1.
English language
–
English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩
English language
–
The opening to the Old English epic poem
Beowulf,
handwritten in
half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."
English language
–
Countries of the world where English is a majority native language
English language
–
Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's
Canterbury Tales c.1400
2.
East End of London
–
The East End of London, also known simply as the East End, is an area of Central and East London, England, east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, and north of the River Thames. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, the area was notorious for its deep poverty, overcrowding and associated social problems. This has led to the East End’s history of political activism. Another major theme of East End history has been that of migration, Irish weavers, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the 20th century, Bangladeshis. The East End lies east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, Aldgate Pump on the edge of the City is the symbolic start of the East End and, on the river, Tower Bridge is also sometimes also described in these terms. Beyond these references though, the East End has no official or popularly accepted boundaries, a common preference is to include the modern borough of Tower Hamlets, together with the former parish and borough of Shoreditch. This version makes the East End conterminous with the Tower Division of Middlesex under the borders that area had in the 19th century when the East End completed the process of urbanisation, an alternative definition is based solely on the modern borough of Tower Hamlets. Parts of the old parish and borough of Hackney are sometimes included, while others include areas east of the Lea such as West Ham, East Ham, Leyton, knew not the way to the East End. The East End began with the growth of London beyond the walls, along the Roman Roads leading from Bishopsgate and Aldgate. Building accelerated in the 16th century, and the area that would become known East End began to take shape. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which had its roots in the Bishop of Londons historic Manor of Stepney and owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, for a very long time the East End was physically separated from the Londons western growth by the open spaces known as Moorfields. Shoreditchs boundary with the parish of St Lukes ran through the Moorfields countryside becoming, on urbanisation and that line, with very slight modifications, has also become the boundary of the modern London Boroughs of Hackney and Islington. From the beginning, the East End has always contained some of the poorest areas of London, the main reasons for this include the following, the medieval system of copyhold, which prevailed throughout the East End, into the 19th century. Essentially, there was little point in developing land that was held on short leases, the siting of noxious industries, such as tanning and fulling downwind outside the boundaries of the City, and therefore beyond complaints and official controls. Historically, the East End is arguably conterminous with the Manor of Stepney and this manor was held by the Bishop of London, in compensation for his duties in maintaining and garrisoning the Tower of London. Further ecclesiastic holdings came about from the need to enclose the marshes, Edward VI passed the land to the Wentworth family, and thence to their descendants, the Earls of Cleveland
East End of London
–
1882 Reynolds Map of the East End. Development has now eliminated the open fields pictured on the map.
East End of London
–
1745
Rocque Map of the East End. London is expanding, but there are still large areas of fields to the east of the City.
East End of London
–
Ogilby & Morgan's map of the City of London (1673). "A Large and Accurate Map of the City of London. Ichnographically describing all the Streets, Lanes, Alleys, Courts, Yards, Churches, Halls, & Houses &c. Actually Surveyed and Delineated by
John Ogilby, His Majesties Cosmographer.".
East End of London
–
William Booth founded the Salvation Army, in Whitechapel, in 1878
3.
Criminal underworld
–
Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist groups, are politically motivated. Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, such as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for so-called protection, gangs may become disciplined enough to be considered organized. A criminal organization or gang can also be referred to as a mafia, mob, or crime syndicate, European sociologists define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the supply of extra-legal protection and quasi law enforcement. There is a tendency to distinguish organized crime from other forms of crime, such as crime, financial crimes, political crimes, war crime, state crimes. This distinction is not always apparent and academics continue to debate the matter, for example, in failed states that can no longer perform basic functions such as education, security, or governance, organised crime, governance and war sometimes complement each other. The term Oligarchy has been used to describe democratic countries whose political, social and economic institutions come under the control of a few families, in the United States, the Organized Crime Control Act defines organized crime as he unlawful activities of a highly organized, disciplined association. Criminal activity as a process is referred to as racketeering. In the UK, police estimate that organized crime involves up to 38,000 people operating in 6,000 various groups, bureaucratic/corporate organized crime groups are defined by the general rigidity of their internal structures. An estimate on youth street gangs nationwide provided by Hannigan, et al. marked an increase of 35% between 2002 and 2010, the term “street gang” is commonly used interchangeably with “youth gang, ” referring to neighborhood or street-based youth groups that meet “gang” criteria. Some reasons youth join gangs include to feel accepted, attain status, a sense of unity brings together many of the youth gangs that lack the family aspect at home. Zones of transition are deteriorating neighborhoods with shifting populations, in such areas, conflict between groups, fighting, turf wars, and theft promote solidarity and cohesion. Participation in gang-related events during adolescence perpetuate a pattern of maltreatment on their own children years later, klein like Spergel studied the effects on members of social workers’ interventions. More interventions actually lead to greater participation and solidarity and bonds between members. Downes and Rock on Parker’s analysis, strain theory applies, labeling theory, control theory and these may also be defined by age or peer group influences, and the permanence or consistency of their criminal activity. These groups also form their own identity or public representation which are recognizable by the community at large. Some studied street gangs involved in drug dealing - finding that their structure, members saw themselves as organized criminals, gangs were formal-rational organizations, Strong organizational structures, well defined roles and rules that guided members’ behavior. Also a specified and regular means of income, padilla agreed with the two above. However some have found these to be rather than well-defined and lacking persistent focus, there was relatively low cohesion, few shared goals
Criminal underworld
–
Criminology and
penology
Criminal underworld
–
Jamaican gang leader
Christopher Coke
Criminal underworld
–
Mexican drug cartels and their areas of influence.
Criminal underworld
–
Tattooed
Yakuza gangsters
4.
West Coast of the United States
–
The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the contiguous Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. As a region, this term most often refers to the states of California. More specifically, it refers to an area defined on the east by the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert, the U. S. Census groups the five states of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the Census Bureaus Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million – about 15. 3% of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles, small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska. Between 16,500 BCE and 13,500 BCE, ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America, Alaska Natives, indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and California indigenous peoples eventually descended from the Paleo-Indians. They developed various languages and established trade routes, later, Spanish, British, French, Russian, and American explorers and settlers began colonizing the area. The West Coast of the United States has a climate in its Northern edge towards the Canada–US border. The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the areas during summer. In far Northern California there is a difference of 17 °C between Eurekas and Willow Creek in spite of only 25 miles separating the locations and Willow Creek being located at a 500 metres elevation, coastal fog is also prevalent in keeping shoreline temperatures cool. Since the West Coast has been populated by more recently than the East Coast. Additionally, its demographic composition underlies its cultural difference from the rest of the United States. Californias history first as a major Spanish colony, and later Mexican territory, has given the lower West Coast a distinctive Hispanic tone, which it also shares with the rest of the Southwest. Similarly, two of the three cities in which Asian Americans have concentrated, San Francisco and Los Angeles, are located on the West Coast, San Franciscos Chinatown, the oldest in North America, is a vibrant cultural center. The West Coast also has a large share of green cities within the United States. Other writers, like Jean Baudrillard, Mike Davis, and Umberto Eco, have made related statements on Californian culture, in the Northwest, Portland and Seattle are both considered among the coffee capitals of the world. While Starbucks originated in Seattle, both towns are known for coffee roasters and independent coffeeshops. In the Pacific Northwest at large, which includes the Canadian west coast, the culture has significantly shaped by the environment, especially by its forests, mountains
West Coast of the United States
–
The states shown in dark red are included in the term West Coast or Pacific Coast.
5.
Linguistics
–
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. Linguists traditionally analyse human language by observing an interplay between sound and meaning, phonetics is the study of speech and non-speech sounds, and delves into their acoustic and articulatory properties. While the study of semantics typically concerns itself with truth conditions, Grammar is a system of rules which governs the production and use of utterances in a given language. These rules apply to sound as well as meaning, and include componential sub-sets of rules, such as those pertaining to phonology, morphology, modern theories that deal with the principles of grammar are largely based within Noam Chomskys ideological school of generative grammar. In the early 20th century, Ferdinand de Saussure distinguished between the notions of langue and parole in his formulation of structural linguistics. According to him, parole is the utterance of speech, whereas langue refers to an abstract phenomenon that theoretically defines the principles. This distinction resembles the one made by Noam Chomsky between competence and performance in his theory of transformative or generative grammar. According to Chomsky, competence is an innate capacity and potential for language, while performance is the specific way in which it is used by individuals, groups. The study of parole is the domain of sociolinguistics, the sub-discipline that comprises the study of a system of linguistic facets within a certain speech community. Discourse analysis further examines the structure of texts and conversations emerging out of a speech communitys usage of language, Stylistics also involves the study of written, signed, or spoken discourse through varying speech communities, genres, and editorial or narrative formats in the mass media. In the 1960s, Jacques Derrida, for instance, further distinguished between speech and writing, by proposing that language be studied as a linguistic medium of communication in itself. Palaeography is therefore the discipline that studies the evolution of scripts in language. Linguistics also deals with the social, cultural, historical and political factors that influence language, through which linguistic, research on language through the sub-branches of historical and evolutionary linguistics also focus on how languages change and grow, particularly over an extended period of time. Language documentation combines anthropological inquiry with linguistic inquiry, in order to describe languages, lexicography involves the documentation of words that form a vocabulary. Such a documentation of a vocabulary from a particular language is usually compiled in a dictionary. Computational linguistics is concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective, specific knowledge of language is applied by speakers during the act of translation and interpretation, as well as in language education – the teaching of a second or foreign language. Policy makers work with governments to implement new plans in education, related areas of study also includes the disciplines of semiotics, literary criticism, translation, and speech-language pathology. Before the 20th century, the philology, first attested in 1716, was commonly used to refer to the science of language
Linguistics
–
Ancient
Tamil inscription at
Thanjavur
Linguistics
–
Topics and terminology
6.
Blowing a raspberry
–
Blowing a raspberry, strawberry or making a Bronx cheer, is to make a noise that may signify derision, real or feigned. It may also be used in childhood phonemic play either solely by the child or by adults towards a child to encourage imitation to the delight of both parties and it is made by placing the tongue between the lips and blowing to produce a sound similar to flatulence. In the terminology of phonetics, this sound can be described as an unvoiced linguolabial trill and it is never used in human language phonemically, but the sound is widely used across human cultures. In the United States, Bronx cheer is used, otherwise, in the U. S. and in other anglophone countries, it is known as a raspberry, rasp. Blowing a raspberry comes from the Cockney rhyming slang raspberry tart for fart, rhyming slang was particularly used in British comedy to refer to things that would be unacceptable to a polite audience. The term Bronx cheer is used sarcastically because it is not a cheer, it is used to show disapproval
Blowing a raspberry
7.
Tod Sloan (jockey)
–
James Forman Tod Sloan was an American thoroughbred horse racing jockey. He was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1955, Sloan was born in Bunker Hill, Indiana, near Kokomo, the son of a Union Army soldier. He was a tiny and frail child, and after his mother died when he was five and he was still a young boy when he struck out on his own, taking jobs in the nearby gas and oil fields. By 1886, Sloan was working at Latonia Race Track in Covington, Kentucky, Sloans performance was not impressive, and his horse finished in the back of the pack. However, he persisted and a few years later was riding at the Fair Grounds Race Course in New Orleans, in 1893, Sloan went to race in northern California where he enjoyed considerable success. In 1896 he moved to New York City after being hired by Pittsburgh Phil, despite his many career victories, Sloan said that Hamburg was the only great horse he ever rode. Sloan took over as jockey for Hamburg when the career was near its end after the three-year-old had been soundly defeated in the Belmont Stakes. Ridden by Sloan, the won the Lawrence Realization, easily defeating Kentucky Derby winner Plaudit. Such were Sloans abilities that in 1896 he won nearly 30% of all his races, increased it to 37% in 1897, and upped it to an astonishing 46% in 1898. Charles F. Dwyer, a friend and son of prominent racehorse owner Mike Dwyer, was part of a syndicate that backed Sloans mounts when he rode in England. Racing there on September 30,1898, Sloan rode five consecutive winners at the Newmarket Racecourse and it was Sloan who popularized the forward seat style of riding, or the monkey crouch as the British called it, when he began riding there in 1897. Initially laughed at, his style revolutionized the sport worldwide, returning to England the following year he won a number of important races including the 18991,000 Guineas aboard Sibola and in 1900 the Ascot Gold Cup riding Merman for owner, Lily Langtry. The prestigious Derby was a race that Sloan always felt he would have won, had it not been for a terrible tragedy, holocauste had to be put down while Flying Fox went on to win the race. Later that year Flying Fox won the St. Leger to become the 1899 Triple Crown Champion, in 1900, Edward, Prince of Wales offered Sloan the job to ride for his stable in the 1901 racing season. Sloans success on the racetrack, combined with a flamboyant lifestyle filled with beautiful women and he hung out with the likes of Diamond Jim Brady and traveled with a personal valet and a trunk full of clothes. His reputation was such that he was the Yankee Doodle in the George M. Cohan Broadway musical Little Johnny Jones and the basis for Ernest Hemingways short story My Old Man. Although Sloans racing career was spectacular, it was relatively short, advised by the British Jockey Club that they would not renew his license, he never rode for the Prince of Wales. The ban in Britain was maintained by American racing authorities, after Sloan left racing, Oscar Hammerstein arranged for him to star in a one-man show in a New York vaudeville theatre, but it did not last
Tod Sloan (jockey)
–
Tod Sloan
Tod Sloan (jockey)
–
Henry "Skeets" Martin (left) and Tod Sloan in 1899 at
Morris Park Racetrack.
Tod Sloan (jockey)
–
1890s
Vanity Fair caricature by
Godfrey Douglas Giles illustrating Sloan's distinctive riding style.
8.
