1.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
2.
Driehaus Architecture Prize
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The Driehaus Architecture Prize, fully named The Richard H. The Driehaus Prize was conceived as an alternative to the predominantly modernist Pritzker Prize and it was initiated by fund manager and philanthropist Richard Driehaus and established in 2003 by the Richard H. Driehaus Charitable Lead Trust. It is presented annually through the the school of architecture at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, the most recent winner is 2017 laureate Robert Adam of ADAM Architecture, who was officially presented the prize March 25,2017 in Chicago. The award itself is a miniature of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. The award includes a prize of US$200,000. The award jury annually selects an architect who has influenced the field of traditional and classical architecture. The jury travels together to a city of architectural significance, exploring it together, the jury has included notable architects and educators such as Adele Chatfield-Taylor, Robert S. Davis, Paul Goldberger, Léon Krier, and Witold Rybczynski. In 2007, Driehaus announced that he would increase the prize given out annually through the Driehaus Prize. The two prizes represent the most significant recognition for classicism in the built environment. The following architects have been awarded the Driehaus Prize since 2003, list of architecture prizes Notre Dame School of Architecture The Richard H. Driehaus Prize. Richard H. Driehaus Prize official site, abdel-Wahed El-Wakil Wins 2009 Driehaus Prize. Duany and Plater-Zyberk Donate Driehaus Winnings, the designer of which of these buildings just won the USs richest architecture prize. The shape of things to come, pragmatic idealist, Jaquelin Robertson, Clem Labines Traditional Building, pp. 10–14, ISSN 0898-0284 Yee, Roger, Classicism vs. modernism,92,9, Architecture, pp
3.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
5.
Professor
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Professor is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a person who professes being usually an expert in arts or sciences, in much of the world, the unqualified word professor is used formally to indicate the highest academic rank, informally known as full professor. Professors conduct original research and commonly teach undergraduate, graduate, or professional courses in their fields of expertise, in universities with graduate schools, professors may mentor and supervise graduate students conducting research for a thesis or dissertation. Professors typically hold a Ph. D. another doctorate or a different terminal degree, some professors hold a masters degree or a professional degree, such as an M. D. as their highest degree. The term professor was first used in the late 14th century to one who teaches a branch of knowledge. As a title that is prefixed to a name, it dates from 1706, the hort form prof is recorded from 1838. The term professor is used with a different meaning, ne professing religion. This canting use of the word comes down from the Elizabethan period, a professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most Commonwealth nations, as well as northern Europe, the professor is the highest academic rank at a university. In the United States and Canada, the title of professor is also the highest rank, in these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees or equivalent qualifications who teach in four-year colleges and universities. An emeritus professor is a given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary, but they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, the term professor is also used in the titles assistant professor and associate professor, which are not considered professor-level positions in some European countries. In Australia, the associate professor is used in place of reader, ranking above senior lecturer. However, such professors usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution, in general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis. Other roles of professorial tasks depend on the institution, its legacy, protocols, place, a professor typically earns a base salary and a range of benefits. In addition, a professor who undertakes additional roles in her institution earns additional income, some professors also earn additional income by moonlighting in other jobs, such as consulting, publishing academic or popular press books, or giving speeches or coaching executives. Some fields give professors more opportunities for outside work, the anticipated average earnings with performance-related bonuses for a German professor is €71,500. The salaries of civil servant professors in Spain are fixed in a basis, but there are some bonus related to performance and seniority
6.
Yale School of Architecture
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The Yale School of Architecture is one of the constituent professional schools of Yale University. Yales architecture programs are an outgrowth of a commitment to the teaching of the fine arts in the university. Art was first taught at an American college or university in 1869 when the Yale School of the Fine Arts was established. Yale alumnus and educator Andrew Dickson White was offered the post as the first dean of the school, even earlier, in 1832, Yale opened the Trumbull Art Gallery, the first college-affiliated gallery in the country. The Department of Architecture was established in the School of the Fine Arts in 1916, in 1959 the School of Art and Architecture, as it was then known, was made into a fully graduate professional school. In 1972 Yale designated the School of Architecture as its own professional school. The School is housed in the masterwork of its former Dean, the school also offers joint-degree programs with the School of Management and School of Forestry. Additionally, a course of study for undergraduates in Yale College leads to a Bachelor of Arts, Yales core program has always stressed design as a fundamental discipline. While initially associated with Beaux Arts pedagogy, the adopted a close affiliation with other modes of fine art, including sculpture, graphic design, painting. One of its most illustrious graduates, Eero Saarinen, produced a wide variety of student projects ranging from medals and currency to campus. When the Art and Architecture Building became its home, Paul Rudolphs design reflected this close integration between various fine art departments, the famed department of Graphic Design contributed consistently to architecture posters, publications and exhibits, particularly to Perspecta, Yales ground breaking student journal. Another distinguishing element in the Yale core program has been the Yale Building Project, in later years the program focused more on New Haven and Southern Connecticut. A recent book on the documents the extraordinary breadth and significance of the work produced by students, many of whom went on to become renowned architects. One of the first of its kind, made it possible for architects, only recently have the design professions embraced this wider field of study, spurred by the movement towards sustainability and inter-disciplinarity. Notable recipients of the degree included William J. Mitchell, later dean at MIT, and Steven Izenour, the Yale Urban Design Workshop is a community design center affiliated with the Yale School of Architecture. It was established in 1992 by School of Architecture professor Alan Plattus, as of 2016, the programs ten-year average ranking, places it 4th, overall, on DesignIntelligences ranking of programs accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board. Conversely, DesignIntelligences ten-year median ranking places the program 3rd, * denotes tie The school maintains an active publications program. It supports two student-edited journals, Perspecta and Retrospecta, a news magazine, Constructs, and publishes books
7.
15 Central Park West
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15 Central Park West is a condominium building located at the corner of West 61st Street and Central Park West in New York City. Construction started in 2005 and was completed in 2008, costing a total of $950 million, the building was designed in a New Classical style by Robert A. M. Stern. Ofer also owns the Altria Building,18 Gramercy Park, and a new residential tower at 50 United Nations Plaza. 15 Central Park West is considered by some to be one of New Yorks most prestigious residential addresses. As per Robert A. M. Sterns designs,15 CPW is divided two sections, a 19-story tower on Central Park West known as the house and a 35-story tower on Broadway. It includes such amenities as a driveway to screen residents from paparazzi. The New Yorker architecture critic Paul Goldberger wrote that 15 CPW was designed to echo Central Park Wests many notable late Art Deco buildings and he described the building in Vanity Fair as an ingenious homage to the classic Candela-designed apartment buildings on Park and Fifth Avenues. He compared 15 CPW to the apartment houses of the 1920s,778 Park Avenue,834 Fifth Avenue,1040 Fifth Avenue and 740 Park Avenue. 15 Central Park Wests limestone facade uses material from the quarry that was a source for the Empire State Building. The floor plan was designed so that almost all rooms have an open view,520 Park Avenue, Another building designed by Stern touted as the new 15 Central Park West Notes Sources Goldberger, Paul. The King of Central Park West, official website 15 Central Park West from City Realty 15 CPW The Upper West Side Book Global Holdings -15 Central Park West 15 CPW on Google+
8.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
9.
Museum of the American Revolution
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The Museum of the American Revolution is a non-partisan, non-profit 501 organization that is building a museum to tell the complete story of the American Revolution. The museum will open to the public on April 19,2017, the museum owns a distinguished collection of several thousand objects including artwork and sculpture, textiles and weapons, manuscripts and rare books. The museum expects to serve 500,000 tourists, regional visitors, the President and CEO is Michael C. Quinn and Philadelphia area media entrepreneur and philanthropist H. F. “Gerry” Lenfest serves as Chairman of the Board of Directors, the museum will be located in the historic heart of Philadelphia, the city that served as the headquarters of Americas founding. On June 12,2012, architect Robert A. M. Stern unveiled designs for the permanent location, groundbreaking for the museum occurred in fall 2014 and construction is underway. The museum will rise three stories above the street and, with a basement, will encompass 118,000 total square feet. The design plans for the building include a shop and café which opens to the sidewalk. The first floor interior is organized around a central interior court and features a cross-vaulted ticketing lobby, a multi-use theater. The second floor features 18,000 square feet of galleries, the museum intends to seek Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Silver certification. The museum plans to open in 2017, the Museums outdoor plaza will open on 25 September 2016. Visitors follow a chronological journey from the roots of conflict in the 1760s to the rise of armed resistance and he holds an M. A. and Ph. D. in American History from the University of Virginia. Dr. Stephenson is a specialist in colonial and revolutionary American history, also supporting the exhibition process is Dr. Philip C. He holds an M. A. and Ph. D. in American History from Harvard University, the Museum of the American Revolution has a rich collection of several thousand objects. Much of the collection is in storage awaiting display in the Museum of the American Revolution. A Dreadful Scene of Havock, Xavier della Gatta’s painting of the Battle of Paoli The Battle of Germantown, Museum of the American Revolution Official site
10.
