1.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
2.
Florence
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Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the Metropolitan City of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants, Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the time. It is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has called the Athens of the Middle Ages. A turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family, from 1865 to 1871 the city was the capital of the recently established Kingdom of Italy. The Historic Centre of Florence attracts 13 million tourists each year and it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982. The city is noted for its culture, Renaissance art and architecture, the city also contains numerous museums and art galleries, such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti, and still exerts an influence in the fields of art, culture and politics. Due to Florences artistic and architectural heritage, it has been ranked by Forbes as one of the most beautiful cities in the world, in 2008, the city had the 17th highest average income in Italy. Florence originated as a Roman city, and later, after a period as a flourishing trading and banking medieval commune. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, it was politically, economically, and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe, the language spoken in the city during the 14th century was, and still is, accepted as the Italian language. Starting from the late Middle Ages, Florentine money—in the form of the gold florin—financed the development of all over Europe, from Britain to Bruges, to Lyon. Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the Hundred Years War and they similarly financed the papacy, including the construction of their provisional capital of Avignon and, after their return to Rome, the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome. Florence was home to the Medici, one of European historys most important noble families, Lorenzo de Medici was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century. Two members of the family were popes in the early 16th century, Leo X, catherine de Medici married king Henry II of France and, after his death in 1559, reigned as regent in France. Marie de Medici married Henry IV of France and gave birth to the future king Louis XIII, the Medici reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany, starting with Cosimo I de Medici in 1569 and ending with the death of Gian Gastone de Medici in 1737. The Etruscans initially formed in 200 BC the small settlement of Fiesole and it was built in the style of an army camp with the main streets, the cardo and the decumanus, intersecting at the present Piazza della Repubblica. Situated along the Via Cassia, the route between Rome and the north, and within the fertile valley of the Arno, the settlement quickly became an important commercial centre. Peace returned under Lombard rule in the 6th century, Florence was conquered by Charlemagne in 774 and became part of the Duchy of Tuscany, with Lucca as capital. The population began to again and commerce prospered
3.
Jeans
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Jeans are pants, a type of garment, typically made from denim or dungaree cloth. Prior to the Levi Strauss patented trousers, the blue jeans had been long in use for various garments. Originally designed for cowboys and miners, jeans became popular in the 1950s among teenagers, Jeans were a common fashion item in the 1960s Hippie subculture and they continued to be popular in the 1970s and 1980s youth subcultures of punk rock and heavy metal. Historic brands include Levis, Lee, and Wrangler, distressed jeans trousers have become increasingly fashionable, making pre-sale factory distressing a common feature in commercially sold jeans. In the 2010s, jeans are a popular article of casual dress around the world. They come in many styles and colors, however, blue jeans are particularly identified with American culture, especially the Old West. Research on the trade of jean fabric shows that it emerged in the cities of Genoa, Italy, gênes, the French word for Genoa, may be the origin of the word jeans. In Nimes, weavers tried to reproduce jean but instead developed a similar fabric that became known as denim, from de Nimes. Genoa’s jean was a fustian textile of medium quality and of reasonable cost, very similar to cotton corduroy for which Genoa was famous, nimes’s denim was coarser, considered higher quality and was used for over garments such as smocks or overalls. Nearly all Indigo, needed for dyeing, came from indigo bush plantations in India till the late 19th century and it was replaced by indigo synthesis methods developed in Germany. By the 17th century, jean was a crucial textile for working-class people in Northern Italy and this is seen in a series of genre paintings from around the 17th century attributed to an artist now named The Master of the Blue Jeans. The ten paintings depict impoverished scenes with lower-class figures wearing a fabric that looks like denim, the fabric would have been Genoese jean, which was cheaper. Genre painting came to prominence in late 16th century, and the subject matter in all ten paintings places them among others that portray similar scenes. Denim is not the only sturdy cotton fabric used for everything from working clothes to fashion items and this cloth was dungri in Hindi. Dungri was exported to England and used for manufacturing of cheap and it was rumored that men would carry dead dung beetles in their pocket for luck. In English, the word dungri became pronounced as dungaree, the importance of jean is also shown by the history of textile trade. Genoese sailors used jean to cover and protect their goods on the docks from the weather, during the Republic of Genoa, sailors exported jeans throughout Europe. Jean became popular in the United States when Levi Strauss & Co. s introduced blue jean overalls in 1873
4.
Perfume
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Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds, fixatives and solvents - used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces a pleasant scent. Ancient texts and archaeological excavations show the use of perfumes in some of the earliest human civilizations, the word perfume derives from the Latin perfumare, meaning to smoke through. Perfumery, as the art of making perfumes, began in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, the worlds first-recorded chemist is considered a woman named Tapputi, a perfume maker mentioned in a cuneiform tablet from the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamia. She distilled flowers, oil, and calamus with other aromatics, then filtered, in India, perfume and perfumery existed in the Indus civilization. One of the earliest distillations of Ittar was mentioned in the Hindu Ayurvedic text Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, in 2004 –2005, archaeologists uncovered what are believed to be the worlds oldest surviving perfumes in Pyrgos, Cyprus. The perfumes date back more than 4,000 years and they were discovered in an ancient perfumery, a 4, 000-square-meter factory housing at least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels, and perfume bottles. In ancient times people used herbs and spices, such as almond, coriander, myrtle, conifer resin, the book also described 107 methods and recipes for perfume-making and perfume-making equipment, such as the alembic. The Persian chemist Ibn Sina introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of distillation and he first experimented with the rose. Until his discovery, liquid perfumes consisted of mixtures of oil and crushed herbs or petals, rose water was more delicate, and immediately became popular. Both the raw ingredients and the technology significantly influenced western perfumery and scientific developments. The art of perfumery was known in western Europe from 1221, taking account the monks recipes of Santa Maria delle Vigne or Santa Maria Novella of Florence. In the east, the Hungarians produced in 1370 a perfume made of scented oils blended in an alcohol solution – best known as Hungary Water – at the behest of Queen Elizabeth of Hungary. The art of perfumery prospered in Renaissance Italy, and in the 16th century the personal perfumer to Catherine de Medici, Rene the Florentine and his laboratory was connected with her apartments by a secret passageway, so that no formulae could be stolen en route. Thanks to Rene, France quickly became one of the European centers of perfume, cultivation of flowers for their perfume essence, which had begun in the 14th century, grew into a major industry in the south of France. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, perfumes were used primarily by the wealthy to mask body odors resulting from infrequent bathing, partly due to this patronage, the perfume industry developed. In 1693, Italian barber Giovanni Paolo Feminis created a perfume water called Aqua Admirabilis, today best known as eau de cologne, by the 18th century the Grasse region of France, Sicily, and Calabria were growing aromatic plants to provide the growing perfume industry with raw materials. Even today, Italy and France remain the center of European perfume design, Perfume types reflect the concentration of aromatic compounds in a solvent, which in fine fragrance is typically ethanol or a mix of water and ethanol. Various sources differ considerably in the definitions of perfume types, the intensity and longevity of a perfume is based on the concentration, intensity and longevity of the aromatic compounds, or perfume oils, used
5.
Leather
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Leather is a durable and flexible material created by tanning animal rawhide and skin, often cattle hide. It can be produced at manufacturing scales ranging from cottage industry to heavy industry, people use leather to make various goods—including clothing, bookbinding, leather wallpaper, and as a furniture covering. It is produced in a variety of types and styles. Several tanning processes transform hides and skins into leather, Chrome-tanned leather, invented in 1858, is tanned using chromium sulfate and it is more supple and pliable than vegetable-tanned leather and does not discolor or lose shape as drastically in water as vegetable-tanned. It is also known as wet-blue for its color derived from the chromium, more exotic colors are possible when using chrome tanning. The chrome tanning method usually only takes a day to finish, and it is reported that chrome-tanned leather adds up to 80% of the global leather supply. Vegetable-tanned leather is tanned using tannins and other found in different vegetable matter, such as tree bark prepared in bark mills, wood, leaves, fruits. It is supple and brown in color, with the exact shade depending on the mix of chemicals and it is the only form of leather suitable for use in leather carving or stamping. Vegetable-tanned leather is not stable in water, it tends to discolor, so if left to soak and then dried it shrinks, in hot water, it shrinks drastically and partly congeals—becoming rigid, and eventually brittle. Boiled leather is an example of this, where the leather has been hardened by being immersed in hot water, historically, it was occasionally used as armour after hardening, and it has also been used for book binding. Aldehyde-tanned leather is tanned using glutaraldehyde or oxazolidine compounds and this is the leather that most tanners refer to as wet-white leather due to its pale cream or white color. It is the type of chrome-free leather, often seen in shoes for infants. Formaldehyde tanning is another aldehyde tanning method, brain-tanned leathers fall into this category, and are exceptionally water absorbent. Brain tanned leathers are made by a process that uses emulsified oils, often those of animal brains such as deer, cattle. They are known for their softness and washability. Chamois leather also falls into the category of aldehyde tanning, and like brain tanning, produces a porous, chamois leather is made using marine oils that oxidize easily to produce the aldehydes that tan the leather to color it. Rose-tanned leather is a variation of oil tanning and brain tanning. Rose-tanned leather tanned leaves a powerful rose fragrance even years from when it is manufactured and it has been called the most valuable leather on earth, but this is mostly due to the high cost of rose otto and its labor-intensive tanning process
6.