East End
–
The East End of London, also known simply as the East End, is an area of Central and East London, England, east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, and north of the River Thames. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, the area was notorious for its deep poverty, overcrowding and associated social problems. This has led to the East End’s history of political activism. Another major theme of East End history has been that of migration, Irish weavers, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the 20th century, Bangladeshis. The East End lies east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, Aldgate Pump on the edge of the City is the symbolic start of the East End and, on the river, Tower Bridge is also sometimes also described in these terms. Beyond these references though, the East End has no official or popularly accepted boundaries, a common preference is to include the modern borough of Tower Hamlets, together with the former parish and borough of Shoreditch. This version makes the East End conterminous with the Tower Division of Middlesex under the borders that area had in the 19th century when the East End completed the process of urbanisation, an alternative definition is based solely on the modern borough of Tower Hamlets. Parts of the old parish and borough of Hackney are sometimes included, while others include areas east of the Lea such as West Ham, East Ham, Leyton, knew not the way to the East End. The East End began with the growth of London beyond the walls, along the Roman Roads leading from Bishopsgate and Aldgate. Building accelerated in the 16th century, and the area that would become known East End began to take shape. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which had its roots in the Bishop of Londons historic Manor of Stepney and owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, for a very long time the East End was physically separated from the Londons western growth by the open spaces known as Moorfields. Shoreditchs boundary with the parish of St Lukes ran through the Moorfields countryside becoming, on urbanisation and that line, with very slight modifications, has also become the boundary of the modern London Boroughs of Hackney and Islington. From the beginning, the East End has always contained some of the poorest areas of London, the main reasons for this include the following, the medieval system of copyhold, which prevailed throughout the East End, into the 19th century. Essentially, there was little point in developing land that was held on short leases, the siting of noxious industries, such as tanning and fulling downwind outside the boundaries of the City, and therefore beyond complaints and official controls. Historically, the East End is arguably conterminous with the Manor of Stepney and this manor was held by the Bishop of London, in compensation for his duties in maintaining and garrisoning the Tower of London. Further ecclesiastic holdings came about from the need to enclose the marshes, Edward VI passed the land to the Wentworth family, and thence to their descendants, the Earls of Cleveland
East End
–
1882 Reynolds Map of the East End. Development has now eliminated the open fields pictured on the map.
East End
–
Ogilby & Morgan's map of the City of London (1673). "A Large and Accurate Map of the City of London. Ichnographically describing all the Streets, Lanes, Alleys, Courts, Yards, Churches, Halls, & Houses &c. Actually Surveyed and Delineated by
John Ogilby, His Majesties Cosmographer.".
East End
–
1745
Rocque Map of the East End. London is expanding, but there are still large areas of fields to the east of the City.
East End
–
William Booth founded the Salvation Army, in Whitechapel, in 1878
9.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
10.
Seven Dials, London
–
Seven Dials is a small road junction in Covent Garden in the West End of London where seven streets converge. The term also refers informally to the surrounding area. The original layout of the Seven Dials area was designed by Thomas Neale in the early 1690s, the original plan had six roads converging, although this was later increased to seven. The sundial column was built only six faces, with the column itself acting as the gnomon of the seventh dial. After the successful development of the Covent Garden Piazza area nearby and this was not to be and the area gradually deteriorated. At one stage, each of the seven apexes facing the column housed a pub, by the 19th century, Seven Dials was among the most notorious slums in London, as part of the rookery of St Giles. The original sundial column was removed in 1773 and it was long believed that it had been pulled down by an angry mob, but recent research suggests it was deliberately removed by the Paving Commissioners in an attempt to rid the area of undesirables. In the 1840s Seven Dials was a point for the Chartists in their campaign for electoral reform. However, the uprisings there were thwarted by police infiltrators. It is dominated by generally slow-moving traffic in the narrow streets, on one of the seven apexes remains a pub, The Crown. On another apex is the Cambridge Theatre, and on a third the Radisson Edwardian Mercer Street Hotel, on another is the Comyn Ching Triangle, a block of old buildings renovated in the 1980s. Despite some redevelopment, many buildings remain. The replacement sundial column was installed in 1988–89 to the original design and it was unveiled by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands on a visit to commemorate the tercentenary of the reign of William and Mary, during which the area was developed. Monmouth Street is the street in Seven Dials to have a number. Neale commissioned Edward Pierce, the architect and stonemason, to design, the original drawing in brown ink with a grey wash is in the British Museum collection On top of an 8 feet high plinth, there is a 20 feet high Doric column. The sculpture that contains the six sundials and the pinnacle is 10 feet and this block is orientated so there are a direct south and direct north vertical dial, and four vertically declining dials. The monument was erected in 1694, but removed in 1773, the replica was commissioned in 1984 and erected in 1989 The dials were designed, carved and gilded by Caroline Webb, while the astronomer Gordon Taylor verified the maths. Each of the faces is accurate to ten seconds
Seven Dials, London
–
Seven Dials, view towards Monmouth Street, Shorts Gardens and Earlham Street; note the competing clocks.
Seven Dials, London
–
Seven Dials around 1836: illustration by
George Cruikshank in
Dickens '
Sketches by Boz
11.
Collusion
–
It is an agreement among firms or individuals to divide a market, set prices, limit production or limit opportunities. It can involve wage fixing, kickbacks, or misrepresenting the independence of the relationship between the colluding parties, in legal terms, all acts effected by collusion are considered void. In the study of economics and market competition, collusion takes place within an industry when rival companies cooperate for their mutual benefit. Collusion most often takes place within the structure of oligopoly. Cartels are a case of explicit collusion. Collusion which is overt, on the hand, is known as tacit collusion. However, if firms collude to all prices, loss of sales is minimized. This benefits the colluding firms at the cost of efficiency to society, one variation of this traditional theory is the theory of kinked demand. Several examples of collusion in the United States include, Market division and price-fixing among manufacturers of electrical equipment in the 1960s. An attempt by Major League Baseball owners to restrict players salaries in the mid-1980s, Market division and output determination of livestock feed additive, called lysine, by companies in the US, Japan and South Korea in 1996, Archer Daniels Midland being the most notable of these. Chip dumping in poker or any other high stake card game and this allows each firm to see how and why every other firm is pricing their products. If the practice of the industry causes more complicated pricing, which is hard for the consumer to understand and this causes industries to have essentially the same prices and compete on advertising and image, something theoretically as damaging to consumers as normal price fixing. There can be significant barriers to collusion, in any given industry, these may include, The number of firms, As the number of firms in an industry increases, it is more difficult to successfully organize, collude and communicate. Cost and demand differences between firms, If costs vary significantly between firms, it may be impossible to establish a price at which to fix output. Cheating, There is considerable incentive to cheat on collusion agreements, although lowering prices might trigger price wars and this phenomenon is frequently referred to as chiseling. Potential entry, New firms may enter the industry, establishing a new baseline price, Economic recession, An increase in average total cost or a decrease in revenue provides incentive to compete with rival firms in order to secure a larger market share and increased demand. Anticollusion legal framework and collusive lawsuit, collusive lawsuit Conscious parallelism Corporate crime Baseball collusion Cartel Vives, X. Oligopoly pricing, MIT Press, Cambridge MA Tirole, J. The Theory of Industrial Organization, MIT Press, Cambridge MA Tirole, J. Hierarchies and Bureaucracies, Journal of Law Economics and Organization, vol
Collusion
12.
Peckham Rye
–
Peckham Rye is an open space and road in the London Borough of Southwark in London, England. The roughly triangular space, managed by Southwark Council, consists of two congruent areas, with Peckham Rye Common to the north and Peckham Rye Park to the south. The road Peckham Rye forms the western and eastern perimeter of the open space, Peckham Rye is also Cockney rhyming slang for tie. Peckham Rye railway station on Rye Lane is a distance north of the open space in Peckham. To the east is Nunhead, to the south is Honor Oak, Peckham Rye is a ward in Southwark, forming part of the Camberwell and Peckham constituency. There are several key roads that lead to the park including Barry Road, Barry Road connects the Rye with Dulwich library while Friern Road is named after a friary that once existed. For a list of the different local landmarks with Rye and Peckham Rye in their names. It was on the Rye in the 1760s that the artist William Blake claimed to have visions, including one of a tree filled with angels. The novel The Ballad of Peckham Rye by Muriel Spark is based around this area, the park in the 50s - 70s was the site for a yearly fair. The land for Peckham Rye Park was purchased by the London County Council for £51,000, at that time the park was 54 acres,13 acres being occupied by Homestall Farm. One of the first features of the new park, an ornamental Old English Garden was created and it was later renamed the Sexby Garden after Colonel J. J. Sexby the London County Councils first Chief Officer of Parks. It was re-developed in 1936 and the paths re-laid with york stone paving, during World War II, part of the Common became a Prisoner of War camp for Italian prisoners of war
Peckham Rye
Peckham Rye
Peckham Rye
13.
Hampstead Heath
–
Hampstead Heath is a large, ancient London park, covering 320 hectares. This grassy public space sits astride a sandy ridge, one of the highest points in London, running from Hampstead to Highgate, which rests on a band of London Clay. The heath is rambling and hilly, embracing ponds, recent and ancient woodlands, a lido, playgrounds, and a training track, the south-east part of the heath is Parliament Hill, from which the view over London is protected by law. Running along its perimeter are a chain of ponds – including three open-air public swimming pools – which were originally reservoirs for drinking water from the River Fleet. The heath is a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation, lakeside concerts are held there in summer. The heath first entered the books in 986 when Ethelred the Unready granted one of his servants five hides of land at Hemstede. This same land is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as held by the monastery of St. Peters at Westminster Abbey. Over time, plots of land in the manor were sold off for building, particularly in the early 19th century, the main part of the heath was acquired for the people by the Metropolitan Board of Works. Parliament Hill was purchased for the public for £300,000, Golders Hill was added in 1898 and Kenwood House and grounds were added in 1928. From 1808 to 1814 Hampstead Heath hosted a station in the shutter telegraph chain which connected the Admiralty in London to its ships in the port of Great Yarmouth. The City of London Corporation has managed the heath since 1989, before that it was managed by the GLC and before that by the London County Council. In 2009, the City of London proposed to upgrade a footpath across the heath into a service-road, the proposal met with protests from local residents and celebrities, and did not proceed. The heath sits astride a sandy ridge that rests on a band of London clay and it runs from east to west, its highest point being 134 metres. As the sand was easily penetrated by rainwater which was held by the clay. Hampstead Heath contains the largest single area of land in Greater London. Buses serve several roads around the heath, the heaths 320 hectares include a number of distinct areas. Hampstead Heath is an important refuge for wildlife, including snakes, foxes, rabbits, slow worms, squirrels. Common kingfishers, jackdaws, pipistrelles and Daubentons bats are seen over the ponds, some introduced species have also thrived at the site, for example muntjac deer, terrapins and ring-necked parakeets
Hampstead Heath
–
The south-west edge of the Heath
Hampstead Heath
–
Hampstead Heath extension towards Barnet
Hampstead Heath
–
A pond on Hampstead Heath
Hampstead Heath
–
Kenwood House false bridge
14.
Gregory Peck
–
Eldred Gregory Peck was an American actor who was one of the most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1960s. Peck continued to major film roles until the late 1980s. His performance as Atticus Finch in the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor and he had also been nominated for an Oscar for the same category for The Keys of the Kingdom, The Yearling, Gentlemans Agreement and Twelve OClock High. Other notable films he appeared in include Spellbound, Roman Holiday, Moby Dick, The Guns of Navarone, Cape Fear, How the West Was Won, The Omen, President Lyndon Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Peck among Greatest Male Stars of Classic Hollywood cinema and he was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1983. His father was of English and Irish heritage and his mother of English and she converted to her husbands religion, Roman Catholicism, when she married his father, and Peck was raised as a Catholic. Pecks parents divorced when he was five and he was brought up by his maternal grandmother, at the age of 10 he was sent to a Catholic military school, St. Johns Military Academy in Los Angeles. While he was a student there, his grandmother died, at 14, he moved back to San Diego to live with his father, attended San Diego High School, and after graduating enrolled for one year at San Diego State Teachers College. While there he joined the team, took his first theatre and public-speaking courses. Peck however had ambitions to be a doctor and the following year gained admission to the University of California, Berkeley, as an English major, standing 6 ft 3 in, he rowed on the university crew. Although his tuition fee was only $26 per year, Peck still struggled to pay, at Berkeley, encouraged by the acting coach, who saw in him perfect material for university theatre, Peck became more and more interested in acting. He was recruited by Edwin Duerr, director of the universitys Little Theater, Peck would later say about Berkeley that, it was a very special experience for me and three of the greatest years of my life. It woke me up and made me a human being, in 1997, Peck donated $25,000 to the Berkeley rowing crew in honor of his coach, the renowned Ky Ebright. He was often broke and sometimes slept in Central Park and he worked at the 1939 Worlds Fair and as a tour guide for NBCs television broadcasting. In 1940, Peck learned more of the craft, working in exchange for food, at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia, appearing in five plays including Family Portrait. His stage career began in 1941 when he played the secretary in a Katharine Cornell production of George Bernard Shaws play The Doctors Dilemma, unfortunately, the play opened in San Francisco just one week before the attack on Pearl Harbor. He made his Broadway debut as the lead in Emlyn Williams The Morning Star in 1942 and his second Broadway performance that year was in The Willow and I with Edward Pawley. Twentieth Century Fox claimed he had injured his back while rowing at university, ive been trying to straighten out that story for years
Gregory Peck
–
Publicity photo of Peck, 1948
Gregory Peck
–
Gregory Peck in the
Designing Woman trailer
Gregory Peck
–
Gregory Peck in
The Snows of Kilimanjaro, 1952
Gregory Peck
–
Peck in 1973, by
Allan Warren
15.