Comcast Center
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Comcast Center is a skyscraper in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The 58-story, 297-meter tower is the tallest building in Philadelphia, originally called One Pennsylvania Plaza when the building was first announced in 2001, the Comcast Center went through two redesigns before construction began in 2005. Comcast Center was designed by architect Robert A. M. Stern for Liberty Property Trust, at the beginning of 2005, the final redesign and its new name—the Comcast Center—was unveiled. The building is named after its lead tenant, cable company Comcast, leasing 1,094,212 square feet, Comcast takes up 89 percent of the building. The building features retail and restaurant space and a connection to the nearby Suburban Station, in Comcast Centers lobby is the Comcast Experience, which is a 2,000 square feet high-definition LED screen that has become a tourist attraction. Designed to be friendly, the skyscraper is the tallest Leadership in Energy. In 1999, class A office vacancy in the city was at 6. 6%, eventually the developer settled on the location where he constructed this building, a 2-acre, $288 per square-foot parcel owned by Equitable Life Assurance Co. In 2000, architect Robert A. M. Stern began working on a design for a skyscraper being planned by Liberty Property Trust in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 2001, Liberty Property Trust announced its plan to build the 52-story One Pennsylvania Plaza in Center City. Anticipated US$400 million, One Pennsylvania Plaza was to be 750 ft, the site for the future skyscraper was at 17th Street and John F. Kennedy Boulevard, a site occupied by a building that housed the Defender Association of Philadelphia and a parking lot. Demolition of the began in 2002 and ended in 2003. Cable company Comcast had been looking for new headquarters space in anticipation of the end of its lease in Centre Square in 2006. Comcast was looking for more than 400,000 square feet of office space, Comcast was the only employer in the city with major expansion plans at the time. Comcast was considering staying in Centre Square, while also contemplating moving their headquarters to the new Cira Centre building or One Pennsylvania Plaza, Comcast was spread out over 10 floors in two buildings at Centre Square and wanted space on contiguous floors. In January 2004, Liberty Property Trust unveiled a redesign for the building, the redesign turned One Pennsylvania Plaza into a 60-story,962 feet tower, making it the tallest building in the city. In the redesign, the stone was changed to a lighter granite. The redesign was a result of discussions that had begun in 2003 with Comcast about moving into the tower, on January 3,2004, Liberty Property Trust signed a 15½-year lease with Comcast and a construction contract with L. F. Driscoll Co. Liberty Property Trust also unveiled another redesign of the building and its new name, the now 975 feet, 58-story Comcast Center would no longer have a pyramid top and would have a complete glass facade. The architectural model was created by Richard Tenguerian, Liberty Property Trust hoped to get the One Pennsylvania Plaza site designated a Keystone Opportunity Improvement Zone
11.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
12.
Bachelor's degree
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A bachelors degree or baccalaureate is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelors degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, by the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word came to be associated with bacca lauri in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours. An honours degree generally requires an academic standard than a pass degree. In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power, for example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French. The degree is typically identical to the program of Frances universities, bachelors degree programs cover most of the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such as Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science. Bachelors degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years, the system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One, Second Class Division Two and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degrees are named by British tradition, but in recent years there have been a numbers of degrees named after specific subjects, such as Bachelor of Library, in Morocco, a bachelors degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah. The course of study takes three years, which are divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year, after successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization or professional specialization. The second cycle is one long, after whose completion students receive the licence détudes fondamentales or the licence professionnelle. This academic degree system was introduced in September 2003, University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelors degree, in cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year course, students are normally asked to leave if they must take longer. B. Arch. and other specialized undergraduate degrees, such as B. Eng, Science undergraduate degrees may require six months or a semester dedicated to SIWES but it is usually mandatory for all engineering degrees. A semester for project work/thesis is required, not excluding course work, the classifications of degrees, first-class, second-class, third-class and a pass
13.
Columbia College, Columbia University
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Columbia College is the oldest undergraduate college at Columbia University, situated on the universitys main campus in Morningside Heights in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It was founded in 1754 by the Church of England as Kings College, Columbia College is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States. The college is distinctive for its comprehensive Core Curriculum, Columbia College is highly selective in its admissions. For the class of 2021, the college accepted 5. 8% of its applicants, Columbia College was founded as King’s College by royal charter of King George II of Great Britain in the Province of New York in 1754. Due in part to the influence of Church of England religious leaders, samuel Johnson was chosen as the college’s first president and was also the college’s first professor. During this period, classes and examinations, both oral and written, were conducted entirely in Latin, hamiltons first experience with the military came while a student during the summer of 1775, after the outbreak of fighting at Boston. Along with Nicholas Fish, Robert Troup, and a group of students from Kings, he joined a volunteer militia company called the Hearts of Oak. In August 1775, while under fire from HMS Asia, the Hearts of Oak participated in a raid to seize cannon from the Battery. With the successful Treaty of Paris in 1783, the situation was stable enough for the college to resume classes in 1784. This 1787 charter remains in effect, the Columbia School of Mines awarded the first Ph. D. from Columbia in 1875. Also by this time, graduate faculties issuing the Doctor of Philosophy degree in philosophy, political science, and the natural sciences had also developed. Thus, in 1896, the trustees of Columbia College, under the guidance of Seth Low, approved a new name for the university as a whole, Columbia University in the City of New York. At this point, the name Columbia College returned to being used solely to refer to the undergraduate college, founded as King’s College in 1754. A tract for the campus was purchased which extended from 114th St. to 120th St. between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue. Charles McKim of McKim, Mead, and White was selected to design the new campus, Columbia College and Columbia University as a whole relocated to the new campus in 1897. Also in 1919, a course, War and Peace, was required of all Columbia College students in addition to the Great Books Honors Seminar. During the 1960s, Columbia College, like others across the United States, experienced unrest and turmoil due to the ongoing civil rights movement. University officials wished to build new facilities in the park
14.
Vincent Scully
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Vincent Joseph Scully, Jr. is Sterling Professor Emeritus of the History of Art in Architecture at Yale University, and the author of several books on the subject. Architect Philip Johnson once described Scully as the most influential architectural teacher ever and his lectures at Yale were known to attract casual visitors and packed houses, and regularly received standing ovations. Born and raised in New Haven, Connecticut, Scully attended Hillhouse High School, at the age of 16, he entered Yale University. He earned his BA degree from Yale in 1940, his M. A. in 1947 and he has taught classes at Yale since 1947, often to packed lecture rooms. He is also a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Miami, Scully officially retired from Yale in 1991, but continued giving courses there and at the University of Miami. He announced in 2009, however, at the age of 89, scullys early advocacy was critical to the emergence of both Louis I. Kahn and Robert Venturi as important 20th Century architects. Scully was a critic of the 1963 destruction of New Yorks original Pennsylvania Station, memorably writing. One scuttles in now like a rat, in 1952, Scully and his co-author Antoinette Downing won the Alice Davis Hitchcock Award for their book, The Architectural Heritage of Newport. In 1995, the National Endowment for the Humanities chose Scully to deliver the Jefferson Lecture and his lecture was on the topic of The Architecture of Community, a concept that became central to his architectural philosophy. Scully himself was the first honoree, in 2003 the Urban Land Institute awarded Scully its J. C. Nichols Prize for Visionary Urban Development. In 2004, President George W. Bush presented Scully with the National Medal of Arts, the medal citation read, For his remarkable contributions to the history of design and modern architecture, including his influential teaching as an architectural historian. 2013 Trinity University Press The Earth, the Temple, and the Gods, modern Architecture - The Architecture of Democracy 1961,1974 The Earth, the Temple, and the Gods, Greek Sacred Architecture 1962
15.
