1.
Winnetka, Illinois
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Winnetka is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States, located 16 miles north of downtown Chicago. The population was 12,187 at the 2010 census, in 2015, Winnetka was ranked the richest municipality in Illinois and the second richest in the United States. The area is one of the most exclusive and wealthy suburbs in the nation, Winnetka is located at 42°6′22″N 87°44′16″W. Winnetka is located 650 feet above sea level and has a declination of 3°10 W. According to the 2010 census, Winnetka has an area of 3.893 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 12,187 people,4,102 households, and 3,328 families residing in the village. The racial makeup of the village was 94. 8% White,0. 3% African American,0. 1% Native American,3. 3% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2 % of the population. 17. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.39. In the village, the population was out with 36. 2% under the age of 19,2. 3% from 20 to 24,15. 2% from 25 to 44,32. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42.8 years, the median income for a household in the village was $207,955, and the median income for a family was over $250,000. The per capita income for the village was $100,506, about 1. 8% of families and 1. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 6% of those under age 18 and 2. 0% of those age 65 or over. The first houses were built in 1836 and that year Erastus Patterson and his family arrived from Vermont and opened a tavern to service passengers on the Green Bay Trail post road. The village was first subdivided in 1854 by Charles Peck and Walter S. Gurnee, President of the Chicago, Winnetkas first private school was opened in 1856 by Mr. and Mrs. Charles Peck with seventeen pupils. In 1859 the first public building was built with private funds at the southeast corner of Elm. The first years budget for school was two hundred dollars. The village was incorporated in 1869 with a population of 450, the name is believed to originate from Potawatomi language, meaning beautiful place. The oldest surviving house in Winnetka is the Schmidt-Burnham House and it was moved in 2003 from its previous location on Tower Road to the Crow Island Woods. Among Winnetkas celebrities are the late actor Rock Hudson and Rock singer/songwriter/producer Richard Marx, churches in Winnetka were also designed by noted architects
Winnetka, Illinois
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The house featured in the
Home Alone and in the beginning of
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York films
Winnetka, Illinois
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Location in
Cook County and the state of
Illinois.
Winnetka, Illinois
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"Welcome to Winnetka"
Winnetka, Illinois
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Major city
2.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
Illinois
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Mississippian copper plate found at the Saddle Site in
Union County, Illinois
Illinois
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Flag
Illinois
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Illinois in 1718, approximate modern state area highlighted, from Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi by
Guillaume de L'Isle.
Illinois
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Native women and children fleeing the
Battle of Bad Axe during the
Black Hawk War
3.
Beverly Hills, California
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Beverly Hills is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, surrounded by the cities of Los Angeles and West Hollywood. By 2013, its population had grown to 34,658, sometimes referred to as 90210, one of its primary ZIP codes, it was home to many actors and celebrities throughout the 20th century. The city includes the Rodeo Drive shopping district and the Beverly Hills Oil Field, gaspar de Portolá arrived in the area that would later become Beverly Hills on August 3,1769, travelling along native trails which followed the present-day route of Wilshire Boulevard. The area was settled by Maria Rita Quinteros de Valdez and her husband in 1828 and they called their 4,500 acres of property the Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas. in 1854, she sold the ranch to Benjamin Davis Wilson and Henry Hancock. By the 1880s, the ranch had been subdivided into parcels of 75 acres and was being bought up by anglos from Los Angeles. Henry Hammel and Andrew H. Denker acquired most of it, at this point, the area was known as the Hammel and Denker Ranch. By 1888, Denker and Hammel were planning to build a town called Morocco on their holdings and they did not find enough to exploit commercially by the standards of the time, though. In 1906, therefore, they reorganized as the Rodeo Land and Water Company, renamed the property Beverly Hills, subdivided it, the development was named Beverly Hills after Beverly Farms in Beverly, Massachusetts and because of the hills in the area. The first house in the subdivision was built in 1907, although sales remained slow, Beverly Hills was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time. Restrictive covenants prohibited non-whites from owning or renting property unless they were employed as servants by white residents and it was also forbidden to sell or rent property to Jews in Beverly Hills. Burton Green began construction on The Beverly Hills Hotel in 1911, the hotel was finished in 1912. The visitors drawn by the hotel were inclined to purchase land in Beverly Hills and that same year, the Rodeo Land and Water Company decided to separate its water business from its real estate business. The Beverly Hills Utility Commission was split off from the company and incorporated in September 1914, buying all of the utilities-related assets from the Rodeo Land. In 1919, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford bought land on Summit Drive and built a mansion, finished in 1921, the glamor associated with Fairbanks and Pickford as well as other movie stars who built mansions in the city contributed to its growing appeal. By the early 1920s the population of Beverly Hills had grown enough to make the water supply a political issue, in 1923 the usual solution, annexation to the city of Los Angeles, was proposed. There was considerable opposition to annexation among such famous residents as Pickford, Fairbanks, Will Rogers, the Beverly Hills Utility Commission, opposed to annexation as well, managed to force the city into a special election and the plan was defeated 337 to 507. In 1925, Beverly Hills approved an issue to buy 385 acres for a new campus for UCLA. The cities of Los Angeles, Santa Monica and Venice also issued bonds to pay for the new campus
Beverly Hills, California
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Beverly Hills at the corner of Rodeo Drive & Via Rodeo
Beverly Hills, California
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Seal
Beverly Hills, California
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Aerial view, 3D computer generated image
Beverly Hills, California
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Hammel and Denker ranch, c. 1905
4.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
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A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
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Flag
California
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Mount Shasta
California
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Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
5.
