device training, the curriculum also includes advanced first aid and CPR and physical training with road runs up to 2–4 miles and one-mile swims. Naval Air Technical Training Center provides the student a basic introduction to all the fields the student must be well versed in to operate in their prospective platform, Active and passive electronic warfare, active and passive sonar. It is based on and reinforces the values expressed in the code of conduct while maintaining a balance of sound educational methodology. Participation in SERE training requires certification of a current physical examination and completion of a medical screening form within 14 days of training by competent medical authority, students must report for training with medical and dental records or they will be dis-enrolled from the course. SERE training is physically demanding, therefore, students must comply with their own body fat standards and have successfully passed their most recent physical readiness test. This phase of training immerses the student much further training for their specific platform. Typically, the student will report to an East Coast or West Coast Fleet Replacement Squadron to conduct training, Naval Air Training and Operating Procedures Standardization and tactics are also introduced. After completion of training and reporting for duty in the fleet, there are several platforms specialties and special certifications available within the rating. Additional training can be acquired to qualify rotary wing AWs as combat search, below is a list of specialties within the rating. These Aircrewman have successfully completed Rescue Swimmer School along with the schools in the training pipeline. According to multiple sources, the average graduation rate is 22%. Sailors who choose this career path need to possess above average maturity, AIRRs are trained in basic emergency medicine, rappelling, and various other skills other AWs will not receive. They share many similarities to Coast Guard Aviation Survival Technicians and they are often utilized in humanitarian, combat, and peacetime missions
10.
United States Air Force
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The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U. S. military to be formed, the U. S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, the U. S. Air Force provides air support for surface forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2015, the service more than 5,137 military aircraft,406 ICBMs and 63 military satellites. It has a $161 billion budget with 313,242 active duty personnel,141,197 civilian employees,69,200 Air Force Reserve personnel, and 105,500 Air National Guard personnel. According to the National Security Act of 1947, which created the USAF and it shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations. The stated mission of the USAF today is to fly, fight, and win in air, space and we will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and it should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs. The purpose of Nuclear Deterrence Operations is to operate, maintain, in the event deterrence fails, the US should be able to appropriately respond with nuclear options. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. Nuclear strike is the ability of forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level, post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of operations to ensure high levels of performance. Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations, the Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements, adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Forces ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission, positive nuclear command, control, communications, effective nuclear weapons security, and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function. OCA is the method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source
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