Philip Johnson
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In 1978 he was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal and in 1979 the first Pritzker Architecture Prize. Johnson was born in Cleveland, Ohio on July 8,1906 and he was descended from the Jansen family of New Amsterdam, and included among his ancestors the Huguenot Jacques Cortelyou, who laid out the first town plan of New Amsterdam for Peter Stuyvesant. In 1928 he met Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who was at the time designing the German Pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition. The meeting formed the basis for a relationship of both collaboration and competition In 1930, Johnson joined the architecture department of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. There he arranged for American visits by Gropius and Le Corbusier, in 1932, working with Hitchcock and Alfred H. Barr, Jr. and Henry-Russell Hitchcock, he organized the first exhibition on Modern architecture at the Museum of Modern Art in 1932. The show and their published book International Style, Modern Architecture Since 1922 played an important part in introducing modern architecture to the American public. When the rise of the Nazis in Germany forced the modernists Marcel Breuer and Mies van der Rohe to leave Germany, in 1936, in the depths of the Great Depression, he left the Museum of Modern Art for a brief venture into journalism and politics. In his 1994 biography of Johnson, Schultze wrote, In politics he proved to be a model of futility and he was never much of a political threat to anyone, still less an effective doer of either political good or political evil. In 1941, at the age of 35, Johnson abandoned politics and journalism and enrolled in the Harvard Graduate School of Design, in 1941, Johnson designed and actually built his first building, a house still existing at 9 Ash Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The house, strongly influenced by Mies van der Rohe, has a wall around the lot which merges with the structure, after the United States entered World War II in December 1941, Johnson enlisted in the Army. He spent his service during the war in the United States. In 1946, after he completed his service, Johnson returned to the Museum of Modern Art as a curator. At the same time, he began working to establish his architectural practice and he built a small house, in th style of Mies, in Saaponack, Long Island in 1946. This was followed by one of this most famous buildings, which he built for himself, the Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, completed in 1949, which has become a landmark of modern architecture. Johnson had curated an exhibit of Mies van der Rohes at the Museum of Modern Art in 1947, the house is a 56 foot by 32 foot glass rectangle, sited at the edge of a crest on Johnsons estate overlooking a pond. The buildings sides are glass and charcoal-painted steel, the floor, of brick, is not flush with the ground, the interior is an open space divided by low walnut cabinets, a brick cylinder contains the bathroom and is the only object to reach floor to ceiling. The New York Times described it in 2005 as one of the 20th centurys greatest residential structures, Johnson continued to add to the Glass House estate during each period of his career. After completing the Glass House, he completed two more houses in New Canaan in a similar to that of Mies, the Hodgson House
16.
Charles Moore (architect)
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Charles Willard Moore was an American architect, educator, writer, Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, and winner of the AIA Gold Medal in 1991. Moore graduated from the University of Michigan in 1947 and earned both a Masters and a Ph. D at Princeton University in 1957, where he studied under Professor Jean Labatut. He remained for an year as a post-doctoral fellow, serving as a teaching assistant for Louis Kahn. It was also at Princeton that Moore developed relationships with his fellow students Donlyn Lyndon, William Turnbull, Jr. Richard Peters, and Hugh Hardy, remained lifelong friends and collaborators. During the Princeton years, Moore designed and built a house for his mother in Pebble Beach, California, Moores Masters Thesis explored ways to preserve and integrate Montereys historic adobe dwellings into the fabric of the city. His Doctoral dissertation, Water and Architecture, was a study of the importance of water in shaping the experience of place. The dissertation is significant for being the first work of scholarship to draw from the work of Gaston Bachelard. Many decades later, the became the basis of a book with the same title. In 1959, Moore left New Jersey and began teaching at the University of California, Moore went on to become Dean of the Yale School of Architecture from 1965 through 1970, directly after the tenure of Paul Rudolph. In 1975, he moved to the University of California, Los Angeles where he continued teaching, finally, in 1985, he became the ONeil Ford Centennial Professor of Architecture at the University of Texas at Austin. Moores outgoing, absorptive, and engaging personality and his dedication to innovation, collaboration, debate, with Kent Bloomer, Moore founded the Yale Building Project in 1967 as a way both to demonstrate social responsibility and demystify the construction process for first-year students. The project remains active at Yale, the constant changes resulted, in part, from Moores extensive worldwide travel and his moves to California and then to Austin, Texas. His mid-1960s New Haven residence, published in Playboy, featured an open, freestanding shower in the middle of the room, such design features made Moore one of the chief innovators of postmodern architecture, along with Robert Venturi and Michael Graves, among others. Moores Piazza dItalia, a public plaza in New Orleans. In addition to his work as an architect and university educator, Moore was a prolific author. Many other books, monographs, and articles document his designs, the City Observed, Los Angeles remains an excellent guide to Los Angeles significant architecture. The Charles W. Moore Foundation was established in 1997 in Austin, Texas to preserve Moores last home and its non-profit programs include residencies, conferences, lectures, and publication of PLACENOTES, a travel guide. His last work, the Washington State History Museum in Tacoma, Washington Notes The Charles W. Moore Foundation, Austin, Texas Charles W
17.
Robert Venturi
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Robert Charles Venturi, Jr. is an American architect, founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one of the major architectural figures in the twentieth century. Together with his wife and partner, Denise Scott Brown, he helped to shape the way that architects, planners and students experience and think about architecture and their buildings, planning, theoretical writings, and teaching have also contributed to the expansion of discourse about architecture. Venturi was awarded the Pritzker Prize in Architecture in 1991, the prize was awarded to him alone, a group of women architects attempted to get her name added retroactively to the prize, but the Pritzker Prize jury declined to do so. Venturi is also known for coining the maxim Less is a bore, Venturi lives in Philadelphia with Denise Scott Brown. Venturi was born in Philadelphia to Robert Venturi, Sr. Venturi attended school at the Episcopal Academy in Merion, Pennsylvania. He graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University in 1947 where he was a member-elect of Phi Beta Kappa and he received his M. F. A. from Princeton in 1950. In 1951 he briefly worked under Eero Saarinen in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan and he was awarded the Rome Prize Fellowship at the American Academy in Rome in 1954, where he studied and toured Europe for two years. From 1954 to 1965, Venturi held teaching positions at the University of Pennsylvania, where he served as Kahns teaching assistant, an instructor and it was there, in 1960, that he met fellow faculty member, architect and planner Denise Scott Brown. Venturi taught later at the Yale School of Architecture and was a lecturer with Scott Brown in 2003 at Harvard Universitys Graduate School of Design. A controversial critic of the blithely functionalist and symbolically vacuous architecture of modernism during the 1950s. Derived from course lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, Venturi received a grant from the Graham Foundation in 1965 to aid in its completion, the book demonstrated, through countless examples, an approach to understanding architectural composition and complexity, and the resulting richness and interest. Drawing from both vernacular and high-style sources, Venturi introduced new lessons from the buildings of both familiar and then forgotten. The book has been translated and published in 18 languages, immediately hailed as a theorist and designer with radical ideas, Venturi went to teach a series of studios at the Yale School of Architecture in the mid-1960s. This second manifesto was an even more stinging rebuke to orthodox modernism, the book coined the terms Duck and Decorated Shed — descriptions of the two predominant ways of embodying iconography in buildings. The work of Venturi, Rauch and Scott Brown adopted the strategy, producing formally simple decorated sheds with rich, complex. Though he and his wife co-authored several additional books at the end of the century, venturis buildings typically juxtapose architectural systems, elements and aims, to acknowledge the conflicts often inherent in a project or site. Venturi created the firm Venturi and Short with William Short in 1960, after John Rauch replaced Short as partner in 1964, the firms name changed to Venturi and Rauch. Venturi married Denise Scott Brown on July 23,1967 in Santa Monica, California, in 1980, The firms name became Venturi, Rauch and Scott Brown, and after Rauchs resignation in 1989, Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates
18.