Cenotaph
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A cenotaph is an empty tomb or a monument erected in honour of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere. It can also be the tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. The word derives from the Greek, κενοτάφιον kenotaphion Cenotaphs were common in the ancient world with many built in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and across Northern Europe. The Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy, contains a number of cenotaphs including one for Dante Alighieri, a cenotaph is the focal point of the Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria, South Africa. It is situated below the main point of interest, a marble Historical Frieze in the Hall of Heroes. The Hall of Heroes itself has a dome from the summit of one can view the interior of the monument. At noon on 16 December each year the sun shines through another opening in the dome onto the middle of the cenotaph, the ray of sunshine symbolises Gods blessing on the lives and endeavours of the Voortrekkers. 16 December is the date in 1838 that the Battle of Blood River was fought, durban, South Africa, has a striking and unusual cenotaph made of granite and lavishly decorated with brightly coloured ceramics. Port Elizabeth, South Africa, has a cenotaph, on either side of the central sarcophagus are statues by Technical College Art School principal, James Gardner, who served in the trenches during the war. One depicts St George and the Dragon, the other depicts the sanctity of family life, surrounding the sarcophagus are a number of bas-relief panels depicting scenes and people during the First World War. It was unveiled by Mrs W F Savage and dedicated by Canon Mayo on 10 November 1929, a surrounding memorial wall commemorates the men and women killed during World War II. In Livingstone there is a cenotaph at the Eastern Cataract of The Victoria Falls with the names of the men of Northern Rhodesia who died during the Great War 1914–18 and it was unveiled by HRH Prince Arthur of Connaught on 1 August 1923. There is also a cenotaph in Lusaka at Embassy Park, opposite the Cabinet Office along Independence Avenue, the cenotaph was commemorated in 1977. A monument which has come to be known to as the Cenotaph was erected in Plaza San Martín, in downtown Buenos Aires, to commemorate the Argentinian soldiers who died during the Falklands War, in 1982. The monument consists of a series of plaques of marble with the names of the fallen, surrounding a flame. Another cenotaph, which is a replica of the Argentine Military Cemetery in Darwin on the Falkland Islands, exists in Campo de Mayo, a limestone replica of the Cenotaph at Whitehall in London was erected outside the Cabinet Building in Hamilton, Bermuda in 1920. In the United States, a cenotaph in Yale Universitys Hewitt Quad honours men of Yale who died in battle, the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial in Dallas is often described as a cenotaph. It has an Egyptian Revival cenotaph base, surmounted by a fasces bound together with ribbons bearing the names of the dead and it was designed by French émigré architect Maximilian Godefroy in 1815, and construction was completed in 1827
Cenotaph
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Cenotaph of
Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah,
Agra
Cenotaph
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The Cenotaph, Whitehall, London
Cenotaph
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Remembrance Day parade, at the Cenotaph, in the
City of Hamilton,
Bermuda.
Cenotaph
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The Cenotaph, Auckland, New Zealand
6.
Pillow Talk (film)
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Pillow Talk is a 1959 Eastmancolor romantic comedy film in CinemaScope directed by Michael Gordon. It features Rock Hudson, Doris Day, Tony Randall, Thelma Ritter, the film was written by Russell Rouse, Maurice Richlin, Stanley Shapiro and Clarence Greene. It tells the story of Jan Marrow, a decorator and Brad Allen. The scheme seems to work until Brads mutual friend and Jans client Jonathan Forbes finds out about this, causing a love triangle in the process. In 1947, they sold it as a play, but bought it back again four years later, finally selling it in 1958 to Arwin Productions. In August 1959, however, the title was reinstated. This is the first of three comedies in which Day, Hudson and Randall starred together, the other two being Lover Come Back and Send Me No Flowers. Upon its release, Pillow Talk brought in a then staggering domestic box-office gross of $18,750,000 and gave Rock Hudsons career a comeback after the failure of A Farewell to Arms earlier that year. On July 14,1980, Jack Martin reported on Pillow Talk as “biggest hit of 1959. ”In 2009, it was entered into the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being culturally, historically or aesthetically significant and preserved. Jan Morrow is a successful, self-reliant interior decorator in New York City and she lives alone and claims to be quite happy, when questioned on that subject by her drunken housekeeper, Alma. The only irritant in her life is the party line that she shares with Brad Allen and she is unable to obtain a private phone line because the telephone company has been overwhelmed by the recent demand for new phone lines in the area. Jan and Brad, who have ever met on the telephone. Jan and Brad bicker over the party line, with Brad suggesting that the single Jan is jealous of his popularity, one of Jans clients is millionaire Jonathan Forbes, who repeatedly throws himself at her to no avail. Unknown to Jan, Jonathan is Brads old college buddy and current Broadway benefactor, one evening in a nightclub, Brad finally sees Jan dancing and learns who she is. Attracted to her, he fakes a Texan accent and invents a new persona, Rex Stetson and he succeeds in wooing Jan, and the pair begin seeing each other regularly. Jan cannot resist bragging about her new beau on the phone to Brad Allen, while Brad teases Jan by having Rex show an interest in traditionally effeminate things, thereby implying Rexs homosexuality. When Jonathan finds out about Brads masquerade, he forces Brad to leave New York City, Brad invites Jan to join him. Once there, romance blossoms until Jan stumbles upon a copy of Rexs sheet music and she plunks the melody on the nearby piano and recognizes Brads song
Pillow Talk (film)
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Theatrical poster
7.
Giant (1956 film)
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Giant is a 1956 American epic Western drama film, directed by George Stevens from a screenplay adapted by Fred Guiol and Ivan Moffat from Edna Ferbers 1952 novel. Giant was the last of James Deans three films as a actor, and earned him his second and last Academy Award nomination – he was killed in a car accident before the film was released. Nick Adams was called in to do some voice dubbing for Deans role, in 2005, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Wealthy Texas rancher Jordan Bick Benedict Jr. travels to Maryland to buy a horse, there he meets and courts socialite Leslie Lynnton, who ends a budding relationship with British diplomat Sir David Karfrey and marries Bick after a whirlwind romance. They return to Texas to start their life together on the ranch, Reata. Leslie meets Jett Rink, a handyman, and he becomes infatuated with her. Leslie discovers on a ride with Jett that the local Mexican workers living conditions are terrible, after tending to one of the Mexican children, Angel Obregon II, she presses Bick to take steps to improve their condition. When riding Leslies beloved horse, War Winds, Luz expresses her hostility for Leslie by cruelly digging in her spurs, War Winds bucks her off and she leaves Jett a small piece of land on the Benedict ranch. Bick, who despises Jett, tries to buy back the land, Jett makes the land his home and names it Little Reata. Over the next ten years, Leslie and Bick have twins, Jordan II and Judy, Jett strikes oil on his land and drives to the Benedict house, covered in crude, to proclaim to the Benedicts that he will be richer than them. Jett makes a pass at Leslie, and this leads to a fistfight with Bick before he drives off. Jetts oil drilling company prospers over the years, and he tries to persuade Bick to let him drill for oil on Reata, Bick is determined to preserve his family legacy, however, and refuses. Meanwhile, tensions arise regarding the now-grown children, Bick insists that Jordy succeed him and run the ranch, but Jordy wants to become a doctor. Leslie wants Judy to attend finishing school in Switzerland, but Judy wants to study animal husbandry at Texas Tech, both children succeed in pursuing their own vocations, each asking one parent to convince the other to let them have their way. At the family Christmas party, Bick tries to interest Judys new husband, Bob Dace, in working on the ranch after he returns from the declared war. Jett arrives and persuades Bick to allow oil production on his land, realizing that his children will not take over the ranch when he retires, Bick agrees. Luz II, now in her teens, starts flirting with Jett, once oil production starts on the ranch, the Benedict family becomes even wealthier and more powerful. Meanwhile, the now-grown Angel is killed in the war, the Benedict–Rink rivalry comes to a head when the Benedicts discover that Luz II and the much older Jett have been dating
Giant (1956 film)
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Cast members and crew at work on the Reata mansion set. The
Second-empire Victorian mansion facade designed by
Boris Leven became an iconic image for the film.