Alan Whicker
–
Alan Donald Whicker CBE was a British journalist and television presenter and broadcaster. His career spanned almost 60 years, during which time he presented the television programme Whickers World for over 30 years. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2005 for services to broadcasting, Whicker was born to British parents in Cairo, Egypt, in 1921. When he was three years old, his father Charles became seriously ill and the moved to Richmond in Surrey. He then joined the British Armys Film and Photo Unit in Italy in 1943, filming at Anzio and he was also responsible for taking into custody British traitor John Amery. Whicker also shot footage of the body of Benito Mussolini, after the Second World War, Whicker became a journalist and broadcaster, acting as a newspaper correspondent during the Korean War. After joining the BBC in 1957, he became a reporter for their Tonight programme. In 1958, he began presenting Whickers World, which life as a segment on the Tonight programme before becoming a fully-fledged series itself in the 1960s. At the beginning of the ITV series, Whicker made Papa Doc – The Black Sheep on Haiti and its dictator Papa Doc Duvalier who made himself available to Whicker, while presenting Whickers World, Whicker was known for his subtle brand of satire, and social commentary. Whickers World was parodied in a Monty Pythons Flying Circus sketch featuring a tropical island, Whicker Island, benny Hill, towards the end of his BBC series in 1968, impersonated Whicker in a parody called Knickers World. He was parodied again in 1981 by the Evasions, a British funk group whose song, Wikka Wrap, de Wilde also composed the theme tune for the 1980s BBC episodes of Whickers World. Whicker appeared in adverts for American Express, Barclaycard, and was also the man behind the advertising slogan Hello World. He narrated the 2007 and 2008 BBC documentary series Comedy Map of Britain, in the 2005 New Year Honours, Whicker was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to broadcasting. In 2009, then in his 80s, Whicker returned to some of the locations, in this, he met with various people whom he had interviewed decades earlier to see how their lives had progressed since the initial programme. He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1983 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the Berkeley Hotel in London’s Kensington, Whicker had a relationship with Olga Deterding from 1966 to 1969. He was with his partner, Valerie Kleeman, from 1969 and he neither married nor had children. Whicker died on 12 July 2013 from bronchial pneumonia at his home in Jersey, in the Channel Islands, aged 91. BAFTA, who awarded Whicker the Factual Personality Award in 1965, tweeted So sad to hear the news about Alan Whicker, who has passed away at the age of 87
Alan Whicker
–
Alan Whicker
CBE
16.
Max Miller (comedian)
–
Thomas Henry Sargent, best known by his stage name Max Miller and also known as The Cheeky Chappie, was a British comedian who was widely regarded as the greatest stand-up comedian of his generation. He made films, toured in revues and music hall, and sang and recorded songs and he was known for his flamboyant suits, his wicked charm, and his risqué jokes which often got him into trouble with the censors. Miller was born as Thomas Henry Sargent on 21 November 1894 in Hereford Street, Kemptown, Brighton and he was the second child of James Sargent, a labourer and Alice, a flower seller, Miller had three brothers and two sisters. His parents were poor and often unable to pay rent so were forced to move to other parts of the town, owing to this, Miller frequently changed schools until he reached 12, when he left altogether. He tried various jobs, labouring, delivering milk, selling fish and chips, caddying at the Brighton and Hove Golf Course, as a youth he was nicknamed Swanky Sargent. On the outbreak of the war in 1914, Miller volunteered for the army and he joined the Royal Sussex Regiment and, after serving in France, was posted to India and a year later to Mesopotamia, where he was temporarily blinded for three days. This experience stayed with him all his life, and in years he did much work to help the blind. During his time in the army, he started a concert party. Demobilized from the army, he work to be in short supply. He had lost his mother to the 1918 flu pandemic and he had his sights on performing in London and obtained a booking in the Shoreditch Hall in 1919. He was not experienced enough for the type of venue and lasted only a week, returning to Brighton he saw an advertisement for artists to join Jack Sheppard’s concert party in an alfresco theatre on Brighton beach. He applied and joined as a comedian for the 1919 summer season. While with the party, he met his wife Frances Kathleen Marsh. Kathleen Marsh came from a family whose parents came to Brighton from Dorset shortly before she was born in 1896. Her elder brother Ernest Marsh served as a Brighton alderman for 43 years, in summer 1920 Harry toured nationwide in The Rogues, a concert party. The following year Harry and Kathleen toured in a revue/musical called The Girl, while in Plymouth they married at the parish church in Tormoham, Devon on 17 February 1921. As well as being a performer, Kathleen was an astute businesswoman and she suggested that he should change his name to Max Miller. Later a press notice described Max as the Cheeky Chappie, Max and Kathleen formed a double act for a while but it became obvious to her that Max was the stronger performer and that he would be better as a solo act
Max Miller (comedian)
–
Bronze statue of Miller at the Pavilion Gardens, Brighton
Max Miller (comedian)
–
Commemorative plaque at 160 Marine Parade, Brighton (2006)
Max Miller (comedian)
–
Tablet on wall of Garden of Remembrance, Downs Crematorium, Brighton
17.
Henry Hall (bandleader)
–
Henry Robert Hall, CBE was an English bandleader who performed regularly on BBC Radio during the British dance band era of the 1920s and 1930s, through to the 1960s. Henry Hall was born in Peckham, South London and he won a scholarship to Trinity College of Music where he studied trumpet, piano, harmony and counterpoint. His first job was as copyist at the office of the Salvation Army for which he wrote several marches. During World War I, Hall served with the Royal Field Artillery and played trumpet, Hall describes in his autobiography, Heres to the Next Time, that on a Thursday in October 1923 he met a young woman named Margery while traveling by rail to Dartmoor. The following day, Henry invited Margery to a dance and proposed to her at the end of the evening, by Saturday, just two days after meeting, the two were engaged and were married in January,1924 at St. Georges, Hanover Square, London. Henry and Margery had two children during their marriage, Mike and Betty, in June 1924, on the opening night of the Gleneagles Hotel, Hall persuaded the BBC to broadcast the event on radio, which began his long association with BBC radio. It was from Gleneagles that the BBC took him in 1932 to succeed Jack Payne as band leader of the BBC Dance Orchestra, at 5. 15pm each weekday, Halls radio programme from Broadcasting House gathered a huge following across the nation. His signature tune was Its Just the Time for Dancing, in 1932 he recorded the songs Here Comes the Bogeyman and Teddy Bears Picnic with his BBC Orchestra, featuring singer Val Rosing on vocals. The latter song gained popularity and sold over a million copies. In 1934 his popularity was confirmed when his orchestra topped the bill at the London Palladium and he featured in the documentary BBC The Voice of Britain, the source of the This is Henry Hall speaking clip much used in documentaries on this period. In 1936 Henry Hall made his first feature film and in the year he was guest conductor of the ships orchestra on the Queen Mary’s maiden voyage. In 1937 the BBC Dance Orchestra played at the opening of the Gaumont State Cinema in Kilburn, the same year Hall left the BBC to tour with his own band, which comprised many members of his BBC band. He toured the halls of Britain and Europe, and generated controversy by dropping songs by Jewish composers while playing in Berlin in February 1938, Halls band was the first to appear on television. During the Second World War, Hall played for the troops, many of these concerts came in the form of Guest Night broadcasts. From June to November,1943, Guest Night was replaced by Henry Halls Rhythm Entertainment intended to radio entertainment for troops overseas. After the war he developed his business interests, becoming something of an agent. His BBC work again blossomed as he hosted Henry Halls Guest Night on the radio, Hall was also involved in the launch of the television programme Face the Music. Hall had a son, Michael, who served in the Royal Navy, in 1955, Hall published his autobiography Heres to the Next Time
Henry Hall (bandleader)
–
Henry Hall depicted in the mid-1930s
18.
Tony Blair
–
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair is a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and the Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. From 1983 to 2007, Blair was the MP for Sedgefield, under Blairs leadership, the party used the phrase New Labour, to distance it from previous Labour policies and the traditional conception of socialism. Critics of Blair denounced him for having the Labour Party abandon genuine socialism, in May 1997, the Labour Party won a landslide general election victory, the largest in its history, allowing Blair, at 43 years old, to become the youngest Prime Minister since 1812. In September 1997, Blair attained early personal popularity, receiving a 93% public approval rating, the Labour Party went on to win two more elections under his leadership, in 2001, in which it won another landslide victory, and in 2005, with a reduced majority. In the first years of the New Labour government, Blairs government introduced the National Minimum Wage Act, Human Rights Act, Blairs government also devolved power, establishing the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly. In Northern Ireland, Blair was involved in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, Blair has faced strong criticism for his role in the invasion of Iraq, including calls for having him tried for war crimes and waging a war of aggression. In 2016, the Iraq Inquiry strongly criticised his actions and described the invasion of Iraq as unjustified, Blair also intervened militarily in Kosovo and Sierra Leone. Blair was succeeded as the leader of the Labour Party and as Prime Minister by Gordon Brown in June 2007. On the day that Blair resigned as Prime Minister, he was appointed the official Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East and he now runs a consultancy business and has set up various foundations in his own name, including the Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Anthony Charles Lynton Blair was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6 May 1953 and he was the second son of Leo and Hazel Blair. Leo Blair was the son of two entertainers and adopted as a baby by Glasgow shipyard worker James Blair and his wife. Hazel Corscadden was the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher, in 1923 he returned to Ballyshannon, County Donegal. In Ballyshannon Corscaddens wife, Sarah Margaret, gave birth above the grocery shop to Blairs mother. Blair has one brother, Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Blairs first home was with his family at Paisley Terrace in the Willowbrae area of Edinburgh, during this period, his father worked as a junior tax inspector whilst also studying for a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. Blairs first relocation was when he was 19 months old, at the end of 1954 Blairs parents and their two sons moved from Paisley Terrace to Adelaide, South Australia. His father lectured in law at the University of Adelaide and it was when in Australia that Blairs sister Sarah was born. The Blairs lived in the suburb of Dulwich close to the university, the family returned to the UK in summer 1958
Tony Blair
–
Blair in January 2014
Tony Blair
–
Blair addressing a crowd in
Armagh in 1998
Tony Blair
–
Tony Blair and
George W. Bush shake hands after their press conference in the East Room of the White House on 12 November 2004.
Tony Blair
–
Jacques Chirac,
George W. Bush, Tony Blair and
Silvio Berlusconi during the G8 Summit in
Évian, June 2003
19.
Lionel Blair
–
Lionel Blair is a British actor, choreographer, tap dancer and television presenter. Blair was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and he is the son of Myer Ogus and Deborah Greenbaum. His father was a barber, he emigrated from Russia to Canada to start a new life, Blair came to Britain when he was two years old. He attended the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford in 1944, Blair eventually rekindled his passion for musical theatre and began working in the West End. He gave up acting for dancing in 1947 although he appeared in the fringe production Out of the Blue. He took his name around this time, later changing it by deed poll just before he married in 1967. Blair came to the fore in the 1960s when, with his dance troupe, in addition, he choreographed films such as Jazz Boat and The Magic Christian. In 1972, Blair wrote a musical based on War and Peace and it toured around the UK for six months. Blair was one of the captains on the game show Give Us a Clue from 1979 until the early 1990s. He published his autobiography Stagestruck in 1986, in 2005, he took part in the Channel Five reality series, The Farm. Until 2005 he appeared extensively in pantomime, for which he earned up to £15,000 a week, in July 2010, Blair appeared in the Great British Dog Walks feature on ITVs This Morning with his dog Lola. Also in 2010, he took part in the BBCs The Young Ones, in December 2010, he appeared briefly in a sketch with Ronnie Corbett and Rob Brydon in BBC Ones The One Ronnie. Blair also appeared as the celebrity darter for charity on Bullseye, on 24 December 2011, he appeared on the ITV program Text Santa with Ant & Dec. In 2012, he was cast in the version of Ray Cooneys farce Run for Your Wife. On 3 January 2014, he entered the Celebrity Big Brother house with Made in Chelsea media personality Ollie Locke after being handcuffed together as part of a set by Big Brother. He became the housemate to be evicted on 17 January 2014. Blair continues to work as an actor, having filmed an episode of BBC Ones medical soap opera Doctors in 2014 and he also played a main character in the British short film Evils Evil Cousin in 2016. On 14 December 2016, Blair appeared as a guest on the ITV panel show, Loose Women, to announce, the panellists presented him with a personalised cake
Lionel Blair
–
Lionel Blair in 2010
Lionel Blair
–
Lionel Blair's handprints in Bath, UK
20.
Britney Spears
–
Britney Jean Spears is an American singer, dancer, and actress. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, she performed acting roles in stage productions, Spearss first and second studio albums. Baby One More Time and Oops. I Did It Again, became international successes, with the former becoming the album by a teenage solo artist. Title tracks. Baby One More Time and Oops, I Did It Again broke international sales records. In 2001, Spears released her third studio album, Britney. She assumed creative control of her studio album, In the Zone. In 2007, Spearss much-publicized personal issues sent her career into hiatus and her fifth studio album, Blackout, was released later that year, and spawned singles such as Gimme More and Piece of Me. Her erratic behavior and hospitalizations continued through the year, at which point she was placed under a still ongoing conservatorship. Spearss sixth studio album, Circus, included the international chart-topping single Womanizer and her seventh studio album, Femme Fatale, became her first to yield three top-ten singles in the United States. She released her studio album Britney Jean in 2013. Later that year, Spears began the four-year residency show, Britney, Piece of Me, in 2016, Spears released her ninth studio album, Glory. In 2017, she announced that her show would develop into a world tour, Britney. Spears is regarded as a pop icon and credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s and she became the best-selling teenage artist of all time and garnered honorific titles including the Princess of Pop. In 2009, Billboard ranked her as the 8th overall Artist of the Decade, the Recording Industry Association of America lists Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the United States, with 34 million certified albums. She has sold 100 million albums and over 100 million singles worldwide making her one of the music artists of all time. According to Billboard Spears has sold about 22.38 million singles in digital downloads in US and is the fourth best-selling female artist since Nielsen SoundScan began. Forbes reported that Spears was the highest paid musician of 2012, with earnings of $58 million. Spears was born in McComb, Mississippi, the child of Lynne Irene Bridges and James Parnell Spears
Britney Spears
–
Spears at the
102.7 KIIS FM Wango Tango concert in
Carson, California, May 2013
Britney Spears
–
Spears performing at the NFL Kickoff Live, September 2003
Britney Spears
–
Spears performing during
The Onyx Hotel Tour on April 2004
Britney Spears
–
Spears performing "Freakshow" at
The Circus Starring Britney Spears, May 2009
21.