Romaldo Giurgola
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Romaldo Aldo Giurgola AO was an Italian academic, architect, professor, and author. Giurgola was born in Rome, Italy in 1920, after service in the Italian armed forces during World War II, he was educated at the Sapienza University of Rome. He studied architecture at the University of Rome, completing the equivalent of a B. Arch. with honors in 1949 and that same year, he moved to the United States and received a masters degree in architecture from Columbia University. In 1954, Giurgola accepted a position as an assistant professor of architecture at the University of Pennsylvania, shortly thereafter, Giurgola formed Mitchell/Giurgola Architects in Philadelphia with Ehrman B. Mitchell in 1958. In 1966, Giurgola became chair of the Columbia University School of Architecture and Planning in New York City, in 1978 under Giurgolas direction, the firm won an international competition to design a new Australian parliament building. Giurgola moved to Canberra, Australia to oversee the project, in 1989, upon its completion, the Parliament House was recognized with the top award for public architecture in Australia. Giurgola was a professor at Cornell University and at the University of Pennsylvania and he was later named the Ware Professor Emeritus of Architecture at Columbia. It was one of the first NPS visitors centers that became a type unto itself. It was seen as a break with strict modernist tenets in its respect for the site, in Philadelphia, Giurgola had formed a relationship with Louis Kahn, who held similar views. In April 1961 the architectural critic Jan Rowan grouped Giurgola, Kahn, Robert Venturi, George Qualls, Robert Geddes and others, Giurgola published several books on Kahns work and philosophy. Giurgola was invited to join the panel of judges for the 1980 international competition for the landmark Australian Parliament House in Canberra, instead, he chose to enter the competition. After winning, Giurgola moved to Australia and practiced there and he adopted Australian citizenship in January 2000. The ACSA honored Giurgola with the ACSA Distinguished Professor Award in 1987-88 and he was awarded the RAIA Gold Medal by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 1988. In January 1989 he was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia, for service to architecture, particularly the new Parliament House, the award became substantive when he adopted Australian citizenship in 2000. In 1990 Giurgolas second notable Canberra building, the modest St Thomas Aquinas Church in Charnwood opened in 1989, in 2001, he was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal, for service as Principal Architect of the new and permanent Parliament House. In 2003 he was awarded a doctorate from the University of Sydney. A resident of Canberra since the 1980s, by 2005 Giurgola had built his own house at Lake Bathurst near Goulburn, the portrait of Romaldo Giurgola painted by Mandy Martin, was gifted by the RAIA to the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra in 2005. Wright Brothers National Memorial Visitor Center, Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, additions to University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19.
Richard Meier
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Richard Meier is an American abstract artist and architect, whose geometric designs make prominent use of the color white. A winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1984, Meier has designed several buildings including the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art. Meier was born to a Jewish family, the oldest of three sons of Jerome Meier, wholesale wine and liquor salesman, and Carolyn Kaltenbacher in Newark and he grew up in nearby Maplewood, where he attended Columbia High School. He earned a Bachelor of Architecture degree from Cornell University in 1957, after graduation, Meier traveled to Israel, Greece, Germany, France, Denmark, Finland, and Italy, among other places, to network with architects. Meier is also the cousin of Peter Eisenman, an architect, theorist. In New York City, Meier worked for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill briefly in 1959, in 1972, he was identified as one of The New York Five, a group of modernist architects, Meier, Peter Eisenman, Michael Graves, Charles Gwathmey, and John Hejduk. Early in his career, Meier worked with such as painter Frank Stella and favored structures that were white. Meier first gained significant recognition for his designs of various residences in addition to The Atheneum in New Harmony, Indiana, today, Richard Meier & Partners Architects has offices in New York and Los Angeles with current projects ranging from China and Tel Aviv to Paris and Hamburg. Much of Meiers work builds on the work of architects of the early to mid-20th century, especially that of Le Corbusier and, in particular, Meier has built more using Corbusiers ideas than anyone, including Le Corbusier himself. Meier expanded many ideas evident in Le Corbusiers work, particularly the Villa Savoye and his work also reflects the influences of other designers such as Mies Van der Rohe and, in some instances, Frank Lloyd Wright and Luis Barragán. White has been used in many landmark buildings throughout history, including cathedrals. The Mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno included in his campaign platform a promise to tear down the big wall of Meiers Ara Pacis. The city plans to build a pedestrian area along the river. Its an improvement, says Meier, adding that the reason that wall was there has to do with traffic, once that is eliminated, the idea of opening the piazza to the river is a good one. The mayor’s office said Alemanno hopes to complete the project before the end of his term in 2013, in 1984, Meier was awarded the Pritzker Prize. The jury citation declared that Meier has created structures which are personal, vigorous, in 2008, he won the gold medal in architecture from the Academy of Arts and Letters and his work Jesolo Lido Village was awarded the Dedalo Minosse International Prize for commissioning a building. Meier is a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council and he was awarded the AIA Gold Medal in 1997. In 2013 Richard Meier was awarded the A+ Lifetime Achievement Award In 2010, paying tribute Meier on the occasion of his firms 50th anniversary, the Fondazione Bisazza presented the exhibition Richard Meier, Architecture and Design in Vicenza, Italy
20.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
21.
Peter Eisenman
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Peter Eisenman is an American architect. Considered one of the New York Five, Eisenman is known for his writing and speaking about architecture as well as his designs, Peter Eisenman was born on August 11,1932, in Newark, New Jersey. As a child, he attended Columbia High School located in Maplewood and he transferred in to the architecture school as an undergraduate at Cornell University and gave up his position on the swimming team in order to commit full-time to his studies. He received a degree from Syracuse University School of Architecture in 2007. He first rose to prominence as a member of the New York Five, five architects some of work was presented at a CASE Studies conference in 1969. Eisenman received a number of grants from the Graham Foundation for work done in this period and these architects work at the time was often considered a reworking of the ideas of Le Corbusier. Subsequently, the five architects each developed unique styles and ideologies and he currently teaches theory seminars and advanced design studios at the Yale School of Architecture. He is Professor Emeritus at the Cooper Union School of Architecture, previously, he taught at the University of Cambridge, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and the Ohio State University. Peter Eisenman founded the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in 1967 and his professional work is often referred to as formalist, deconstructive, late avant-garde, late or high modernist, etc. The heading also refers to the relationship and collaborations between Peter Eisenman and post-structuralist thinker Jacques Derrida. While his apathy towards the recent green movement is considered polarizing or out-of-touch, Eisenman employed fledgling innovators such as Greg Lynn and Ingeborg Rocker as early as 1989. Despite these claims of polarity and autonomization, Eisenman has famously pursued dialogues with important cultural figures internationally and these include his English mentor Colin Rowe, the Italian historian Manfredo Tafuri, George Baird, Fredric Jameson, Laurie Olin, Rosalind Krauss and Jacques Derrida. His focus on liberating architectural form was notable from an academic and theoretical standpoint, the Wexner Center, hotly anticipated as the first major public deconstructivist building, has required extensive and expensive retrofitting because of elementary design flaws. In the words of Andrew Ballantyne, By some scale of values he was actually enhancing the reputation of his building by letting it be known that it was hostile to humanity. His House VI, designed for clients Richard and Suzanne Frank in the mid 1970s, confounds expectations of structure, Suzanne Frank was initially sympathetic and patient with Eisenmans theories and demands. His largest project to date is the City of Culture of Galicia in Santiago de Compostela, in 2001, he won the National Design Award for Architecture from the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum. Falk House, Hardwick, Vermont,1969 House VI, Cornwall, Connecticut, New York, Oxford University Press,1987. ISBN 0-19-505130-0 Peter Eisenman, Diagram Diaries, Thames and Hudson,1999
22.
Frank Gehry
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Frank Owen Gehry, CC is a Canadian-born American architect, residing in Los Angeles. A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become world-renowned attractions and it was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, that jump-started his career. Gehry is also the designer of the future National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg on February 28,1929, in Toronto, Ontario, to parents Sadie Thelma and Irving Goldberg. His father was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian Jewish parents, a creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, with whom he would build little cities out of scraps of wood. With these scraps from her husbands store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses. His use of corrugated steel, chain link fencing, unpainted plywood and he would spend time drawing with his father, while his mother introduced him to the world of art. So the creative genes were there, Gehry says, but my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasnt gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things and he was given the Hebrew name Ephraim by his grandfather, but only used it at his bar mitzvah. In 1947, his family immigrated to the United States settling in California, Gehry got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern Californias School of Architecture. During that time, he became a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi, according to Gehry, I was a truck driver in L. A. going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasnt very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasnt very good at and didnt like and you know, somehow I just started wracking my brain about, What do I like. And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings and those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, Gehry graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from USC in 1954. After graduating from college, he spent time away from the field of architecture in other jobs. In the fall of 1956, he moved his family to Cambridge and he left before completing the program, disheartened and underwhelmed. Gehry returned to Los Angeles to work for Victor Gruen Associates, in 1957 he was given the chance to design and construct his first private residence at the age of 28, with friend and old classmate Greg Walsh. Built in Idyllwild, California for his wife Anita’s family neighbor Melvin David, The David Cabin, completed in 1958, beams protrude from the exterior sides and exposed, unfinished ceiling beams are prominent features. In 1961, he moved to Paris where he worked for architects Pereira, in 1962, Gehry established a practice in Los Angeles which became Frank Gehry and Associates in 1967 and then Gehry Partners in 2001
23.