Giant (1956 film)
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Theatrical release poster by
Bill Gold
8.
Lover Come Back (1961 film)
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Lover Come Back is a 1961 Eastmancolor romantic comedy released by Universal Pictures and directed by Delbert Mann. The film stars Doris Day and Rock Hudson in their second film together, the supporting cast includes Tony Randall, Edie Adams, Ann B. This is the second of three movies in which Day, Hudson and Randall starred together, the two being Pillow Talk and Send Me No Flowers. The story is similar to Pillow Talk in that it includes mistaken identity as a key plot device, although not as well known as Pillow Talk, the script by Stanley Shapiro and Paul Henning earned an Oscar nomination for Best Screenplay. Jerrys equal and sworn enemy at an agency is Carol Templeton. Although she has never met him, Carol is disgusted by Jerrys unethical tactics, Jerry avoids trouble with his usual aplomb, sending a comely chorus girl, Rebel Davis, to seduce the council members. Jerry then promises Rebel a spot in commercials, so he shoots some featuring her for “VIP, the commercials accidentally are broadcast on TV, thanks to the perplexed company president, Pete Ramsey. Due to this mistake, Jerry needs to come up with a product quickly and he bribes a chemist, Dr. Linus Tyler, to come up with some sort of product called “VIP” that could be marketed. Appalled, she once more reports him to the Advertising Council, Jerry, however, arrives at the hearing with VIP, a mint-flavored candy Dr. Tyler has created. He provides a sample to everyone there, including Carol. “VIP” turns out to be a candy, one serving having the same effect as a triple martini. Its extreme effects lead to a stand between Carol and her bitter rival, Jerry, complete with a marriage license. Jerry leaves New York to work in his companys California branch—only to be called back nine months later to remarry Carol in a maternity ward. Although not a musical, the film contains two songs sung by Day, Lover Come Back during the credits, and Should I Surrender as she contemplates what to do with her feelings for Jerry. Doris Day insisted the concluding events be rewritten, having Carol, list of American films of 1961 Lover Come Back at the Internet Movie Database Lover Come Back at AllMovie Lover Come Back at the TCM Movie Database
Lover Come Back (1961 film)
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Theatrical release poster
9.
Seconds (film)
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Seconds is a 1966 American science fiction drama film directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Rock Hudson. The screenplay by Lewis John Carlino was based on Seconds, a novel by David Ely, the film was entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival and released by Paramount Pictures. The cinematography by James Wong Howe was nominated for an Academy Award, in 2015, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Seconds is a mystery dealing with the obsession with eternal youth, arthur Hamilton is a middle-aged man whose life has lost purpose. Hes achieved success, but finds it unfulfilling and his love for his wife has dwindled and he seldom sees his only child. Through a friend, a man he thought was dead, Hamilton is approached by a secret organization, upon arriving for a meeting, Hamilton arrives at a meat packing plant. He is given workman overalls and hat, then exits the facility out a different door where he is seated inside the back of a truck which proceeds to another building. He disappears into a large complex filled with dark, empty hallways where he awaits his transformation, the Company gives Hamilton the body of a young man through plastic surgery and a new identity, namely Antiochus Tony Wilson. He later discovers this identity has taken from someone who recently passed on. He is resettled into a community filled with people like him who are reborns, eventually, Hamilton decides the new life isnt what he wants. He contacts the Company, letting them know he wants a different identity and it turns out to be a lie and Hamilton learns as he is wheeled to the operating room, before being sedated, that he is to be killed. The director of photography for Seconds was James Wong Howe, who pioneered techniques in black-and-white cinematography. He was nominated for an Oscar at the 39th Academy Awards for his work on the film, Seconds was Frankenheimer and Howes last film in black-and-white. Rock Hudson was five inches taller than his counterpart, John Randolph. Hudson and Randolph also spent a deal of time together before production began, allowing Hudson to model Randolphs mannerisms. In Frankenheimers commentary on the DVD, he notes, The depiction of Hamiltons plastic surgery includes several shots of an actual rhinoplasty operation, Director John Frankenheimer made several of these shots himself after the cameraman fainted. The DVD includes footage deleted from the American theatrical version depicting nude revelers at a wine festival, Frankenheimer had also intended to restore a scene in which the transformed Hamilton visits his daughter, but the footage could not be found. The scenes in Tony Wilsons Malibu beach house were shot in Frankenheimers own home, in order to shoot in Grand Central Station without attracting too much attention, Frankenheimer hired a male model and a Playboy bunny to make-out on the stairs while being filmed by a fake crew
Seconds (film)
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Theatrical release poster for Seconds
10.
Classical Hollywood cinema
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For centuries the only visual standard of narrative storytelling was the theatre. Since the first narrative films in the 1890s, filmmakers sought to capture the power, most of these filmmakers started as directors on the late 19th century stage, and likewise most film actors had roots in vaudeville or theatrical melodramas. Early film-makers largely failed to both the limitations and the freedom of the new medium. Visually, early films had adapted little from the stage. Regardless of any merit they had in the proscenium, these narrative films lost both their power and their realism on the cinematic frame, melodrama and vaudeville only emphasized the artificiality of film, and likewise stagy visuals on film appeared two-dimensional and static. Before the visual style which would become known as classical continuity, scenes were filmed in full shot and used carefully choreographed staging to portray plot, cutting was extremely limited, and mostly consisted of close-ups of writing on objects for their legibility. By the early 1910s, film-making was beginning to fulfill its artistic potential, films worldwide began to noticeably adopt visual and narrative elements which would be found in classical Hollywood cinema. In the world generally and America specifically, the influence of Griffith on film-making was unmatched, equally influential were his actors in adapting their performances to the new medium. Lillian Gish, the star of The Mothering Heart, is noted for her influence on screen performance techniques. D. W. Griffiths 1915 epic The Birth of a Nation was groundbreaking for film as a means of storytelling — a masterpiece of narrative with numerous innovative visual techniques. The film initiated so many advances in American cinema that it was rendered obsolete within a few years, though 1913 was a global landmark for film-making,1917 was primarily an American one. The era of classical Hollywood cinema is distinguished by a narrative, the narrative and visual style of classical Hollywood style would further develop after the transition to sound-film production. The primary changes in American film-making came from the industry itself. This mode of production, with its star system bankrolled by several key studios, had preceded sound by several years. By mid-1920 most of the prominent American directors and actors, who had worked independently since the early 10s, the beginning of the sound era itself is ambiguously defined. Some begin the start of the era with The Jazz Singer. Others begin the era at 1929, when the silent age had definitively ended, for instance, Cedric Gibbons and Herbert Stothart always worked on MGM films, Alfred Newman worked at Twentieth Century Fox for twenty years, Cecil B. DeMilles films were almost all made at Paramount Pictures, director Henry Kings films were made for Twentieth Century Fox
Classical Hollywood cinema
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Clark Gable and
Vivien Leigh in
Gone with the Wind, adjusted with inflation is the highest-grossing film of all time, and a classic of Hollywood cinema
Classical Hollywood cinema
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Theatrical release poster for The Birth of a Nation
Classical Hollywood cinema
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Lillian Gish, the "First Lady of the American Cinema", was a leading star in the silent era
11.
