1.
Telephone
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A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. In 1876, Scottish emigrant Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice and this instrument was further developed by many others. The telephone was the first device in history that people to talk directly with each other across large distances. Telephones rapidly became indispensable to businesses, government, and households, the essential elements of a telephone are a microphone to speak into and an earphone which reproduces the voice in a distant location. Until approximately the 1970s most telephones used a dial, which was superseded by the modern DTMF push-button dial. The receiver and transmitter are usually built into a handset which is held up to the ear, the dial may be located either on the handset, or on a base unit to which the handset is connected. The transmitter converts the sound waves to electrical signals which are sent through the network to the receiving phone. The receiving telephone converts the signals into audible sound in the receiver, telephones permit duplex communication, meaning they allow the people on both ends to talk simultaneously. The first telephones were connected to each other from one customers office or residence to another customers location. Being impractical beyond just a few customers, these systems were replaced by manually operated centrally located switchboards. For greater mobility, various systems were developed for transmission between mobile stations on ships and automobiles in the middle 20th century. Hand-held mobile phone]s was introduced for personal service starting in 1973, by the late 1970s several mobile telephone networks operated around the world. In 1983, the Advanced Mobile Phone System was launched, offering a standardized technology providing portability for users far beyond the residence or office. These analog cellular system evolved into digital networks with better security, greater capacity, better regional coverage, the public switched telephone network, with its hierarchical system of many switching centers, interconnects telephones around the world for communication with each other. With the standardized international numbering system, E.164, each line has an identifying telephone number. Although originally designed for voice communications, convergence has enabled most modern cell phones to have many additional capabilities. Since 1999, the trend for mobile phones is smartphones that integrate all mobile communication, a traditional landline telephone system, also known as plain old telephone service, commonly carries both control and audio signals on the same twisted pair of insulated wires, the telephone line. The control and signaling equipment consists of three components, the ringer, the hookswitch, and a dial, the ringer, or beeper, light or other device, alerts the user to incoming calls
2.
Text messaging
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The term originally referred to messages sent using the Short Message Service. It has grown beyond alphanumeric text to include multimedia messages containing digital images, videos, as of 2017, text messages are used by youth and adults for personal, family and social purposes and in business, government and non-governmental organizations for communication between colleagues. As with emailing, in the 2010s, the sending of short informal messages has become an part of many cultures. This makes texting a quick and easy way to communicate with friends and colleagues, Text messages can also be used to interact with automated systems, for example, to order products or services from e-commerce websites, or to participate in online contests. The service is referred to by different colloquialisms depending on the region, the sender of a text message is commonly referred to as a texter. In 1933 RCA Communications, New York introduced the first telex service, the first messages over RCA transatlantic circuits were between New York City and London and, in the first year of operation, approximately seven million words were transmitted. Radio has long sent alphanumeric messages via radiotelegraphy, the University of Hawaii began using radio to send digital information as early as 1971, using ALOHAnet. Friedhelm Hillebrand conceptualised SMS in 1984 while working for Deutsche Telekom, sitting at a typewriter at home, Hillebrand typed out random sentences and counted every letter, number, punctuation, and space. Almost every time, the messages contained fewer than 160 characters, with Bernard Ghillebaert of France Télécom, he developed a proposal for the GSM meeting in February of 1985 in Oslo. The first technical solution evolved in a GSM subgroup under the leadership of Finn Trosby and it was further developed under the leadership of Kevin Holley and Ian Harris. SMS forms a part of SS7. This was part of ISDN and since GSM is based on this, messages could be sent and received on ISDN phones, and these can send SMS to any GSM phone. The possibility of doing something is one thing, implementing it another, modern SMS text messaging is usually messaging from one mobile phone to another mobile phone. Radiolinja became the first network to offer a commercial person-to-person SMS text messaging service in 1994, GSM was not allowed in the United States and the radio frequencies were blocked and awarded to US Carriers to use US technology. Hence there is no development in the US in mobile messaging service, American Personal Communications, the first GSM carrier in America, provided the first text-messaging service in the United States. Sprint Telecommunications Venture, a partnership of Sprint Corp. and three large companies, owned 49 percent of APC. The Sprint venture was the largest single buyer at a spectrum auction that raised $7.7 billion in 2005 for PCS licenses. APC operated under the name of Sprint Spectrum and launched its service on November 15,1995 in Washington, D. C. and in Baltimore
3.
Mobile phone
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A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the systems of a mobile phone operator. Most modern mobile telephone services use a network architecture, and, therefore. Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to seven billion, penetrating 100% of the global population. In first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple, a handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a pocket-size folding telephone with a thin carbon microphone. Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships, the race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. These 0G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and this was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Several other countries followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology, in 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. In 1991, the digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators, ten years later, in 2001, the third generation was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed by 3. 5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access family, allowing UMTS networks to have data transfer speeds. By 2009, it had become clear that, at point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies
4.
Landline
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A landline telephone refers to a phone that uses a metal wire or fibre optic telephone line for transmission as distinguished from a mobile cellular line, which uses radio waves for transmission. In 2003, the CIA reported approximately 1.263 billion main telephone lines worldwide, china had more than any other country at 350 million and the United States was second with 268 million. The United Kingdom has 23.7 million residential fixed homephones, the 2013 statistics show that the total number of fixed-telephone subscribers in the world was about 1.16 billion. The number of landline subscribers continuously decreases due to upgrades in digital technology, a fixed phone line can be hard-wired or cordless and typically refers to the operation of wireless devices or systems in fixed locations such as homes. Fixed wireless devices usually derive their power from the utility mains electricity, unlike mobile wireless or portable wireless. Although mobile and portable systems can be used in fixed locations, efficiency, mobile or portable, battery-powered wireless systems can be used as emergency backups for fixed systems in case of a power blackout or natural disaster. So-called leased lines are invariably of the type, the implications of a land line in this context are security and survivability. For example, a military headquarters might be linked to units by landline to ensure that communication remains possible even if the conventional telephone network is damaged or destroyed. Another example of this is in airports, all air traffic control towers have dedicated lines connected to the police, fire department, hospitals, army, etc. Deployed as a precaution in case of emergency, these can be used at any time, in many countries the landline has not been readily available to most people. In some countries in Africa, the rise in cell phones has outpaced any rise in landline telephones, between 1998 and 2008, Africa added only 2.4 million landlines. However, during this time the number of mobile phone lines that have been subscribed to has skyrocketed. Between 2000 and 2008, cell phone use has risen from less than 2 in 100 people to 33 out of 100. In developing countries it is difficult to install landline copper that is accessible to everyone than it is to install mobile wireless towers that people can connect to from anywhere. In the early 21st century, the telephone has declined due to the advancement of mobile network technology. Some see this happening as soon as the year 2025, in 2004, only about 45% of people in the United States between the ages of 12 and 17 owned cell phones. At that time, they had to rely on landline telephones, in just 4 years time, that percentage climbed to about 71%. That same year,2008, about 77% of adults owned a mobile phone, in the year 2013, 91% of adults in the United States owned a mobile phone
5.
Telephone exchange
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A telephone exchange is a telecommunications system used in the public switched telephone network or in large enterprises. In historical perspective, telecommunication terms have been used with different semantics over time, the term telephone exchange is often used synonymously with central office, a Bell System term. Often, an office is defined as a building used to house the inside plant equipment of potentially several telephone exchanges. Such an area has also referred to as the exchange. Central office locations may also be identified in North America as wire centers, All central offices within a larger region, typically aggregated by state, were assigned a common numbering plan area code. For corporate or enterprise use, a telephone exchange is often referred to as a private branch exchange. Smaller installations might deploy a PBX or key telephone system in the office of a receptionist and this made it possible for subscribers to call each other at homes, businesses, or public spaces. These made telephony an available and comfortable communication tool for everyday use, one of the first to propose a telephone exchange was Hungarian Tivadar Puskás in 1877 while he was working for Thomas Edison. The first experimental telephone exchange was based on the ideas of Puskás, the worlds first commercial telephone exchange opened on November 12,1877 in Friedrichsberg close to Berlin. George W. Coy designed and built the first commercial US telephone exchange opened in New Haven. The switchboard was built from carriage bolts, handles from teapot lids and bustle wire, Charles Glidden is also credited with establishing an exchange in Lowell, MA. with 50 subscribers in 1878. In Europe other early telephone exchanges were based in London and Manchester, Belgium had its first International Bell exchange a year later. In 1887 Puskás introduced the multiplex switchboard, later exchanges consisted of one to several hundred plug boards staffed by switchboard operators. Each operator sat in front of a panel containing banks of ¼-inch tip-ring-sleeve jacks. In front of the jack panel lay a horizontal panel containing two rows of patch cords, each connected to a cord circuit. When a calling party lifted the receiver, the loop current lit a signal lamp near the jack. The operator responded by inserting the rear cord into the jack and switched her headset into the circuit to ask, Number. For a local call, the operator inserted the front cord of the pair into the partys local jack
6.