Butcher
–
A butcher is a person who may slaughter animals, dress their flesh, sell their meat or do any combination of these three tasks. They may prepare standard cuts of meat and poultry for sale in retail or wholesale food establishments, a butcher may be employed by supermarkets, grocery stores, butcher shops and fish markets, slaughter house, or may be self-employed. An ancient trade, whose duties may date back to the domestication of livestock, today, many jurisdictions offer trade certifications for butchers. Some areas expect a three-year apprenticeship followed by the option of becoming a master butcher, butchery is a traditional line of work. In the industrialized world, slaughterhouses use butchers to slaughter the animals, the steps include stunning, exsanguination, skinning or scalding and dehairing, evisceration and splitting. Secondary butchery involves boning and trimming primal cuts in preparation for sale, historically, primary and secondary butchery were performed in the same establishment, but the advent of methods of preservation and low cost transportation has largely separated them. In parts of the world, it is common for butchers to perform many or all of the butchers duties, where refrigeration is less common, these skills are required to sell the meat of slaughtered animals. Some butchers sell their goods in specialized stores, commonly termed a butcher shop, butchers at a butcher shop may perform primary butchery, but will typically perform secondary butchery to prepare fresh cuts of meat for sale. These shops may also sell related products, such as food supplies, baked goods. Butcher shops can have a variety of animal types, meat cuts. Additionally, butcher shops may focus on a culture, or nationality. Some butcher shops, termed meat delis, may include a delicatessen. In the United States and Canada, butcher shops are becoming common because of the increasing popularity of supermarkets. A primal cut is a piece of meat initially separated from the carcass during butchering, different countries and cultures make these cuts in different ways, and primal cuts also differ between type of carcass. The British, American and French primal cuts all differ in some respects, a notable example is fatback, which in Europe is an important primal cut of pork, but in North America is regarded as trimmings to be used in sausage or rendered into lard. The primal cuts may be complete or cut further. See also Butcher In various periods and cultures, the butcher has been applied to people who act cruelly to other human beings or slaughter them
Butcher
–
A butcher's,
Tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (XIV (14th) century)
Butcher
–
Primary butchery in a meat packing plant, 1873
Butcher
–
Boucherie du Bac, 82
Rue du Bac,
Paris.
Butcher
–
A butcher at work in Syria
22.
Bread
–
Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by baking. Throughout recorded history it has been popular around the world and is one of the oldest artificial foods, proportions of types of flour and other ingredients vary widely, as do modes of preparation. As a result, types, shapes, sizes, and textures of breads differ around the world, Bread may be leavened by processes such as reliance on naturally occurring sourdough microbes, chemicals, industrially produced yeast, or high-pressure aeration. Some bread is cooked before it can leaven, including for traditional or religious reasons, non-cereal ingredients such as fruits, nuts and fats may be included. Commercial bread commonly contains additives to improve flavor, texture, color, shelf life, Bread is served in various forms with any meal of the day. It is eaten as a snack, and used as an ingredient in other preparations, such as sandwiches. It forms the main component of bread pudding, as well as of stuffings designed to fill cavities or retain juices that otherwise might drip out. Bread has a social and emotional significance beyond its importance as nourishment and it plays essential roles in religious rituals and secular culture. Its prominence in daily life is reflected in language, where it appears in proverbs, colloquial expressions, in prayer and in the etymology of words, the Old English word for bread was hlaf, which appears to be the oldest Teutonic name. Old High German hleib and modern German Laib derive from this Proto-Germanic word, Bread is one of the oldest prepared foods. Evidence from 30,000 years ago in Europe revealed starch residue on rocks used for pounding plants. It is possible that during this time, starch extract from the roots of plants, such as cattails and ferns, was spread on a rock, placed over a fire. Around 10,000 BC, with the dawn of the Neolithic age, yeast spores are ubiquitous, including on the surface of cereal grains, so any dough left to rest leavens naturally. There were multiple sources of leavening available for early bread, airborne yeasts could be harnessed by leaving uncooked dough exposed to air for some time before cooking. Pliny the Elder reported that the Gauls and Iberians used the foam skimmed from beer to produce a kind of bread than other peoples. Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of used a paste composed of grape juice and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting, or wheat bran steeped in wine. The most common source of leavening was to retain a piece of dough from the day to use as a form of sourdough starter. In 1961 the Chorleywood bread process was developed, which used the intense mechanical working of dough to dramatically reduce the fermentation period, the process, whose high-energy mixing allows for the use of lower protein grain, is now widely used around the world in large factories
Bread
–
Various leavened breads
Bread
–
Bread shop,
Tacuinum Sanitatis from Northern Italy, beginning of the 15th century
Bread
–
White bread (left) and brown bread.
Bread
–
Classic French bread, boule.
23.
Barney Rubble
–
Bernard Barney Rubble is a cartoon character who appears in the television animated series The Flintstones. He is the diminutive, blond-haired caveman husband of Betty Rubble and his best friends are his next door neighbors, Fred and Wilma Flintstone. Barneys personality was based on that of Ed Norton on the 1950s television series The Honeymooners, usually after Fred had hatched one of his plans, Barney showed his agreement by laughing and saying, uh hee hee hee. OK, Fred. or hee hee hee. whatever you say, in early episodes, Barney had a joisey accent, but when Barneys accent was getting too annoying, it was changed to a deeper, more chuckle-like voice. In On the Rocks and Stone-Age Smackdown, his Jersey accent returns, Barneys interests included bowling, playing pool, poker, tinkering around in Freds garage, and playing golf. He, like Fred, was also a member of the Loyal Order of Water Buffaloes lodge and its predecessor in earlier episodes and he is also a talented pianist and drummer. In the first episode of the series, he was an inventor of a human-powered helicopter. Though clearly depicted as being in shape than Fred, he is not shown to be quite as enthusiastic a sportsman as Fred is. This distinction can be attributed to Freds fondness for food, though Barney is shown to be almost as capable of excessive appetite on a number of occasions. While the mid-1980s spinoff series The Flintstone Kids depicts Barney as a child and it is suggested in the original series that Barney grew up at 142 Boulder Avenue in Granitetown. The original series also suggested in one episode that Barney was the nephew of Freds boss, Mr. Slate, though subsequent episodes and spinoffs do not seem to support this claim. As young adults, Barney and Fred worked as bellhops at a resort, where they first met Wilma and Betty, an early episode of the original series does have a brief scene of Barney working at the Granite Building. It could also be possible that both Fred and Barney work at the quarry, but may work in different sections of it, in one episode, Barneys boss tells him to put down his broom, which implies some sort of janitorial work is involved. During the fourth season of the series, Betty and Barney found an abandoned infant on their doorstep. A court battle ensued between the couple and a man who also had wanted to adopt Bamm-Bamm. Barney and Betty were successful in their efforts to adopt Bamm-Bamm because the man gave up upon learning his wife became pregnant. For a number of episodes after Bamm-Bamms debut, no sign of him is seen on the show, in the fifth season, the family buys a pet hopparoo named Hoppy. When Bamm-Bamm grew into a teenager, Barney joined the Bedrock police force with Fred for a period of time as part-time officers, both characters were paired with the Shmoo from Lil Abner
Barney Rubble
–
Barney Rubble
24.
The Flintstones
–
The Flintstones is an American animated sitcom produced by Hanna-Barbera for ABC. The series takes place in a romanticized Stone Age setting, depicts the lives of the characters, their next-door neighbors and best friends. It was originally broadcast from September 30,1960, to April 1,1966 in a time schedule. The continuing popularity of The Flintstones rested heavily on its juxtaposition of modern concerns in the Stone Age setting. The Flintstones was the most financially successful network animated franchise for three decades, until The Simpsons debuted decades later, in 2013, TV Guide ranked The Flintstones the second Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time. The show is set in the Stone Age town of Bedrock, in this fantasy version of the past, dinosaurs and other long-extinct animals co-exist with cavemen, saber-toothed cats, and woolly mammoths. For example, the cars are made out of stone, wood, and animal skins, animation historian Christopher P. Lehman considers that the series draws its humor in part from creative uses of anachronisms. The main one is the placing of a modern, 20th-century society in prehistory and this society takes inspiration from the suburban sprawl developed in the first two decades of the postwar period. This society has modern home appliances, but they work by employing animals and they have automobiles, but they hardly resemble the cars of the 20th century. These cars are wooden structures and burn no fuel. They are powered by people who run while inside them, finally, the stone houses of this society are cookie-cutter homes positioned into typical neighborhoods. As a running gag, often the prehistoric analog to a modern machine uses an animal, for example, when a character takes photographs with an instant camera, inside the camera box, a bird carves the picture on a stone tablet with its beak. The animal powering such technology would frequently break the wall, look directly into the camera at the audience. The Stone Age setting allowed for gags and word plays involving rocks, for example, San Antonio becomes Sand-and-Stony-o, the country to the south of Bedrocks land is called Mexirock. Travel to Hollyrock, a parody of Hollywood, usually involves an airplane flight — the plane, in case, is often shown as a giant pterosaur. Sun Valley becomes Stone Valley and is run by Conrad Hailstone, once, while visiting one of Bedrocks houses of Haute Couture with Wilma, Betty even commented on the new Jackie Kennerock look. In some cases, the celebrity featured also provided the voice, Samantha and Darrin from Bewitched were voiced by Elizabeth Montgomery, examples from the above list include Ann-Margret, Curtis, Darren, and the Beau Brummels. Other celebrities, such as Ed Sulleystone and Alvin Brickrock, were rendered by impersonators, ace reporter Daisy Kilgranite was a friend of Wilma
The Flintstones
–
Title card featuring
Fred Flintstone
The Flintstones
–
Fred and Wilma advertising Winston Cigarettes during the closing credits.
The Flintstones
–
Theme cafeteria The Flintstones in
Ayia Napa,
Cyprus
25.
Commonwealth of Nations
–
The Commonwealth of Nations, also known as simply the Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of 52 member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire. The Commonwealth dates back to the century with the decolonisation of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. It was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949, which established the states as free. The symbol of free association is Queen Elizabeth II who is the Head of the Commonwealth. The Queen is also the monarch of 16 members of the Commonwealth, the other Commonwealth members have different heads of state,31 members are republics and five are monarchies with a different monarch. Member states have no obligation to one another. Instead, they are united by language, history, culture and their values of democracy, free speech, human rights. These values are enshrined in the Commonwealth Charter and promoted by the quadrennial Commonwealth Games, the Commonwealth covers more than 29,958,050 km2, 20% of the worlds land area, and spans all six inhabited continents. She declared, So, it marks the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations. As long ago as 1884, however, Lord Rosebery, while visiting Australia, had described the changing British Empire—as some of its colonies became more independent—as a Commonwealth of Nations. Conferences of British and colonial prime ministers occurred periodically from the first one in 1887, the Commonwealth developed from the imperial conferences. Newfoundland never did, as on 16 February 1934, with the consent of its parliament, Newfoundland later joined Canada as its 10th province in 1949. Australia and New Zealand ratified the Statute in 1942 and 1947 respectively, after World War II ended, the British Empire was gradually dismantled. Most of its components have become independent countries, whether Commonwealth realms or republics, there remain the 14 British overseas territories still held by the United Kingdom. In April 1949, following the London Declaration, the word British was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth to reflect its changing nature, burma and Aden are the only states that were British colonies at the time of the war not to have joined the Commonwealth upon independence. Hoped for success was reinforced by such achievements as climbing Mount Everest in 1953, breaking the four minute mile in 1954, however, the humiliation of the Suez Crisis of 1956 badly hurt morale of Britain and the Commonwealth as a whole. More broadly, there was the loss of a role of the British Empire. That role was no longer militarily or financially feasible, as Britains withdrawal from Greece in 1947 painfully demonstrated, Britain itself was now just one part of the NATO military alliance in which the Commonwealth had no role apart from Canada
Commonwealth of Nations
–
Flag
Commonwealth of Nations
–
The prime ministers of five members at the 1944
Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference. (L-R)
Mackenzie King (Canada);
Jan Smuts (South Africa);
Winston Churchill (United Kingdom);
Peter Fraser (New Zealand);
John Curtin (Australia)
Commonwealth of Nations
–
Queen
Elizabeth II,
Head of the Commonwealth
Commonwealth of Nations
–
Marlborough House, London, the headquarters of the
Commonwealth Secretariat, the Commonwealth's principal intergovernmental institution
26.
Cockney
–
The term cockney has had several distinct geographical, social, and linguistic associations. More recently, it is used to refer to those in Londons East End. Linguistically, cockney English refers to the accent or dialect of English traditionally spoken by working-class Londoners, in recent years, many aspects of cockney English have become part of general South East English speech, producing a variant known as Estuary English. The earliest recorded use of the term is 1362 in passus VI of William Langlands Piers Plowman, concurrently, the mythical land of luxury Cockaigne appeared under a variety of spellings—including Cockayne, Cocknay, and Cockney—and became humorously associated with the English capital London. This may have developed from the sources above or separately, alongside such terms as cock, by 1600, this meaning of cockney was being particularly associated with the Bow Bells area. In 1617, the travel writer Fynes Moryson stated in his Itinerary that Londoners, the same year, John Minsheu included the term in this newly restricted sense in his dictionary Ductor in Linguas. The use of the term to describe all Londoners generally, however, survived into the 19th century before becoming restricted to the working class, the term is now used loosely to describe all East Londoners, although some distinguish the areas that were added to London in 1964. The region in which cockneys are thought to reside is not clearly defined, a common view is that in order to be a cockney, one must have been born within earshot of Bow Bells, the bells of St Mary-le-Bow. However, the church of St Mary-le-Bow was destroyed in 1666 by the Great Fire of London, although the bells were destroyed again in 1941 in the Blitz, they had fallen silent on 13 June 1940 as part of the British anti-invasion preparations of World War II. Before they were replaced in 1961, there was a period when, by the within earshot definition, the East London Maternity Hospital in Stepney, which was 2.5 miles from St Mary-le-Bow, was in use from 1884 to 1968. There is a maternity unit still in use at the Royal London Hospital in Whitechapel, Home births were very common until the late 1960s. According to the legend of Dick Whittington the bells could once be heard from as far away as the Highgate Archway, thus while all East Enders are cockneys, not all cockneys are East Enders. The area north of the Thames gradually expanded to include East Ham, Stratford, West Ham, loach has a reputation for using genuine dialect speakers in films,3 Clear Sundays Up the Junction Cathy Come Home Poor Cow Bronco Bullfrog The Long Good Friday. The DVD of this film has a feature that explains the rhyming slang used. Nevertheless, the stop, double negatives, and the vocalisation of the dark L. The study, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, said that the accent, conversely, migration of cockney speakers has led to migration of the dialect. In Essex, planned towns that grew from post-war migration out of London often have a strong influence on local speech. In recent years the dialect has moved out of inner-city London towards the outskirts of suburban London, today cockney-speaking areas include parts of Dagenham, Barking, Billericay, Brentwood, Romford, Chigwell, Loughton, Harlow, Basildon, Thurrock
Cockney
–
St Mary-le-Bow
Cockney
–
A costume associated with Cockneys is that of the
pearly King or Queen, worn by London
costermongers who sew thousands of pearl buttons onto their clothing in elaborate and creative patterns.