Magnificent Obsession (1954 film)
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Magnificent Obsession is a 1954 Technicolor drama romantic film directed by Douglas Sirk starring Jane Wyman and Rock Hudson. The screenplay was written by Robert Blees and Wells Root, after the 1929 book Magnificent Obsession by Lloyd C. Douglas, the film was produced by Ross Hunter. Sirk sometimes claimed that the story was based distantly on the Greek legend of Alcestis, in 1935 Universal Studios introduced Magnificent Obsession starring Irene Dunne and Robert Taylor, based on Lloyd C. Douglas book. Spoiled playboy Bob Merricks reckless behavior causes him to control of his speed boat. Rescuers send for the nearest resuscitator, located in Dr. Phillipss house across the lake, while the resuscitator is being used to save Merrick, Dr. Phillips suffers a heart attack and dies. Merrick ends up a patient at Dr. Phillipss clinic, where most of the doctors and nurses resent the fact that Merrick inadvertently caused Dr. Phillipss death. Helen Phillips, Dr. Phillipss young widow, receives a flood of calls, many claimed he refused by saying it was already used up. Edward Randolph, a famous artist and Dr. Phillipss close friend and this helps her to understand why her husband left little money, even though he had a very successful practice. Merrick discovers why everyone dislikes him and he runs from the clinic but collapses in front of Helens car and ends up back at the hospital, where she learns his true identity. After his discharge, Merrick leaves a party, drunk, after running off the road, Merrick ends up at the home of Edward Randolph, who recognizes him. Randolph explains the belief that powered his own art and Dr. Phillipss success. Merrick decides to try out this new philosophy and his first attempt causes Helen to step into the path of a car while trying to run away from Merricks advances. She is blinded by this accident, Merrick soberly commits to becoming a doctor, trying to fulfill Dr. Phillipss legacy. He also has fallen in love with Helen and secretly helps her adjust to her blindness under the guise of being simply a medical student. Merrick secretly arranges for Helen to travel to Europe and consult the best eye surgeons in the world, after extensive tests, these surgeons tell Helen there is no hope for recovery. Right after this, Robby shows up at her hotel to provide emotional support, Merrick asks Helen to marry him. Later that night, Helen realizes she will be a burden to him, many years pass and Merrick is now a dedicated and successful brain surgeon who secretly continues his philanthropic acts, and searches for Helen. One evening, Randolph arrives with news that Helen is very sick, possibly dying and they leave immediately for this clinic
Magnificent Obsession (1954 film)
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Theatrical release poster
12.
All That Heaven Allows
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All That Heaven Allows is a 1955 Technicolor drama romance film starring Jane Wyman and Rock Hudson in a tale about a well-to-do widow and a younger landscape designer falling in love. The screenplay was written by Peg Fenwick based upon a story by Edna L. Lee, the film was directed by Douglas Sirk and produced by Ross Hunter. In 1995, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, Cary Scott is an affluent widow in suburban New England, whose social life involves her country club peers, college-age children, and a few men vying for her affection. She becomes interested in Ron Kirby, her gardener, an intelligent, down-to-earth, Ron is content with his simple life outside the materialistic society and the two fall in love. Ron introduces her to people who seem to have no need for wealth and status, Cary accepts his proposal of marriage, but becomes distressed when her friends and college-age children are angry. They look down upon Ron and his friends and reject their mother for this socially unacceptable arrangement, eventually, bowing to this pressure, she breaks off the engagement. Cary and Ron continue their lives, both with many regrets, but Carys children soon announce they are moving out. Having destroyed her chance at happiness, her son buys her a set to keep her company. Before doing so, however, her daughter apologizes to her mother for her prior impulsive and foolish reaction to Ron, Carys doctor points out that Cary is now lonelier than she was before meeting Ron. As he recovers, Cary is by his telling him that she has come home. Sirk found the screenplay for All That Heaven Allows rather impossible but was able to restructure it and use the big budget to film, the music which often plays throughout the film is Consolation No.3 in D-flat major by Franz Liszt. Some exteriors for the film were shot on “Colonial Street, ” a studio built by Paramount Pictures on the property of Universal Studios four years earlier for the movie Desperate Hours. The set was designed to mimic an upper-middle class, New England town, the set was featured on the television show Leave it to Beaver. Sirk considered having Hudson’s character die at the end of the film, Wyman was only 38 when she played the films older woman who scandalizes society and her grown-up children by becoming engaged to a younger man. Hudson, the man, was 30 at the time. Screenwriter Peg Fenwick wrote the screenplay for All That Heaven Allows based on the 394-page novel of the name by Harry. Notations made on various pages of a copy of the original screenplay owned by the New York Public Library indicate that the script was written in August of 1954, the film contains only one visible crane shot in which the camera scan over the fictional town of Stoningham. Tracking and dollying shots are used to frequently in interior shots, All That Heaven Allows received positive reviews from critics
All That Heaven Allows
–
Theatrical release poster
13.