Acne Studios
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Acne Studios is a multidisciplinary fashion house based in Stockholm, Sweden with own-brand retail stores in locations around the world. It was founded in 1996 as part of the creative collective ACNE, the fashion house offers mens and womens ready-to-wear fashion, footwear, accessories and denim, as well as special artistic collaborations and one-off projects. Acne Studios was founded in 1996 in Stockholm, Sweden as part of the creative collective ACNE that focused on design, film, production. The name ACNE stands for Ambition to Create Novel Expressions, in 1997, cofounder Jonny Johansson created one hundred pairs of raw denim jeans with red stitching and gave them away to friends and family. Wallpaper and Vogue Paris quickly picked up on the popularity of the jeans, in 2006, Acne Studios became a standalone company and separated from Acne Film, Acne Advertising and Acne Digital, at the same time launching their ecommerce website acnestudios. com. Acne Studios design mens and womens fashion, footwear, accessories. The main womens Spring/Summer and Fall/Winter collections are presented twice a year at Paris Fashion Week, the womens Resort and Pre-Fall collections are presented in New York and mens main collections are presented twice a year in Paris. According to the Acne Studios environmental strategy the company wants to produce wares that are high quality, Acne Studios avoids traditional forms of marketing and advertising, choosing instead to publish a biannual magazine called Acne Paper. Acne Paper covers the disciplines of art, fashion, photography, design, architecture, academia, each issue is based around a theme that is interpreted by selected contributors from their field of expertise. Contributors to Acne Paper have included Carine Roitfeld, Noam Chomsky, David Lynch, Lord Snowdon, Azzedine Alaïa, Mario Testino, Sarah Moon, Tilda Swinton and Paolo Roversi. Acne Studios has own-brand stores in locations around the world including Stockholm, Copenhagen, Berlin, New York, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Sydney, Antwerp, London, Paris, Oslo, Hong Kong and Tokyo. Acne Studios has collaborated widely with representatives from the industries to produce limited edition collections. Official website Acne Group official site Acne Studios Environmental Strategy
7.
Tuscany
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Tuscany is a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. Tuscany is known for its landscapes, traditions, history, artistic legacy, Tuscany produces wines, including Chianti, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Morellino di Scansano and Brunello di Montalcino. Having a strong linguistic and cultural identity, it is considered a nation within a nation. Tuscany is traditionally a popular destination in Italy, and the main tourist destinations by number of tourist arrivals are Florence, Pisa, Montecatini Terme, Castiglione della Pescaia and Grosseto. The village of Castiglione della Pescaia is also the most visited destination in the region. Additionally, Siena, Lucca, the Chianti region, Versilia and Val dOrcia are also internationally renowned, Tuscany has over 120 protected nature reserves, making Tuscany and its capital Florence popular tourist destinations that attract millions of tourists every year. In 2012, the city of Florence was the worlds 89th most visited city, roughly triangular in shape, Tuscany borders the regions of Liguria to the northwest, Emilia-Romagna to the north and east, Umbria to the east and Lazio to the southeast. The comune of Badia Tedalda, in the Tuscan Province of Arezzo, has an exclave named Ca Raffaello within Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany has a western coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea, containing the Tuscan Archipelago, of which the largest island is Elba. Tuscany has an area of approximately 22,993 square kilometres, surrounded and crossed by major mountain chains, and with few plains, the region has a relief that is dominated by hilly country used for agriculture. Hills make up nearly two-thirds of the total area, covering 15,292 square kilometres, and mountains. Plains occupy 8. 4% of the total area—1,930 square kilometres —mostly around the valley of the River Arno, many of Tuscanys largest cities lie on the banks of the Arno, including the capital Florence, Empoli and Pisa. The pre-Etruscan history of the area in the late Bronze and Iron Ages parallels that of the early Greeks, following this, the Villanovan culture saw Tuscany, and the rest of Etruria, taken over by chiefdoms. City-states developed in the late Villanovan before Orientalization occurred and the Etruscan civilization rose, the Etruscans created the first major civilization in this region, large enough to establish a transport infrastructure, to implement agriculture and mining and to produce vibrant art. The Etruscans lived in Etruria well into prehistory, throughout their existence, they lost territory to Magna Graecia, Carthage and Celts. Despite being seen as distinct in its manners and customs by contemporary Greeks, the cultures of Greece, one reason for its eventual demise was this increasing absorption by surrounding cultures, including the adoption of the Etruscan upper class by the Romans. Soon after absorbing Etruria, Rome established the cities of Lucca, Pisa, Siena, and Florence, endowed the area with new technologies and development, and ensured peace. These developments included extensions of existing roads, introduction of aqueducts and sewers, however, many of these structures have been destroyed by erosion due to weather. The Roman civilization in the West collapsed in the 5th century AD, in the years following 572, the Longobards arrived and designated Lucca the capital of their Duchy of Tuscia
8.
Macchiaioli
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This practice relates the Macchiaioli to the French Impressionists who came to prominence a few years later, although the Macchiaioli pursued somewhat different purposes. The movement originated with a group of artists, many of whom had been revolutionaries in the uprisings of 1848. In the late 1850s, the artists met regularly at the Caffè Michelangiolo in Florence to discuss art and they also found inspiration in the paintings of their French contemporaries of the Barbizon school. They believed that areas of light and shadow, or macchie were the components of a work of art. In its early years the new movement was ridiculed, a hostile review published on November 3,1862 in the journal Gazzetta del Popolo marks the first appearance in print of the term Macchiaioli. The artists did, in fact, paint much of their work in these wild areas, although the Macchiaioli have often been compared to the Impressionists, they did not go as far as their younger French contemporaries in the pursuit of optical effects. Erich Steingräber says the Macchiaioli declined to divide up their palette into the components of the colour-spectrum and this is why their pictures lack the all-penetrating light that eclipses colours and contours and gives rise to the vibrism peculiar to Impressionist painting. The independent identity of the figures is unimpaired. In this view the Macchiaioli emerge as being very much embedded in their fabric and context, literally fighting alongside Giuseppe Garibaldi on behalf of the Risorgimento. The Macchiaioli did not follow Monets practice of finishing large paintings entirely en plein air, many of the artists of the Macchiaioli died in penury, only achieving fame towards the end of the 19th century. Today the work of the Macchiaioli is much known in Italy than elsewhere, much of the work is held, outside the public record. Another exhibition of the Macchiaioli was held at the Terme Tamerici in Montecatini, Italy, the Musée de lOrangerie in Paris mounted an exhibition of the Macchiaioli April 10 – July 22,2013. Hudson River School Barbizon School Caffè Michelangiolo Boime, Albert, the Art of the Macchia and the Risorgimento. Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press, the Macchiaioli, Italian Painters of the Nineteenth Century. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-03547-0 Steingräber, E. & Matteucci, G. The Macchiaioli, Tuscan Painters of the Sunlight, March 14-April 20,1984, new York, Stair Sainty Matthiesen in association with Matthiesen, London. OCLC70337478 Turner, J. Grove Dictionary of Art, ISBN 0-19-517068-7 Panconi, T. Antologia dei Macchiaioli, La trasformazione sociale e artica nella Toscana di metà800. I Macchiaioli, Il Nuovo dopo la Macchia
9.
Uffizi
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The Uffizi Gallery is a prominent art museum located adjacent to the Piazza della Signoria in central Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy. The building of Uffizi complex was begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de Medici so as to accommodate the offices of the Florentine magistrates, hence the name uffizi, the construction was later continued by Alfonso Parigi and Bernardo Buontalenti and completed in 1581. The niches in the piers that alternate with columns filled with sculptures of artists in the 19th century. The Uffizi brought together under one roof the administrative offices, the Tribunal and the Archivio di Stato, the state archive. He commissioned from the architect Buontalenti the design of the Tribuna degli Uffizi that collected a series of masterpieces in one room, over the years, more sections of the palace were recruited to exhibit paintings and sculpture collected or commissioned by the Medici. The gallery had been open to visitors by request since the sixteenth century, because of its huge collection, some of its works have in the past been transferred to other museums in Florence—for example, some famous statues to the Bargello. A project was finished in 2006 to expand the exhibition space some 6,000 metres² to almost 13,000 metres². On 27 May 1993, a car exploded in Via dei Georgofili and damaged parts of the palace. The most severe damage was to the Niobe room and classical sculptures and neoclassical interior, the identity of the bomber or bombers are unknown, although it was almost certainly attributable to the Sicilian Mafia who were engaged in a period of terrorism at that time. Today, the Uffizi is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Florence, in high season, waiting times can be up to five hours. In early August 2007, Florence experienced a heavy rainstorm, the Gallery was partially flooded, with water leaking through the ceiling, and the visitors had to be evacuated. There was a more significant flood in 1966 which damaged most of the art collections in Florence severely. Here is a selection from the collection, The collection also contains some ancient sculptures, such as the Arrotino. Collections of the Uffizi Official website Uffizi – Google Art Project
10.
Textile
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A textile or cloth is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, hemp, Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or felting. The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades as synonyms for textile, however, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibres, a fabric is a material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding that may be used in production of further goods. Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric but is often a piece of fabric used for a specific purpose. The word textile is from Latin, from the adjective textilis, meaning woven, from textus, the word cloth derives from the Old English clað, meaning a cloth, woven or felted material to wrap around one, from Proto-Germanic kalithaz. The discovery of dyed flax fibres in a cave in the Republic of Georgia dated to 34,000 BCE suggests textile-like materials were made even in prehistoric times. The production of textiles is a craft whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization, however, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill, or satin weave, there is little difference between the ancient and modern methods. Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing and for such as bags. In the household they are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, coverings for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, in the workplace they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Textiles are used in traditional crafts such as sewing, quilting. Textiles for industrial purposes, and chosen for other than their appearance, are commonly referred to as technical textiles. Technical textiles include textile structures for applications, medical textiles, geotextiles, agrotextiles. In all these applications stringent performance requirements must be met, woven of threads coated with zinc oxide nanowires, laboratory fabric has been shown capable of self-powering nanosystems using vibrations created by everyday actions like wind or body movements. Fashion designers commonly rely on textile designs to set their fashion collections apart from others, armani, the late Gianni Versace, and Emilio Pucci can be easily recognized by their signature print driven designs. Textiles can be made from many materials and these materials come from four main sources, animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic. In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, in the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum. Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas, microfibre refers to fibres made of strands thinner than one denier
11.