New York metropolitan area
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The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States, with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi, while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi, encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. In 2012, the New York metropolitan area was home to seven of the 25 wealthiest counties in the United States by median household income. According to Forbes, in 2014, the New York City metropolitan area was home to eight of the top ten ZIP codes in the United States by median housing price, with six in Manhattan alone. The U. S. Office of Management and Budget utilizes two definitions of the area, the Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Combined Statistical Area, the MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The 25-county metropolitan area includes 12 counties in New York State,12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey, the largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Area. The New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area had an population of 23.7 million as of 2014. About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region, which includes seven counties in New York, New Jersey. This area, less the Pennsylvania portion, is referred to as the Tri-State Area. The New York City television designated market area includes Pike County, Pennsylvania, for instance, Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, the geographical, cultural, and economic center of the metropolitan area is New York City, which consists of five boroughs, each of which is also a county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, with a Census-estimated population of 8,550,405 in 2015, distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles, New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. Long Island is a located just off the northeast coast of the United States. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, North of the island is Long Island Sound, across which are the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island. Its population density is 5,571 inhabitants per square mile, Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. Long Island is the most populated island in the United States, known especially for recreation, boating and miles of public beaches, including numerous town, county and state parks and Fire Island National Seashore. The East End of Long Island boasts open spaces for farmland, passenger rail access is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Long Island Rail Road, one of the largest commuter railroads in the United States. Air travel needs are served by several airports – most notably Farmingdale-Republic Airport and Islip-MacArthur Airport, within Queens, it is home to John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, two of the three major airline hubs serving the New York City area
24.
The Hamptons
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The Hamptons, also called the East End, are a group of villages and hamlets in the towns of Southampton and East Hampton, which form the South Fork of Long Island, New York, U. S. The Hamptons form a seaside resort, one of the historical summer colonies of the American Northeast. Stony Brook Universitys Southampton campus is located in the Hamptons and these areas constitute the core vacation area of the east end of Long Island. The Hamptons are home to many communities, historically, it has been devoted to agriculture and fishing. Many farms are still in operation in the area, there are three commercial vineyards operating in the Hamptons as well. Given the areas geographic location, it maintained stronger commercial and social links to New England, many of the original settlers were from and most of the trade links were with communities in Connecticut. Indeed, much of the architecture and aesthetics of the villages in the Hamptons resemble New England. This is especially true for Sag Harbor Village and East Hampton Village, once direct rail links to New York City were established, the community of summer vacation residents expanded significantly. The Village of Southampton, which is the oldest of the Hamptons and it remains the largest, most diverse and arguably the most affluent of the Hamptons towns. The other villages and hamlets grew more slowly over time. The agriculture community became supplemented by artisans and professionals, and then by an influx of artists. As a result, the community in the Hamptons has deep roots extending back to the nineteenth century. The Art Village in Southampton and the community of Springs in East Hampton town hosted a number of resident artists, more prominently, the entire Hamptons region increasingly became a haven for affluent summer season vacationers. Other affluent communities developed over time in East Hampton Village, Wainscott, Sag Harbor Village became noted for its community of affluent African American residents who settled a number of bay front communities on the eastern side of the Village. These neighborhoods include Azurest, Sag Harbor Hills, Nineveh Beach, Eastville, land south of Route 27 is closer to the ocean, and the road served as a marker for social standing and land valuation. The most expensive neighborhoods lie south of the highway, and most of all in the so-called Estate Areas of Southampton Village, Water Mill, Bridgehampton, Sagaponack and East Hampton Village. Notable streets include Ox Pasture Road, Halsey Neck Lane, Coopers Neck Lane and First Neck Lane in Southampton Village and Lee Avenue, in particular, oceanfront property commands a high premium over other real estate. The oceanfront streets in Southampton Village and East Hampton Village rank among the most expensive roads in the country, Meadow Lane has actually been called Billionaires Row, and cited as having among the highest home values in the country
25.
Westchester County, New York
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Westchester County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. It is the second-most populous county on the mainland of New York, according to the 2010 Census, the county had a population of 949,113, estimated to have increased by 2. 9% to 976,396 by 2015. Situated in the Hudson Valley, Westchester covers an area of 450 square miles, consisting of 6 cities,19 towns, established in 1683, Westchester was named after the city of Chester, England. The county seat is the city of White Plains, the annual per capita income for Westchester was $47,813 in 2011. The 2011 median household income of $77,006 was the fifth highest in New York, by 2014, the countys median household income had risen to $83,422. Westchester County ranks second in the state after New York County for median income per person, Westchester County is one of the centrally located counties within the New York metropolitan area. They called the region Lenapehoking, which consisted of the area around, the first European explorers to visit the Westchester area were Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 and Henry Hudson in 1609. Dutch settlers began arriving in the 1620s, followed by settlers from England in the 1640s, Westchester County was one of the original twelve counties of the Province of New York, created by an act of the New York General Assembly in 1683. At the time it included present day Bronx County, and abutted then-Dutchess County to the north, by 1775, Westchester was the richest and most populous county in the colony of New York. Although the Revolutionary War devastated the county, recovery after the war was rapid, in 1788, five years after the end of the war, the county was divided into 20 towns. In 1798, the first federal census recorded a population of 24,000 for the county. Two developments in the first half of the 19th century – the construction of the first Croton Dam and Aqueduct, and the coming of the railroad – had enormous impacts on the growth of Westchester. The Croton Dam and Aqueduct was begun in 1837 and completed in 1842, now a National Historic Landmark, the Croton Aqueduct is considered one of the great engineering achievements of the 19th century. In the 1840s, the first railroads were built in Westchester, and included the New York and Harlem Railroad, the Hudson River Railroad, the railroads often determined the growth of a town, and the population shifted from Northern to Southern Westchester. By 1860, the county population was 99,000. The period following the American Civil War enabled entrepreneurs in the New York area to create fortunes, during the latter half of the 19th century, Westchesters transportation system and labor force attracted a manufacturing base, particularly along the Hudson River and Nepperhan Creek. In 1874, the portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County. These would later split from Manhattan to form their own county, during the 20th century, the rural character of Westchester would transform into the suburban county known today
26.
Walt Disney World
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The Walt Disney World Resort is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida. The resort is the destination of Disneys worldwide corporate enterprise. Opened on October 1,1971, Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company, Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot in 1982, Disneys Hollywood Studios in 1989, and the most recent, Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998. Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955, the Florida Project, as it was known, was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of rides. Walt Disneys original plans called for the inclusion of an Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow. Walt Disney died on December 15,1966, before construction began, without Disney spearheading the construction, the company created a resort similar to Disneyland, abandoning experimental concepts for a planned community. In 1959, Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955. Market surveys at the revealed that only 5% of Disneylands visitors came from east of the Mississippi River. Additionally, Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland, Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando, Florida – one of many – in November 1963. To avoid a burst of land speculation, Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres of land, in May 1965, some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County. In addition, two tracts totaling $1. Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street, U. S. A. in Magic Kingdom, the smaller parcels of land acquired were called outs. They were 5-acre lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company, most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land, which was mostly swamp at the time. Another issue was the rights to the land, which were owned by Tufts University. Without the transfer of rights, Tufts could come in at any time. Eventually, Disneys team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the rights for $15,000. Working strictly in secrecy, real estate agents unaware of their clients identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties
27.