Doris Day
–
Doris Day is a retired American actress and singer, and continuing animal welfare activist. After she began her career as a big band singer in 1939, her popularity increased with her first hit recording Sentimental Journey, in 1948, Day was given a key part in the film Romance on the High Seas, despite not having any acting experience. Its director, Michael Curtiz, gave her the part since she looked like the All-American Girl and it led to a 20-year career in film, including a string of musicals and romantic comedies beginning in the 1950s. She starred with leading men such as Clark Gable in Teachers Pet, Rock Hudson in Pillow Talk and Send Me No Flowers, Cary Grant in That Touch of Mink and she was usually one of the top 10 singers between 1951 and 1966. As an actress, she became the biggest female star in the early 1960s. In 2011 – well into her late 80s – she released her 29th studio album, My Heart, among her awards, Day has received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and a Legend Award from the Society of Singers. She has been Oscar nominated six times, and in 1989 was given the Cecil B, deMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures. In 2004, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom followed in 2011 by the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award. Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff was born on April 3,1922, in Cincinnati, Ohio, the daughter of Alma Sophia, a housewife, and William Joseph Kappelhoff, All of her grandparents were German immigrants. The youngest of three siblings, she had two brothers, Richard and Paul, several years older. Due to her fathers alleged infidelity, her parents separated and she developed an early interest in dance, and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati. A car accident on October 13,1937, injured her legs, while recovering, Day started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had. But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, observing her daughter rekindled Almas interest in show business, and she decided to give Doris singing lessons. She engaged a teacher, Grace Raine, after three lessons, Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential, which led Alma to give her daughter three lessons a week for the price of one. Years later, Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style, during her radio performances, Day first caught the attention of Barney Rapp, who was looking for a girl vocalist and asked if Day would like to audition for the job. According to Rapp, he had auditioned about 200 singers when Day got the job, while working for Rapp in 1939, she adopted the stage surname Day, at Rapps suggestion. Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees, and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day, after working with Rapp, Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James, Bob Crosby, and Les Brown
Doris Day
–
Publicity photo, 1957
Doris Day
–
At the Aquarium Jazz Club, New York (1946)
Doris Day
–
With
Gordon MacRae in
Starlift (1951)
Doris Day
–
Doris Day and
Howard Keel,
Calamity Jane (1953)
14.
Send Me No Flowers
–
Send Me No Flowers is a 1964 American comedy film, directed by Norman Jewison and starring Rock Hudson, Doris Day, and Tony Randall. After Pillow Talk and Lover Come Back, it is the third and final film in which Hudson, Day, the screenplay by Julius J. Epstein is based on the play by Norman Barasch and Carroll Moore, which had a brief run on Broadway in 1960. The title tune was written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach, George Kimball, a hypochondriac, lives with his wife Judy in the suburbs. Judy learns from the milkman that their neighbors, the Bullards, are getting a divorce, George visits his doctor after experiencing chest pains. He overhears his doctor, Ralph Morrissey, discussing a patient who has just a few weeks to live, George assumes that Morrissey is talking about him and is distraught. On the train home he tells his friend, Arnold Nash and he has decided not to tell Judy, knowing it will upset her. Arnold solemnly assures George that he deliver the eulogy at his funeral. That night, George dreams about Judy marrying Vito, an irresponsible young deliveryman more interested in her inheritance than love and he visits a funeral home operated by Mr. Akins to buy a burial plot. He decides to find Judy a new husband and asks Arnold to help him, on a golf outing, Judys golf cart malfunctions and she is saved by her old college beau Bert Power, now a Texas oil baron. George agrees with Arnold that Bert would be a husband for Judy. During an evening out, George forces Judy to dance and talk with Bert, when George runs into the newly divorced Linda Bullard, who is there with Winston, he takes her to the coat room and warns her about Winstons intentions. She thanks him and kisses him in gratitude, when Judy sees them, she storms out, thinking that he is pushing her to spend time with Bert so that he can have an affair with Linda. George then tells Judy that he is dying, upset, Judy insists that George use a wheelchair. But when she sees Dr. Morrissey and he tells her that George is fine and she rolls him out of the house and locks him out, announcing her intention to divorce him. The next day Judy leaves to buy a train ticket, George follows her to the train station and insists that he really is dying and tells her he has bought a burial plot. Thinking this is another lie, she goes home to get her bags, but when Mr. Akins delivers the burial contracts, she realizes that George was sincere all the time and forgives him. The film grossed $9,129,247 in the U. S, the film was the last comedy for Doris Day and Rock Hudson and received mixed reviews. In his review in the New York Times, Bosley Crowther called it a beautiful farce situation and added, and Norman Jewison has directed so that it stays within bounds of good taste, is never cruel or insensitive, and makes something good of every gag
Send Me No Flowers
–
Theatrical release poster
15.
Tobruk (1967 film)
–
Tobruk is a 1967 American war film starring Rock Hudson and George Peppard and directed by Arthur Hiller. The film was written by Leo Gordon and released through Universal Pictures, the movie is loosely based on the British attacks on German and Italian forces at Tobruk codenamed Operation Agreement, though unlike the movie, Operation Agreement was a failure. In September 1942, Rommels Africa Korps is only 90 miles from the Suez Canal, the British approve a plan to destroy German fuel bunkers at Tobruk in an attempt to cripple Rommels attack. They then join up with commandos of the Long Range Desert Group, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel John Harker and they are to drive there through enemy territory posing as POWs escorted by the SIG pretending to be guards. Once they reach Tobruk they would link up with a full Naval and RAF assault on the city and their primary objective. How in hell are we supposed to get through their defenses now, on the way, they encounter a patrol of Italian tanks, which stops a short distance from where they are resting in a gully. Later that night, Sergeant Major Jack Tyne spots a tank column approaching from the opposite direction, to avoid detection the next day, Craig safely guides them through a German mine field, before they are attacked by a British Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter. They manage to shoot it down, but 8 men are killed and one troop transport lorry, their fuel supply. The fighting attracts Tuareg tribesmen, who are friendly with the Germans, Craig, who speaks their language, exchanges some guns and ammunition for two prisoners. The prisoners turn out to be British traitors Henry Portman, who has an Irish accent, and his daughter Cheryl, when they reach the telephone, however, they are spotted by an Italian patrol. Henry Portman fires at the patrol and is killed, while his daughter is seriously wounded, Harker sends Bergman and Sergeant Krug after the Portmans where they retrieve Cheryl from the Italians. When Krug asks how they knew about the telephone, Bergman replies, one among us is the enemy. Harker has Bergman and his men disarmed and then gives Bergman two hours to identify his traitor, the traitor kills Cheryl Portman so she cannot reveal his identity. Lieutenant Max Mohnfeld, Bergmans second in command, appears from the tunnel the Portmans used to escape and he states the traitor is down the shaft. They find Corporal Bruckner, one of Bergmans closest friends for 10 years, Cheryl Portman had died from cyanide, and Bruckners suicide tablet is missing. Bergman, however, is not convinced his friend was the traitor, the RAF then bomb Tobruk as scheduled. Harker also orders Lieutenant Boyden to capture the Jerry transmitter in the city in order to cancel the landing, Boyden did not speak German, is knocked out. Bergman and three of his men escape on motorcycles and manage to destroy a tank and use flame throwers to buy Harker time, however Bergman
Tobruk (1967 film)
–
Tobruk
16.