Patent
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A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property, the procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right and these claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness. Nevertheless, there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to country, the word patent originates from the Latin patere, which means to lay open. More directly, it is a version of the term letters patent. Similar grants included land patents, which were land grants by early state governments in the USA, and printing patents, a precursor of modern copyright. In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the granted to anyone who invents any new, useful. The additional qualification utility patent is used to distinguish the primary meaning from these other types of patents. Particular species of patents for inventions include biological patents, business method patents, chemical patents, the period of protection was 10 years. These were mostly in the field of glass making, as Venetians emigrated, they sought similar patent protection in their new homes. This led to the diffusion of patent systems to other countries, by the 16th century, the English Crown would habitually abuse the granting of letters patent for monopolies. After public outcry, King James I of England was forced to revoke all existing monopolies, the Statute became the foundation for later developments in patent law in England and elsewhere. Important developments in patent law emerged during the 18th century through a process of judicial interpretation of the law. During the reign of Queen Anne, patent applications were required to supply a complete specification of the principles of operation of the invention for public access. Influenced by the philosophy of John Locke, the granting of patents began to be viewed as a form of property right. The English legal system became the foundation for patent law in countries with a common law heritage, including the United States, New Zealand, in the Thirteen Colonies, inventors could obtain patents through petition to a given colonys legislature
12.
Pierre Cardin
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Pierre Cardin is an Italian-born French fashion designer. In San Biagio di Callalta near Treviso, Cardin is known for his avant-garde style and his Space Age designs. He prefers geometric shapes and motifs, often ignoring the female form and he advanced into unisex fashions, sometimes experimental, and not always practical. He founded his fashion house in 1950 and introduced the dress in 1954. Pierre Cardin was also designated UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador in 1991, on 16 October 2009, Pierre Cardin was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Cardin was educated in central France, beginning his career early, Cardin, aged 14, worked as a clothier’s apprentice, learning the basics of fashion design and construction. In 1939, he left home to work for a tailor in Vichy, during World War II, he worked in the Red Cross, launching humanitarian interests that continue to this day. Cardin moved to Paris in 1945, there, he studied architecture and worked with the fashion house of Paquin after World War II. He worked with Elsa Schiaparelli until he became head of Christian Diors tailleure atelier in 1947, Cardin founded his own house in 1950. He began with haute couture in 1953, Cardin was the first couturier to turn to Japan as a high fashion market when he travelled there in 1959. In 1959, he was expelled from the Chambre Syndicale for launching a collection for the Printemps department store as the first couturier in Paris. During the 1960s, Cardin began a practice that is now commonplace by creating the system of licences that he was to apply to fashion, a clothing collection launched around this period surprised all by displaying the designer’s logo on the garments for the first time. The Espace Cardin is also used to new artistic talents, like theater ensembles, musicians. He was also contacted by Pakistan International Airlines to design uniforms for the flag carrier, the uniforms were introduced in 1966 to 1971 and became an instant hit. It was also tapered to the body, in contrast with the traditional loose-fitting design, it also had a collar with sharp. A straight-cut design was favored by President Ferdinand Marcos, Cardin was a member of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture et du Prêt-à-Porter from 1953 to 1993. Like many other designers today, Cardin decided in 1994 to show his collection only to a circle of selected clients and journalists. After a break of 15 years, he showed a new collection to a group of 150 journalists at his home in Cannes
13.
Palazzo Pitti
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The Palazzo Pitti, in English sometimes called the Pitti Palace, is a vast, mainly Renaissance, palace in Florence, Italy. It is situated on the side of the River Arno. The core of the present palazzo dates from 1458 and was originally the residence of Luca Pitti. The palace was bought by the Medici family in 1549 and became the residence of the ruling families of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It grew as a treasure house as later generations amassed paintings, plates, jewelry. In the late 18th century, the palazzo was used as a base by Napoleon. The palace and its contents were donated to the Italian people by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1919, the palazzo is now the largest museum complex in Florence. The principal palazzo block, often in a building of design known as the corps de logis, is 32,000 square metres. It is divided into several principal galleries or museums detailed below, the construction of this severe and forbidding building was commissioned in 1458 by the Florentine banker Luca Pitti, a principal supporter and friend of Cosimo de Medici. The early history of the Palazzo Pitti is a mixture of fact, Pitti is alleged to have instructed that the windows be larger than the entrance of the Palazzo Medici. Besides obvious differences from the architects style, Brunelleschi died 12 years before construction of the palazzo began. The design and fenestration suggest that the architect was more experienced in utilitarian domestic architecture than in the humanist rules defined by Alberti in his book De Re Aedificatoria. Though impressive, the original palazzo would have no rival to the Florentine Medici residences in terms of either size or content. Whoever the architect of the Palazzo Pitti was, he was moving against the flow of fashion. The rusticated stonework gives the palazzo a severe and powerful atmosphere, reinforced by the series of seven arch-headed apertures. The Roman-style architecture appealed to the Florentine love of the new style allantica, work stopped after Pitti suffered financial losses following the death of Cosimo de Medici in 1464. Luca Pitti died in 1472 with the building unfinished, the building was sold in 1549 by Buonaccorso Pitti, a descendant of Luca Pitti, to Eleonora di Toledo. Raised at the court of Naples, Eleonora was the wife of Cosimo I de Medici of Tuscany
14.
Venice
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Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and these are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, the lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site. In 2014,264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia, together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, with a total population of 2.6 million. PATREVE is a metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy. The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC, the city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known as the La Dominante, Serenissima, Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Masks, City of Bridges, The Floating City, and City of Canals. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century and this made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period, Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016, the name Venetia, however, derives from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the Greeks Eneti. The meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti, Baltic Veneti, and the Slavic Wends. Linguists suggest that the name is based on an Indo-European root *wen, so that *wenetoi would mean beloved, lovable, a connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning the color sea-blue, is also possible. The alternative obsolete form is Vinegia, some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae, the traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421. Beginning as early as AD166 to 168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the center in the area. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, the traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Pauls magister militum. In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II
15.
Saint-Tropez
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Saint-Tropez is a town,100 kilometres west of Nice, in the Var department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur region of southeastern France. It is also the town in the canton of Saint-Tropez. Saint-Tropez is located on the French Riviera and it was a military stronghold and an unassuming fishing village until the beginning of the 20th century. It was the first town on this coast to be liberated during World War II, after the war, it became an internationally known seaside resort, renowned principally because of the influx of artists of the French New Wave in cinema and the Yé-yé movement in music. It later became a resort for the European and American jet set and a goal for tourists in search of a little Provençal authenticity, the inhabitants of Saint-Tropez are called Tropéziens, and the town is familiarly called St-Trop. In 599 B. C. the Phocaeans founded Massilia and established other coastal mooring sites in the area, in 31 B. C. the Romans invaded the region. Their citizens built many opulent villas in the area, including one known as the Villa des Platanes, the first name given to the village which became Saint-Tropez was Heraclea-Caccaliera, and the mouth of its gulf was named the Issambres. The town owes its current name to the early, semi-legendary martyr Saint Torpes, the legend tells of his decapitation at Pisa during Neros reign, with his body placed in a rotten boat along with a rooster and a dog. The body landed at the location of the town. Toward the end of the century, long after the fall of the Roman Empire in the West, pirates and privateers began a hundred years of attacks. In the tenth century, the village of La Garde-Freinet was founded 15 km to the North of Saint-Tropez. From 890 to 972, Saint-Tropez and its surroundings became an Arab Muslim colony dominated by the nearby Saracenic settlement of Fraxinet. in 940, Saint-Tropez was controlled by Nasr ibn Ahmad. From 961 to 963, Audibert, son of Berenger, the pretender to the throne of Lombardy who was pursued by Otto I, in 972, the Muslims of Saint-Tropez held the abbot of Cluny, Maïeul, for ransom. In 976, William I Count of Provence, lord of Grimaud, began attacking the Muslims, in 1079 and 1218, Papal bulls mentioned the existence of a manor at Saint-Tropez. From 1436, Count René I tried to repopulate the Provence and he created the Barony of Grimaud and appealled to the Genoan Raphael de Garezzio, a wealthy gentleman who sent a fleet of caravels carrying sixty Genoese families to the area. In return, Count René promised to exempt the citizens from taxation, the city became a small republic with its own fleet and army and administered by two consuls and twelve elected councillors. In 1558, the Captain of City was empowered to protect the city, in 1577, the daughter of the Marquis Lord of Castellane, Genevieve de Castilla, married Jean-Baptiste de Suffren, Marquis de Saint-Cannet, Baron de La Môle, and advisor to the Parliament of Provence. The lordship of Saint-Tropez became the prerogative of the De Suffren family, in September 1615, Saint-Tropez was visited by a delegation led by the Japanese samurai Hasekura Tsunenaga who were on their way to Rome but obliged by weather to stop in Saint-Tropez
16.
Diffusion line
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A diffusion line is a secondary line of merchandise created by a high-end fashion house or fashion designer that retails at lower prices. These ranges are separate from a fashion houses signature line, or principal artistic line, diffusion products may be on sale alongside designers signature line but they can also be made available at concession outlets and certain chain stores. The use of a line is a part of the strategy of Massification where luxury brands attempt to reach a broader market in order to increase revenue. Diffusion ranges serve several purposes for designers and they can also be a response to offset the effect of chain stores copying their products and undercutting the designers prices
17.
Animal print
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Animal print is also used for room decoration, handbags and footwear and even some jewelry. A major difference between animal prints and fur clothing is that animal prints today very often use fake fur instead of animal coat, animal prints have long been a popular style for many reasons. For one, they are expensive and considered rather exotic, hence they are a symbol of wealth. Throughout history, kings and other people have used animal print rugs. Animal print became popular for women in the United States in the late 1960s during the Bohemian movement, besides a distinctive natural animal pattern on clothing, animal prints may also refer to art prints of animals, printed on canvas or paper. The art prints may replicate the skin or fur pattern found on the animal. The prints are not limited to just the skin or fur pattern. Animal print applications extend beyond clothing and art prints and are used for other decorations, including rugs, wallpaper. In addition, animal prints may be used in designs for cars, airplanes, signage, building exteriors, or safety gear such as helmets the NFL team, Cincinnati Bengals. Other companies like Kate Spade New York have begun incorporating the animal print design into accessories such as iPad hard cases and folios
18.