Disney's Yacht Club Resort
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Disneys Yacht Club Resort is a New England nautical-themed AAA Four-Diamond Award–winning resort, at Walt Disney World. First opened on November 5,1990, it is one of several Epcot Area Resorts, Disneys Yacht Club is located next to a sister resort, Disneys Beach Club Resort, and across Crescent Lake from Disneys BoardWalk Resort. The resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts and it was designed by Robert A. M. Disneys Yacht Club Resort has received designation in the Florida Green Lodging Program, Disneys Yacht and Beach Club resorts share amenities and resources, including staff and management. Boat transportation from the resort runs to Epcot and Disneys Hollywood Studios as well as the BoardWalk, the resort is about five minutes walking distance from Epcot, and roughly 15 minutes walking to Disneys Hollywood Studios. Guests can use the entrance to Epcot through the World Showcase between the France and the UK Pavilions. The Yacht Club is home to a 73, 000-square-foot Convention Center shared with the Beach Club, the Yacht Club and Beach Club Resorts share one of the nations largest sand bottom pools, Stormalong Bay. The pool is a mini-waterpark, featuring a sand bottom swimming area, lazy river, a slide from a wrecked ship just outside the play area on the beach. Yachtsman Steakhouse - A restaurant that serves steakhouse dishes with a theme in a ship-shaped restaurant layout. Captains Grille - A casual dining restaurant for breakfast, lunch, and dinner and it features similar nautical theming to that of the Yachtsman Steakhouse, but in a more casual atmosphere. Hurricane Hannas - A poolside counter-service restaurant that serves mostly fast-food American cuisine, the pool complex offers a poolside counter-service restaurant and bar, a childrens shallow area, and an elevated tanning deck. It is centrally located between both resorts facing Crescent Lake, quiet pool - The quiet pool is located on the far end of the resort in a garden area. Lafferty Place Arcade - An arcade located next to the Beaches and Cream Soda Shop Ship Shape Health Club - A health, the health club is centrally located between both the Beach Club Resort and the Yacht Club Resort and offers fitness equipment. The center also offers massage therapy, bayside marina - The resorts lakeside marina offers a variety of watercraft available for rental including private cruises and fishing excursions. Shipwreck Beach - The resorts offer a white sand beach on Crescent Lake. Different Activities are also held on the beach including Movie Nights, tennis - The resort also has tennis courts. Disneys Yacht & Beach Club Convention Center is centrally located between the two resorts and features over 73,000 square feet of meeting space including two ballrooms and 21 breakout rooms. It is primarily accessible from the Yacht Club Resort via a walkway to its Lobby
28.
Disney's Beach Club Resort
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Disneys Beach Club Resort is a beach-themed deluxe AAA Four-Diamond Award–winning resort at the Walt Disney World Resort. It opened on November 19,1990, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. Disneys Beach Club Resort is located in the Epcot Resort Area, next to a resort, Disneys Yacht Club Resort. Disneys Yacht Club Resort and Disneys Beach Club Resort and Villas share amenities and resources, including staff, Disneys Beach Club Resort is home to a 73,000 square feet convention center which is shared with Disneys Yacht Club Resort. The villas on site are part of the Disney Vacation Club, sitting on 6 acres of land and this hotel was designed by Robert A. M. It is themed after seaside cottages found in Newport at the start of the 20th century, the resorts light blue motif distinguishes itself from the gray siding with red and white striped awnings of Disneys Yacht Club Resort. Boat transportation from the resort runs to Epcot and Disneys Hollywood Studios as well as Disneys BoardWalk Resort, the resort is about five minutes walking distance from Epcot, and roughly fifteen minutes walking distance to Disneys Hollywood Studios. Guests can use the International Gateway entrance to Epcot in World Showcase between the France and United Kingdom pavilions, Disneys Beach Club Resort has received designation in the Florida Green Lodging Program. There are both standard rooms and suites, some rooms also have a day bed in addition to 2 Queen beds or 1 King bed. The resort also offers a fifth floor Concierge Level with private access, a concierge lounge, turn-down service. The Concierge Level is home to the resorts Presidential Suite, all rooms were renovated in 2009. Rooms were also renovated from 2015-2016, rooms still have a beach theme, but are more modern with shades of gray, brown, and light blue. The hallways also were re-painted and re-papered, along with new carpets, Disneys Yacht & Beach Club Resorts features four full-service restaurants, a poolside counter-service restaurant, and several bars and lounges throughout the resorts. The main restaurant is called Cape May Cafe and offers a New England style clambake buffet most nights for dinner, Disney characters stroll around the tables during meals and greet guests. Cape May Cafe – A casual and character dining restaurant, Beaches & Cream Soda Shop – A casual dining diner-style restaurant serving ice cream and All-American food. The Stormalong Bay pool complex offers a poolside counter service restaurant and bar, an area for children. Stormalong Bay is centrally located between both the Beach Club Resort and the Yacht Club Resort, facing Crescent Lake, dunes Cove - A small quiet pool with depths ranging up to about five feet, changing/bathroom facilities, a jacuzzi tub and a few barbecue grills. Quiet pools – The Beach Club Resort quiet pool and jacuzzi is located on the far end of the resort
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Celebration, Florida
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As part of the Orlando–Kissimmee Metropolitan Statistical Area, Celebrations population was 7,427 at the 2010 census. Subsequent to founding Celebration, Disney followed its plans to divest most of its control of the town, the town itself remains directly connected to the Walt Disney World resorts via one of its primary streets, World Drive, which begins near the Magic Kingdom. Downtown Celebrations post office was designed by Michael Graves, the adjacent Welcome Center is by Philip Johnson, other nearby buildings are designed by well known architects including, Charles Moore, Graham Gund, Cesar Pelli, Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown. Response to Celebration has ranged from a visitor who said it resembled the too-perfect town of The Stepford Wives to those who see Celebration as an example of unabashed neo-urbanism. Total investment for the project is estimated at US$2.5 billion, the master plan was developed by Cooper, Robertson & Partners and Robert A. M. Stern, and the extensive landscape, parks, trails and pathways were designed by the San Francisco firm EDAW. Celebration is planned in an early 20th-century architectural style and is not zoned for high-density residences, Celebration was named the New Community of the Year in 2001 by the Urban Land Institute. DDC executives collaborated extensively with leaders in education, health and technology in addition to planners and architects to create the vision, Celebration is located at 28°19′12″N 81°32′25″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 10.7 square miles, of which 0.04 square miles. Celebration is under USPS ZIP code 34747, sometimes known as Kissimmee and this is due to the citys being unincorporated, as Celebration is not a subdivision and is still considered an unincorporated town. As of the census of 2010, there were 7,427 people,3,063 households, the population density was 704.9 people per square mile. There were 4,566 housing units at a density of 102. 4/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 91. 0% white,1. 5% black,3. 2% Asian,2. 2% from two or more races and 0. 26% Native American, hispanics or Latinos of any race were 11. 2% of the population. 24. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.96. The age distribution was 25. 6% under the age of 18, the median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 94.7 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $74,231, males had a median income of $51,250 versus $46,650 for females. The per-capita income for the CDP was $39,521, and 4. 1% of the population lived below the poverty line, the area is organized under state law as a community development district. As a result, voting is restricted to local landowners, the largest landowners are entities controlled by The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
31.
220 Central Park South
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220 Central Park South is a residential skyscraper currently under construction, being developed by Vornado Realty Trust. It is located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, and is being designed by American architect Robert A. M. Stern, the tower is located along Central Park South, when complete the building will have 65 floors, and will include 150 units. When completed, the tower will be the tenth tallest building in New York City, the building that previously occupied the site was a 20 story building built in 1954. It contained 124 apartments, and was purchased in 2005 by Vornado for $131.5 million, after the purchase, Vornado entered a legal battle with its rent-stabilized tenants concerning their eviction. A court sided with Vornado in 2009, and the developer ultimately settled with tenants in 2010, demolition of the existing structure began in 2012 after the settling of a dispute between Vornado and Extell. Extell, another developer, owned the garage under the previous building. Demolition was completed in early 2013, Robert A. M. Sterns designs were released in early 2014. The plans were approved in March 2014, the building is one of several major developments on or around 57th Street and Central Park, including 432 Park Avenue,111 West 57th Street, and the Central Park Tower. The building originally called for a glass tower, contrary to the early plans, Robert A. M. Sterns designs call for a limestone-clad building, similar to other buildings by Stern such as 15 Central Park West. The building is one of three designed by Stern in Manhattan, joining 30 Park Place in the Financial District. The building is currently under construction, the building will have a porte-cochere, as well as a wine cellar, a swimming pool, a dining room, and a fitness room. List of tallest buildings in New York City List of works by Robert A. M
32.