Ice Station Zebra
–
Ice Station Zebra is a 1968 Metrocolor Cold War era suspense and espionage film directed by John Sturges, starring Rock Hudson, Patrick McGoohan, Ernest Borgnine, and Jim Brown. The screenplay by Alistair MacLean, Douglas Heyes, Harry Julian Fink, both have parallels to real-life events that took place in 1959. The film was photographed in Super Panavision 70 by Daniel L. Fapp, the original music score is by Michel Legrand. A satellite reenters the atmosphere and ejects a capsule which parachutes to the Arctic, during an ice storm, a figure soon approaches, guided by a homing beacon, while a second person secretly watches from nearby. The scene shifts to Commander James Ferraday, captain of the U. S. nuclear attack submarine USS Tigerfish, stationed at Holy Loch, Scotland. He is ordered by Admiral Garvey to rescue the personnel of Drift Ice Station Zebra, however, the mission is actually a cover for a highly classified assignment. Ferraday welcomes aboard British intelligence agent Mr. Jones and a Marine platoon, the Tigerfish makes its way under the ice to Zebra’s last-known position. Ferraday decides to use a torpedo to blast an opening in the thick ice, however, the crewmen suddenly find the torpedo tube is open at both ends, killing torpedo officer Lt. Mills as seawater floods in, plunging the sub toward its rated crush depth. Jones helps to close the tube but, even so, Ferraday, during the investigation of the torpedo tube, Ferraday quickly determines that this malfunction should be impossible but Jones describes how someone could intentionally rig the tube to malfunction. Both Jones and Ferraday conclude that there is a saboteur aboard, Ferraday suspects Vaslov, while Jones suspects Anders, who is the least known member of the rescue team to Jones, Ferraday and Vaslov, and universally disliked for his strict demeanor. Jones demands Ferraday complete the mission regardless of the risk, and Ferraday refuses, at that moment, an area of thin ice is located, and Ferraday surfaces the Tigerfish. Ferraday, Vaslov, Jones, and the Marine platoon set out for the station in zero visibility. They reach Zebra to find several of its buildings burned and the nearly dead from hypothermia. Jones and Vaslov begin questioning the survivors and it becomes obvious that the two spies are looking for something. Ferraday reveals to Jones that he knows more about the mission than he is supposed to, Jones reveals to Ferraday that an advanced experimental British camera was stolen by the Soviets, along with an enhanced film emulsion developed by the Americans. The Soviets sent it into orbit to photograph the locations of all the American missile silos, however, the camera malfunctioned and continued to record Soviet missile sites as well. A second malfunction forced re-entry in the Arctic, close to Ice Station Zebra, soon after, undercover Soviet and British agents arrived to recover the film capsule, and the civilian scientists at Zebra were caught in the crossfire between them. As the weather clears, Ferraday sets his crew to search for the capsule, Jones eventually finds a hidden tracking device
Ice Station Zebra
–
Theatrical release
poster by
Howard Terpning
Ice Station Zebra
–
The submarine and a helicopter during the making of the movie.
17.
Mystery fiction
–
Mystery fiction is a genre of fiction usually involving a mysterious death or a crime to be solved. In a closed circle of suspects, each suspect must have a credible motive, the central character must be a detective who eventually solves the mystery by logical deduction from facts fairly presented to the reader. Mystery fiction can be detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle or suspense element, Mystery fiction can be contrasted with hardboiled detective stories, which focus on action and gritty realism. Mystery fiction may involve a mystery where the solution does not have to be logical. This contrasted with parallel titles of the names which contained conventional hardboiled crime fiction. The first use of mystery in this sense was by Dime Mystery, the genre of mystery novels is a young form of literature that has developed over the past 200 years. The rise of literacy began in the years of the English Renaissance and, as began to read over time. As people became more individualistic in their thinking, they developed a respect for human reason, perhaps a reason that mystery fiction was unheard of before the 1800s was due in part to the lack of true police forces. Before the Industrial Revolution, many of the towns would have constables, naturally, the constable would be aware of every individual in the town, and crimes were either solved quickly or left unsolved entirely. As people began to crowd into cities, police forces became institutionalized and the need for detectives was realized – thus the mystery novel arose. An early work of mystery fiction, Das Fräulein von Scuderi by E. T. A. Hoffmann, was an influence on The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe as may have been Voltaires Zadig. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, in 1887 Arthur Conan Doyle introduced Sherlock Holmes, whose mysteries are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. The genre began to expand near the turn of century with the development of dime novels, books were especially helpful to the genre, with many authors writing in the genre in the 1920s. An important contribution to fiction in the 1920s was the development of the juvenile mystery by Edward Stratemeyer. Stratemeyer originally developed and wrote the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries written under the Franklin W. Dixon, the massive popularity of pulp magazines in the 1930s and 1940s increased interest in mystery fiction. The detective fiction author Ellery Queen is also credited with continuing interest in mystery fiction, interest in mystery fiction continues to this day because of various television shows which have used mystery themes and the many juvenile and adult novels which continue to be published. There is some overlap with thriller or suspense novels and authors in those genres may consider themselves mystery novelists. Comic books and like graphic novels have carried on the tradition, Mystery fiction can be divided into numerous categories, including traditional mystery, legal thriller, medical thriller, cozy mystery, police procedural, and hardboiled
Mystery fiction
–
Mystery, 1934 mystery fiction magazine cover
Mystery fiction
–
Novels by
Agatha Christie
18.