The Brandery
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The Brandery was an urban fashion show, organized from 2009 to 2012 by Fira de Barcelona and held twice a year, in summer and winter. The first edition was held in July 2009 at the Montjuïc exhibition site in Barcelona and was initially addressed exclusively to professional visitors, the first edition had 113 participating brands. The third edition, from June 28 to June 30,2010, had 215 brands and 17.000 visitors, the fifth edition, in July 2011, was inaugurated by Xavier Trias, mayor of Barcelona, and by Miquel Serrano, manager of the show. In July 2013, the organizers postponed the launch of the Mobile World Festival to September 2014. Brands and designers who have participated at the show include Desigual, Custo Barcelona, Munich, Armand Basi, Buff, Sita Murt, Camper, le Coq Sportif, Kaporal, North Sail and Lyle & Scott. The summer 2011 edition presented proposals from Stella McCartney, Vivienne Westwood, Blumarine, Iceberg, Alberta Ferretti, Moschino, Frankie Morello, Roberto Cavalli, magazines such as Elle, Cosmopolitan and Vogue have also been present at the show
19.
Barcelona
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Founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. Barcelona has a cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre. Particularly renowned are the works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona, the city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments. It is a cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe, 24th in the world. In 2008 it was the fourth most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union, in 2012 Barcelona had a GDP of $170 billion, it is leading Spain in both employment rate and GDP per capita change. In 2009 the city was ranked Europes third and one of the worlds most successful as a city brand, since 2011 Barcelona has been a leading smart city in Europe. During the Middle Ages, the city was known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelonaa. Internationally, Barcelonas name is abbreviated to Barça. However, this refers only to FC Barcelona, the football club. The common abbreviated form used by locals is Barna, another common abbreviation is BCN, which is also the IATA airport code of the Barcelona-El Prat Airport. The city is referred to as the Ciutat Comtal in Catalan. The origin of the earliest settlement at the site of present-day Barcelona is unclear, the ruins of an early settlement have been excavated in the El Raval neighbourhood, including different tombs and dwellings dating to earlier than 5000 BC. The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends, the first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum centred on the Mons Taber, under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia, or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens, the city minted its own coins, some from the era of Galba survive. Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have incorporated into the cathedral. The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have founded in 343
20.
Domus Academy
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Domus Academy is a private school of design in Milan, Italy. Domus Academy was founded in 1982 by the Mazzocchi family, owners of Editoriale Domus, maria Grazia Mazzocchi was president of the school. Gianfranco Ferré was on the staff from 1983 to 1989, in 2009 the school was bought by Laureate Education of Baltimore, Maryland for an estimated ten million euros
21.
Milan
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Milan is a city in Italy, capital of the Lombardy region, and the most populous metropolitan area and the second most populous comune in Italy. The population of the city proper is 1,351,000, Milan has a population of about 8,500,000 people. It is the industrial and financial centre of Italy and one of global significance. In terms of GDP, it has the largest economy among European non-capital cities, Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and lies at the heart of one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is an Alpha leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts Italys Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks, the city is a major world fashion and design capital, well known for several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total enrolled students, Milans museums, theatres and landmarks attract over 9 million visitors annually. Milan – after Naples – is the second Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, the city hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. Milan is home to two of Europes major football teams, A. C. Milan and F. C. Internazionale, the etymology of Milan is uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio, however, some scholars believe lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory in which Celtic communities used to build shrines. Hence, Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe, indeed, the name Mediolanum is borne by about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France, e. g. Saintes and Évreux. Alciato credits Ambrose for his account, around 400 BC, the Celtic Insubres settled Milan and the surrounding region. In 222 BC, the Romans conquered the settlement, renaming it Mediolanum, Milan was eventually declared the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian in 286 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire and his colleague Maximianus ruled the Western one, immediately Maximian built several monuments, such as a large circus 470 m ×85 m, the Thermae Herculeae, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other buildings. With the Edict of Milan of 313, Emperor Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for Christians, after the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. In 452, the Huns overran the city, in 539, the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569, a Teutonic tribe, the Lombards, conquered Milan, some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule. Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne took the title of King of the Lombards, the Iron Crown of Lombardy dates from this period
22.
Jessica Stam
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Jessica Elizabeth Stam is a Canadian model. She is considered to be part of the crop of models described as doll faces, in 2007, Forbes named her fifteenth in the list of the Worlds 15 Top-Earning Supermodels, earning at an estimated total of $1.5 million in the past 12 months. Stam was born in Kincardine, Ontario and grew up on a farm alongside her six brothers and she came from a religious family and attended Sacred Heart High School in Walkerton, Ontario. Her original intention was to become a dentist, Stam was discovered in a local Tim Hortons coffee shop by Michèle Miller who found Stam on the way back from Canadas Wonderland. Stam won the Los Angeles Model Look contest in 2002, photographer Steven Meisel jump-started her career and soon after cast her in every advertisement campaign of his. I guess Im his muse, she has said, and she has credited him with helping her become a supermodel and she has appeared on the cover of UK, Turkish & German Vogue and in advertisements for Marc Jacobs, Anna Sui, Giorgio Armani and others. In 2004, Stam appeared in the short film Agent Orange and she was sued by New York Model Management, because of a breach of contract. Fashion designer Marc Jacobs created The Marc Jacobs Stam, a bag inspired and named after her, Stam walked a total of 64 shows combined during the New York, Milan, and Paris Fashion Weeks in 2006. In January 2006, she appeared in the Rochas ad campaign, shot, Stam fell at the Chloé Fall 2006 show in Paris, while wearing ridiculously high patent-leather pumps that got caught on each other as her feet crossed on the runway. Her fall received millions of views on YouTube and took first spot on the Top Five Runway Falls list by New York Magazine, for the Victorias Secret Fashion Show in 2006, she opened the first Pink segment ever. Her appearance also included a showing a Victorias Secret commercial shoot. She was presented, along with nine other models, on the May 2007 cover of American Vogue as one of the Worlds Next Top Models. During Pariss Spring/Summer 2007 Haute Couture fashion week, she walked for Chanel, Christian Lacroix, Christian Dior, Givenchy, and Jean Paul Gaultier. In July 2007, earning at a total of $1.5 million in the previous 12 months. Currently, she stars in campaigns for Bulgari, Dior, Lanvin and she also appears in the F/W2007 Christian Dior, DKNY, Miss Sixty, Loewe and Roberto Cavalli ad campaign. She has also walked in the 2006,2007, and 2010 Victorias Secret fashion shows, for F/W08, Stam can be seen in ads for Giorgio Armanis Onde fragrance, Dolce & Gabbana and Bulgari. The Wall Street Journal featured Jessica Stam in their article on How to Walk Like a Model and she returned as the face of Bulgari and in March 2009 she appeared on the cover of Tokyo Numéro. She starred in the fall Fendi campaign, shot by Karl Lagerfeld and she starred in Nina Riccis new floral fragrance named Ricci Ricci for summer 2009
23.
Eva Riccobono
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Eva Riccobono is an Italian model, actress, and television presenter. Riccobono was born in Palermo, Sicily, the daughter of an Italian father and she has three older sisters and a brother who died aged 19 when she was four. Riccobono began modeling in Sicily before moving to Milan at the age of 18, in 2002 she made her television debut after being scouted by Fiorello for his RAI show Stasera Pago Io, which hosted many international stars such as Joe Cocker, Lenny Kravitz and Celine Dion. Riccobono was first photographed by Marco Glaviano, who saw her in Sicily, in 2002 she entered a contract with Dolce & Gabbana. Bruce Weber photographed her for the 2003 Pirelli Calendar and she has since modelled for designers such as Giorgio Armani, Gianfranco Ferré and Emanuel Ungaro. Riccobono posed for Lavazza Calendar 2009, with photographs of Annie Leibovitz and she has been the face of Argentovivo campaign by Marco Glaviano, and testimonial for Swarovski in 2012. She was also engaged to present a commercial for new Sky Channel High Life TV, about luxury, Riccobono debuted in television as a presenter in the 2002 program Stasera Pago Io alongside Fiorello. Seven years later, Fiorello called her for another of his show and she presented in 2012 a scientific divulgation programme for Rai 2 entitled Eva. In 2004, she starred in the short film Eva, by Italian artist and filmmaker Valerio Rocco Orlando, when she was famous as a model, Riccobono was hosted by television programmes on MTV, Rai 1, LA3, and in the jury of Miss Italia 2011. Her first movie role came aged 25 in 2008 Carlo Verdones comedy Grande, in this film she portrays Blanche, the main characters dream woman. In 2012 she plays the part of a prostitute in And They Call It Summer, winner at the Rome Film Festival. For her performance in Marco Pontis A Liberal Passion, Riccobono in 2013 won a Golden Ciak for Best Supporting Actress, in the same year she is in the movie Niente può fermarci, a comedy about the juvenile fears for the future. She recently shot La Vita Oscena, Renato De Marias film adaptation of the tale by writer Aldo Nove. Riccobono is set to host the opening and closing nights of the 70th Venice International Film Festival, from 2002 to 2005 Riccobono lived and studied in New York City. She currently resides in London, engaged since 2004 to DJ Matteo Ceccarini, Riccobono is the vocalist in Labbra, a song recorded in bed with her partner. For this track she also filmed the music video, Eva Riccobono at the Internet Movie Database
24.