Electric bell
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An electric bell is a mechanical bell that functions by means of an electromagnet. When an electric current is applied, it produces a repetitive buzzing or clanging sound and it consists of coils of insulated wire wound round iron rods. When an electric current flows through the coils, the rods became magnetic, the clapper hits the bell and makes it ring. The most widely used form is the bell, which produces a continuous sound when current is applied. The bell or gong, which is often in the shape of a cup or half-sphere, is struck by an arm with a metal ball on the end called a clapper. In its rest position the clapper is held away from the bell a short distance by its springy arm. When an electric current is enabled to pass through the winding of the electromagnet it creates a field that attracts the iron arm of the clapper. This opens a pair of electrical contacts attached to the clapper arm, the magnetic field of the electromagnet collapses, and the clapper springs away from the bell. This closes the contacts again, allowing the current to flow to the electromagnet again and this cycle repeats rapidly, many times per second, resulting in a continuous ringing. The tone of the sound generated depends on the shape and size of the bell or gong resonator, where several bells are installed together, they may be given distinctive rings by using different size or shapes of gong, even though the strike mechanisms are identical. Another type, the bell, has no interrupting contacts. The hammer strikes the gong once each time the circuit is closed and these are used to signal brief notifications, such as a shop door opening for a customer, rather than continuous warnings. An electric buzzer uses a mechanism to an interrupter bell. They are quieter than bells, but adequate for a warning tone over a small distance, a buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, with the development of low cost electronics from the 1970s onwards, most buzzers have now been replaced by electronic sounders. These replace the electromechanical striker of a bell with an electronic oscillator, the first commercial electric bells were used for railway signalling, between signal boxes. Complex bell codes were used to indicate the types of train passing between signal boxes, and the destinations to which they should be routed and these were single-stroke bells, applying current to an electromagnet pulled the bells clapper against the bell or gong and gave one chime. The bell did not ring continuously, but only with a single ring, to sustain the tone, these bells were usually much larger than are used today with interrupter bells
7.
Volt
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The volt is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force. One volt is defined as the difference in potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points. It is also equal to the difference between two parallel, infinite planes spaced 1 meter apart that create an electric field of 1 newton per coulomb. Additionally, it is the difference between two points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it. It can also be expressed as amperes times ohms, watts per ampere, or joules per coulomb, for the Josephson constant, KJ = 2e/h, the conventional value KJ-90 is used, K J-90 =0.4835979 GHz μ V. This standard is typically realized using an array of several thousand or tens of thousands of junctions. Empirically, several experiments have shown that the method is independent of device design, material, measurement setup, etc. in the water-flow analogy sometimes used to explain electric circuits by comparing them with water-filled pipes, voltage is likened to difference in water pressure. Current is proportional to the diameter of the pipe or the amount of water flowing at that pressure. A resistor would be a reduced diameter somewhere in the piping, the relationship between voltage and current is defined by Ohms Law. Ohms Law is analogous to the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, as both are linear models relating flux and potential in their respective systems, the voltage produced by each electrochemical cell in a battery is determined by the chemistry of that cell. Cells can be combined in series for multiples of that voltage, mechanical generators can usually be constructed to any voltage in a range of feasibility. High-voltage electric power lines,110 kV and up Lightning, Varies greatly. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of metals to produce electricity was zinc. In 1861, Latimer Clark and Sir Charles Bright coined the name volt for the unit of resistance, by 1873, the British Association for the Advancement of Science had defined the volt, ohm, and farad. In 1881, the International Electrical Congress, now the International Electrotechnical Commission and they made the volt equal to 108 cgs units of voltage, the cgs system at the time being the customary system of units in science. At that time, the volt was defined as the difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power. The international volt was defined in 1893 as 1/1.434 of the emf of a Clark cell and this definition was abandoned in 1908 in favor of a definition based on the international ohm and international ampere until the entire set of reproducible units was abandoned in 1948. Prior to the development of the Josephson junction voltage standard, the volt was maintained in laboratories using specially constructed batteries called standard cells
8.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
9.
Bell Telephone Company
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The Bell Telephone Company was started on the basis of holding potentially valuable patents, principally Bells master telephone patent #174465. Theodore Vail then took over its operations at that point, becoming a figure in its rapid growth. The National Bell Telephone Company merged with American Speaking Telephone Company on March 20,1880, to form the American Bell Telephone Company, also of Boston, the American Bell Telephone Company evolved into the American Telephone & Telegraph Company, at times the worlds largest telephone company. The Bell Patent Association, was not an entity but a trusteeship. It was established verbally in 1874 to be the holders of the produced by Alexander Graham Bell. Hubbard later registered some of his shares with two family members. The verbal patent association agreement was formalized in a memorandum of agreement on February 27,1875, the patent associations assets became the foundational assets of the Bell Telephone Company. It then merged with the New England Telephone and Telegraph Company to form the National Bell Telephone Company, a little over a year later it was reorganized to become the American Bell Telephone Company. American Bells outstanding stock rose to 258,863 shares by May 1900, both Hubbards and Sanders roles in the newly born company were pivotal to its early survival and its eventual growth to become a corporate giant. Hubbards very early structuring of its service by leasing, instead of selling telephones, was critical to its success. Hubbard insisted that leasing was the option, even if it significantly raised the need for initial capital expenses. IBTCs first non-North American subsidiary was the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company, established by Hubbard at Antwerp, Belgium, the Bell Systems Bell Telephone Company of Canada subsidiary, wholly owned by the National Bell, had been established two years earlier. AT&T President Frederick Fish later returned Bells single American Bell Telephone Company share to him as a memento after it had converted and canceled. He also remained a confident of Bell, who helped ensure the welfare of Sanders deaf son in his adulthood. Under Forbes leadership a new committee was created at its corporate level to reorganize. The company was recapitalized, with Vail continuing as its head of operations. After leaving the offices of what became the American Bell Telephone Company, Hubbard created the National Geographic Society as its president, ownership of American Bell was transferred to its own subsidiary, American Telephone & Telegraph Company on the second to last day of 1899. AT&T had been incorporated on April 17,1880 as American Bells long lines division to handle its long distance telecommunications, on January 1,1900, AT&T, a publicly traded corporation, owned the major assets of American Bell and thus became the head of the Bell System
10.
Chirp
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A chirp is a signal in which the frequency increases or decreases with time. In some sources, the term chirp is used interchangeably with sweep signal and it is commonly used in sonar and radar, but has other applications, such as in spread-spectrum communications. In spread-spectrum usage, surface acoustic wave devices such as reflective array compressors are used to generate and demodulate the chirped signals. The name is a reference to the sound made by birds. K = f 1 − f 0 T, where f 1 is the final frequency, T is the time it takes to sweep from f 0 to f 1. Thus this is also called quadratic-phase signal. In other words, if two points in the waveform are chosen, t 1 and t 2, and the interval between them t 2 − t 1 is kept constant, the frequency ratio f / f will also be constant. In an exponential chirp, the frequency of the signal varies exponentially as a function of time, f = f 0 k t where f 0 is the starting frequency, and k is the rate of exponential change in frequency. Unlike the linear chirp, which has a constant chirpyness, a chirp has an exponentially increasing frequency rate. A chirp signal can be generated with analog circuitry via an oscillator. It can also be generated digitally by a signal processor and digital to analog converter, using a direct digital synthesizer. It can also be generated by a YIG oscillator, a chirp signal shares the same spectral content with an impulse signal. However, unlike in the signal, spectral components of the chirp signal have different phases, i. e. their power spectra are alike. Dispersion of a propagation medium may result in unintentional conversion of impulse signals into chirps. On the other hand, many applications, such as chirped pulse amplifiers or echolocation systems. Chirp modulation, or linear frequency modulation for digital communication, was patented by Sidney Darlington in 1954 with significant later work performed by Winkler in 1962 and this type of modulation employs sinusoidal waveforms whose instantaneous frequency increases or decreases linearly over time. These waveforms are commonly referred to as linear chirps or simply chirps, hence the rate at which their frequency changes is called the chirp rate. In binary chirp modulation, binary data is transmitted by mapping the bits into chirps of opposite chirp rates, for instance, over one bit period 1 is assigned a chirp with positive rate a and 0 a chirp with negative rate −a
11.