Soap opera
–
A soap opera, soap, or soapie, is a serial drama on television or radio that examines the lives of many characters, usually focusing on emotional relationships to the point of melodrama. The term soap opera originated from such dramas being typically sponsored by soap manufacturers in the past, the first serial considered to be a soap opera was Painted Dreams, which debuted on October 20,1930 on Chicago radio station WGN. The first nationally broadcast radio soap opera was Clara, Lu, and Em, a crucial element that defines the soap opera is the open-ended serial nature of the narrative, with stories spanning several episodes. One of the features that makes a television program a soap opera. While Spanish language telenovelas are sometimes called soap operas, telenovelas have conflicts that get resolved, but with soap operas each episode ends with a promise that the storyline is to be continued in another episode. You spend more time even with the characters, the apparent villains grow less apparently villainous. Soap opera storylines run concurrently, intersect and lead into further developments, each episode may feature some of the shows current storylines, but not always all of them. Soap operas rarely bring all the current storylines to a conclusion at the same time, when one storyline ends, there are several other story threads at differing stages of development. Soap opera episodes typically end on some sort of cliffhanger, evening soap operas and those that air at a rate of one episode per week are more likely to feature the entire cast in each episode, and to represent all current storylines in each episode. Evening soap operas and serials that run for only part of the year tend to bring things to a dramatic end-of-season cliffhanger, the article explained that at that time, many prime time series lost money, while daytime serials earned profits several times more than their production costs. Fitting in with these characteristics, most soap operas follow the lives of a group of characters who live or work in a particular place, the storylines follow the day-to-day activities and personal relationships of these characters. These elements may be found across the gamut of soap operas, Due to the prominence of English-language television, most soap-operas are completely English. In many soap operas, in particular daytime serials in the US, Soap operas from the United Kingdom and Australia tend to focus on more everyday characters and situations, and are frequently set in working class environments. Many of the soaps produced in two countries explore social realist storylines such as family discord, marriage breakdown or financial problems. This diverges from US soap operas where such comedy is rare, UK soap operas frequently make a claim to presenting reality or purport to have a realistic style. Romance, secret relationships, extramarital affairs, and genuine hate have been the basis for many soap opera storylines, in US daytime serials, the most popular soap opera characters, and the most popular storylines, often involved a romance of the sort presented in paperback romance novels. Crimes such as kidnapping, rape, and even murder may go unpunished if the perpetrator is to be retained in the ongoing story, Australian and UK soap operas also feature a significant proportion of romance storylines. In Russia, most popular serials explore the romantic quality of criminal and/or oligarch life, in soap opera storylines, previously unknown children, siblings and twins of established characters often emerge to upset and reinvigorate the set of relationships examined by the series
Soap opera
–
Publicity photo of
Rosemary Prinz as
Penny Hughes from
As the World Turns.
Soap opera
–
A scene from EastEnders on Christmas Day 1986, watched by 30.15 million viewers. The story, in which
Den Watts served his wife
Angie with
divorce papers, was the highest-rated soap episode in British history, and the highest-rated program in the UK during the 1980s.
Soap opera
–
Leah Thys, actress in the Belgian soap
Thuis. At the back Peter Rouffaer is visible.
19.
Switchboard operator
–
Each pair of plugs was part of a cord circuit with a switch associated that let the operator participate in the call. Each jack had a light above it that lit when the receiver was lifted. Lines from the office were usually arranged along the bottom row. Switchboard operators are required to have very strong communication skills. Before the advent of automatic exchanges, an operators assistance was required for anything other than calling telephones across a party line. Callers spoke to an operator at a Central Office who then connected a cord to the circuit in order to complete the call. Being in complete control of the call, the operator was in a position to listen to private conversations, automatic, or Dial systems were developed in the 1920s to reduce labor costs as usage increased, and to ensure privacy to the customer. As phone systems became more sophisticated, less direct intervention by the operator was necessary to complete calls. As well as the people that were employed by the networks, operators were required at private branch exchanges to answer incoming telephone calls. Today, most large organizations have direct-dial extensions, smaller workplaces may have an automated system which allows callers to enter the extension of the called party, or a receptionist who answers calls and performs operator duties. Operators employed in healthcare settings have other duties, such as entry, greeting patients and visitors, taking messages, triaging. Experienced, well trained operators generally command a higher salary, in January 1878 George Willard Croy became the worlds first telephone operator when he started working for the Boston Telephone Dispatch company. Emma was hired by Alexander Graham Bell, and reportedly, could remember every number in the directory of the New England Telephone Company. Emma Nutt became the first female telephone operator on 1 September 1878 when she started working for the Boston Telephone Dispatch company, more women began to replace men within this sector of the workforce for several reasons. The companies observed that women were generally more courteous to callers, however, a contributing factor to women entering this workforce was because womens labour was cheap in comparison to mens. Specifically, women were paid from one half to one quarter of a mans salary, attendant console Operator assistance Private branch exchange Telephone operator Telephone switchboard Media related to Telephone operators at Wikimedia Commons
Switchboard operator
–
Telephone operators in a
private branch exchange in 1952.
Switchboard operator
–
Paris telephone exchange, 1900
Switchboard operator
–
Telephone operators in
Stockholm, Sweden 1902–1903.
20.
Auto mechanic
–
An auto mechanic is a mechanic with a variety of automobile makes or either in a specific area or in a specific make of automobile. In repairing cars, their role is to diagnose the problem accurately and quickly. They often have to quote prices for their customers before commencing work or after partial disassembly for inspection and their job may involve the repair of a specific part or the replacement of one or more parts as assemblies. Basic vehicle maintenance is a part of a mechanics work in modern industrialized countries while in others they are only consulted when a vehicle is already showing signs of malfunction. Preventative maintenance is also a part of a mechanics job. One misunderstood aspect of maintenance is scheduled replacement of various parts. Because this means that parts are replaced before any problem is observed, with the rapid advancement in technology, the mechanics job has evolved from purely mechanical, to include electronic technology. Because vehicles today possess complex computer and electronic systems, mechanics need to have a base of knowledge than in the past. In the United States, many programs and schools offer training for those interested in pursuing competencies as automotive mechanics or technicians, areas of training include automobile repair and maintenance, collision repair, painting and restoring, electronics, air-conditioning and heating systems, and truck and diesel mechanics. The National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation is responsible for evaluating technician training programs against standards developed by the automotive industry, NATEF accredits programs in four different categories, automotive, collision, trucks and alternative fuels. NATEF lists secondary and post secondary schools with accredited programs on their website Find NATEF accredited schools, some mechanics are ASE certified, which is a standardized method of testing skill and knowledge level. While its not required by law for a mechanic to be certified, the technology used in automobiles changes very rapidly and the mechanic must be prepared to learn these new technologies and systems. The auto mechanic has a demanding job, often exposed to extreme temperatures, lifting heavy objects. They also may deal with exposure to toxic chemicals, the internet is being applied to the field increasingly often, with mechanics providing advice on-line. Mechanics themselves now regularly use the internet for information to them in diagnosing and/or repairing vehicles. A popular resource for this type of research is the video website YouTube, a mechanic usually works from the workshop in which the mechanic has access to a vehicle lift to access areas that are difficult to reach when the car is on the ground. A mechanic may opt to engage in other related to his or her field. Teaching of automotive trade courses, for example, is almost entirely carried out by qualified mechanics in many countries, there are several other trade qualifications for working on motor vehicles, including panel beater, spray painter, body builder and motorcycle mechanic
Auto mechanic
–
A mechanic working on a Ford Focus rally car.
Auto mechanic
–
Mobile auto mechanic in Iran
21.
Great Depression
–
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
Great Depression
–
Dorothea Lange 's
Migrant Mother depicts destitute
pea pickers in
California, centering on
Florence Owens Thompson, age 32, a mother of seven children, in
Nipomo, California, March 1936
Great Depression
–
USA annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted.
Great Depression
–
Crowd gathering at the intersection of
Wall Street and Broad Street after the
1929 crash
Great Depression
–
Crowds outside the
Bank of United States in New York after its failure in 1931
22.