Laetitia Casta
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Laetitia Marie Laure Casta is a French actress and model. Girl in 1993 and gained recognition as a Victorias Secret Angel from 1998 to 2000. Crew, Louis Vuitton, Givenchy, Roberto Cavalli, Lolita Lempicka, Casta became an established actress, appearing in the films Gainsbourg, Face and Blue Bicycle, as well as the play Ondine at the theatre Antoine. Casta was born in Pont-Audemer, Normandy, France and her mother, Line Blin, is from Normandy. Her father, Dominique Casta, is from Corsica and she has an older brother, Jean-Baptiste, and a younger sister, Marie-Ange. She spent her childhood in Normandy and Corsica, castas modeling career reportedly began when she was discovered by the photographer Frederic Cresseaux, during a family holiday in her fathers native Corsica, at age 15. After her unexpected registration by Jeeby, Casta was elected Miss Lumio 93, Casta has been the LOreal Paris brand ambassador since 1998. She has been featured in Guess, Jeans, Tommy Hilfiger, Miu Miu, Pepe Jeans, Alberta Ferretti and XOXO ad campaigns. Casta has appeared on over 100 magazine covers including Victorias Secret catalogs, Harpers Bazaar, ELLE magazine and she walked down the annual Victorias Secret Fashion Show in 1997,1998,1999, and 2000. Caste was one of the companys signature Victoria Secret Angels from 1998 to 2000 and she claims that her career with Victorias Secret ended because she was too much of rebel. She also appeared in three consecutive Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues, Rolling Stone, and the Pirelli Calendar 1999 by Herb Ritts and 2000 by Annie Leibovitz. Casta became the focus of a controversy when, after being selected to be Marianne, newspapers in Britain, castas father said she went to London for professional reasons, on a TV show, she also said that she rented a flat in London to be near her boyfriend. The Parisians could follow her Adventures in the Galeries Lafayette by Jean-Paul Goude, for Christmas 2011, Peter Lindbergh shot True Love, the very thought of Casta at the summit of Manhattan and between the snowy lions of marble of the New York Public Library for Tiffany & Co. On 10 March 2010, in Paris, she opened the Louis Vuitton Fall/Winter 2010 fashion show, on 27 September 2010, she closed the Roberto Cavalli SS2011 fashion show in Milan. Casta appeared in Les Ames Fortes, a film directed by Raul Ruiz. Her interpretation of Brigitte Bardot in the movie Gainsbourg revealed the actress who received her first nomination at the Cesar Award, Casta served as a jury member at the 69th Venice International Film Festival in 2012. On 6 April 2008, Casta demonstrated in a White March of nonviolent protest to ask for the release of Ingrid Betancourt. On 30 April 2002, she attended the demonstration Vive la République after the first round election of the 2002 presidential election and she was appointed as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador on December 9,2016, committed to help the 250 million children living in conflict areas
25.
Natasha Poly
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Natalya Sergeyevna Polevshchikova, generally shortened to Natasha Poly, is a Russian supermodel. Since 2004, Poly has appeared in prominent high-fashion advertisement campaigns, magazine covers, Poly established herself as one of the most in-demand models of the mid and late 2000s, with Vogue Paris declaring her as one of the top 30 models of the 2000s. Poly was born on July 12,1985 in Perm, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union and she was discovered in Perm by Mauro Palmentieri and invited to Moscow to participate in the Russian model search competition New Model Today, where she took the second prize. She made her debut with Why Not Model Agency after walking for Emanuel Ungaro in 2004. The year would prove to be her breakout year, she walked in 54 fashion shows in Milan, Paris and New York City, PHI, Juicy Couture, La Perla, FRAME Denim, Versace Sports Line, Emilio Pucci and Dolce & Gabbana. Poly has walked the runway for such as Balenciaga, Alexander McQueen, Chanel, Miu Miu, Gucci, Prada, Versace. The fashion art magazine MUSE dedicated their fall 2009 issue to Poly and she was photographed by Sølve Sundsbø, Terry Richardson, Poly has walked for the annual Victorias Secret Fashion Show twice, in 2005 and 2006. Poly has endorsed and appeared in advertisements for fragrances including Givenchys Ange ou Demon, Gucci by Gucci Fragrance, Poly was one of the faces to grace one of the fourteen covers of V magazines September 2008 issue. Each cover featured a shot of a famous model, either from the new crop of leading models or the supermodel era, it was lensed by duo Inez van Lamsweerde. In July 2008, Russian Vogue dedicated the issue to Poly and in August 2008, also she was touted by American Vogue in 2009 as one of the faces of the moment. She has also appeared on the covers of Spanish, Greek, Portuguese, Brazilian, Korean, Japanese, Chinese, American, German, Australian, Italian, Poly has been the number one model on Fashion Televisions First Face countdown three times consecutively. And she has been placed 7th, 4th and 5th, Vogue Paris declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s. Poly is featured in the 2011 Pirelli Calendar photographed by Karl Lagerfeld and she also featured in the 2012 Pirelli Calendar photographed by Mario Sorrenti. In 2012, Poly signed a contract with LOreal Paris and is one of the Beauty Ambassadors for the brand, Poly was part of the Versace Spring/Summer 2016 Campaign, alongside Gigi Hadid and Raquel Zimmermann, shot by Steven Klein. She also appeared in a commercial for Mercedes-Benz, captured by Jeff Mark, entitled Obsession with an Icon’ and she also became the face for Kurt Geigers Fall/Winter 2016 Campaign. She is considered one of the New Supers by Models. com and has featured on 52 different Vogue covers as of July 2016. Poly married Dutch businessman Peter Bakker on April 16,2011 in Saint-Tropez, in May 2013 Poly gave birth to a daughter named Aleksandra Christina
26.
Mariacarla Boscono
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Mariacarla Boscono is an Italian Supermodel. Boscono was born in Rome, Italy and she spent most of her early life travelling because of her fathers work. Her parents lived in Thailand before she was born, but after her mother became pregnant they moved to Rome and she spent a couple of years in Rome until moving to Providence and then Key West. She spent her school years in the States, but her parents thought it would be better for Boscono to study in Italy. This did not last very long though, at 9 years old Boscono and her family moved to Kenya, Boscono described her years in Kenya as the most fantastic in her life. Boscono was discovered at 17 during a dinner with a friend who happened to be a photographer. The friend and Bosconos mother encouraged her to begin a modeling career, soon after graduating high school she flew to New York City, signed with DNA Model Management, and became one of the favourite models of Karl Lagerfeld. It did not take long for Boscono to rise as a known model, being featured on the cover of Vogue several times. Boscono is living in New York, and calls it her second home, during the 2005 season, Boscono walked in over seventy fashion shows between New York, Milan and Paris. In 2005, she earned an estimated $3,500,000 in the past 12 months for a spot on Forbes list of the Worlds 15 Top-Earning Supermodels, despite this, Boscono was absent from the runways for both the Fall/Winter 2007 and Spring/Summer 2007 seasons. Boscono made her return to the runways in Paris at the Fall/Winter 2008 Couture collection for the House of Dior, also back is Bosconos natural black hair. She posed in Africa for the 2009 Pirelli Calendar by Peter Beard, Boscono has previously appeared in the Pirelli Calendar in 2003 and 2004. Boscono is now the muse of Givenchy by Riccardo Tisci and has appeared in campaigns for Givenchy. She is also friends with fellow top model Natalia Vodianova. In 2009, she became the face of Dolce & Gabbana, in March she appeared on the cover of W Korea. She was the face of the Fall/Winter 2009 Salvatore Ferragamo and Dolce & Gabbana ad campaigns, Vogue Paris declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s. On 18 May 2006, Boscono made her debut as Solange in Jean Genets The Maids at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute in New York. Margherita Missoni played the role of her sister, in August 2012, Mariacarla announced the birth of her daughter, Marialucas
27.
Karen Elson
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Karen Jill Elson is an English model, singer-songwriter and guitarist. Elson was born in Oldham, Greater Manchester, and attended North Chadderton School as a child and she began working as a model as a teenager and was discovered at age 16 by Debra Burns, the owner of Boss Model Management in Manchester. Elsons success came when Steven Meisel shot her for the cover of Italian Vogue on her 18th birthday and she has walked the runways of many top designers including Marc Jacobs, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Chanel, Dolce & Gabbana, Versace, YSL, Alexander McQueen, Dior and Gucci. She has appeared in campaigns for dozens of designers including Yves Saint Laurent, Jean Paul Gaultier, Louis Vuitton, Versace, Christian Dior, Burberry. Her list of covers include multiple international editions of Vogue as well as W, Dazed & Confused, Numéro, British Harpers Bazaar, Marie Claire, Elle, Lula, Foam Magazine. In 1998 she won the title of Model of the Year at the VH1 Fashion Awards, photographed by Steven Meisel, she was presented on the September 2004 cover of American Vogue as one of the Models of the Moment. In 2005, Elson won the British Fashion Award for Best Model, in September 2008 Elson was on the cover of British Vogue – shot by Nick Knight – as Fashions Red Queen. It was then announced that Elson was the new face of British department store John Lewis for autumn/winter 2008/09, in the autumn of 2009 she appeared on billboards internationally for H&M. In 2010, American fashion brand St. John announced that Elson would be replacing Angelina Jolie as the new face of their company, in 2011 she was replaced by Kate Winslet. For the Tom Ford 2009 spring eyewear advertising campaigns Elson and male model Jon Kortajarena were photographed, for the first time, Elson is currently the face of YSL Opium perfume. She appears in the autumn/winter 2010/11 ad campaign of Louis Vuitton along with Natalia Vodianova and Christy Turlington and she was shot by Mert and Marcus for Roberto Cavallis autumn 2011 campaign. Karen appears in the Steven Meisel autumn 2011 Lanvin campaign, the accompanying promotional video shows her dancing with Raquel Zimmerman to Pit Bulls I Know You Want Me. Karen appears with her twin sister Kate Elson in the 2011 H&M Holiday campaign. She is also the face of Banana Republics 2011 Holiday Collection, Elson has appeared in many short films and videos, including the music video for the White Stripess Blue Orchid, directed by Floria Sigismondi. Elson has been featured in commercials for Kose cosmetics and she has also appeared in the short film Lay Down Lean, a project by the experimental filmmaking team the Belles of the Black Diamond Field. Lay Down Lean, by the Belles of the Black Diamond Field. Elson has contributed to Nick Knights fashion site SHOWstudio. com since 2002 and she also contributed to Knights project Moving Fashion with a black and white video of herself in a sequined gown, perched upon a swing. The images were accompanied by Elson playing the autoharp and singing a verse of Marlene Dietrichs Falling in Love Again, on 9 May 2011, it was announced that Elson has designed her own line of shoes, bags and jewellery for fashion brand Nine West. The items became available in the autumn of 2011, in August 2012, Elson was one of eight British models chosen to walk during a segment at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony
28.