Ohm
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The ohm is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance, named after German physicist Georg Simon Ohm. The definition of the ohm was revised several times, today the definition of the ohm is expressed from the quantum Hall effect. In many cases the resistance of a conductor in ohms is approximately constant within a range of voltages, temperatures. In alternating current circuits, electrical impedance is also measured in ohms, the siemens is the SI derived unit of electric conductance and admittance, also known as the mho, it is the reciprocal of resistance in ohms. The power dissipated by a resistor may be calculated from its resistance, non-linear resistors have a value that may vary depending on the applied voltage. The rapid rise of electrotechnology in the last half of the 19th century created a demand for a rational, coherent, consistent, telegraphers and other early users of electricity in the 19th century needed a practical standard unit of measurement for resistance. Two different methods of establishing a system of units can be chosen. Various artifacts, such as a length of wire or a standard cell, could be specified as producing defined quantities for resistance, voltage. This latter method ensures coherence with the units of energy, defining a unit for resistance that is coherent with units of energy and time in effect also requires defining units for potential and current. Some early definitions of a unit of resistance, for example, the absolute-units system related magnetic and electrostatic quantities to metric base units of mass, time, and length. These units had the advantage of simplifying the equations used in the solution of electromagnetic problems. However, the CGS units turned out to have impractical sizes for practical measurements, various artifact standards were proposed as the definition of the unit of resistance. In 1860 Werner Siemens published a suggestion for a reproducible resistance standard in Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie and he proposed a column of pure mercury, of one square millimetre cross section, one metre long, Siemens mercury unit. However, this unit was not coherent with other units, one proposal was to devise a unit based on a mercury column that would be coherent – in effect, adjusting the length to make the resistance one ohm. Not all users of units had the resources to carry out experiments to the required precision. The BAAS in 1861 appointed a committee including Maxwell and Thomson to report upon Standards of Electrical Resistance, in the third report of the committee,1864, the resistance unit is referred to as B. A. unit, or Ohmad. By 1867 the unit is referred to as simply Ohm, the B. A. ohm was intended to be 109 CGS units but owing to an error in calculations the definition was 1. 3% too small. The error was significant for preparation of working standards, on September 21,1881 the Congrès internationale délectriciens defined a practical unit of Ohm for the resistance, based on CGS units, using a mercury column at zero deg
12.
Caller ID
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Caller ID may be used by the recipient to avoid answering unwanted incoming calls by the concept of informed consent. However, it also poses problems for personal privacy, usually, the caller can disable or block the Caller ID facility, but some call capture technology can bypass a caller block. On the other hand, the possibility of caller ID spoofing may render received information unreliable, with appropriate hardware, networking and software, Caller ID can also be associated with a name of the calling telephone number. The information made available to the party may be displayed on a telephones display, on a separately attached device. However, many modems are designed and programmed to handle multiple signalling methods, the idea of CNID as a service for POTS subscribers originated from automatic number identification as a part of toll free number service in the United States. However, CNID and ANI are not the same thing, ANI was originally a term given to a system that identified the telephone number placing a call, in a non-electronic central office switch. Previous to this, the number could not be identified electronically. Caller ID is made up of two pieces of information, the calling number and the billing name where available. When a call is made from a name, this name can be passed on through a number of different methods. For example, the name may be datafilled in the originating switch. More commonly, a database is accessed by the receiving switch, if the name does not exist, then the city, State, Province, or other designation may be sent. Some of these databases may be shared among several companies, each paying every time a name is extracted and it is for this reason that mobile phone callers appear as WIRELESS CALLER, or the location where the phone number is registered. Additionally, nothing ensures that the number sent by a switch is the actual number where the call originated, as such, the telephone switch, and therefore the operating entity, must also be trusted to provide secure authentication. The displayed caller ID also depends on the equipment originating the call, if the call originates on a POTS line, then caller ID is provided by the service providers local switch. Since the network does not connect the caller to the callee until the phone is answered, most service providers however, allow the caller to block caller ID presentation through the vertical service code *67. A call placed behind a branch exchange has more options. In the typical telephony environment, a PBX connects to the service provider through Primary Rate Interface trunks. Generally, although not absolutely, the service provider simply passes whatever calling line ID appears on those PRI access trunks transparently across the Public Switched Telephone Network and this opens up the opportunity for the PBX administrator to program whatever number they choose in their external phone number fields
13.
Model 500 telephone
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The Western Electric model 500 telephone series was the standard domestic desk telephone set issued by the Bell System in North America from 1950 through the 1984 Bell System divestiture. Millions of model 500-series phones were produced and were present in most homes in North America, many are still in use today because of their durability and ample availability. Its modular construction compared to previous types simplified manufacture and repair, touch-tone service was introduced to residential customers in 1963 with the model 1500 telephone, which had a push-button pad for the ten digits. The model 2500 telephone, introduced in 1968, added the * and # keys, the Western Electric 500-type telephone replaced the 300-type which had been produced since 1936. Development started in 1946 and lead to pre-production units in 1948, third and fourth quarter production was estimated at 49,000 and 93,000, respectively. Including 20,000 units of a special set, approximately 183,000 units were produced by the end of the first production year. In the following years, systematic replacement of 25 million 300-type telephones commenced because of the much improved electrical and this also permitted the use of thinner loop wires and thus delivered cost-savings in the build-out of the network. The replacement of 300-series telephones with 500-series sets created large stockpiles of 300-type components that had not reached their intended service life and this program commenced in 1955, and the converted set was labeled as the model 5302 telephone. It was produced until the mid-1960s in the shops of each Bell Operating Company. From the 1949 field trials until 1953, only sets of the 500-type telephone were manufactured. The introduction of telephones in color occurred in stages from 1954 until 1957, as manufacturing capability was refined. As with most telephones of the time in the United States, choices for telephone styles and colors were limited. Most phones made by Western Electric, starting in about 1968, carried this disclaimer molded into their housing, telephones were also sometimes labeled with a sticker or ink stamp marking the name of the operating company that owned the telephone. In 1983, after the court ordered the Bell System divestiture, many customers were offered the option to buy the leased telephones they had in service. The Western Electric model 500 improved upon several design features over the earlier telephones, thus, the phone could be tested and serviced easily without the housing. This design improved manufacturing and servicing efficiency, the earlier 302 had been equipped with an enamel-coated dial plate that displayed the numerals and letters through the holes of the rotary finger-wheel. Years of use caused the lettering and numbering, and even the porcelain coating, the design of the 500 improved this by molding the characters into the plastic, through a double-injection molding process. This design was carried over to the 1500 and 2500-series telephones and was used in the keys to eliminate wear
14.
Our Man Flint
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Our Man Flint is a 1966 American action film that parodies the James Bond genre. The film was directed by Daniel Mann, written by Hal Fimberg and Ben Starr, the main premise of the film is that a trio of mad scientists attempt to blackmail the world with a weather-control machine. Spy extraordinaire Derek Flint is an ex-agent of Z. O. W. I. E. Who is brought out of retirement to deal with the threat of Galaxy, an organization led by a trio of mad scientists, Doctor Krupov, Doctor Wu. Impatient that the governments will never improve, the scientists demand that all nations capitulate to Galaxy. Gila uses a string as a bow to fire a poisoned dart, which misses Flint. Flint sucks the poison out of the wound, saving Cramdens life, a chemical trace on the dart directs Flint to Marseilles for bouillabaisse. In one of Marseilles lowest clubs he stages a brawl to gain useful information from famous Agent 0008. Galaxy agent Hans Gruber is in the club enjoying his favorite soup while waiting to rendezvous with Gila, Gila sends Gruber to ambush Flint in the lavatory. Flint ends up killing Gruber in a stall, while Gila escapes. Flint detects the trap and chases the bystanders from the club before detonating the bomb, the remains of the jar lead Flint to Rome. After investigating several cosmetic companies, Flint arrives at Exotica, where he actually meets Gila for the first time, Gila lets him come to her apartment for an exchange of information. Following their encounter, he steals the keys to Exotica and breaks into the safe, learning of Galaxys location before being trapped inside by Gilas assistant. Malcolm and Gila assume that Flint will soon run out of air in the safe as they transport it to a waiting submarine, during the journey, Flint learns that his playmates have been kidnapped and taken to the headquarters on Galaxy Island in the Mediterranean Sea. He then uses his power of self-induced suspended animation to fool his captors into thinking they have killed him. Gila and Rodney take a photograph of the body, which they send to Cramden, then carry Flint back to headquarters on the submarine. Flint revives and sneaks into the Galaxy complex, but his infiltration is thwarted, offered a chance to join their new order, he refuses, and is sentenced to death by disintegration. Gilas failure to eliminate Flint results in her being stripped of her leadership role and she thus changes sides, slipping Flint his gadget-filled cigarette lighter before she is hauled away
15.
Federal Communications Commission
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The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCCs mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees and it has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US$388 million. Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act and these are, Broadband All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Competition Competition in the provision of services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nations economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, Media The Nations media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery. Public Safety and Homeland Security Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defense, the Nations critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable. The FCC is directed by five appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. The U. S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman, only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business, importantly, commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements, but may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, as of 2016 this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1/2 years beyond the term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed. The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCCs consumer policies, CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness. The Enforcement Bureau is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security. S. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations, the Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, the Wireline Competition Bureau develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureaus main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in technology infrastructure, development, markets
16.
Carterfone
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The Carterfone is a device invented by Thomas Carter. It manually connects a radio system to the telephone system. This makes it a predecessor to todays autopatch. The device was acoustically, but not electrically, connected to the switched telephone network. It was electrically connected to the station of the mobile radio system. All electrical parts were encased in bakelite, an early plastic, when someone on a two-way radio wished to speak to someone on phone, or landline, the station operator at the base would dial the telephone number. When callers on the radio and on the telephone were both in contact with the station operator, the handset of the operators telephone was placed on a cradle built into the Carterfone device. A separate speaker was attached to the Carterfone to allow the station operator to monitor the conversation, adjust the voice volume. This particular device was involved in a landmark United States regulatory decision related to telecommunications, in 1968, the Federal Communications Commission allowed the Carterfone and other devices to be connected directly to the AT&T network, as long as they did not cause harm to the system. This ruling created the possibility of selling devices that could connect to the system using a protective coupler. The decision is often referred to as any device, allowing later innovations like answering machines, fax machines. However, on 1 April 2008, FCC chairman Kevin Martin indicated that he would oppose Skypes request, on April 17,2015 this petition for rulemaking was dismissed without prejudice by the FCC at the request of Skypes current owner, Microsoft Corporation
17.