27.
Scooby-Doo (character)
–
Scoobert Scooby Doo is the eponymous character and protagonist of the animated television franchise of the same name created in 1969 by the American animation company Hanna-Barbera. Scooby-Doo is a male Great Dane and lifelong companion of amateur detective Shaggy Rogers, writers Joe Ruby and Ken Spears created the original Scooby-Doo series, Scooby-Doo, Where are You. for Hanna-Barbera for CBSs 1969-70 Saturday morning cartoon schedule. By the time the series was pitched to the network as Whos S-S-Scared. in early 1969, silverman came up with the name from the syllables doo-be-doo-be-doo in Frank Sinatras hit song Strangers in the Night. Veteran H-B voice artist Don Messick was the voice of Scooby. Premiered on CBS on September 13,1969, at 10,30 a. m. EST and its final first-run episode aired on October 31,1970. In most incarnations of the series, Scooby is regarded as a unique Great Dane dog who is able to speak in broken English, other incarnations, such as A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, present talking dogs as quite common in the larger fictional universe. In recent years, Scooby is able to speak in sentences and has more dialogue. He consistently shows about the level of intelligence as his friends, while also being subject to the same knack for clumsiness. As an adult canine, Scooby is usually treated as a mix of a pet, in all versions of the character, Scooby and Shaggy share several personality traits, mostly being cowardly and perpetually hungry. Yet their friends encourage them to go after the costumed villains, the biscuit-like dog treat or cookie snack is usually shaped like a bone or, in later versions of the cartoons, Scoobys dog tag. However, Scoobys inherent loyalty and courage do often force him to take a more heroic stance even without any prodding, Scooby is also extremely ticklish, and this is seen in many of the television series and movies. Scooby has a speech impediment and tends to pronounce most words as if they begin with an R, however, in most iterations, he keeps his sentences relatively short, usually using charades for anything longer than three or four words. His catchphrase, usually howled at the end of production, is Scooby-Dooby-Doo. Messick is also known for providing the voice of the dogs Astro on The Jetsons, Scooby is brown from head to toe with several distinctive black spots on his upper body and does not seem to have a melanistic mask. He is generally a quadruped but displays bipedal human characteristics occasionally, Scooby also has opposable thumbs and can use his front paws like hands. He has a nose and wears an off-yellow, diamond-shaped-tagged blue collar with an SD and has four toes on each foot. Unlike other dogs, Scooby only has one pad on the sole of each of his feet, Scooby has a fully prehensile tail he can use to swing from or press buttons. Both his head and tail are malleable and useful as an aid or creating a distraction
Scooby-Doo (character)
–
Scoobert "Scooby-Doo"
28.
Scooby-Doo
–
Scooby-Doo is an American animated cartoon franchise, comprising several animated television series produced from 1969 to the present day. The original series, Scooby-Doo, Where Are You. was created for Hanna-Barbera Productions by writers Joe Ruby, following the success of the original series, Hanna-Barbera and its successor Warner Bros. –produced theatrical feature films. Scooby-Doo was originally broadcast on CBS from 1969 to 1975, when it moved to ABC, ABC aired the show until canceling it in 1986, and presented a spin-off featuring the characters as children, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, from 1988 until 1991. New Scooby-Doo series aired as part of Kids WB on The WB Network and its successor, The CW Network, Mystery Incorporated aired on Cartoon Network from 2010 to 2013, and Be Cool, Scooby-Doo. Debuted on Cartoon Network in 2015, repeats of the various Scooby-Doo series are broadcast frequently on Cartoon Network and its sister channel Boomerang in the United States as well as other countries. In 2013, TV Guide ranked Scooby-Doo the fifth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time, in 1968, parent-run organizations, particularly Action for Childrens Television, began to protest about what they perceived as excessive violence in Saturday morning cartoons. Members of these served as advisers to Hanna-Barbera and other animation studios to ensure that their new programs would be safe for children. The result was The Archie Show, based upon Bob Montanas teenage humor comic book Archie, also successful were the musical numbers The Archies performed during each program. When The Mysteries Five were not performing at gigs, they were out solving spooky mysteries involving ghosts, zombies, Ruby and Spears were unable to decide whether Too Much would be a large cowardly dog or a small feisty dog. Silverman rejected their initial pitch, and after consulting with Barbera on next steps, lead character designer Takamoto, while designing the characters, consulted a studio colleague who happened to be a breeder of Great Danes. Ruby and Spears second pass at the show used Dobie Gillis as the template for the rather than Archie. The treatment retained the dog Too Much, while reducing the number of teenagers to four, removing the Mike character and retaining Geoff, Kelly, Linda, and W. W. As their personalities were modified, so were the names, Geoff became Ronnie – later renamed Fred, Kelly became Daphne, Linda Velma. The teens were now based on four characters from The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, Dobie Gillis, Thalia Menninger, Zelda Gilroy and Maynard G. Krebs. The revised show was re-pitched to Silverman, who liked the material but, disliking the title Mysteries Five, Silverman presented Whos S-S-Scared. to the CBS executives as the centerpiece for the upcoming 1969–70 seasons Saturday morning cartoon block. CBS president Frank Stanton felt that the artwork was too scary for young viewers and, thinking the show would be the same. The rock band element was dropped, and more attention was focused upon Shaggy, the revised show was re-presented to CBS executives, who approved it for production. Made its CBS network debut on Saturday, September 13,1969 with its first episode, Scoobys speech patterns closely resembled an earlier cartoon dog, Astro from The Jetsons, also voiced by Messick
Scooby-Doo
–
A scene from "What a Night for a Knight", the first episode of
Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! —clockwise from top:
Shaggy,
Fred,
Scooby,
Velma, and
Daphne.
Scooby-Doo
–
Every episode of the original Scooby-Doo format contains a penultimate scene in which the kids unmask the ghost-of-the-week to reveal a real person in a costume, as in this scene from "Nowhere to Hyde", an episode of Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! originally aired on September 12, 1970.
Scooby-Doo
–
Warner Bros. ' 2002 live-action
Scooby-Doo feature film was a box office success, and resulted in a sequel two years later.
Scooby-Doo
–
The Mystery Machine at
San Diego Comic-Con International in 2013
29.
Fox hunting
–
In Australia, the term also refers to the hunting of foxes with firearms, similar to deer hunting or spotlighting. In much of the world, hunting in general is understood to relate to any animals or weapons, in Britain and Ireland, hunting without qualification implies fox hunting. Proponents of fox hunting view it as an important part of rural culture, the use of scenthounds to track prey dates back to Assyrian, Babylonian, and ancient Egyptian times, and was known as venery. Many Greek- and Roman- influenced countries have traditions of hunting with hounds. Hunting with Agassaei hounds was popular in Celtic Britain, even before the Romans arrived, introducing the Castorian, norman hunting traditions were brought to Britain when William the Conqueror arrived, along with the Gascon and Talbot hounds. The first use of specifically trained to hunt foxes was in the late 1600s, with the oldest fox hunt being, probably. By the end of the century, deer hunting was in decline. The Inclosure Acts brought fences to separate formerly open land into smaller fields, deer forests were being cut down. With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, people began to move out of the country and into towns, roads, railway lines, and canals all split hunting countries, but at the same time they made hunting accessible to more people. Shotguns were improved during the century and the shooting of gamebirds became more popular. Fox hunting developed further in the century when Hugo Meynell developed breeds of hound. In Germany, hunting with hounds was first banned on the initiative of Hermann Göring on July 3,1934, in 1939, the ban was extended to cover Austria after Germanys annexation of the country. Also around this time, numbers of European red foxes were introduced into the Eastern seaboard of North America for hunting, the first organised hunt for the benefit of a group was started by Thomas, sixth Lord Fairfax in 1747. In the United States, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson both kept packs of fox hounds before and after the American Revolutionary War, in Australia, the European red fox was introduced solely for the purpose of fox hunting in 1855. Native animal populations have been badly affected, with the extinction of at least 10 species attributed to the spread of foxes. Fox hunting with hounds is mainly practised in the east of Australia, in the state of Victoria there are thirteen hunts, with more than 1000 members between them. Fox hunting with hounds results in around 650 foxes being killed annually in Victoria, however, exemptions stated in Schedule 1 of the 2004 Act permit some previously unusual forms of hunting wild mammals with dogs to continue, such as hunting. For the purpose of enabling a bird of prey to hunt the wild mammal, scotland, which has its own Parliament, restricted fox hunting in 2002, more than two years before the ban in England and Wales
Fox hunting
–
Master of foxhounds leads the field from
Powderham Castle in Devon, England, with the hounds in front.
Fox hunting
–
Charles Brand, a Hunt Master who lived from 1855 to 1912
Fox hunting
–
The Fox Hunt,
Alexandre-François Desportes
Fox hunting
–
The Rev. William Heathcote (1772–1802), on horseback (son of the 3rd Baronet); Sir William Heathcote of
Hursley, 3rd Baronet (1746–1819), holding his horse and whip; and Major Vincent Hawkins Gilbert, M.F.H., holding a Fox’s mask. The Heathcote's family seat was
Hursley House.
Daniel Gardner portrayed the three gentlemen on the hunt in 1790.
30.
Stitching awl
–
A stitching awl is a tool with which holes can be punctured in a variety of materials, or existing holes can be enlarged. It is also used for sewing heavy materials, such as leather or canvas and it is a thin, tapered metal shaft, coming to a sharp point, either straight or slightly bent. These shafts are often in the form of interchangeable needles and they usually have an eye piercing at the pointed end to aid in drawing thread through holes for the purpose of manual lockstitch sewing, in which case it is also called a sewing awl. Stitching awls are used by shoe repairers and other leatherworkers. Sewing awls are used to make lock stitches, the needle, with the thread in the eye is pushed through the material. The thread is pulled through the eye to extend it. As the needle is pushed through the material, the thread from the first stitch is then threaded through the loops of successive stitches creating a lock stitch. The action is likened to that of a sewing machine. Styles may vary, as they are adapted to specific trades and they are also used in the printing trades to aid in setting movable type and in bookbinding. The English disparaging term cobblers, usually meaning nonsense, is Cockney rhyming slang for balls from the phrase cobblers’ awls, when he was a child, Louis Braille gouged his eye with an awl by accident. One eye was destroyed instantly, and a subsequent infection later claimed the other eye, the accident spurred Braille to the invention of the Braille alphabet. Awls were used by the Eastern and Middle Dakota and by the peoples of the Red River region, including the Red River Métis, Anishinabe, Plains Cree, and Salteaux. A small copper awl from a Tel Tsaf grave in Israel is currently the oldest metal object discovered in the Middle East
Stitching awl
–
Native American, Plains, Northern. Awl Case,
Brooklyn Museum
Stitching awl
–
Shoemaking awls
Stitching awl
–
Paleolithic stitching awl (bone)
Stitching awl
–
Roman stitching awl (iron)
31.
Pony
–
Depending on context, a pony may be a horse that is under an approximate or exact height at the withers or a small horse with a specific conformation and temperament. The word pony derives from the old French poulenet, meaning foal, a young, immature horse, but this is not the meaning, unlike a horse foal. However, on occasion, people who are unfamiliar with horses may confuse an adult pony with a foal, the ancestors of most modern ponies developed small stature because they lived on the margins of livable horse habitat. These smaller animals were domesticated and bred for various purposes all over the Northern Hemisphere, ponies were historically used for driving and freight transport, as childrens mounts, for recreational riding, and later as competitors and performers in their own right. During the Industrial Revolution, particularly in Great Britain, a significant number were used as pit ponies, ponies are generally considered intelligent and friendly, although sometimes they also are described as stubborn or cunning. Properly trained ponies are appropriate mounts for children who are learning to ride, larger ponies can be ridden by adults, as ponies are usually strong for their size. In modern use, many organizations define a pony as a horse that measures less than 14.2 hands at the withers. Different organizations that use a strict measurement model vary from 14 hands to nearly 14.3 hands, many breeds classify an animal as either horse or pony based on pedigree and phenotype, no matter its height. Some full-sized horses may be called ponies for various reasons of tradition or as a term of endearment, for many forms of competition, the official definition of a pony is a horse that measures less than 14.2 hands at the withers. However, the pony can be used in general for any small horse. Furthermore, some breeds may have individuals who mature under that height but are still called horses and are allowed to compete as horses. In Australia, horses that measure from 14 hands to 15 hands are known as a galloway, people who are unfamiliar with horses may confuse an adult pony with a young, immature horse. While foals that will grow up to be horse-sized may be no taller than some ponies in their first months of life, a pony can be ridden and put to work, while a foal is too young to be ridden or used as a working animal. Foals, whether they grow up to be horse or pony-sized, can be distinguished from adult horses by their long legs. Their heads and eyes also exhibit juvenile characteristics, furthermore, in most cases, nursing foals will be in very close proximity to a mare who is the mother of the foal. While ponies exhibit some neoteny with the wide foreheads and small size, ponies originally developed as a landrace adapted to a harsh natural environment, and were considered part of the draft subtype typical of Northern Europe. At one time, it was hypothesized that they may have descended from a wild subspecies of Equus ferus. The usefulness of the pony was noted by farmers who observed that a pony could outperform a draft horse on small farms, by the 20th century, many pony breeds had Arabian and other blood added to make a more refined pony suitable for riding
Pony
–
A
Highland Pony, demonstrating the pony characteristics of sturdy bone, thick mane and tail, small head, and small overall size.
Pony
–
A pony
foal. Pony foals are smaller than horse foals, but both have long legs and small bodies.
Pony
–
An
Australian pony shown under saddle
Pony
–
The
Shetland pony is one of the smallest pony breeds, but is very strong.
32.