Persian Gulf
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The Persian Gulf is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. The body of water is an extension of the Indian Ocean through the Strait of Hormuz, the Shatt al-Arab river delta forms the northwest shoreline. The Persian Gulf was a battlefield of the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War and it is the namesake of the 1991 Gulf War, the largely air- and land-based conflict that followed Iraqs invasion of Kuwait. The gulf has many fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs, and abundant pearl oysters, the body of water is historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf. Some Arab governments refer to it as the Arabian Gulf or The Gulf, the name Gulf of Iran is used by the International Hydrographic Organization. The Persian Gulf is geologically young, having been formed around 15,000 years ago. Its length is 989 kilometres, with Iran covering most of the northern coast, the Persian Gulf is about 56 km wide at its narrowest, in the Strait of Hormuz. The waters are very shallow, with a maximum depth of 90 metres. Various small islands lie within the Persian Gulf, some of which are the subject of territorial disputes between the states of the region. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the Persian Gulfs southern limit as The Northwestern limit of Gulf of Oman and this limit is defined as A line joining Ràs Limah on the coast of Arabia and Ràs al Kuh on the coast of Iran. The Persian Gulf and its areas are the worlds largest single source of crude oil. Safaniya Oil Field, the worlds largest offshore oilfield, is located in the Persian Gulf, large gas finds have also been made, with Qatar and Iran sharing a giant field across the territorial median line. Using this gas, Qatar has built up a substantial liquefied natural gas, the oil-rich countries that have a coastline on the Persian Gulf are referred to as the Persian Gulf States. In 550 BC, the Achaemenid Empire established the first ancient empire in Persis, consequently, in the Greek sources, the body of water that bordered this province came to be known as the Persian Gulf. In the travel account of Pythagoras, several chapters are related to description of his travels accompanied by the Achaemenid king Darius the Great, to Susa and Persepolis, and the area is described. This water channel separates the Iran Plateau from the Arabia Plate, has enjoyed an Iranian Identity since at least 2200 years ago. Before being given its present name, the Persian Gulf was called many different names, the classical Greek writers, like Herodotus, called it the Red Sea. In Babylonian texts, it was known as the sea above Akkad, the name of the gulf, historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf after the land of Persia, has been disputed by some Arab countries since the 1960s
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Hindu
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Hindu refers to any person who regards themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. It has historically used as a geographical, cultural, or religious identifier for people indigenous to South Asia. The historical meaning of the term Hindu has evolved with time, by the 16th century, the term began to refer to residents of India who were not Turks or Muslims. The historical development of Hindu self-identity within the Indian population, in a religious or cultural sense, is unclear, competing theories state that Hindu identity developed in the British colonial era, or that it developed post-8th century CE after the Islamic invasion and medieval Hindu-Muslim wars. A sense of Hindu identity and the term Hindu appears in texts dated between the 13th and 18th century in Sanskrit and regional languages. The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as Vidyapati, Kabir and Eknath used the phrase Hindu dharma, the Christian friar Sebastiao Manrique used the term Hindu in religious context in 1649. In the 18th century, the European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus, in contrast to Mohamedans for Mughals, scholars state that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs is a modern phenomenon. Hindoo is a spelling variant, whose use today may be considered derogatory. At more than 1.03 billion, Hindus are the third largest group after Christians. The vast majority of Hindus, approximately 966 million, live in India, according to Indias 2011 census. After India, the next 9 countries with the largest Hindu populations are, in decreasing order, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, United States, Malaysia, United Kingdom and Myanmar. These together accounted for 99% of the worlds Hindu population, the word Hindu is derived from the Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means a large body of water, covering river, ocean. It was used as the name of the Indus river and also referred to its tributaries, the Punjab region, called Sapta Sindhava in the Vedas, is called Hapta Hindu in Zend Avesta. The 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of Hidush, the people of India were referred to as Hinduvān and hindavī was used as the adjective for Indian in the 8th century text Chachnama. The term Hindu in these ancient records is an ethno-geographical term, the Arabic equivalent Al-Hind likewise referred to the country of India. Among the earliest known records of Hindu with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text Record of the Western Regions by the Buddhist scholar Xuanzang, Xuanzang uses the transliterated term In-tu whose connotation overflows in the religious according to Arvind Sharma. The Hindu community occurs as the amorphous Other of the Muslim community in the court chronicles, wilfred Cantwell Smith notes that Hindu retained its geographical reference initially, Indian, indigenous, local, virtually native. Slowly, the Indian groups themselves started using the term, differentiating themselves, the poet Vidyapatis poem Kirtilata contrasts the cultures of Hindus and Turks in a city and concludes The Hindus and the Turks live close together, Each makes fun of the others religion
30.
Harrods
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Harrods is a luxury department store located on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London. It is owned by the state of Qatar, the store occupies a 5-acre site and has 330 departments covering one million square feet of retail space. The Harrods motto is Omnia Omnibus Ubique, which is Latin for all things for all people, several of its departments, including the seasonal Christmas department and the food halls, are well known. In 1824, at the age of 25, Charles Henry Harrod established a business at 228 Borough High Street in Southwark and he ran this business, variously listed as a draper, mercer, and a haberdasher, until 1831 at least. During 1825, the business was listed as Harrod and Wicking, Linen Drapers, Retail and his first grocery business appears to be as ‘Harrod & Co. Grocers’ at 163 Upper Whitecross Street, Clerkenwell, E. C.1. in 1832. In 1834 in Londons East End, he established a grocery in Stepney, at 4, Cable Street. Harrods rapidly expanded, acquired the buildings, and employed one hundred people by 1880. However, the stores booming fortunes were reversed in early December 1883, remarkably, in view of this calamity, Charles Harrod fulfilled all of his commitments to his customers to make Christmas deliveries that year—and made a record profit in the process. A. Milne, and many members of the British Royal Family, a chance meeting in London with businessman, Edgar Cohen, eventually led to Charles Harrod selling his interest in the store for £120,000 via a stock market floatation in 1889. The new company was called Harrod’s Stores Limited, sir Alfred James Newton became chairman and Richard Burbidge managing director. Financier William Mendel was appointed to the board in 1891 and he raised funding for many of the expansion plans. Richard Burbidge was succeed in 1917 by his son Woodman Burbidge, nervous customers were offered brandy at the top to revive them after their ordeal. The department store was purchased by the Fayed brothers in 1985, following denial that it was for sale, Harrods was sold to Qatar Holdings, the sovereign wealth fund of the State of Qatar in May 2010. A fortnight previously, chairman of Harrods since 1985, Mohamed Al-Fayed, had stated that People approach us from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, but I put two fingers up to them. This is not Marks and Spencer or Sainsburys and it is a special place that gives people pleasure. A spokesman for Mohamed Al-Fayed said in reaching the decision to retire, wished to ensure that the legacy, Harrods was sold for £1.5 billion, half of the sale will be used to pay bank debts of £625 million. Al-Fayed later revealed in an interview that he decided to sell Harrods following the difficulty in getting his dividend approved by the trustee of the Harrods pension fund. Al-Fayed said Im here every day, I cant take my profit because I have to take a permission of those bloody idiots. I say is this right, I run a business and I need to take the trustees permission to take my profit
31.
Uwaisi
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The Uwaisī is a form of spiritual transmission in the vocabulary of Islamic mysticism that was named after Awais Malik. It refers to the transmission of knowledge between two individuals without the need for physical interaction between them. The term Uwaisīyaan refers to those Sufis who have gained the Sufi spiritual chain from another Sufi without physically meeting them in this world and it can refer to a school of Sufism, and its singular form, Uwaisi, refers to a single individual. In the science of spirituality of Islam the Uwaisi Transmission occurs when the spirits of righteous believers meet in the world called alam al-arwaah which is beyond alam al-ajsam, whoever takes knowledge through spirituality from a master in alam al-arwaah is called Uwaisi. This means of transmission is considered as powerful and effective as the relation of master. The term Uwaisi is derived from the name of Uwais al-Qarni and that is why many saints who came in previous times were guides for those who came after through this spiritual connection. It is known that many saints have been under the guidance and training of prophets and other saints that lifted them up. According to Dr. Alan Godlas of the University of Georgia Department of Religion, the Uwaysi Order, there are two recent and distinct contemporary branches of the Uwaisi Order in the West following lengthy legal disputes between Shah Maghsouds offspring. One is Maktab Tarighat Oveyssi Shahmaghsoudi, headed by Nader Angha, the other is the Uwaiysi Tarighat, led by Shah Maghsouds daughter, Dr. Nahid Angha and her husband Dr. Ali Kianfar. They also co-founded the International Association of Sufism, Uwaisi is also a name for people who claim to have been initiated through the Uwaisi method, or for those who claim to be descendants of Uwais al-Qarni
32.
Islam
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Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God. It is the worlds second-largest religion and the major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and He has guided mankind through revealed scriptures, natural signs, and a line of prophets sealed by Muhammad. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the word of God. Muslims believe that Islam is the original, complete and universal version of a faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses. As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered, certain religious rites and customs are observed by the Muslims in their family and social life, while social responsibilities to parents, relatives, and neighbors have also been defined. Besides, the Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal, social, political, Islam began in the early 7th century. Originating in Mecca, it spread in the Arabian Peninsula. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders, most Muslims are of one of two denominations, Sunni or Shia. Islam is the dominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, sizable Muslim communities are also found in Horn of Africa, Europe, China, Russia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Philippines, Northern Borneo, Caucasus and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world, Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness and peace. In a religious context it means voluntary submission to God, Islām is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root, and means submission or surrender. Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the verb form. The word sometimes has connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as a state, Whomsoever God desires to guide. Other verses connect Islām and dīn, Today, I have perfected your religion for you, I have completed My blessing upon you, still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. In the Hadith of Gabriel, islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān, Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in Anglophone societies. This term has fallen out of use and is said to be offensive because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims religion
33.