Greeting card
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A greeting card is an illustrated piece of card or high quality paper featuring an expression of friendship or other sentiment. Although greeting cards are given on special occasions such as birthdays, Christmas or other holidays. Greeting cards, usually packaged with an envelope, come in a variety of styles, there are both mass-produced as well as handmade versions that are distributed by hundreds of companies large and small. While typically inexpensive, more cards with die-cuts or glued-on decorations may be more expensive. Hallmark Cards and American Greetings are the two largest producers of greeting cards in the world today, in Western countries and increasingly in other societies, many people traditionally mail seasonally themed cards to their friends and relatives in December. Many service businesses also send cards to their customers in this season, the Greeting Card Association is an international trade organization representing the interests of greeting card and stationery manufacturers. For me, there’s nothing like a card to send a special message. I’m proud to be a part of an industry not only keeps people connected. Standard Greeting Cards, A standard greeting card is printed on high-quality paper, inside is a pre-printed message appropriate for the occasion, along with a blank space for the sender to add a signature or handwritten message. A matching envelope is sold with the card, Some cards and envelopes feature fancy materials, such as gold leaf, ribbons or glitter. Photo Greeting Cards, In recent years, photo greeting cards have gained widespread popularity, the first type are photo insert cards in which a hole has been cut in the centre. A photo slides in just like a frame, the second type are printed photo cards in which the photo is combined with artwork and printed, usually on a high-end digital press, directly onto the face of the card. Both types are most popular for sending holiday greetings such as Christmas, personalised Greeting Cards, Websites using special personalisation technology, such as Moonpig, allow consumers to personalise a card which is then printed and sent directly to the recipient. Reusable Greeting Cards, These are greeting cards for the budget conscious, there are two common formats for reusable cards. Firstly there are cards with slits in them positioned to hold pages, secondly there are notepad style cards where pages stick to the back of the cards. The pages that have used for reusable cards can be removed after being received. Risqué Greeting Cards, Some companies offer risqué greeting cards, with adult-based humor, the humor in these cards can sometimes be offensive to more conservative parts of the population. Musical Greeting Cards, Recently greeting cards have made that play music or sound when they are opened
18.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
19.
NTT DoCoMo
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NTT DOCOMO, Inc. is the predominant mobile phone operator in Japan. The name is officially an abbreviation of the phrase, do communications over the mobile network, Docomo provides phone, video phone, i-mode, and mail services. The companys headquarters are in the Sanno Park Tower, Nagatachō, Chiyoda, at the beginning of 2015, it was the fourth largest public company in Japan when measured by market capitalization. Docomo was spun off from Nippon Telegraph and Telephone in August 1991 to take over the mobile cellular operations. It provides 2G PDC cellular services on the 800 MHz band, and 3G FOMA W-CDMA services on the 2 GHz and 800 MHz and 1700 MHz bands and its businesses also included PHS, paging, and satellite. Docomo ceased offering a PHS service on January 7,2008, NTT Docomo is a subsidiary of Japans incumbent telephone operator, NTT. The majority of NTT Docomos shares are owned by NTT, while some NTT shares are publicly traded, control of the company by Japanese interests is guaranteed by the number of shares available to buyers. It provides wireless voice and data communications to subscribers in Japan, NTT Docomo is the creator of W-CDMA technology as well as mobile i-mode service. In late 1995, Docomo CEO hired the consulting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers for strategy development, NTT Docomo has more than 53 million customers, which is more than half of Japans cellular market. The company provides a variety of mobile multimedia services. NTT Docomo is listed on the Tokyo, London, and New York stock exchanges, on April 19,2008, it was announced that Ryuji Yamada, the current co-president of NTT Docomo, will be promoted as the president of NTT Docomo in June 2008. Masao Nakamura will stay in NTT Docomo as a director and also the senior adviser. Since October 2006, when the introduction to the service allows the user to carry their original phone number with a new provider was made, NTT Docomo has lost many users to KDDI. This promotion was made in order to get more users for NTT Docomo, the company was the last major global mobile carrier to offer Apples iPhone, which it finally did with the release of the iPhone 5s and 5c. This has been cited as one of the reasons for the stream of its customers switching for competing networks. In June 2011, the announced that they were teaming up with McAfee to provide McAfee VirusScan Mobile for its Android mobile users. In July 2012, NTT Docomo acquired Italys Buongiorno in a deal worth 209 million euros, on October 2007, the prototype Wellness mobile phone of Japans NTT Docomo Inc. and Mitsubishi Electric Corp. was launched at CEATEC. It checks health with a sensor that detects body movement and measures calories
20.
NEC
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NEC Corporation is a Japanese multinational provider of information technology services and products, headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. NEC provides IT and network solutions to enterprises, communications services providers and to government agencies. The company was known as the Nippon Electric Company, Limited and its NEC Semiconductors business unit was one of the worldwide top 20 semiconductor sales leaders before merging with Renesas Electronics. NEC is a member of the Sumitomo Group, kunihiko Iwadare and Takeshiro Maeda established Nippon Electric Limited Partnership on August 31,1898 by using facilities that they had bought from Miyoshi Electrical Manufacturing Company. Iwadare acted as the partner, Maeda handled company sales. Western Electric, which had an interest in the Japanese phone market, was represented by Walter Tenney Carleton, Carleton was also responsible for the renovation of the Miyoshi facilities. It was agreed that the partnership would be reorganized as a company when treaty would allow it. On July 17,1899, the treaty between Japan and the United States went into effect. Nippon Electric Company, Limited was organized the day with Western Electric Company to become the first Japanese joint-venture with foreign capital. Ernest Clement and Carleton were named as directors, Maeda and Mototeru Fujii were assigned to be auditors. Iwadare, Maeda and Carleton handled the overall management, the company started with the production, sales and maintenance of telephones and switches. NEC modernized the facilities with the construction of the Mita Plant in 1901 at Mita Shikokumachi. It was completed in December 1902, the Japanese Ministry of Communications adopted a new technology in 1903, the common battery switchboard supplied by NEC. The common battery switchboards powered the subscriber phone, eliminating the need for a permanent magnet generator in each subscribers phone, the switchboards were initially imported, but were manufactured locally by 1909. NEC started exporting telephone sets to China in 1904, in 1905, Iwadare visited Western Electric in the U. S. to see their management and production control. On his return to Japan he discontinued the system of sub-contracting and replaced it with a new system where managers. Inefficiency was also removed from the production process, the company paid higher salaries with incentives for efficiency. New accounting and cost controls were put in place, and time clocks installed, between 1899 and 1907 the number of telephone subscribers in Japan rose from 35,000 to 95,000
21.
MIDI
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A single MIDI link can carry up to sixteen channels of information, each of which can be routed to a separate device. These messages are sent via a MIDI cable to other devices where they control sound generation, a simple example of a MIDI setup is the use of a MIDI controller such as an electronic musical keyboard to trigger sounds created by a sound module. This MIDI data can also be recorded into a hardware or software device called a sequencer, advantages of MIDI include compactness, ease of modification and manipulation and a wide choice of electronic instruments and synthesizer or digitally-sampled sounds. MIDI technology was standardized in 1983 by a panel of industry representatives. In June 1981, Roland founder Ikutaro Kakehashi proposed the idea of standardization to Oberheim Electronics founder Tom Oberheim, in October 1981, Kakehashi, Oberheim and Smith discussed the idea with representatives from Yamaha, Korg and Kawai. Smith proposed this standard at the Audio Engineering Society show in November 1981, MIDIs development was announced to the public by Robert Moog, in the October 1982 edition of Keyboard magazine. By the time of the January 1983 Winter NAMM Show, Smith was able to demonstrate a MIDI connection between his Prophet 600 analog synthesizer and a Roland JP-6, the MIDI Specification was published in August 1983. The MIDI standard was unveiled by Ikutaro Kakehashi and Dave Smith, MIDIs appeal was originally limited to professional musicians and record producers who wanted to use electronic instruments in the production of popular music. The standard allowed different instruments to speak with other and with computers. This interoperability allowed one device to be controlled from another, which reduced the amount of hardware musicians needed to own, MIDIs introduction coincided with the dawn of the personal computer era and the introductions of samplers and digital synthesizers. The creative possibilities brought about by MIDI technology have been credited as having helped to revive the industry in the 1980s. MIDI introduced many capabilities which transformed the way musicians work, MIDI sequencing made it possible for a user with no notation skills to build complex arrangements. A musical act with as few as one or two members, each operating multiple MIDI-enabled devices, could deliver a performance which sounds similar to that of a larger group of musicians. By performing preproduction in an environment, an artist can reduce recording costs by arriving at a recording studio with a song that is already partially completed and worked out. Educational technology enabled by MIDI has transformed music education and those new to the subject of MIDI might confuse it with digital audio. MIDI symbolically represents a note, whereas digital audio represents the sound produced by the note, MIDI was invented so that musical instruments could communicate with each other and so that one instrument can control another. Analog synthesizers that have no digital component and were built prior to MIDIs development can be retrofit with kits that convert MIDI messages into analog control voltages. When a note is played on a MIDI instrument, it generates a signal that can be used to trigger a note on another instrument
22.