Urinate
–
Urination is the release of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. It is the urinary systems form of excretion and it is also known medically as micturition, voiding, uresis, or, rarely, emiction, and known colloquially by various names including tinkling, peeing, weeing, whizzing, and pissing. In healthy humans the process of urination is under voluntary control, in infants, some elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury, urination may occur as a reflex. It is normal for humans to urinate up to seven times during the day. In some animals, in addition to expelling waste material, urination can mark territory or express submissiveness, physiologically, urination involves coordination between the central, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems. Brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, in placental mammals, urine is ejected through the penis in males and through the urethral orifice present in the vulval vestibule in females. The main organs involved in urination are the urinary bladder and the urethra, the smooth muscle of the bladder, known as the detrusor, is innervated by sympathetic nervous system fibers from the lumbar spinal cord and parasympathetic fibers from the sacral spinal cord. Part of the urethra is surrounded by the male or female external urethral sphincter, smooth muscle bundles pass on either side of the urethra, and these fibers are sometimes called the internal urethral sphincter, although they do not encircle the urethra. Further along the urethra is a sphincter of skeletal muscle, the sphincter of the membranous urethra, the bladders epithelium is termed transitional epithelium which contains a superficial layer of dome-like cells and multiple layers of stratified cuboidal cells underneath when evacuated. When the bladder is fully distended the superficial cells become squamous, the physiology of micturition and the physiologic basis of its disorders are subjects about which there is much confusion, especially at the supraspinal level. The state of the system is dependent on both a conscious signal from the brain and the firing rate of sensory fibers from the bladder. At low bladder volumes, afferent firing is low, resulting in excitation of the outlet, at high bladder volumes, afferent firing increases, causing a conscious sensation of urinary urge. When the individual is ready to urinate, he or she consciously initiates voiding, causing the bladder to contract, voiding continues until the bladder empties completely, at which point the bladder relaxes and the outlet contracts to re-initiate storage. The muscles controlling micturition are controlled by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems, during the storage phase the internal urethral sphincter remains tense and the detrusor muscle relaxed by sympathetic stimulation. During micturition, parasympathetic stimulation causes the muscle to contract. The external urethral sphincter is under control and is consciously relaxed during micturition. It is commonly believed that in infants, voiding occurs involuntarily, however, the practice of elimination communication suggests otherwise. The ability to voluntarily inhibit micturition develops by the age of 2–3 years, in the adult, the volume of urine in the bladder that normally initiates a reflex contraction is about 300–400 millilitres
Urinate
–
Manneken Pis (along with the corresponding female
Jeanneke Pis, in limestone) is a bronze sculpture in Brussels, Belgium.
Urinate
–
People showing the physician
Constantine the African urine samples for diagnosis
Urinate
–
Toilet outside the
Philadelphia City Hall
Urinate
–
Stacked chamber pots
33.
J. Arthur Rank
–
Joseph Arthur Rank, 1st Baron Rank was a British industrialist who was head and founder of the Rank Organisation. He was educated at The Leys School in Cambridge, joseph is reported to have told his son Arthur that he was a dunce at school and that the only way that he could succeed in life would be in his fathers flour mill. J. Arthur ventured on his own with Peterkins Self-Raising Flour and that was the business that he later inherited and which became known as Rank Hovis McDougall. Rank was a member of the Methodist Church and in his middle age he taught Sunday School to which he began to show religious films. This practice expanded to churches and schools and it led to his formation of the Religious Film Society to which he then distributed films that he had also made. His first production was called Mastership, Rank took up the challenge and via an introduction by a young film producer named John Corfield, he discussed both the problem and a solution with Lady Yule of Bricket Wood. The net result of meetings was the formation of the British National Films Company. The first commercial production by this company was Turn of the Tide, having created their movie, British National then had to get it distributed and exhibited, but this proved to be more difficult than making the movie itself. Some commercial screens began showing Turn of the Tide as a second feature, in 1935 the trio became owner-operators of Pinewood Film Studios. Lady Yule later sold her shares to Rank while John Corfield resigned from its board of directors, american films occupied 80% of British screen time during the era before World War II. In 1935 Rank arrived at a solution to his distribution problems, because the middlemen controlled the distribution pipeline from production to exhibition, he decided to buy a large part of both the distribution and exhibition systems. He began by forming a partnership with film maker C. M. Arthur Rank Film Distributors, in 1939 Rank consolidated his film production interests in both the Pinewood Film Studios and the Denham Film Studios In 1938 Rank bought the Odeon Cinemas chain. And the Amalgamated Studios in Elstree, although the latter were never used as studios by Rank. In 1941, it absorbed the Gaumont British, which owned 251 cinemas, and the Lime Grove Studios, other interests were acquired which would be added to the interests in a few more years) within a new company called the Rank Organisation. Rank retired as Chairman in 1962 and was succeeded by John Davis, from the 1950s fewer adventurous films were attempted and solidly commercial ventures, largely aimed at the family market, were made instead. These include the popular Norman Wisdom comedies and the various Doctor, to that end in 1953 he set up the J. Arthur Rank Group Charity to promote Christian belief. The charity later became known as The Rank Foundation and he was a governor of The Peckham Experiment in 1949. In 1957 J. Arthur Rank was raised to the peerage as Baron Rank, fred was one of the founders of the Brazilian investment banking firm Banco Garantia, along with Jorge Paulo Lemann, Marcel Telles and Carlos Alberto Sicuperia
J. Arthur Rank
–
J. Arthur Rank
34.
Jodrell Bank
–
The Jodrell Bank Observatory is a British observatory that hosts a number of radio telescopes, and is part of the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics at the University of Manchester. The managing director of the observatory is Professor Simon Garrington, the main telescope at the observatory is the Lovell Telescope, which is the third largest steerable radio telescope in the world. There are three other active telescopes located at the observatory, the Mark II, as well as 42 ft and 7 m diameter radio telescopes and it is reached from the A535. The telescope can be seen when travelling by train, as the Crewe to Manchester Line passes right by the site, Jodrell Bank was first used for academic purposes in 1939 when the University of Manchesters Department of Botany purchased three fields at the site from the Leighs. The site was extended in 1952 by the purchase of a farm from a local farmer, the new land included the site upon which the Lovell Telescope was sited. The first use of the site for astrophysics was in 1945, the equipment he was using was a GL II radar system working at a wavelength of 4.2 m, provided by J. S. Hey. He originally intended to use the equipment in Manchester, however, consequently, he moved the equipment to Jodrell Bank,25 miles south of the city, on 10 December 1945. Lovells main topic of research at the time were transient radio echoes, the first staff were Alf Dean and Frank Foden and meteors were observed by the naked eye while Lovell observed the electromagnetic signal on the equipment. Coincidentally, the first time he turned the radar on at Jodrell Bank –14 December 1945 – the Geminids meteor shower was at a maximum. Over the next few years, he accumulated more ex-military radio hardware, including a portable cabin, the first permanent building on the site was located near to this cabin, and was named after it. Today, Jodrell Bank is primarily used for investigating radio waves from the planets, a searchlight was loaned to Jodrell Bank in 1946 by the Army, a broadside array was constructed on the mount of this searchlight by J. Clegg, consisting of a number of Yagi antennas. This was first used for observations in October 1946. On 9 and 10 October 1946, the telescope was used to observe the ionisation in the atmosphere caused by meteors in the Giacobinids meteor shower, shortly after this, the telescope was used to determine the radiant points for meteors. This was possible as the rate is at a minimum at the radiant point. The telescope, as well as other receivers on the site, was used to study auroral streamers that were visible at the site in early August 1947. The Transit Telescope was a 218 ft parabolic reflector zenith telescope built at Jodrell Bank in 1947, at the time, it was the largest radio telescope in the world. It consisted of a wire suspended from a ring of 24 ft scaffold poles. The telescope mainly looked directly upwards, but the direction of the beam could be changed by small amounts by tilting the mast to change the position of the focal point
Jodrell Bank
–
The 76 m
Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory
Jodrell Bank
–
Observations at Jodrell Bank in 1945
Jodrell Bank
–
The
Mark II radio telescope.
Jodrell Bank
–
A model of the proposed Mark V radio telescope
35.
Ham hock
–
A ham hock or pork knuckle is the joint between the tibia/fibula and the metatarsals of the foot, where the foot was attached to the hogs leg. It is the portion of the leg that is part of the ham proper nor the foot or ankle. Since this piece consists of much skin, tendons and ligaments. The cut of meat can be cooked with greens and other vegetables or in flavorful sauces and it is often added to soups, such as pea and ham soup, with the meat being added to the soup prior to serving. The meat of particularly meaty hocks may be removed and served as is, ham hocks, like hog jowls, add a distinctive flavor to various dishes. This is particularly true for collard greens, mustard greens, cabbage, green beans, ham hocks are essential ingredients for the distinct flavor in soul food and other forms of American Southern country cooking. In the Mid-Atlantic States, in regions settled by the Pennsylvania Dutch. Eisbein is the name of the joint in north German, and at the time the name of a dish of roasted ham hock, called Schweinshaxe in Bavaria, Stelze in Austria. Golonka is a very popular Polish barbecued dish using this cut, ham hocks are also popular when boiled with escarole, more commonly called endives, in Italian-American cuisine. Fläsklägg med rotmos is a Swedish dish consisting of cured ham hocks, in Canada, and particularly Montreal, ham hocks are referred to as pigs knuckles and are served in bistros and taverns with baked beans. List of smoked foods Media related to Pork knuckle at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of ham hock at Wiktionary
Ham hock
–
Chinese-style ham hock with
bok choy in
gravy
Ham hock
Ham hock
–
Schweinshaxe served with fried potatoes (Bratkartoffeln) and
Sauerkraut at a Bavarian restaurant in
Chiang Mai,
Thailand
Ham hock
–
Roasted Austrian style Stelze
36.
Bristol City Football Club
–
Bristol City Football Club is a professional association football club based in Bristol, England. Their ground is Ashton Gate, located in the southwest of the city and they currently play in the Championship, the second tier of English football, after winning League One during the 2014–15 season. In sealing the League One title, Bristol City became only the team to win both the third-tier championship and Football League Trophy double during the same season. Bristol City won the Welsh Cup – despite being an English club – in 1934, in 1907 they finished runners-up in Football League Division One, which is their highest ever final position. In 1909 they lost the FA Cup final to Manchester United, since relegation in 1911, however, they only returned to the top division from 1976 to 1980 and did not contend for any honours then. In 1982, Bristol City became the first English club to three consecutive relegations. With victories in 1986,2003 and 2015, Bristol City are now the most successful team in the Football League Trophy, the clubs nickname is The Robins, and a robin featured on the clubs badge from 1976 to 1994. Official club merchandise, including replica kits, still has a showing a robin. An attempt by the club to alter the badge was abandoned after it was criticised fiercely by fans, the teams main rivals are Bristol Rovers in the Bristol derby and Cardiff City in the Severnside derby, along with other regional teams in the West Country derby. Bristol Citys current manager is Lee Johnson, a former Bristol City player who made 199 appearances for the club. Coincidentally, he is the son of former City manager Gary Johnson, who took City to the Championship play-off final in 2008, where they eventually lost 0–1 to Hull City. The club was founded in 1894 as Bristol South End and changed their name to Bristol City on adopting professionalism three years later when they were admitted into the Southern League. Finishing as runners-up in three of the first four seasons, in 1900 the club amalgamated with local Southern League rivals Bedminster, City joined the Football League in 1901 when they became only the third club south of Birmingham to perform in the competition. Their first game in the Football League was on 7 September 1901 at Bloomfield Road, nicknamed the Bristol Babe at this time, they finished as runners-up in their inaugural First Division campaign. Unfortunately, there was no such award to help them in the Final at the Crystal Palace as Manchester United took the honours 1–0. The 1920s were a time as City bounced between the Second Division and the Southern Section of the Third Division. By the 1930s they had slumped into the division. Harry Dolman became chairman in 1949, a post he would hold for over 30 years, an engineer who had bought out the firm he worked for, he designed the first set of floodlights installed at Ashton Gate in the early 1950s
Bristol City Football Club
–
Pitch invasion at
Ashton Gate after securing promotion
Bristol City Football Club
–
Bristol City F.C.
Bristol City Football Club
–
Scrumpy, Bristol City FC mascot
Bristol City Football Club
–
Atyeo Stand
37.
Chelsea Football Club
–
Chelsea Football Club is an English professional football club based in Fulham, London, that competes in the Premier League. Founded in 1905, the home ground since then has been Stamford Bridge. Chelsea had their first major success in 1955, when they won the league championship and they then won various cup competitions between 1965 and 1996. The clubs greatest period of success has come during the last two decades, winning 21 trophies since 1997. Chelsea are the only London club to win the UEFA Champions League, and one of four clubs, Chelseas regular kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks. The clubs crest has changed several times in attempts to re-brand the club. The current crest, featuring a lion rampant regardant holding a staff, is a modification of the one introduced in the early 1950s. The club have the sixth-highest average all-time attendance in English football and their average home gate for the 2015–16 season was 41,500, the seventh highest in the Premier League. Since 2003, Chelsea have been owned by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich, in 2016, they were ranked by Forbes magazine as the seventh most valuable football club in the world, at £1.15 billion. In 1904, Gus Mears acquired the Stamford Bridge athletics stadium with the aim of turning it into a football ground, an offer to lease it to nearby Fulham was turned down, so Mears opted to found his own club to use the stadium. Chelsea were founded on 10 March 1905 at The Rising Sun pub, opposite the main entrance to the ground on Fulham Road. The club won promotion to the First Division in their second season and they reached the 1915 FA Cup Final, where they lost to Sheffield United at Old Trafford, and finished third in the First Division in 1920, the clubs best league campaign to that point. Chelsea attracted large crowds and had a reputation for signing big-name players, former Arsenal and England centre-forward Ted Drake became manager in 1952 and proceeded to modernise the club. The following season saw UEFA create the European Champions Cup, but after objections from The Football League, Chelsea failed to build on this success, and spent the remainder of the 1950s in mid-table. Drake was dismissed in 1961 and replaced by player-coach Tommy Docherty, Docherty built a new team around the group of talented young players emerging from the clubs youth set-up and Chelsea challenged for honours throughout the 1960s, enduring several near-misses. They were on course for a treble of League, FA Cup and League Cup going into the stages of the 1964–65 season, winning the League Cup. In three seasons the side were beaten in three major semi-finals and were FA Cup runners-up, under Dochertys successor, Dave Sexton, Chelsea won the FA Cup in 1970, beating Leeds United 2–1 in a final replay. Chelsea took their first European honour, a UEFA Cup Winners Cup triumph, the year, with another replayed win
Chelsea Football Club
–
The
first Chelsea team in September 1905
Chelsea Football Club
–
Chelsea
Chelsea Football Club
–
Chelsea players celebrate their first
UEFA Champions League title against
Bayern Munich.