520 Park Avenue
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520 Park Avenue is an American skyscraper under construction on East 60th Street west of Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. It was designed by Robert A. M. Stern, the building will cost US$450 million to build. The tower will be completed by 2017, the 54-story tower is being designed by Robert A. M. Stern Architects and developed by Zeckendorf Development Co. the same firms behind the celebrity haven 15 Central Park West and 18 Gramercy Park, sterns work, the building is New Classical in style. Like 15 Central Park West the buildings exterior is clad in Indiana limestone. It will also have some of the high expectations. Prices at 520 Park start at $20.5 million, the triplex penthouse is asking $130 million. The 54-story tower is another effort by Zeckendorf and architect Robert A. M. Stern, they collaborated on 15 Central Park West, which opened in 2008, a now legendary celebrity magnet, its units originally sold for a collective $2 billion, but some owners have already sold for three times their original investment. The tower at 520 Park, which is on track to be completed in 2018, inspired by the classic Upper East Side Pre-war architecture, but at heights that are truly modern. Stern-designed 520 Park Avenue will soar 54 floors into the Manhattan skyline, becoming the tallest, Zeckendorf Development is behind the 54-story limestone tower on 60th Street between Park and Madison avenue, and Robert A. M. Stern is the same team responsible for 15 Central Park West. Privacy and exclusivity is offered in form of 33 exclusive full-floor residences, Simplexes, the building will offer over 15,000 square feet of amenities, which is the highest ratio amenity space to residences of any residential building in New York City. The amenities will include a salon, a garden, a playroom, a club room, screening room, a pool. There will also be guest suites and wine available for purchase
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Four Seasons Hotel New York Downtown
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The Four Seasons Hotel New York Downtown, also known as 30 Park Place, is a hotel and residential skyscraper in Tribeca, Manhattan, New York City. At 937 feet, the property is the tallest residential building Downtown, offering panoramic views of the Midtown skyline. Below is a 185-room Four Seasons Hotel, with its own lobby on Barclay Street, the property was purchased in 2006, but funding for construction was not secured until 2013. Developed by Silverstein Properties, the tower was designed by Robert A. M. Stern Architects, in May 2013, Silverstein Properties secured $660 million for construction financing. Tishman Construction is managing the project, Construction began in the fall of 2013 and is expected to be complete in 2016. The building topped out in early 2015, and installation of the exterior, the hotel celebrated its grand opening on September 19,2016. It is the second tallest residential building in Downtown Manhattan, after 70 Pine Street
34.
Collegiate Gothic
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A form of historicist architecture, it took its inspiration from English Tudor and Gothic buildings. It is for us, as part of our duty as our highest privilege to act, Gothic Revival architecture was used for American college buildings as early as 1829, when Old Kenyon was completed on the campus of Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. Alexander Jackson Daviss University Hall, on New York Universitys Washington Square campus, was another early example, richard Bonds church-like library for Harvard College, Gore Hall, became the model for other library buildings. James Renwick, Jr. s Free Academy Building, for what is today City College of New York, inspired by Londons Hampton Court Palace, Swedish-born Charles Ulricson designed Old Main at Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois. Richards, architect, Harvard College – Memorial Hall, William Robert Ware and Henry Van Brunt, architects, and Cornell University – Sage Hall, Charles Babcock, architect. In 1871, English architect William Burges designed a row of vigorous French Gothic-inspired buildings for Trinity College – Seabury Hall, Northam Tower, Jarvis Hall – in Hartford, Connecticut. Tastes became more conservative in the 1880s, and collegiate architecture soon after came to prefer a more scholarly, inspired by the architecture of Oxford and Cambridge universities, and historicists but not literal copyists, Cope & Stewardson were highly influential in establishing the Collegiate Gothic style. In 1901, the firm of Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge created a plan for a Collegiate Gothic campus for the fledgling University of Chicago. Some of their works, such as the Mitchell Tower, were copies of historic buildings. George Browne Post designed the City College of New Yorks new campus at Hamilton Heights, Manhattan, the style was experienced up-close by a wide audience at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri. The Worlds Fair and 1904 Olympic Games were held on the completed campus of Washington University. The movement gained momentum when Charles Donagh Maginnis designed Gasson Hall at Boston College in 1908. Ralph Adams Cram designed one of the most poetic collections of Collegiate Gothic buildings for the Princeton University Graduate College, james Gamble Rogerss extensive work at Yale University, beginning in 1917, took historicist fantasy to an extreme. He was criticized by the growing Modernist movement, following McMaster Universitys decision to relocate to Hamilton, Ontario, Canadian architect William Lyon Somerville designed its new campus in the style. These buildings are among the most remarkable yet built in America and they are picturesque also, even dramatic, they are altogether wonderful in mass and in composition. If they are not a constant inspiration to those who dwell within their walls or pass through their quads or their vaulted archways, it is not their fault, the tower has been severely criticized as an archaeological abstraction reared to commemorate contemporary American heroism. The criticism seems just to me, though only in a measure, American heroism harks back to English heroism, the blood shed before Manila and on San Juan Hill was the same blood that flowed at Bosworth Field, Flodden, and the Boyne. Therefore the British base of the design is indispensable, for such were the racial foundations, Collegiate Gothic complexes were most often horizontal compositions, save for a single tower or towers serving as an exclamation
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Postmodern architecture
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The movement was given a doctrine by the architect and architectural theorist Robert Venturi in his 1966 book Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. The style flourished from the 1980s through the 1990s, particularly in the work of Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, in the late 1990s it divided into a multitude of new tendencies, including high-tech architecture, neo-classicism and deconstructivism. The architect and architectural historian Robert Venturi led the attack in 1966 in his book, Complexity, … I welcome the problems and exploit the uncertainties. … I like elements which are rather than pure, compromising rather than clean. … I am for messy vitality over obvious unity, … I prefer both-and to either-or, black and white, and sometimes gray, to black or white. … An architecture of complexity and contradiction must embody the difficult unity of inclusion rather than the easy unity of exclusion, Venturis second book, Learning from Las Vegas, co-authored with his wife, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour, further developed his argument against modernism. He urged architects take into consideration and to celebrate the architecture in a place. He argued that ornamental and decorative elements accommodate existing needs for variety, Rossi insisted that cities be rebuilt in ways that preserved their historical fabric and local traditions. Similar ideas were and projects were put forward at the Venice Biennale in 1980, the call for a post-modern style was joined by Christian de Portzamparc in France and Ricardo Bofill in Spain, and in Japan by Arata Isozaki. Robert Venturi was both a prominent theorist of postmodernism and an architect who buildings illustrated his ideas, after studying at the American Academy in Rome, he worked in the offices of the modernists Eero Saarinen Louis Kahn until 1958, and then became a professor architecture at Yale University. One of his first buildings was the Guild House in Philadelphia and these two houses became symbols of the postmodern movement. He went on to design, in the 1960s and 1970s, Michael Graves designed two of the most prominent buildings in the postmodern style, the Portland Building and the Denver Public Library. The building has since added to the National Register of Historic Places. The most famous work of architect Charles Moore is the Piazza dItalia in New Orleans, drawing upon the Spanish Revival architecture of the city hall, Moore designed the Beverly Hills Civic Center in a mixture of Spanish Revival, Art Deco and Post-Modern styles. It includes courtyards, colonnades, promenades, and buildings, with open and semi-enclosed spaces, stairways and balconies. Philip Johnson began his career as a pure modernist, in 1935 he co-authored the famous catalog of the Museum of Modern Art exposition on the International Style, and studied with Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer at Harvard. His Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, inspired b a similar house by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became an icon of the modernist movement and he worked with Mies on another iconic modernist project, the Seagrams Building in New York City. However, his buildings in the 1970, such as IDS Center in Minneapolis and Pennzoil Place in Houston were massive, sober
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New Classical architecture
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New Classical architecture is a contemporary movement in architecture that continues the practice of classical and traditional architecture. At the beginning of the 20th century, historicism and Jugendstil were still dominant styles in Germany, as early as the first major modernist movements like Werkbund and Bauhaus gained momentum in Germany, the desire to continue and develop classical styles sprouted. From 1904 until around 1955 the Heimatschutz style prospered in Germany, examples of this early new classical style are the Hamburg Museum, the Prinzipalmarkt in Münster and the market square of Freudenstadt. In Britain, architect Raymond Erith continued to design classical houses into the late 1960s, quinlan Terry, a New Classical Architect who continues to practice, was an employee, later a partner and now the successor of the late Raymond Erith. In the late 1970s several young architects in Europe began challenging modernist proposals in architecture and it received a boost from the sponsorship of Charles, Prince of Wales, especially with The Princes Foundation for Building Community. In the US, MIT and Cornell were the first, created in the mid-1970s, followed by Columbia, Berkeley, in these years postmodern architecture developed a critique of modernist architectural aesthetics. A broad spectrum of more than two dozen architects, theorists, and historians presented other alternatives to modernism. M, Stern, who practice both in post modern as well as classical modes. Some postmodernist firms, such as Stern and Albert, Righter, & Tittman, thomas Gordon Smith, the 1979 Rome Prize laureate from the American Academy in Rome, was a devotee of Charles Moore. Alongside these academic and scholarly developments, a populist and professional manifestation of new classicism has existed and continues to develop. The 1963 demolition of McKim, Meade and Whites Pennsylvania Railroad Station in New York City provoked the formation of Classical America and its chapters, led by Henry Hope Reed. In 2002, the then-named Institute of Classical Architecture merged with Classical America to form the Institute of Classical Architecture & Classical America. The ICAA publishes The Classicist, a peer-reviewed journal exclusively dedicated to the theory and practice of contemporary classicism in architecture, urbanism, the ICAA offers educational programs to architecture and design professionals, many of which follow the methodologies of the École des Beaux-Arts. In 2003, Chicago philanthropist Richard H. Awarded by the University of Notre Dame School of Architecture, Classical buildings also always account for the differences between the public and the private realms in addressing the urban and rural conditions where they are built. New classical architects also emphasize the awareness of sustainability, the aim is to create long-lasting, well-crafted buildings of great quality, some of these are, In India Tirumala S. V. Previously, this was taught in the undegraduate program, a Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture. Architecture in America, A Battle of Styles, Classical Architecture, An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms. The Art of Classical Details, Theory, Design and Craftsmanship, New Classicism, The Rebirth of Traditional Architecture. Classical Architecture for the Twenty-first Century, An Introduction to Design, matrana, Marc R. Lost Plantations of the South
37.