KDDI
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KDDI Corporation is a Japanese telecommunications operator formed in October 1,2000 through the merger of DDI Corp. It has its headquarters in the Garden Air Tower in Iidabashi, Chiyoda, KDDI provides mobile cellular services using the au by KDDI brand. ADSL broadband services carry the brand name ADSL One, and IP telephony over copper is branded as Metal Plus, on April 1,2002, au by KDDI launched 3G networks using CDMA2000 1x technology.4 Mbit/s. On December 2006, au by KDDI became the first carrier to provide an EV-DO Rev A service at a rate of 3. 1Mbit/s,1. 8Mbit/s. Au by KDDI has been successful with its EZ wireless data services, EZweb, EZweb@mail, EZappli, EZchakuuta, ezmovie. It supports both Java ME and BREW application environments, in November 2004 au by KDDI introduced the music include ringtone download service Chaku Uta Full, for download of full length songs to mobile phones. Within six months from introduction, on June 15,2005, as of end of June 2005, au by KDDI has 20,122,700 customers, among which 18,723,200 are 3G CDMA2000 subscribers. It is Japans second-largest cellular operator with an increasing 20. 0% market share, on January 26,2006, the first pointing local search application, Mapion Local Search - Powered by GeoVector, was launched on the KDDI network on their GPS and compass equipped handsets. KDDI announced that it will collaborate with the Taiwanese manufacturer HTC Corp. to sell the mobile phone HTC J in Japan starting May 2012, the HTC J mobile phone will feature the Android 4.0 operating system. On October 21,2011 KDDI buys Content Delivery Network CDNetworks For $167 Million, KDDI together with Sumitomo Group signed an agreement with Myanmar State owned Myanmar Post and Telecommunication in July 2014 to jointly operate a mobile phone service in Myanmar for next 10 years. Consumer showroom is set in Harajuku called, KDDI Designing Studio, tU-KA, a subsidiary company of KDDI, was a 2G PDC cellular operator in three metropolitan areas, which did not apply a 3G license. TU-KA was best known for having singer Ayumi Hamasaki to appear in their commercials, tU-KA was closed on March 31,2008. DDI Pocket, a PHS operator, was owned by KDDI but has now been spun off as Willcom. The pipeline was expected to be completed by 2016-end, KDDI and Ericsson began working together in December 2015 in order to research and develop 5G technology. In 2003, several class action complaints were filed against DDI for misrepresenting and/or failing to disclose material facts about the Companys financial results, the parties agreed on a $4.4 million settlement in 2006
23.
Au (mobile phone company)
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Au, or au by KDDI, is a mobile phone brand in Japan marketed by KDDI in the main islands of Japan and Okinawa Cellular in Okinawa. According to the creator, the name au is based on the Japanese verbs for meet. However, KDDI explains that au comes from two letters stand for few words. A is for access, always and amenity, and U is for unique, universal, there is also a phrase, access to u that goes along the brand name. The network that would eventually become au was originally set up as two networks, DDI and IDO, iDOs network was based upon the NTT Hi-cap analog cellular system, and began operations in December 1988 in the Kanto and Tokai regions. DDIs network was run by independent phone companies, and began service in 1989 using the TACS system elsewhere in Japan, nippon Idou Tsushin was owned by Toyota, whereas DDI was owned by Kyocera Corporation. Au K. K. was established in November 2000 by the Kyocera companies as part of the DDI Cellular network, in 2001, the company was merged into KDDI, but its brand name was retained and applied to all mobile phone service under KDDI group. Au established a nationwide 3G network in 2003, replacing its previous service with CDMA 1X WIN service. Au started selling the iPhone 4S from 14 October 2011, au launched LTE service as au 4G LTE in September 2012. The service runs on traditional cdmaOne mobile phone networks at a rate of 64 kbit/s or on the new 1xEV-DO Rev A network with up to 3.1 Mbit/s downstream and 1.8 Mbit/s upstream bandwidth. In spring 2004, au became the first cellular phone based service provider to offer an unlimited use flat-rate plan in Japan. C-mail, Short Message Service EZchakuuta, A service which allows users to use song segments, usually 30 seconds or less, chakuutas rights are held by Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Chaku Uta Full, A service distributing full length songs over the mobile network, the selection offered is mainly pop music. The coding format is 48 kbit/s HE-AAC, the size of one piece of music is about 1.5 MiB. Downloaded content is secured on a card plugged into the mobile. Chaku-Uta Full is the trademark of Sony Music Entertainment Japan, eZchannel EZ Machi Uta, A service that allows users to customize their ringback tones with music, etc. EZnavigation, A service which is a component of EZWeb and allows GPS-enabled handsets to plot their position, eZnaviwalk, Gives scrolling map and audio navigation to guide you to your destination. Also displays restaurant, shop and weather information for the area, PC Site Viewer LISMO, au Listen Mobile Service
24.
Denso
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Denso Corporation is a global automotive components manufacturer headquartered in the city of Kariya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. After becoming independent from Toyota Motors, Nippon Denso Co. Ltd. was founded in 1949, about 25% of the company is owned by Toyota Motor. Despite being a part of Toyota Group of companies, as of year ended March 2016, currently, Denso ranks the fourth largest auto parts supplier. As of 2016, Denso Corporation consisted of 189 subsidiaries with a total of 151,775 employees, in 2013 Denso was listed at #242 on the Fortune 500 list with a total revenue of $43.1 billion. The word Denso 電装 is derived from the two Japanese words Den-Ki and So-Chi, moreover, Denso also develops and manufactures non-automotive components such as Household Heating Equipments, Industrial Robots and QR Code. The Denso Industrial Robot gained wide attention in Japan when it conducted a game of Shogi against professionals players. Toyota TS030 Hybrid which use a Denso Kinetic Energy Recovery System finished second in the 201324 Hours of Le Mans, Denso Wave is a subsidiary that produces automatic identification products, industrial robots and programmable logic controllers. They are noted for creating the two dimensional QR code, are a member of the Japan Robot Association and support the ORiN standard, Denso International America is the American subsidiary of Denso Corporation. In 1970, Denso Corporation decided to expand overseas from Kariya, in March 1971 Denso Sales California, Inc. was founded in Hawthorne, California. The company was staffed with only 12 associates, four of them were Americans, the objective of Denso Sales California was to promote their air conditioner systems to be options in Japanese-made vehicles. In May 1975 Denso Corporation opened a division, Denso Sales, in Southfield. In September 1975 Denso International America opened a center in Cedar Falls. This was opened due to an agricultural parts contract with John Deere including starter motors and meters, Denso International America employs over 17,000 people at 38 locations between North, Central, and South America. At year end, on March 31,2008, combined sales totaled $8.3 billion for all American locations. The conspiracy, which fixed prices and allocated components to such car manufacturers as Toyota and Honda, extended from Michigan to Japan, Denso agreed to pay a fine of 78 million dollars. EcoCute - CO2 refrigerant based automobile air conditioner FC Kariya DENSO Corporation Japan DENSO Global Company history books, wiki collection of bibliographic works on Denso
25.
Elisa (company)
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Elisa Oyj is a Finnish telecommunications company founded in 1882. It was called HPY HTF until July 2000, the mobile operations of Elisa were previously known as Radiolinja. Today Elisa is a telecommunications, ICT and online service company serving 2.3 million consumer, corporate, Elisa provides environmentally sustainable services for communication and entertainment, and tools for improving operating methods and productivity of organisations. In Finland Elisa is the leader in mobile and fixed network subscriptions. Cooperation with Vodafone and Telenor enables globally competitive services, Elisa is listed on Nasdaq Helsinki Large Cap with approximately 200,000 shareholders. Elisas revenue in 2016 was 1.64 billion euros and it employed 4,300 people, Elisa was originally established on 31 January 1882 by the electrical engineer Daniel Wadén as a telephone cooperative called the Helsinki Telephone Association. HPY began serving customers on 6 June 1882 by connecting 56 phone numbers, HPY started expanding during the 1930s by merging with smaller cooperative telephone operators. The company reached its current geographical operating field in 1958, the original form of incorporation, a mutual association, was changed to a legal cooperative in 1995. The cooperative was finally demutualised in 2000, Elisa launched the first commercial GSM service under the Radiolinja brand in 1991 and the worlds first commercial UMTS900 network on 8 November 2007. Investment company Novator Partners acquired a 10. 4% stake in Elisa in 2005 through a share swap when Elisa bought the smaller operator Saunalahti, Novator tried to revamp Elisa in December 2007, but was opposed by Finnish institutions such as Varma Mutual Pension Insurance Company. In October 2008, during the Icelandic financial crisis, Novator sold its stake in Elisa to Varma for 194 million euros
26.