Chelsea Football Club
–
Stamford Bridge
38.
Glue
–
The use of adhesives offers many advantages over binding techniques such as sewing, mechanical fastening, thermal bonding, etc. Adhesives are typically organized by the method of adhesion and these are then organized into reactive and non-reactive adhesives, which refers to whether the adhesive chemically reacts in order to harden. Alternatively they can be organized by whether the raw stock is of natural or synthetic origin, Adhesives may be found naturally or produced synthetically. The earliest human use of substances was approximately 200,000 years ago. The first references to adhesives in literature first appeared in approximately 2000 BCE, the Greeks and Romans made great contributions to the development of adhesives. In Europe, glue was not widely used until the period 1500–1700 CE, from then until the 1900s increases in adhesive use and discovery were relatively gradual. Only since the last century has the development of synthetic adhesives accelerated rapidly, the earliest use of adhesives was discovered in central Italy when two stone flakes partially covered with birch-bark tar and a third uncovered stone from the Middle Pleistocene era were found. This is thought to be the oldest discovered human use of tar-hafted stones, the birch-bark-tar adhesive is a simple, one-component adhesive. Although sticky enough, plant-based adhesives are brittle and vulnerable to environmental conditions, the first use of compound adhesives was discovered in Sibudu, South Africa. The ability to produce stronger adhesives allowed middle stone age humans to attach stone segments to sticks in greater variations, more recent examples of adhesive use by prehistoric humans have been found at the burial sites of ancient tribes. Archaeologists studying the sites found that approximately 6,000 years ago the tribesmen had buried their dead together with food found in clay pots repaired with tree resins. The glue was analyzed as pitch, which requires the heating of tar during its production, the retrieval of this tar requires a transformation of birch bark by means of heat, in a process known as pyrolysis. The first references to adhesives in literature first appeared in approximately 2000 BCE, further historical records of adhesive use are found from the period spanning 1500–1000 BCE. Artifacts from this period include paintings depicting wood gluing operations and a made of wood. Other ancient Egyptian artifacts employ animal glue for bonding or lamination, such lamination of wood for bows and furniture is thought to have extended their life and was accomplished using casein -based glues. The ancient Egyptians also developed starch-based pastes for the bonding of papyrus to clothing, from 1 to 500 AD the Greeks and Romans made great contributions to the development of adhesives. Wood veneering and marquetry were developed, the production of animal and fish glues refined, egg-based pastes were used to bond gold leaves incorporated various natural ingredients such as blood, bone, hide, milk, cheese, vegetables, and grains. The Greeks began the use of slaked lime as mortar while the Romans furthered mortar development by mixing lime with volcanic ash and this material, known as pozzolanic cement, was used in the construction of the Roman Colosseum and Pantheon
Glue
–
Nitrocellulose adhesive outside a tube
Glue
–
A reconstruction of Ötzi's axe
Glue
–
Beeswax
Glue
–
Modern Slaked
Lime Factory in Ukraine
39.
Dimensional lumber
–
Lumber, or timber is wood that has been processed into beams and planks, a stage in the process of wood production. Lumber may also refer to currently un-needed furniture, as in Lumber room, or an awkward gait, ultimately derived from the look of unfashionable, Lumber may be supplied either rough-sawn, or surfaced on one or more of its faces. Besides pulpwood, rough lumber is the raw material for furniture-making and it is available in many species, usually hardwoods, but it is also readily available in softwoods, such as white pine and red pine, because of their low cost. Lumber is mainly used for structural purposes but has other uses as well. It is classified more commonly as a softwood than as a hardwood, in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and Britain, the term timber describes sawn wood products, such as floor boards. In the United States and Canada, generally timber describes standing or felled trees, before they are milled into boards, Timber there also describes sawn lumber not less than 5 inches in its smallest dimension. The latter includes the often partly finished lumber used in timber-frame construction, remanufactured lumber is the result of secondary or tertiary processing/cutting of previously milled lumber. Specifically, it is cut for industrial or wood-packaging use. Lumber is cut by ripsaw or resaw to create dimensions that are not usually processed by a primary sawmill, resawing is the splitting of 1-inch through 12-inch hardwood or softwood lumber into two or more thinner pieces of full-length boards. For example, splitting a ten-foot 2×4 into two ten-foot 1×4s is considered resawing, structural lumber may also be produced from recycled plastic and new plastic stock. Its introduction has been opposed by the forestry industry. Blending fiberglass in plastic lumber enhances its strength, durability, logs are converted into timber by being sawn, hewn, or split. Sawing with a rip saw is the most common method, because sawing allows logs of lower quality, with grain and large knots. There are various types of sawing, Plain sawn —A log sawn through without adjusting the position of the log, quarter sawn and rift sawn—These terms have been confused in history but generally mean lumber sawn so the annual rings are reasonably perpendicular to the sides of the lumber. Boxed heart—The pith remains within the piece with some allowance for exposure, heart center—the center core of a log. Free of heart center —A side-cut timber without any pith, free of knots —No knots are present. Dimensional lumber is lumber that is cut to standardized width and depth, carpenters extensively use dimensional lumber in framing wooden buildings. Common sizes include 2×4, 2×6, and 4×4, the length of a board is usually specified separately from the width and depth
Dimensional lumber
–
Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill
Dimensional lumber
–
Wood cut from Victorian
Eucalyptus regnans
Dimensional lumber
–
The harbor of Bellingham, Washington, filled with logs, 1972
Dimensional lumber
–
A 2×4.
40.
Shoemaking
–
Shoemaking is the process of making footwear. Originally, shoes were made one at a time by hand, shoemakers, also known as cordwainers or snobs, may produce a range of footwear items, including shoes, boots, sandals, clogs and moccasins. Such items are made of leather, wood, rubber, plastic, jute or other plant material. Trades that engage in shoemaking have included the cordwainers and cobblers trades, today shoes are often made on a factory basis rather than a craft basis. For most of history, shoemaking has been a handicraft, limited to time consuming manufacture by hand, traditional shoemakers used more than 15 different techniques of making shoes. Some of these were, pegged construction, English welted, goyser welted, Norwegian, stitchdown, turnout, German sewn, moccasin, bolognese stitched, and blake-stitched. The most basic foot protection, used since ancient times in the Mediterranean area, was the sandal, similar footwear worn in the Far East was made from plaited grass or palm fronds. In climates that required a full foot covering, a piece of untanned hide was laced with a thong, providing full protection for the foot. The production of shoes, was widespread in medieval Europe. They were made from a piece of wood roughly cut into shoe form. A variant of this form was the clog, which were wooden soles to which a leather upper was attached, the sole and heel were made from one piece of maple or ash two inches thick, and a little longer and broader than the desired size of shoe. With the use of a hollower, the inner soles contours were adapted to the shape of the foot, the leather uppers were then fitted closely to the groove around the sole. Clogs were of great advantage to workers in muddy and damp conditions, keeping the feet dry, by the 1600s, leather shoes came in two main types. Turn shoes consisted of one thin flexible sole, which was sewed to the upper while outside in and this type was used for making slippers and similar shoes. The second type united the upper with an insole, which was attached to an out-sole with a raised heel. This was the variety, and was used for most footwear, including standard shoes. The traditional shoemaker would measure the feet and cut out upper leathers according to the required size and these parts were fitted and stitched together. The insole was then attached to a last made of wood, some lasts were straight, while curved lasts came in pairs, one for left shoes, the other for right shoes
Shoemaking
–
A
cordwainer making shoes,
Capri,
Italy
Shoemaking
–
Early shoemaking shop on exhibit at
Maine State Museum in
Augusta,
Maine
Shoemaking
–
A shoemaker in the
Georgian era, from The Book of English Trades, 1821.
Shoemaking
–
By the late 19th century, the shoemaking industry had migrated to the factory and was increasingly mechanized. Pictured, the bottoming room of the B. F. Spinney & Co. factory in
Lynn, Massachusetts, 1872.
41.
Yid
–
The word Yid is a slang Jewish ethnonym of Yiddish origin. Its usage may be controversial in modern English language and it is not usually considered offensive when pronounced /ˈjiːd/, the way Yiddish speakers say it, though some may deem the word offensive nonetheless. When pronounced /ˈjɪd/, some have perceived it as pejorative — and has used as a derogatory epithet by antisemites along with, and as an alternative to. Yid is used as a badge of pride by the supporters of Tottenham Hotspur F. C. both those who are Jewish and non-Jewish. Such usage is controversial, and in 2013 has been addressed by the UK Society for Black Lawyers, the term Yid has its origins in the Middle High German word Jüde. Leo Rosten provides the etymology, From the German, Jude. And Jude is a form of Yehuda, which was the name given to the Jewish Commonwealth in the period of the Second Temple. The earliest mention of the word Yid in print was in The Slang Dictionary published by John Camden Hotten in 1874, Hotten noted that The Jews use these terms very frequently. After World War II, most examples of the word Yid are found in the writing of Jewish authors and these occurrences are usually either attempts to accurately portray antisemitic speech, or self-deprecating Jewish humor. In his 1968 bestseller The Joys of Yiddish, Leo Rosten offers a number of anecdotes from the Borscht Belt to illustrate such usage, in Yiddish, a polite way to address a fellow Jew whose name one does not know is Reb Yid, meaning Sir. The Yiddish words yidish or yiddisher is a derived from the noun Yid. Some Jewish and non-Jewish fans of Tottenham Hotspur F. C. adopted Yid as a nickname and Yiddo, Yiddo. as a battle cry, while such usage remains controversial, for the overwhelming majority of Tottenham supporters, it is used with pride. Some Jewish Tottenham supporters use it with a consciousness of the club as a bastion against racism and antisemitism. Others use it simply because many of the fans and owners of the club are Jews, however, the name was first given to the supporters as an insult, due to the large Jewish following at the club. East-end Jews have mostly moved to the north and east London suburbs and Herts and Essex, nevertheless, it is not necessary to be Haredi to be Jewish, and Spurs still has a strong Jewish fanbase
Yid
–
A page from
Elia Levita 's
Yiddish -
Hebrew -
Latin -
German dictionary (16th century) contains a list of nations, including an entry for Jew:
Hebrew: יְהוּדִי
Yiddish: יוּד
German: Iud
Latin: Iudaeus
42.
Yiddish
–
Yiddish is the historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews. Yiddish is written with a fully vocalized alphabet based on the Hebrew script, the earliest surviving references date from the 12th century and call the language לשון־אַשכּנז or טײַטש, a variant of tiutsch, the contemporary name for Middle High German. Colloquially, the language is sometimes called מאַמע־לשון, distinguishing it from לשון־קדש, the term Yiddish, short for Yiddish-Teitsch, did not become the most frequently used designation in the literature until the 18th century. In the late 19th and into the 20th century the language was commonly called Jewish, especially in non-Jewish contexts. Modern Yiddish has two major forms, Eastern Yiddish is far more common today. It includes Southeastern, Mideastern, and Northeastern dialects, Eastern Yiddish differs from Western both by its far greater size and by the extensive inclusion of words of Slavic origin. Western Yiddish is divided into Southwestern, Midwestern, and Northwestern dialects, the term Yiddish is also used in the adjectival sense, synonymously with Jewish, to designate attributes of Ashkenazi culture. Prior to the Holocaust, there were over 10 million speakers of Yiddish, 85% of the Jews who died in the Holocaust were Yiddish speakers, assimilation following World War II further decreased the use of Yiddish both among survivors and Yiddish-speakers from other countries. However, the number of speakers is increasing in global Hasidic communities, the established view is that, as with other Jewish languages, Jews speaking distinct languages learned new co-territorial vernaculars, which they then Judaized. Exactly what German base lies behind the earliest form of Yiddish is disputed, both Weinreich and Solomon Birnbaum developed this model further in the mid-1950s. In Weinreichs view, this Old Yiddish substrate later bifurcated into two versions of the language, Western and Eastern Yiddish. They retained the Semitic vocabulary needed for religious purposes and created a Judeo-German form of speech, recent linguistic research has finessed, contested, or challenged the Weinreich model, providing alternative approaches to the origins of Yiddish. Some theorists argue that the fusion occurred with a Bavarian dialect base, the two main candidates for the germinal matrix of Yiddish, the Rhineland and Bavaria, are not necessarily incompatible. There may have been developments in the two regions, seeding the Western and Eastern dialects of Modern Yiddish. Dovid Katz proposes that Yiddish emerged from contact between speakers of High German and Aramaic-speaking Jews from the Middle East, wexlers model has met with little academic support, and strong critical challenges, especially among historical linguists. Alternative theories recognize the extent of Yiddishs Germanic vocabulary. Ashkenaz was centered on the Rhineland and the Palatinate, in what is now the westernmost part of Germany and its geographic extent did not coincide with the German principalities of the time, and it included northern France. Ashkenaz bordered on the inhabited by another distinctive Jewish cultural group, the Sephardim or Spanish Jews
Yiddish
–
The calligraphic segment in the Worms Mahzor.
Yiddish
–
A page from the Shemot Devarim (literally Names of Things), a Yiddish-Hebrew-Latin-German dictionary and thesaurus, published by Elia Levita in 1542
Yiddish
–
American World War I -era poster in Yiddish. Translated caption: "Food will win the war – You came here seeking freedom, now you must help to preserve it – We must supply the
Allies with wheat – Let nothing go to waste". Colour lithograph, 1917. Digitally restored.
Yiddish
–
An example of graffiti in Yiddish, Tel Aviv, Washington avenue.
43.