Vernacular architecture
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Vernacular architecture is an architectural style that is designed based on local needs, availability of construction materials and reflecting local traditions. At least originally, vernacular architecture did not use formally-schooled architects, however, since the late 19th century many professional architects have worked in versions of this style. It tends to evolve over time to reflect the environmental, cultural, technological, economic and this article also covers the term traditional architecture, which exists somewhere between the two extremes yet still is based upon authentic themes. The term vernacular is derived from the Latin vernaculus, meaning domestic, native, indigenous, from verna, the word probably derives from an older Etruscan word. In linguistics, vernacular refers to use particular to a time. In architecture, it refers to type of architecture which is indigenous to a specific time or place. It is most often applied to residential buildings, the terms vernacular, folk, traditional, and popular architecture are sometimes used synonymously. Traditional architecture is architecture is passed down from person to person, generation to generation, particularly orally, noble discourages use of the term primitive architecture as having a negative connotation. The term popular architecture is used more in eastern Europe and is synonymous with folk or vernacular architecture, ronald Brunskill has defined the ultimate in vernacular architecture as. The function of the building would be the dominant factor, aesthetic considerations, though present to some small degree, local materials would be used as a matter of course, other materials being chosen and imported quite exceptionally. The vernacular architecture is not to be confused with so-called traditional architecture, Traditional architecture also includes buildings which bear elements of polite design, temples and palaces, for example, which normally would not be included under the rubric of vernacular. The Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World defines vernacular architecture as. comprising the dwellings, related to their environmental contexts and available resources they are customarily owner- or community-built, utilizing traditional technologies. All forms of architecture are built to meet specific needs, accommodating the values, economies. Architecture designed by professional architects is not considered to be vernacular. Indeed, it can be argued that the process of consciously designing a building makes it not vernacular. Oliver also offers the simple definition of vernacular architecture, the architecture of the people, and by the people. Frank Lloyd Wright described vernacular architecture as Folk building growing in response to actual needs, since at least the Arts and Crafts Movement, many modern architects have studied vernacular buildings and claimed to draw inspiration from them, including aspects of the vernacular in their designs. In 1946, the Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy was appointed to design the town of New Gourna near Luxor, having studied traditional Nubian settlements and technologies, he incorporated the traditional mud brick vaults of the Nubian settlements in his designs
38.
Gimbels
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Gimbel Brothers was an American department store corporation from 1887 until 1987. The company is known for creating the Gimbels Thanksgiving Day Parade, Gimbels was also once the largest department store chain in the country. By the time it closed in 1987, Gimbels had 36 stores throughout the United States, the company, founded by a young Bavarian Jewish immigrant, Adam Gimbel, began as a general store in Vincennes, Indiana. After a brief stay in Danville, Illinois, Gimbel relocated in 1887 to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the new store quickly became the leading department store in Milwaukee. However, with seven sons Adam Gimbel saw that one store, no matter how successful, as a joke of the time put it, he had a surplus of capital and a surplus of Gimbels. In 1894, Gimbel acquired the Granville Haines store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with its arrival in New York, Gimbels prospered, and soon became the primary rival to the leading Herald Square retailer, Macys, who had a competing branch across the street. This rivalry entered into the popular argot, Would Macys tell Gimbels, to distinguish itself from Herald Square neighbors, Gimbels advertising promised more, Select, dont settle. Gimbels became so successful that in 1922 the chain went public, in 1925 Gimbels entered the Pittsburgh market with its purchase of Kaufmann & Baers. Also acquired in this transaction was Gimbels third radio outlet, WCAE, although expansion spurred talk of the stores becoming a nationwide chain, the Great Depression ended that prospect. Gimbel did increase the number of more upscale Saks Fifth Avenue stores in the 1930s, opening branches in Chicago, Boston and San Francisco. By 1930, Gimbels had seven flagship stores throughout the country and net sales of $123 million with 20 sites, by the time of World War II, profits had risen to a net worth of $500 million, or over $8 billion as of 2013. In 1962, Gimbels acquired Milwaukee competitor Schusters, and in that region operated stores from both chains for a while as Gimbels Schusters. By 1965, Gimbel Brothers Inc. consisted of 53 stores throughout the country, which included 22 Gimbels,27 Saks Fifth Avenue stores, and four Saks 34th St. Despite its limited presence, Gimbels was well-known nationwide, in part because of the carefully cultivated rivalry with Macys, the New York store received considerable attention as the site of the 1939-40 sale of art and antiquities from the William Randolph Hearst collection. The Slinky made its debut at the northeast Philadelphia Gimbels store, also, the Philadelphia Gimbels was the first department store in the world to move customers from floor to floor via the escalator. The idea of a department-store parade originated in 1920 with Gimbels Department Store in Philadelphia with the now known as the 6abc Dunkin Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade. Macys did not start a parade until 1924, when Gimbels closed down in 1986, television station WPVI took over responsibility for the parade, with sponsorship by Reading, Pennsylvania-based Boscovs. Currently, Dunkin Donuts is the sponsor of the parade
39.
George W. Bush Presidential Center
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It is located on the campus of Southern Methodist University in University Park, Texas, near Dallas. Before George W. Bush even became President, officials at Baylor University in Waco, not long after Bush became President, officials at Southern Methodist University began working on their bid for the library. The White House refused to discuss the issue until after the President had won a second term, in the latter part of 2005, the White House asked a total of six colleges and one city to submit bids for the library. The six were Baylor, SMU, the University of Texas System, Texas Tech University, the University of Dallas, the city of Arlington, Texas also submitted a bid. A few weeks later, Midland College announced it was merging its bid with Texas Tech to form a West Texas Coalition to win the library and museum. Part of the proposal was to create a Laura Bush reading center at Midland College while the presidential library. Each of the groups had benefits and drawbacks to their bids, Arlington had land to offer near the stadiums for the Dallas Cowboys and Texas Rangers. It was in the middle of an area that draws a large number of tourists every year. The lack of involvement was a large drawback to the proposal. Baylor University had substantial land to offer on the banks of the Brazos River in Waco, many Baylor students and faculty were supportive of the bid. The same could not be said of the UT System bid, on the plus side, UT Austin was already home to the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum and had experience in managing such a project. The drawback was the proposal to split the library up over several UT campuses around the state and this decentralized approach was sold as a way to create a virtual library that would benefit far more people. The UT system also submitted with its bid a downtown property under its ownership as well as offering the UT Dallas campus and it would also help rejuvenate the central Downtown area, which had been facing a flight of businesses and development towards the uptown areas. However, the idea of the UT system running the museum itself was found unfavorable and it was also located north of Dallas near the fast developing communities of Frisco and Plano. Texas Tech also had an amount of land to offer. The drawback to Texas Techs bid was the fact the school is located in Lubbock, the bid by the University of Dallas was a surprise to many. The private Catholic school in the Dallas suburb of Irving, Texas is not that well known outside of the Dallas metropolitan area. Its plans were apparently big enough to include a proposal to use some land from the City of Dallas, SMUs bid was mired in mystery from the start, especially with regard to where SMU would come-up with the land to build the facility