SMS
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Short Message Service is a text messaging service component of most telephone, World Wide Web, and mobile telephony systems. It uses standardized protocols to enable mobile phone devices to exchange short text messages. SMS, as used on modern handsets, originated from radio telegraphy in radio memo pagers that used standardized phone protocols and these were defined in 1985 as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications series of standards. The protocols allowed users to send and receive messages of up to 160 alpha-numeric characters to, though most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages, support for the service has expanded to include other mobile technologies, such as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS. SMS is also employed in marketing, a type of direct marketing. Adding text messaging functionality to mobile devices began in the early 1980s, the first action plan of the CEPT Group GSM was approved in December 1982, requesting that, The services and facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and public data networks. Should be available in the mobile system and this plan included the exchange of text messages either directly between mobile stations, or transmitted via message handling systems in use at that time. The SMS concept was developed in the Franco-German GSM cooperation in 1984 by Friedhelm Hillebrand, the GSM is optimized for telephony, since this was identified as its main application. In this way, unused resources in the system could be used to transport messages at minimal cost, however, it was necessary to limit the length of the messages to 128 bytes so that the messages could fit into the existing signalling formats. Based on his observations and on analysis of the typical lengths of postcard and Telex messages. SMS could be implemented in every mobile station by updating its software, hence, a large base of SMS-capable terminals and networks existed when people began to use SMS. The technical development of SMS was a multinational collaboration supporting the framework of standards bodies, through these organizations the technology was made freely available to the whole world. The first proposal which initiated the development of SMS was made by a contribution of Germany and this proposal was further elaborated in GSM subgroup WP1 Services based on a contribution from Germany. There were also discussions in the subgroup WP3 network aspects chaired by Jan Audestad. The result was approved by the main GSM group in a June 85 document which was distributed to industry, the input documents on SMS had been prepared by Friedhelm Hillebrand with contributions from Bernard Ghillebaert. The last three words transformed SMS into something more useful than the prevailing messaging paging that some in GSM might have had in mind. SMS was considered in the main GSM group as a service for the new digital cellular system. In GSM document Services and Facilities to be provided in the GSM System, the discussions on the GSM services were concluded in the recommendation GSM02.03 TeleServices supported by a GSM PLMN
27.
SoftBank Group
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SoftBank Group Corp. is a Japanese multinational telecommunications and Internet corporation established on September 3,1981, and headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It has operations in broadband, fixed-line telecommunications, e-commerce, Internet, technology services, finance, media and marketing, semiconductor design, the company is headed by founder Masayoshi Son. SoftBank was ranked in the Forbes Global 2000 list as the 62nd largest public company in the world, between 2009 and 2014, SoftBanks market capitalization increased by 557%, the fourth largest relative increase in the world over that period. SoftBank bought COMDEX from The Interface Group in 1995, and in 1999 allowed organizers of COMDEX to restrict admission of media and they eventually sold COMDEX to Key3Media, a spin-off of Ziff Davis, in 2001. On January 28,2005, SoftBank became the owner of the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, on March 17,2006, SoftBank announced its agreement to buy Vodafone Japan, giving it a stake in Japans $78 billion mobile market. In April 2006, they bought a 23% stake of Betfair, in August 2006, SoftBank sold all its shares of SBI Group to a subsidiary of SBIs holding company, making SBI independent. On October 1,2006, Vodafone Japan changed its name, mobile phone brand name, and its mobile phone domain name to SoftBank Mobile, SoftBank. On January 28,2008, it was announced that SoftBank and this cellphone contains more than 400 platinum diamond, totaling more than 20 carat. The cost is said to be more than 100,000,000 yen, on February 3,2010, SoftBank acquired 13. 7% in Ustream with the option to increase shares to 30% by July 2011. On October 1,2010, Ayumi Hamasaki became the commercial spokesperson, on October 3,2012, the take over of competitor eAccess was announced, and was completed in January 2013. On July 1,2013, SoftBank announced that Willcom became a wholly owned subsidiary effective July 1,2013, eAccess was merged with Willcom, which resulted in a new subsidiary and brand from Yahoo. On October 15,2012, SoftBank announced plans to control of American Sprint Nextel by purchasing a 70% stake for $20 billion. On July 6,2013, the United States Federal Communications Commission approved SoftBank’s acquisition of the Sprint Corporation for $22.2 billion for a 78% ownership interest in Sprint. The acquisition involved payment of $17.2 billion in cash to Sprint shareholders, the transaction was financed by way of cash and a bridge loan from a consortium of banks. On August 6,2013, SoftBank bought 2% more shares of Sprint Corporation, in October 2013, SoftBank acquired 51% stake in Supercell for a reported $2.1 billion. In 2014, SoftBank co-designed Pepper, a robot, with Aldebaran Robotics. In May 2015, Masayoshi Son said he would appoint Nikesh Arora, Arora has been heading SoftBanks investment arm. On June 1,2015, SoftBank acquired additional 22. 7% stake in Supercell, increasing its stake to 73. 2%
28.
Digital music
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Digital audio is technology that can be used to record, store, generate, manipulate, and reproduce sound using audio signals that have been encoded in digital form. A microphone converts sound to an electrical signal, then an analog-to-digital converter —typically using pulse-code modulation—converts the analog signal into a digital signal. This digital signal can then be recorded, edited and modified using digital audio tools, digital audio systems may include compression, storage, processing and transmission components. Conversion to a digital format allows convenient manipulation, storage, transmission, modern online music distribution depends on digital recording and data compression. The availability of music as data files, rather than as objects, has significantly reduced the costs of distribution. Before digital audio, the music industry distributed and sold music by selling copies in the form of records. With digital audio and online distribution systems such as iTunes, companies sell digital files to consumers. This digital audio/Internet distribution model is less expensive than producing physical copies of recordings, packaging them. An analog audio system captures sounds, and converts their physical waveforms into electrical representations of those waveforms by use of a transducer, the sounds are then stored, as on tape, or transmitted. The process is reversed for playback, the signal is amplified. Analog audio retains its fundamental wave-like characteristics throughout its storage, transformation, duplication, analog audio signals are susceptible to noise and distortion, due to the innate characteristics of electronic circuits and associated devices. Disturbances in a system do not result in error unless the disturbance is so large as to result in a symbol being misinterpreted as another symbol or disturb the sequence of symbols. A digital audio signal may be encoded for correction of any errors that occur in the storage or transmission of the signal. This technique, known as channel coding, is essential for broadcast or recorded digital systems to maintain bit accuracy, the discrete time and level of the binary signal allow a decoder to recreate the analog signal upon replay. Eight to Fourteen Bit Modulation is a code used in the audio Compact Disc. A digital audio system starts with an ADC that converts a signal to a digital signal. The ADC runs at a sampling rate and converts at a known bit resolution. CD audio, for example, has a rate of 44.1 kHz
29.
Nokia
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Nokia Corporation, stylised as NOKIA, is a Finnish multinational communications and information technology company, founded in 1865. Nokia is headquartered in Espoo, Uusimaa, in the greater Helsinki metropolitan area, in 2014, Nokia employed 61,656 people across 120 countries, did business in more than 150 countries and reported annual revenues of around €12.73 billion. Nokia is a limited company listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange. It is the worlds 274th-largest company measured by 2013 revenues according to the Fortune Global 500 and is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, the company has had various industries in its 151-year history. It was founded as a mill, and now focuses on large-scale telecommunications infrastructures. Nokias dominance also extended into the industry through its Symbian platform. Nokia eventually entered into a pact with Microsoft in 2011 to exclusively use Microsofts Windows Phone platform on future smartphones and its mobile phone business was eventually bought by Microsoft in an overall deal totaling $7.17 billion. Stephen Elop, Nokias former CEO, and several other joined the new Microsoft Mobile subsidiary of Microsoft as part of the deal. Nokia has a history, dating back to 1865 when Fredrik Idestam. A second pulp mill was created in 1868 near the town of Nokia, in 1871, Idestam together with friend Leo Mechelin formed a shared company and called it Nokia, after the town of the second pulp mill. For the next 90 years, Nokia on its own would be a forest and power industry company, in 1922, Nokia was jointly-owned with a trio partnership with Finnish Cable Works and Finnish Rubber Works. Nokia Corporation now boasted many industries including rubber, forestry, cable, electricity, in the 1970s, the newly formed conglomerate started entering the networking and radio industry. Nokia also started making military equipment for Finlands defence forces, such as the Sanomalaite M/90 communicator in 1983, in 1979, Nokia went into a joint venture with television maker Salora, to create Mobira, which would lay out the foundation of Nokias future mobile phone division. In 1981, Mobira launched the Nordic Mobile Telephone service, the worlds first international cellular network, then in 1982, Mobira launched the Mobira Senator car phone, which can be considered as Nokias first mobile phone. At that time, though, Nokia had no interest at all in mobile phones and it is only due to the Salo, Finland-based Salora-Mobira that the idea was pushed through. In 1987, Finnish Cable Works discontinued production of cables at its Helsinki factory, nokian Tyres, a tyre producer that was originally formed as a division of Finnish Rubber Works in 1932, split away from Nokia Corporation in 1988. Two years later in 1990, Finnish Rubber Works followed suit and this allowed Nokia Corporation to solely focus on communications. Jorma Ollila became CEO in 1992, Nokias first fully portable mobile phone was the Mobira Cityman 900 in 1987
30.