Sufism
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Sufism or Taṣawwuf, which is often defined as Islamic mysticism, the inward dimension of Islam, or the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam, is a mystical trend in Islam characterized. These orders meet for sessions in meeting places known as zawiyas, khanqahs. They strive for ihsan as detailed in a hadith, Ihsan is to worship Allah as if you see Him, if you cant see Him, Rumi stated, The Sufi is hanging on to Muhammad, like Abu Bakr. Sufis regard Muhammad as al-Insān al-Kāmil, the perfect man who exemplifies the morality of God. The orders largely follow one of the four madhhabs of Sunni Islam, classical Sufis were characterized by their asceticism, especially by their attachment to dhikr, the practice of repeating the names of God, often performed after prayers. According to William Chittick, In a broad sense, Sufism can be described as the interiorization, historically, Muslims have used the Arabic word taṣawwuf to identify the practice of Sufis. In this view, it is necessary to be a Muslim to be a true Sufi. However, Islamic scholars themselves are not by any means in agreement about the meaning of the word sufi, Sufis themselves claim that Tasawwuf is an aspect of Islam similar to Sharia, inseparable from Islam and an integral part of Islamic belief and practice. Classical Sufi scholars have defined Tasawwuf as a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else, two origins of the word sufi have been suggested. Commonly, the root of the word is traced to ṣafā. Another origin is ṣūf, wool in Arabic, referring to the simple cloaks the early Muslim ascetics wore, the two were combined by the Sufi al-Rudhabari, who said, The Sufi is the one who wears wool on top of purity. Scholars generally agree that ṣūf or wool is probably the word of Sufi. This term was given to them because they wore woollen garments, the term labisal-suf meant he clad himself in wool and applied to a person who renounced the world and became an ascetic. Others have suggested that the word comes from the term ahl aṣ-ṣuffah and these men and women who sat at al-Masjid an-Nabawi are considered by some to be the first Sufis. Al-Qushayri and Ibn Khaldun both rejected all other than ṣūf on linguistic grounds. Sufi orders are based on the bayah that was given to the Prophet Muhammad by his Sahaba, by pledging allegiance to the Prophet Muhammad, the Sahaba had committed themselves to the service of God. According to Islamic belief, by pledging allegiance to Prophet Muhammad and it is through the Prophet Muhammad that Sufis aim to learn about, understand and connect with God. Such a concept may be understood by the hadith, which Sufis regard to be authentic, in which Prophet Muhammad said, I am the city of knowledge, eminent Sufis such as Ali Hujwiri refer to Ali as having a very high ranking in Tasawwuf
34.
European Union Intellectual Property Office
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Every year, it registers an average of 135000 EU trade marks and close to 100000 designs. The EUIPO is based in Alicante, on the south-east coast of Spain, the office also processes trade mark and design applications in 23 official languages of the EU. The work of this EU agency extends beyond registration to cover the harmonisation of registration practices for trade marks and designs, the regulation establishing the EUIPO was adopted by the Council of the European Union in December 1993 and revised on two occasions, in 2009 and in 2015. It created the European Union trade mark as an instrument in European Union law and established the EUIPO as an EU agency with legal, administrative. Council Regulation No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 created the registered Community design, on 23 March 2016, the Office changed its name to the European Union Intellectual Property Office upon the entry into force of Regulation 2015/2424. On 23 March 2016, the Office changed its name to the European Union Intellectual Property Office upon the entry into force of Regulation 2015/2424, the Regulation brought about changes in three different areas, trade mark fees, technical changes and institutional changes. The Council of the European Union decides on the appointment of the Executive Director, the Deputy Executive Director, the European Union trade mark grants exclusive rights in all current and future Member States of the European Union through a single registration, filed online. The basic registration fee is EUR850 and it covers one class of goods, an EU trade mark registration lasts for 10 years but can be renewed indefinitely in blocks of 10 years. The registered Community design also grants exclusive rights throughout the European Union, the fee for registering and publishing one design is EUR350. A registered Community design is valid for five years from the date of filing. The first edition of the awards took place in Milan in 2016
35.
Harper's Bazaar
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Harpers Bazaar is an American womens fashion magazine, first published in 1867. Harpers Bazaar is published by Hearst and, as a magazine, considers itself to be the resource for women who are the first to buy the best. Writers Alice Meynell, Daisy Fellowes, Gloria Guinness, and Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd, when Harpers Bazaar began publication, it was a weekly magazine catering to women in the middle and upper classes. It showcased fashion from Germany and Paris in a newspaper-design format and it was not until 1901 that Harpers moved to a monthly issued magazine which it maintains today. Now Harpers Bazaar is owned and operated by the Hearst Corporation in the U. S. harper & Brothers founded the magazine. This company also gave birth to Harpers Magazine and HarperCollins Publishing, glenda Bailey is the editor-in-chief of U. S. edition of Harpers Bazaar. As the turn-of-the-century began in America, Harpers Bazaar began featuring both illustrations and photographs for its covers and inside features of society and increasingly of fashion. During the late Victorian period, as the suffrage movement was gaining momentum. Bazaar also began profiling prominent socialites, such as the Astors, in 1933, editor-in-chief Carmel Snow brought photojournalist Martin Munkacsi to a windswept beach to shoot a swimwear spread. As the model ran toward the camera, Munkacsi took the picture that made fashion-magazine history, until that moment, nearly all fashion was carefully staged on mannequin-like models in a studio. Snows buoyant spirit and wicked sense of adventure brought life to the pages of Bazaar, Snows genius came from cultivating the best people. Her first big find was art director Alexey Brodovitch, who innovated Bazaars iconic Didot logo, Snow also unleashed the force of nature known as Diana Vreeland, whom she brought on as fashion editor in 1936. The collaboration of these four visionaries resulted in some of the germane fashion shoots of the 20th century and ended only with Snows retirement, at the age of 70, throughout his career at the magazine, Brodovitch, a Russian émigré, revolutionized magazine design. With his directive Astonish me, he inspired some of the greatest visual artists of the 20th century, one of his assistants was future Rolling Stone art director Tony Lane. Sadly, Brodovitchs personal life was less triumphant, plagued by alcoholism, he left Bazaar in 1958 and eventually moved to the south of France, where he died in 1971. Diana, who is said to have invented the word pizzazz, before long, she became fashion editor, collaborating with photographers Louise Dahl-Wolfe and Richard Avedon and, later, art director Henry Wolf. Her eccentricity, perception and wit, as well as her sharp wit and sweeping pronouncements, were memorialized in the movie Funny Face, making her, for many, Richard Avedon began creating fashion portfolios for Harpers Bazaar at the age of 22. His distinctive photographs showed both chic insouciance and boundless vitality, avedons women leapt off curbs, roller-skated on the Place de la Concorde, and were seen in nightclubs, enjoying the freedom and fashions of the postwar era
36.
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief
37.
Designer label
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The term is most often applied to luxury goods. But almost every designer brand has merchandise that middle-class wouldnt normally be able to afford such as skins, furs and hides, limited edition pieces. Many department stores themselves may be considered designer labels, such as Neiman Marcus, Harrods, David Jones, designer labels are not only restricted to the fashion design industry. Many car and motorcycle companies such as Rolls Royce, Harley Davidson and these vehicles are also in high demand all over the world, and waiting lists may be applied to some models such as the Rolls Royce Phantom and the Bugatti Veyron. Many people consider designer labels to be a status symbol, the relationship between consumer products and social status is highly debated
38.
Akris
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Akris is a Swiss fashion house specializing in luxury goods for women designed by Creative Director Albert Kriemler. Akris was founded in 1922 by Alice Kriemler-Schoch in St. Gallen, Switzerland, the company initially made simple, dotted aprons that were crafted by Kriemler-Schoch on a single sewing machine. The company grew significantly and began producing ready-to-wear clothing, following the lead of Max Kriemler, Akris also produced clothes for French designers Givenchy and Ted Lapidus. However, in 1980, Max Kriemlers right-hand man died, Albert would never complete his fashion education, within those two years, he had already begun to take over the company. Peter Kriemler, Alberts brother, joined Akris in 1987 after studies at St. Gallen University on law, Peter is now Akriss global CEO, handling management and manufacturing. Peter Kriemler is credited with bringing the Akris collection to Asia with subsidiaries in Japan and Korea, as well as developing the worldwide network of directly operated stores. Since 2004, the Akris collection is shown during Paris fashion week - the only Swiss house in the Fédération française de la couture,1922 Akris founded by Alice Kriemler-Schoch. 1944 Max Kriemler joins the company, Akris is transforned into a ready-to-wear brand. 1980 Albert Kriemler joins the company at the age of 19,1985 Development of the current Akris company logo. 1987 Peter Kriemler joins the company, official takeover of management by both brothers in the third generation. While Albert is wholly responsible for creation and the impact of the company, Peter controls management and production. 1988 Sales debut of Akris at Bergdorf Goodman in New York,1995 First global advertising campaign with US photographer Steven Klein, New York, and model Stella Tennant. 1996 Launch of the Designer Sportswear Collection Akris punto,1996 Opening of the first Akris boutique in Paris and Boston. Mid-1990s Expansion to the department stores in the U. S. A. with partners Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue,1996 Akris becomes a member of the Fédération Française de la Couture, du Prêt-à-Porter des Couturiers et des Créateurs de Mode. It is one of the few couturiers in this organization, such as Dries van Noten. 1999 Opening of the first Akris Boutique in Seoul, Korea,2000 Opening of Namiki Dori, Ginza, the first Akris Boutique in Tokyo, Japan. 2001 Opening of the boutique in Paris on Avenue Montaigne,2002 Founding of the subsidiary Akris Japan Ltd. with headquarters in Tokyo. 2003 Opening of a boutique on Kohlmarkt in Vienna, Austria,2004 First official press defile in Paris
39.