Joe Pasquale
–
Joseph Ellis Pasquale is an English comedian, actor and television presenter, known for being crowned King of the Jungle, in the fourth series of Im a Celebrity. Get Me Out of Here. In January 2013, Pasquale became one of twelve celebrities participating in the series of Dancing on Ice. The following year Pasquale participated in the again in an All Stars series. This time he was partnered with Robin Johnstone, Pasquale is known for the naturally high pitch of his voice which he uses to heighten the comic value of his jokes. He has also hosted the revived version of the game show The Price is Right, Pasquale attended Torells Comprehensive School, Grays, Essex. He then worked for the Civil Services Department of Transport before joining the Smithfield meat market, the hours at the meat market became too much for a young Pasquale, so he left to work at a building site and as a spot welder at the Ford factory in Dagenham. For a few years, Pasquale worked as an entertainer at holiday camps across the UK, later, he became entertainment manager at Torquay. His big break arrived when he entered and came second in the New Faces competition in 1987, the Live Show and Return Of The Love Monkey. He has done six Royal Variety Performances, most recently in 2005, Pasquale once described how he got drunk one night causing the other performers to avoid him for the entire evening. The situation worsened when the Queen greeted the performers, including Pasquale, in recent years Pasquale has begun acting on stage. In 1999, he appeared as a character in The Nerd. The show received rave reviews with one describing it as rib shatteringly funny. He returned to the stage in Autumn 2004 in the comedy Tom, Dick, Pasquale performed in the Mel Brooks West End musical The Producers as Leo Bloom on a UK tour in 2007. He also played the role of King Arthur in Monty Pythons Spamalot making his West End musical debut at the Playhouse Theatre and on UK tour from 2013 to 2015. On 9 December 2001, during the first annual MuppetFest celebration, Pasquale performed on The Muppet Show Live which was staged at the Hollywood Palace in Hollywood, the Great Gonzo introduced him, saying. Yknow, one of things about The Muppet Show was giving a break to talented newcomers. Tonight, wed like to continue that tradition by introducing someone I recently discovered in England and this is his first appearance in America. and with your help, it can be his last. Ladies and Gentleman, the astounding and baffling Joe Pasquale, Nine million people tuned in, and ITV commissioned Another Audience with Joe Pasquale which aired in 2006
Joe Pasquale
–
Pasquale (left) at the BingoLotto launch
44.
ITV (TV network)
–
ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
ITV (TV network)
–
The London Studios near Waterloo was originally the base for the ITV London weekend contractor
LWT but is now ITV's main London headquarters.
ITV (TV network)
–
ITV
ITV (TV network)
–
Granada Studios was the oldest TV studios in the UK, having been built in 1954 to house the broadcaster of the
same name. The studios were closed in June 2013. Granada is the only franchise to remain an ITV contractor since creation in 1954.
ITV (TV network)
–
The Leeds Studios, used by
ITV Yorkshire. Each ITV region originally had its own studios, however the rise of publisher-broadcasters like
Carlton Television and the takeover of regions caused several studios to be closed.
45.
To Sir With Love
–
To Sir, with Love is a 1967 British drama film that deals with social and racial issues in an inner city school. It stars Sidney Poitier and features Christian Roberts, Judy Geeson, Suzy Kendall, james Clavell directed from his own screenplay, which was based on E. R. Braithwaites 1959 autobiographical novel of the same name. The movie ranked number 27 on Entertainment Weeklys list of the 50 Best High School Movies, a made-for-television sequel, To Sir, with Love II, was released nearly three decades later, with Poitier reprising his starring role. Mark Thackeray, an man, applies for an engineering job. He also applies for, and is awarded, a position at the North Quay Secondary School in the tough East End of London. He comes from British Guiana via California, Thackeray learns from the staff of North Quay that most of the students have been rejected from other schools, and their antics drove their last teacher to resign. The students live up to their reputation, led by Bert Denham and Pamela Dare, their antics progress from disruptive behavior to distasteful pranks. Thackeray retains his calm manner but a turning point comes one morning when one of the female pupils acts disrespectfully, future classes discuss what the students can expect as adults, such as how to fill out resumes. Thackeray wins the class over, except for Denham, who continues to bait him, Thackeray suggests a class outing to a museum, which turns out to be a success. He loses some of this support when he defuses a potentially violent situation between Potter and a gym teacher, Mr Bell. In class, he demands that Potter apologize directly to Bell for the incident even if he believes Bell was wrong. The group refuse to invite Thackeray to the dance, and when Sealess mother dies. At this point, the headmaster advises him that he feels the adult approach has failed, future class outings are cancelled, meanwhile, Thackeray receives the engineer job offer in the mail. He starts to win the students back after he beats Denham in a boxing match, Denham expresses his admiration for Thackeray to his fellow students, Thackeray wins back their respect and is invited to the class dance. At the dance Barbara Pegg announces a ladies choice dance and Pamela chooses Thackeray as her dance partner, while Miss Pegg sings the film theme song, the class then presents Thackeray with a gift and he is too moved for words and retires to his classroom. Two youths rush into the classroom, and upon seeing Thackeray they begin mocking his gift, Thackeray realises that he has a job to do and he tears up the job offer letter, signifying that he is going to stay on at the school. He realises how affectionate he feels towards the children and understands he can never part from them, Sidney Poitier as Mark Thackeray Christian Roberts as Bert Denham Judy Geeson as Pamela Dare Suzy Kendall as Gillian Blanchard Lulu as Barbara Babs Pegg Ann Bell as Mrs. S. Poitier gives a quaint example of being proper and turning the other cheek
To Sir With Love
–
UK theatrical release poster
To Sir With Love
–
To Sir, with Love
46.
Sidney Poitier
–
Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE, is a Bahamian-American actor, film director, author and diplomat. In 1964, Poitier became the first Bahamian and first African-American to win an Academy Award for Best Actor, for his role in Lilies of the Field. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Poitier among the Greatest Male Stars of classic Hollywood cinema, from 1997 to 2007, he served as the non-resident Bahamian ambassador to Japan. On August 12,2009, Poitier was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in 2016, he was awarded the BAFTA Fellowship for outstanding lifetime achievement in film. Sidney Poitiers parents were Evelyn and Reginald James Poitier, Bahamian farmers who owned a farm on Cat Island and traveled to Miami to sell tomatoes, Reginald worked as a cab driver in Nassau, Bahamas. Poitier was born in Miami while his parents were visiting and his birth was two months premature and he was not expected to survive, but his parents remained in Miami for three months to nurse him to health. Poitier grew up in the Bahamas, then a British Crown colony, because of his birth in the United States, he automatically received American citizenship. He mentions that the surname Poitier is a French name, Poitier lived with his family on Cat Island until he was 10, when they moved to Nassau. He was raised a Roman Catholic but, later became an agnostic with views closer to deism, at the age of 15, he was sent to Miami to live with his brother. At the age of 16, he moved to New York City, a waiter sat with him every night for several weeks helping him learn to read the newspaper. He lied about his age and enlisted in the Army during World War II in 1943, Poitier joined the North American Negro Theatre, but was rejected by audiences. Contrary to what was expected of African American actors at the time, determined to refine his acting skills and rid himself of his noticeable Bahamian accent, he spent the next six months dedicating himself to achieving theatrical success. By the end of 1949, he had to choose between leading roles on stage and an offer to work for Darryl F. Zanuck in the film No Way Out, Poitiers breakout role was as a member of an incorrigible high school class in Blackboard Jungle. Poitier was the first male actor of African descent to be nominated for a competitive Academy Award and he was also the first actor of African descent to win the Academy Award for Best Actor. Poitier worked relatively little over the year, he remained the only major actor of African descent. He acted in the first production of A Raisin in the Sun on Broadway in 1959 and he also gave memorable performances in The Bedford Incident, and A Patch of Blue co-starring Elizabeth Hartman and Shelley Winters. In 1967, he was the most successful draw at the box office, Poitier was aware of this pattern himself, but was conflicted on the matter. For instance, in 1966, he turned down an opportunity to play the lead in an NBC production of Othello with that spirit in mind, in 2002, Poitier received the 2001 Honorary Academy Award for his overall contribution to American cinema
Sidney Poitier
–
Sidney Poitier
KBE
Sidney Poitier
–
A scene from the play
A Raisin in the Sun. From left:
Louis Gossett, Jr. as George Murchison,
Ruby Dee as Ruth Younger and Poitier as Walter Younger.
Sidney Poitier
–
Poitier (left) at the 1963
March on Washington, alongside actors
Harry Belafonte and
Charlton Heston
Sidney Poitier
–
Poitier receives the
Presidential Medal of Freedom from
President Barack Obama in 2009.
47.
Not On Your Nellie
–
Not On Your Nellie is a British sitcom that ran from 1974 until 1975. It starred veteran actress Hylda Baker as Nellie Pickersgill, a Bolton woman who moves to London to help run her ailing fathers Chelsea pub, seventeen episodes of the series were produced by London Weekend Television for the ITV network. When Jed Pickersgill finds himself too ill to run his Chelsea pub, The Brown Cow, Nellie, however, is teetotal and does not approve of alcohol and attempts to maintain order in the pub by keeping a watchful eye on the regulars and her wayward father. There was a new busty barmaid in each series, including Beryl, Doris, Not On Your Nellie first premiered in 1974, a year after Bakers previous series, Nearest and Dearest, ended. However, Bakers character in Not On Your Nellie was not Nellie Pledge, Not On Your Nellie was created by Roy Bottomley and Tom Brennand and was based on a stage play that they had written for Baker in the frame of the Nellie Pledge character. Bottomley and Brennand were two of the writers for Nearest and Dearest, but were not the series creators. As such, neither Bottomley or Brennand had any rights to the character of Nellie Pledge, unfortunately this issue was not helped by the fact that Bottomley and Brennand recycled many of their old gags - and even their entire scripts - from Nearest and Dearest. Despite the similarities, Not On Your Nellie did not match the success of Nearest and Dearest. 1975 also saw major cast changes occurred before production of the series commenced, with Barratt, Raynor, Ali. Two new characters were brought in to accommodate the changes, including Jack Douglas as Nellies cousin Stanley, during the taping of the third series in 1975, Baker slipped on set and injured herself. Although she appeared in a wheelchair for one episode after the accident, she left the series. One further episode was made without her but the show was then abruptly axed only four episodes into its third series, the first series also includes the series finale of Nearest and Dearest as a bonus feature. Not On Your Nellie at the Internet Movie Database Not On Your Nellie at TV. com
Not On Your Nellie
–
Series 1 DVD cover
48.
Hylda Baker
–
Hylda Baker was an English comedian, actress and music hall performer. Baker was born in Farnworth, Lancashire, the first of seven children and her father, Harold Baker, was a painter and signwriter, who also worked part-time in the music halls as a comedian. At ten, Baker made her debut at the Opera House, Tunbridge Wells, by 14, she had started writing, producing and performing her own shows. Her most famous act was as a gossip from the North of England, with a silent, sullen companion named Big Cynthia. Her act was full of malapropisms and catchphrases that had part of her public persona. And, when asked the time Its quarter past, I must get a little hand put on this watch. Fellow comedian Victoria Wood described her talent as peculiarly Northern. Baker came to attention in BBC televisions The Good Old Days in 1955. This led to her series, Be Soon, in 1957. She also appeared in films, including Karel Reiszs Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, Up the Junction, reisz had seen her performing her sketches at the Chiswick Empire theatre. She had a role in the 1962 low-budget black-and-white British comedy film She Knows YKnow. Taking its title from her most famous catch-phrase, it is described by the BFI as a low life comedy, Bakers most famous role was as Nellie Pledge in the Granada Television comedy series Nearest and Dearest. Playing her brother Eli was the comedian Jimmy Jewel and the series was centred on their characters relationship as they tried to run their small family business. A film version of the series was made by Hammer Films in 1972, later in the series, Baker began having trouble remembering her lines and had to rely on cue cards and prompts from her co star Madge Hindle, who would whisper her next line to her. Baker played an identical role in the LWT comedy series Not On Your Nellie. In this series she played Nellie Pickersgill, who moves to London from the North to run her fathers pub. However the series was short-lived and, by time, Baker was again finding it difficult to remember her lines and was also refusing to attend rehearsals. After suing the company for an on-set injury in which she broke her leg
Hylda Baker
–
Baker in 1966
49.
Bolton
–
Bolton is a town in Greater Manchester in North West England. A former mill town, Bolton has been a centre for textiles since Flemish weavers settled in the area in the 14th century, introducing a wool. The urbanisation and development of the town coincided with the introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. The British cotton industry declined sharply after the First World War, close to the West Pennine Moors, Bolton is 10 miles northwest of Manchester. It is surrounded by smaller towns and villages that together form the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton. The town of Bolton has a population of 139,403, historically part of Lancashire, Bolton originated as a small settlement in the moorland known as Bolton le Moors. In the English Civil War, the town was a Parliamentarian outpost in a staunchly Royalist region, in what became known as the Bolton Massacre,1,600 residents were killed and 700 were taken prisoner. Football club Bolton Wanderers play home games at the Macron Stadium, Cultural interests include the Octagon Theatre and the Bolton Museum and Art Gallery, as well as one of the earliest public libraries established after the Public Libraries Act 1850. Bolton is a common Northern English name derived from the Old English bothl-tun, the first recorded use of the name, in the form Boelton, dates from 1185 to describe Bolton le Moors, though this may not be in relation to a dwelling. It was recorded as Bothelton in 1212, Botelton in 1257, Boulton in 1288, later forms of Botheltun were Bodeltown, Botheltun-le-Moors, Bowelton, Boltune, Bolton-super-Moras, Bolton-in-ye-Moors, Bolton-le-Moors. The towns motto of Supera Moras means overcome difficulties, and is a pun on the Bolton-super-Moras version of the meaning literally. A Bronze Age mound was excavated in Victorian times outside Haulgh Hall, the Romans built roads from Manchester to Ribchester to the east and a road along what is now the A6 to the west. It is claimed that Agricola built a fort at Blackrod by clearing land above the forest, evidence of a Saxon settlement exists in the form of religious objects found when the Victorian parish church was built. In 1067 Great Bolton was the property of Roger de Poitou and after 1100 and it became the property of the Pilkingtons who forfeited it in the Civil War and after that the Stanleys who became Earls of Derby. Great Bolton and Little Bolton were part of the Marsey fee, in 1212 Little Bolton was held by Roger de Bolton as plough-land, a charter to hold a market in Churchgate was granted on 14 December 1251 by King Henry III of England. Bolton became a town and borough by a charter from the Earl of Derby, William de Ferrers, on 14 January 1253. Burgage plots were laid out on Churchgate and Deansgate in the centre of the town close to where Ye Olde Man & Scythe public house. In 1337 Flemish weavers settled and introduced the manufacture of woollen cloth, more Flemish weavers, fleeing the Huguenot persecutions, settled here in the 17th century
Bolton
–
Bolton Town Hall
Bolton
–
Ye Olde Man & Scythe
Bolton
–
Swan Lane Mills
Bolton
–
A panoramic view of Bolton and environs from the north-west, taken from
Winter Hill.
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