PRS for Music
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PRS for Music was formed in 1997 following the MCPS-PRS Alliance. In 2013, PRS and MCPS-PRS Alliance realigned their brands and became PRS for Music, PRS represents their songwriter, composer and music publisher members’ performing rights, and collects royalties on their behalf whenever their music is played or performed publicly. PRS and MCPS are two separate collection societies with PRS running its own operations, providing services to MCPS under the name PRS for Music. The Performing Right Society was founded in 1914 by a group of publishers, to protect the value of copyright and to help provide an income for composers, songwriters. At the time, PRS collected fees for live performance from sheet music, PRS was distinct from both the activities of the Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society which was founded in 1910, and the Phonographic Performance Limited, founded in 1934 by Decca and EMI. The Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society began as Mecolico, the Mechanical Copyright Licenses Company, Mecolico licensed the mechanical rights within musical works and merged with the Copyright Protection Society in 1924. While Phonographic Performance Limited collected fees for playing gramophone recordings and this company, Britico, started to share computer facilities with PRS in 1970. After operating costs are deducted, the money is distributed to PRS for Music’s songwriter, composer and publisher members. The principal sources of PRS for Music revenue collection come from, broadcast channels, public performance, online, PRS for Music also has a number of tariffs for organisations in different sectors. Dependent on their size and the extent to each premises uses music, whether they are commercial premises or not, as well as other criteria, PRS for Music’s tariffs vary. ”In November 2015. The new JV would focus on servicing all UK public performance licensing customers and is anticipated to start licensing in 2017, Streamfair In July 2015, PRS for Music launched a pro-creator campaign called Streamfair. The campaign focused on four areas, Copyright Legislation, Online Licensing, Promoting the value of music creators, the campaign was supported by acclaimed songwriters and composers including Jimmy Napes, Michael Price, Crispin Hunt, Gary Clark and Debbie Wiseman. Heritage Awards The PRS for Music Heritage Award scheme launched in 2009 with the first award going to Blur, ceremonial plaques are unveiled to honour the performance birthplaces of legendary bands, artists and songwriters - as well as recognising the network of pubs, clubs and live music venues. Those honoured include Squeeze, Elton John, Pulp, Queen, in May 2016, PRS for Music announced its 2015 financial results, which showed a 8. 4% increase in distributions to its songwriter members. In 2007, PRS for Music took a Scottish car servicing company to court because the employees were allegedly listening to the radio at work, allowing the music to be heard by colleagues and customers. In June 2008, PRS for Music accused eleven police stations of failure to obtain permits to play music, in 2015, PRS for Music entered into a licensing agreement with the Berlin-based company SoundCloud after several months of litigation. Terms of the deal were not disclosed, the Santiago Agreement was established in 2000 between five European collecting societies including the UKs PRS for Music and Frances SACEM and Germanys GEMA. The agreement allows each collecting society to collect royalties on behalf of members of the other collecting society—e. g, PRS for Music would collect money for German artists listed with GEMA—but to restrict licences to be sold only within the member organisations home country
31.
Audio editing software
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Audio editing software is software which allows editing and generating of audio data. Audio editing software can be implemented completely or partly as library, as computer application, wave Editors are digital audio editors and there are many sources of software available to perform this function. Most can edit music, apply effects and filters, adjust stereo channels etc, Editors designed for use with music typically allow the user to do the following, The ability to import and export various audio file formats for editing. Audio editors may process the audio data non-destructively in real-time, or destructively as a process, or a hybrid with some real-time effects. Destructive editing modifies the data of the audio file, as opposed to just editing its playback parameters. Destructive editors are also known as sample editors, destructive editing applies edits and processing directly to the audio data, changing the data immediately. If, for example, part of a track is deleted, real-time editing does not apply changes immediately, but applies edits and processing on the fly during playback. If, for example, part of a track is deleted, the audio data is not actually removed from the track. In graphical editors, all changes to the audio is usually visible immediately as the waveform is updated to match the audio data. The number of effects that may be applied is virtually unlimited, editing is usually precise down to exact sample intervals. Effects may be applied to a precisely specified selected region, mixing down or exporting the edited audio is usually relatively quick as little additional processing is required. Once an effect has been applied, it cannot usually be changed and this is usually mitigated by the ability to undo the last performed action. Typically a destructive audio editor will maintain many levels of history so that multiple actions may be undone in the reverse order that they were applied. Edits can only be undone in the order that they were applied. Effects can usually be adjusted during playback, or at any other time, edits may be undone or adjusted at any time in any order. Multiple effects and edits may be stacked so that they are applied to the audio as an effect chain, a stack of effects may be changed so that effects are applied in a different order, or effects inserted or removed from the chain. Some real-time editors support effect automation so that changes to effect parameters may be programmed to occur at specified times during audio playback, the waveform does not usually show the effect of processing until the audio has been mixed-down or bounced to another track. The number of effects that may be applied is limited by the processing power of the computer or editing hardware
32.
Music industry
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The modern Western music industry emerged between the 1930s and 1950s, when records replaced sheet music as the most important product in the music business. In the commercial world, the recording industry–a reference to recording performances of songs and pieces, labels outside of these three major labels are referred to as independent labels. The largest portion of the music market for concerts and tours is controlled by Live Nation. Live Nation is a subsidiary of iHeartMedia Inc, which is the largest owner of radio stations in the United States. In the first decades of the 2000s, the industry underwent drastic changes with the advent of widespread digital distribution of music via the Internet. A conspicuous indicator of changes is total music sales, since 2000. In 2011, the largest recorded music retailer in the world was now a digital, Internet-based platform operated by a computer company, printed music in Europe, Music publishing using machine-printed sheet music developed during the Renaissance music era in the mid-15th century. The development of music followed the evolution of printing technologies that were first developed for printing regular books. After the mid-15th century, mechanical techniques for printing music were first developed. The earliest example, a set of chants, dates from about 1465. Prior to this time, music had to be copied out by hand, to copy music notation by hand was a very costly, labor-intensive and time-consuming process, so it was usually undertaken only by monks and priests seeking to preserve sacred music for the church. The few collections of music that are extant were commissioned and owned by wealthy aristocrats. Examples include the Squarcialupi Codex of Italian Trecento music and the Chantilly Codex of French Ars subtilior music, the use of printing enabled sheet music to reproduced much more quickly and at a much lower cost than hand-copying music notation. This helped musical styles to spread to cities and countries more quickly. With music printing, though, a composers music could be printed, as sheet music of major composers pieces and songs began to be printed and distributed in a wider area, this enabled composers and listeners to hear new styles and forms of music. A German composer could buy songs written by an Italian or English composer, and this led to more blending of musical styles from different countries and regions. The pioneer of music printing was Ottaviano Petrucci, a printer and publisher who was able to secure a twenty-year monopoly on printed music in Venice during the 16th century. Venice was one of the business and music centers during this period
33.
Fortune (magazine)
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Fortune is a multinational business magazine, published and owned by Time Inc. and headquartered in New York City. The publication was founded by Henry Luce in 1929, the magazine competes with Forbes and Bloomberg Businessweek in the national business magazine category and distinguishes itself with long, in-depth feature articles. The magazine is best known for the Fortune 500, a ranking of companies by revenue that it has published annually since 1955, in late October 1929, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 occurred, marking the onset of the Great Depression. In a memo to the Time Inc. board in November 1929, Luce wrote and we will recognize that this business slump may last as long as an entire year. The publication made its debut in February 1930. Its editor was Luce, managing editor Parker Lloyd-Smith, and art director Thomas Maitland Cleland, single copies of the first issue costed US$1. In fact, there were 30,000 subscribers who had signed up to receive that initial 184-page issue. By 1937, the number of subscribers had grown to 460,000, Fortune was also noted for its photography, featuring the work of Margaret Bourke-White, Ansel Adams, and others. Walker Evans served as its editor from 1945 to 1965. The magazine became an important leg of Luces media empire, after the launch of Time in 1923 and Fortune in 1930, Luce went on to launch Life in 1936. From its launch in 1930 to 1978, Fortune was published monthly, in January 1978, it began publishing biweekly. In October 2009, citing declining advertising revenue and circulation, Fortune began publishing every three weeks, marshall Loeb was named managing editor in 1986. During the years when Time Warner owned Time Inc, Fortune articles were hosted at CNNMoney. com. In June 2014, after Time Inc. spun off from its corporate parent, in the human resources field, for example, it publishes a list of the Best Companies to Work For. Lists include companies ranked in order of gross revenue and business profile, following the elimination of the editor-in-chief role at Time Inc. in October 2013, the top editors title was changed from managing editor to editor in 2014. In JSTOR Official website Fortune India Fortune China Fortune Turkey List of 100 Best Companies to Work For Fortune Data Store, complete downloadable list of Fortune 500/1000 Companies – 1955–2008
34.