Armani
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The brand utilizes the association of the Armani name with high-fashion, benefiting from its prestige in the fashion industry. By the end of 2005, estimated sales of the company were around $1.69 billion, Armani is the fastest growing fashion brand. The company already operates a range of cafés worldwide, in addition to a bar, Giorgio Armani is a high-end label specializing in mens and womens ready-to-wear, accessories, glasses, cosmetics, and perfumes. It is available only in Giorgio Armani boutiques, specialty clothiers, the logo is a curved G completing a curved A, forming a circle. According to WSJ and other reporters, in addition to couture line Armani Privé, Giorgio Armani. In addition, selling at lower prices are Armani Collezioni, Armani Exchange, Emporio Armani is the second brand of Armani family, features ready-to-wear and runway collections. Emporio Armani focuses on trends and modern traits, Emporio Armani usually only sold in freestanding Emporio Armani boutiques and its official website. Dj Ruru starred in four Emporio Armani underwear campaigns from Spring/Summer 2008 to Fall/Winter 2009-2010, beckham appeared with his wife, former Spice Girl and fashion designer Victoria, in the campaigns twice in 2009. All campaigns were photographed by Mert Alas and Marcus Piggott, in January 2010, football star Cristiano Ronaldo and Hollywood movie star Megan Fox became the male and female face and body of Emporio Armani. In 2011 Megan Fox was replaced with Rihanna and Ronaldo was replaced by tennis athlete Rafael Nadal, Emporio Armani has teamed up with Reebok to create fashion shoes under the label EA7. Armani Collezioni is the line of Giorgio Armani that retails at a lower price and is less exclusive than Giorgio Armani, Emporio Armani. The logo is usually displayed black written on a white label, Armani being larger and Collezioni underneath it. It provides made-to-measure tailored suits and shirts where every element can be chosen, last year, a sporty line of this label has appeared named Armani Collezioni Active in the same way as the EA7 line from Emporio Armani line. Armani Jeans is a collection of denim-related clothing, created in 1981. Armani Jeans is mainly sold in department stores, although there are many freestanding Armani Jeans stores in the world, some Armani Jeans items are sold in Emporio Armani Stores. This line does not feature Giorgio Armanis signature simplicity, the colors used are more diverse than those found in his higher end lines. Brazilian Midfielder Kaka was signed to endorse the jeans, A|X Armani Exchange was launched in 1991 in the U. S. It retails fashion and lifestyle products and is known for its occasionally provocative ad campaigns, inspired by street-chic culture and dance music, it is targeted as the more accessible Armani brand
40.
Max Azria
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Max Azria is a Tunisian fashion designer who founded the contemporary womens clothing brand BCBGMAXAZRIA. Azria is also the designer, chairman and CEO of the BCBG Max Azria Group and he is based in Los Angeles. Max Azria was born in Sfax, Tunisia as the youngest of six children to a Tunisian Jewish family, as a child, Max was educated in southeastern France before his family relocated to Paris, France in 1963. His brother is Serge Azria, founder of the clothing lines Joie, Current/Elliott. After 11 years of designing a line of apparel in Paris, Azria moved to Los Angeles, California in 1981 and launched Jess. In 1989, Azria launched BCBG Max Azria, named for the French phrase bon chic, bon genre, Azria was credited for offering designer fashion at affordable price points and, as a result, was inducted into the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 1998. The BCBG Max Azria Runway collection was first presented at New York Fashion Week in 1996, Azria also maintains two eponymous designer collections, Max Azria Atelier and Max Azria. Launched in February 2004, Max Azria Atelier is a collection of couture gowns created for celebrity clients, sharon Stone, Halle Berry, Fergie and Alicia Keys have worn the label on the red carpet. In February 2006, Azria debuted Max Azria, a collection with a directional aesthetic. During the 2009 awards season, Angelina Jolie wore Max Azria to the 2009 Screen Actors Guild Awards, the company bought out the bankrupt G+G Retail, which operated the G+G and Rave brands, in 2006. Azria acquired the Hervé Léger fashion house in 1998, marking the first time in history that an American designer had acquired a French couturier, in early 2007, Azria relaunched the Hervé Léger label with his own designs, which were quickly embraced by celebrities and trendsetters worldwide. Azria launched a contemporary collection called BCBGeneration in 2008. In June 2009, Azria teamed up with Miley Cyrus to create a line for Walmart called Miley Cyrus & Max Azria, Azria also designed clothing for Cyrus 2009 American tour. BCBG Max Azria Group is a fashion house with a portfolio including more than 20 brands. Max Azria is the CEO, chairman and head designer alongside his wife, Lubov Azria, as of 2006, there are over 550 BCBG Max Azria boutiques worldwide, including locations in London, Paris, Tokyo, Santiago and Hong Kong. BCBG Max Azria Group campaigns regularly feature notable models, including Eva Herzigova, Karen Elson, the company frequently works with internationally renowned photographers such as Patrick Demarchelier, Paolo Roversi and David Sims. BCBG Max Azria Group clothing are featured in major fashion publications such as Vogue, InStyle and Vanity Fair. Azria also received the Wells Fargo Century Fashion Achievement Award at the 2007 L. A, Fashion Awards and the 2008 Fashion Excellence Award at the 33rd Annual Dallas Fashion Awards
41.
Victoria Beckham
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Victoria Caroline Beckham, OBE is an English businesswoman, fashion designer, model, and singer. In the late 1990s, Beckham rose to fame with the pop group Spice Girls. After the Spice Girls split, she was signed to Virgin Records and her first release, Out of Your Mind, reached #2 in the UK Singles Chart. She has since made a appearance in an episode of Ugly Betty, and been a guest judge on Project Runway, Germanys Next Topmodel. In the past decade, Beckham has become an internationally recognised style icon and fashion designer, following high-profile collaborations with other brands, she launched an eponymous label in 2008, and a lower-priced label in 2011. The Victoria Beckham label was named designer brand of the year in the UK in 2011 and she is married to David Beckham, and they have four children. As of September 2015, the couples joint wealth is estimated at £508 million, Beckham was born at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom, and raised in Goffs Oak, Hertfordshire. She is the eldest of three children of Jacqueline Doreen, an insurance clerk and hairdresser, and Anthony William Adams. They founded a wholesale business which allowed a comfortable upbringing for Victoria, her sister, Louise. In 1980, she watched the musical film Fame and subsequently made the decision to pursue a musical career, Jacqueline and Anthony Adams enrolled her at Jason Theatre School. In 1991, Beckham entered Laine Theatre Arts in Epsom, Surrey and studied dance, Beckham attended St. Marys High School in Cheshunt, where she was embarrassed by her familys wealth and often begged her father not to drop her off outside the school in their Rolls Royce. Eventually, she became a member of a band called Persuasion, Beckham made a guest appearance on the catwalk for Maria Grachvogel on 17 February 2000, marking her debut as a model at London Fashion Week. Beckham also acted as a British ambassador for Dolce and Gabbana and was briefly the face of Rocawear in 2003. Beckham designed a fashion line for Rock & Republic called VB Rocks in 2004, consisting mainly of jeans for the high end of the market. On 16 January 2006, Beckham walked the runway for Roberto Cavalli at Milan Fashion Week, for the March 2006 issue of Harpers Bazaar, Beckham acted as fashion editor when she styled her close friend, Katie Holmes, for a fashion shoot. She has admitted to a love of sunglasses, saying Im quite obsessed with sunglasses. I collect vintage Guccis and Carreras – they can make virtually any outfit look cool, after Beckhams departure from Rock & Republic, in September 2006, she furthered her fashion ventures by launching her own denim label, dvb Style. Beckham then launched a new website, dvbstyle. com to promote her fashion work
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Laura Biagiotti
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Laura Biagiotti is an Italian high fashion designer. She studied literature in Rome, expecting to become an archeologist and her mother, Delia Biagiotti had designed the uniforms for Alitalia staff in 1964. The House of Biagiotti is now listed among the largest fashion houses in Italy and she also received the Leonardo Prize in Italy. The Italian post office issued a 41 Euro cent stamp with her name in 2002 and she received the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2011. Since 1980 Biagiotti has lived and worked in the Roman countryside, in the restored 11th century Marco Simone Castle together with her husband Gianni Cigna, Biagiotti is the daughter of Delia Soldaini Biagiotti, the founder of a fashion atelier. Laura’s daughter Lavinia Biagiotti Cigna entered the business in 1997. In 1992, Laura Biagiotti received the Woman of the Year award in New York, in 1993, she received the Marco Polo award in Beijing for having brought Italian industry to China. Laura Biagiotti was the President of the Leonardo Committee, composed of prominent Italians in the fields of industry, art and culture, from 2000 to 2008, and became its Honorary President in 2009. In 2001 she was the first designer to receive the Prix Femmes dEurope for her contribution in promoting participation in the development of a unified Europe. In 2002 received several the Marisa Bellisario Award and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the National Council of Italian Fashion and that year the Italian Postal Service issued a 41 Euro cent stamp honoring the designer and portraying a long dress inspired by classic Roman style. Biagiotti compiled a chapter on Italian fashion for the Treccani Encyclopedia in the Book of the Year 2004, in July 2004 Rome Mayor Walter Veltroni presented Biagiotti with the Lupa Capitolina award. In September 2007 Laura Biagiotti received the Crystal Lion Lifetime Achievement – Venice Casino Award at the conclusion of the 64th Venice International Film Festival, in January 2011 Laura Biagiotti was presented the Leonardo Award by the President of the Italian Republic, Giorgio Napolitano. Official website Laura Biagiotti at the Fashion Model Directory