Music sequencer
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This software also improved on the quality of the earlier sequencers which tended to be mechanical sounding and were only able to play back notes of exactly equal duration. Software-based sequencers allowed musicians to program performances that were more expressive and these new sequencers could also be used to control external synthesizers, especially rackmounted sound modules, and it was no longer necessary for each synthesizer to have its own devoted keyboard. As the technology matured, sequencers gained more features, such as the ability to record multitrack audio, Sequencers used for audio recording are called digital audio workstations. Many modern sequencers can be used to control virtual instruments implemented as software plug-ins and this allows musicians to replace expensive and cumbersome standalone synthesizers with their software equivalents. Today the term sequencer is used to describe software. Workstation keyboards have their own proprietary built-in MIDI sequencers, drum machines and some older synthesizers have their own step sequencer built in. There are still also standalone hardware MIDI sequencers, although the demand for those has diminished greatly due to the greater feature set of their software counterparts. Music sequencers are often categorized by handling data types, as following, or, the phrase samplers including Groove machines, etc. Also, music sequencer can be categorized by its construction and supporting modes, realtime sequencers record the musical notes in real-time as on audio recorders, and play back musical notes with designated tempo, quantizations, and pitch. For editing, usually punch in/punch out feature originated in the recording is provided. For detailed editing, possibly another visual editing modes under graphical user interface may be more suitable, anyway, this mode provides usability similar to the audio recorder already familiarized by musicians, and it is widely supported on software sequencer, DAW, and built-in hardware sequencers. Analog sequencers are typically implemented with analog electronics, and play the musical notes designated by a series of knobs or sliders corresponding to each musical note and it is designed for both composition and live performance, users can change the musical notes at any time without regarding recording mode. And also possibly, the time-interval between each note can be independently adjustable. Typically, analog sequencer is used to generate the repeated minimalistic phrases which is reminiscent of Tangerine Dream, on the bass machines, select a step note from a chromatic keypads, then select a step duration from a group of length-buttons, sequentially. In general, step mode, along with roughly quantized semi-realtime mode, is supported on the analog drum machines, bass machines. Software sequencer is a class of application software providing a functionality of music sequencer, the features provided as sequencers vary widely depending on the software, even an analog sequencer can be simulated. The user may control the software sequencer either by using the user interfaces or a specialized input devices. The early music sequencers were sound producing devices such as musical instruments, music boxes, mechanical organs, player pianos
35.
Sound recording and reproduction
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Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording, prior to the development of analog recording, there were mechanical systems for reproducing instrumental music, such as wind-up music boxes and later, in the late 19th century, player pianos. Analog sound reproduction is the process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Digital recording and reproduction converts the sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of digitization. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a variety of media. Whereas successive copies of an analog recording tend to degrade in quality, as noise is added. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound, long before sound was first recorded on cylinders or records, music was recorded—first by written music notation, then also by mechanical devices. Fowler, this. cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century. The Banu Musa brothers also invented an automatic flute player, which appears to have been the first programmable machine, according to Fowler, the automata were a robot band that performed. more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection. In the 14th century, Flanders introduced a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder, similar designs appeared in barrel organs, musical clocks, barrel pianos, and musical boxes. A music box is a musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth of a steel comb. They were developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century, some of the more complex boxes also have a tiny drum and/or bells, in addition to the metal comb. The fairground organ, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books, the player piano, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store an long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the rolls were hand-played, meaning that the roll represented the actual performance of an individual. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904, piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. A1908 U. S. Supreme Court copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, the use of piano rolls began to decline in the 1920s although one type is still being made today. The first device that could record actual sounds as they passed through the air was the phonautograph, the earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called phonautograms, made in 1857. They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it
36.
MP3
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Compared to CD quality digital audio, MP3 compression commonly achieves 75 to 95% reduction in size. MP3 files are thus 1/4 to 1/20 the size of the digital audio stream. This is important for both transmission and storage concerns, the basis for such comparison is the CD digital audio format which requires 1411200 bit/s. A commonly used MP3 encoding setting is CBR128 kbit/s resulting in file size 1/11 of the original CD-quality file, the MP3 lossy compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a continuous sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is referred to as perceptual coding or psychoacoustics. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce the precision of less audible to human hearing. MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group as part of its MPEG-1 standard, the first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hanover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio, which included MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III was approved as a draft of ISO/IEC standard in 1991, finalised in 1992. A backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio extension with lower sample and bit rates was published in 1995, MP3 is a streaming or broadcast format meaning that individual frames can be lost without affecting the ability to decode successfully delivered frames. Storing an MP3 stream in a file enables time-shifted playback, the MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency, in 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of auditory curves regarding this phenomenon. Ernst Terhardt et al. created an algorithm describing auditory masking with high accuracy and this work added to a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher, and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical bandwidths. A wide variety of compression algorithms were reported in IEEEs refereed Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. The genesis of the MP3 technology is described in a paper from Professor Hans Musmann who chaired the ISO MPEG Audio group for several years. The immediate predecessors of MP3 were Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain, the first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder in hardware, was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on Motorola 56000 DSP chips. Another predecessor of the MP3 format and technology is to be found in the perceptual codec MUSICAM based on an integer arithmetics 32 sub-bands filterbank, driven by a psychoacoustic model. It was primarily designed for Digital Audio Broadcasting and digital TV and this codec incorporated into a broadcasting system using COFDM modulation was demonstrated on air and on the field together with Radio Canada and CRC Canada during the NAB show in 1991. F. As a doctoral student at Germanys University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on music compression in the early 1980s
37.
Chemistry (band)
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Chemistry was a Japanese pop duo, composed of Yoshikuni Dōchin and Kaname Kawabata born January 28,1979. They were the winners of the Asayan audition in 2000 organized by Sony Music Entertainment Japan and their first single Pieces of a Dream was released on March 3,2001, and was the best selling single that year. Most of their singles have reached #1 on the Oricon charts and their #1 streak was broken by the KinKi Kids album H Album, Hand, scoring them a #2 rank for For. On March 6,2008, Kaname Kawabata married model Miki Takahashi and they met after she appeared in the PV for This Night. Their single Period was selected as the opening for the anime series Fullmetal Alchemist. In 2010, Chemistry worked together with the 4-person dance group Synergy to release Shawty, another joint work of the two groups will be released November 3,2010, titled Keep Your Love. In 2011, Chemistry was tapped by Bandai Visual to record a song for the OVA series, Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn, due to be the song for the 3rd episode. Merry-go-round, is due for release on March 2,2011 as a follow up before the OVAs actual release on March 5,2011. Their 15th single Wings of Words was used as the opening theme for Mobile Suit Gundam SEED DESTINY from PHASE-38 to 49 2002-04-10 R. A. W
38.
Karaoke
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The music is typically an instrumental version of a well-known popular song. Lyrics are usually displayed on a screen, along with a moving symbol, changing color, or music video images. In China and Cambodia, a box is called a KTV. It is also a used by recording engineers translated as ghost orchestra meaning there is no vocal track. The global karaoke market has been estimated to be worth nearly $10 billion, the concept of creating studio recordings that lack the lead vocal has been around for nearly as long as recording itself. The primary difference between Karaoke and sing-along songs is the absence of the lead vocalist, sing-alongs fundamentally changed with the introduction of new technology. There are various disputes about who first invented the name karaoke, One claim is that the karaoke styled machine was invented by Japanese musician Daisuke Inoue in Kobe, Japan, in 1971. Although the audio company Clarion was the first commercial producer of the machine they may have invented the machine. In Japan, it has long been common to provide entertainment at a dinner or a party. Japanese drummer Daisuke Inoue was asked frequently by guests in the Utagoe Kissa, realizing the potential for the market, Inoue made a tape recorder-like machine that played songs for a 100-yen coin each. Instead of giving his karaoke machines away, Inoue leased them out so that stores did not have to buy new songs on their own, Karaoke machines were initially placed in restaurants and hotel rooms, soon, new businesses called karaoke boxes, with compartmented rooms, became popular. In 2004, Daisuke Inoue was awarded the tongue-in-cheek Ig Nobel Peace Prize for inventing karaoke, Karaoke soon spread to the rest of Asia and other countries all over the world. In-home karaoke machines soon followed but lacked success in the American and Canadian markets, home theater systems took off, and karaoke went from being the main purpose of the stereo system to a side feature. As more music became available for machines, more people within the industry saw karaoke as a profitable form of lounge. It is not uncommon for some bars to have performances seven nights a week, commonly with high-end sound equipment superior to the small. Dance floors and lighting effects are becoming common sights in karaoke bars. Lyrics are often displayed on television screens around the bar. A basic karaoke machine consists of a player, microphone inputs, a means of altering the pitch of the played music