New Trier High School
–
Founded in 1901, the school is known for its large spending per student, academic excellence, and its athletic, drama, visual arts, and music programs. The school serves the Chicago North Shore suburbs of Wilmette, Kenilworth, Winnetka, Glencoe, most of Northfield, New Triers logo depicts the Porta Nigra, a symbol of Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The athletic teams are known as the Trevians, a demonym for the citys people. New Trier Township High School was founded in 1901 in Winnetka, Illinois, with seventy-six students, chicagos north shore communities had decided to build a school that would enable parents to educate their children without sending them to college preparatory schools on the Eastern seaboard. The school has been marked by a series of firsts and other notable events, in 1912, New Trier became the first high school in America with an indoor swimming pool. During World War I, New Trier became a ground for soldiers. A student fundraising drive at the time led to the purchase of a field ambulance, students sold tax warrants door-to-door in the 1930s to keep the school operating as the flow of property tax funds dwindled in the Great Depression. During World War II, students sold bonds to both a B-17 and a B-29. In the 1950s, New Trier became the first American high school with an educational, non-commercial FM broadcast license for a radiated station. By 1970 New Trier was home to the nations first public high school-based CCTV instructional station, ITV, students operated WNTH under a faculty adviser, ITV was operated by students under professional television technical and programming staff. By 1962, student enrollment was more than 4,000, some 20 temporary trailer classrooms lined the rear of the building, which had been designed for 3,000. To accommodate the baby boom student body, voters approved a referendum for New Trier to purchase forty-six acres in Northfield. Chicago architecture firm Perkins and Will was selected to design a campus of buildings clustered around a central library. The resulting modernist design was noted in secondary education architecture literature and practice. New Trier West opened to freshmen and sophomores in 1965, what had been New Trier, at 385 Winnetka Avenue in Winnetka, became New Trier East. In 1967, New Trier West was dedicated as a separate high school. U. S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare John Gardner keynoted the dedication, senator Charles Percy, and Congressman Donald Rumsfeld. Enrollment reached a peak of 6,558 students in 1972
New Trier High School
–
Winnetka campus
New Trier High School
–
To commit minds to inquiry, hearts to compassion, and lives to the service of humanity.
New Trier High School
–
Northfield campus
23.
Glee club
–
A glee club is a musical group or choir group, historically of male voices but also of female or mixed voices, which traditionally specializes in the singing of short songs—glees—by trios or quartets. In the late 19th century it was popular in most schools and was made a tradition to have in American high schools from then on. The first named Glee Club was founded in Harrow School, in London, Glee clubs were very popular in the UK from then until the mid-1850s but by then they were gradually being superseded by choral societies. Glee in this context does not refer to the mood of the music or of its singers, but by the mid-20th century, proper glee clubs were no longer common. Glee List of collegiate glee clubs J Lloyd Winstead, when Colleges Sang, The Story of Singing in American College Life University of Alabama Press,2013
Glee club
–
The
Miami University Glee Club in 1907
24.
Golf caddy
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In golf, a caddy is the person who carries a players bag and clubs, and gives insightful advice and moral support. A good caddy is aware of the challenges and obstacles of the course being played. This includes knowing overall yardage, pin placements and club selection, a caddy is not usually an employee of a private club or resort. They are classified as an independent contractor, meaning that he or she is basically self-employed, some clubs and resorts do have caddy programs, although benefits are rarely offered. Particularly in Europe, the vast majority of clubs do not offer caddies, traditional caddying involves both the golfer and the caddy walking the course. The caddy is in charge of carrying the bag, and walks ahead of the golfer to locate his ball. This is the most common used in golf clubs and is the only method allowed in the PGA and LPGA. The three ups of caddying are, show up, shut up, and keep up, fore-Caddying entails the caddy walking while the players ride in carts. The fore-caddy will give a description and then walk ahead to spot the players tee shots. The caddy then gets the players yardage while the players drive their carts from the tee to their shots, the caddy walks ahead again to spot the golfers next shots. This process is continued until the reach the green. Once on the green the caddy will read greens, clean golf balls, fix ball marks, the caddy is also responsible for raking traps on the course. Caddies will help with club selection, reading greens, weather variables, more than anything else, the caddy is there to make the players round enjoyable by taking care of menial tasks, speeding up play, and providing mental support if asked. Many clubs use a ranking system, Caddies will start as a trainee, and be promoted through the ranks of Intermediate, Captain, Honor, and finally Championship. Many courses start their caddies off at the B level, and after a year move them to A, the intermediate and captain ranks can usually be obtained within the first year of caddying, and the honor rank is usually obtained in the second or third year of caddying. Championship takes at least 6 years and often as many as 10 years to obtain, an alternative ranking system often used in the American Mid-West proceeds as B level, A level, AA level, Honor level, and Evans Scholar. Caddies often obtain a promotion in rank once a year, while often Honor takes two years to achieve and Evans Scholars are only produced by winning the venerable Evans Scholarship for university. However, in many American clubs, caddies are divided simply between B caddies, and A caddies, Caddies are most frequently employed at clubs on weekends, when the majority of country club golf takes place
Golf caddy
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A caddy plies his trade.
Golf caddy
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A golf caddy depicted in a late-18th-century painting. Artist unknown.
25.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
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Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
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The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
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Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
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Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
26.
Great Lakes Naval Training Station
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Naval Station Great Lakes is the home of the United States Navys only boot camp, located near North Chicago, in Lake County, Illinois. Important tenant commands include the Recruit Training Command, Training Support Center, Naval Station Great Lakes is the second largest military installation in Illinois and the largest training station in the Navy. The base has 1,153 buildings situated on 1,628 acres and has 50 miles of roadway to access to the bases facilities. Within the naval service, it has several different nicknames, including The Quarterdeck of the Navy, the original 39 buildings built between 1905 and 1911 were designed by Jarvis Hunt. The base is like a city, with its own Fire Department, Naval Security Forces. One of the landmarks of the area is Building 1, also known as the clocktower building, completed in 1911, the building is made of red brick, and has a tower over the third floor of the building. The large parade ground in front of the building is named Ross Field. In 1996, RTC Great Lakes became the Navys only basic training facility, approximately 40,000 recruits pass through Recruit Training Command annually with an estimated 7,000 recruits on board the installation at any time. RTC Great Lakes has been active for over 100 years, TSC Great Lakes is the Navys premier technical training command. It has a throughput of 16,000 sailors a year. The course has been consolidated with the US Armys parallel program and relocated to Fort Lee, Hospital Corpsman A School has been moved out of Great Lakes. The last class graduated on July 27,2011 and its last class was Class 11-125. The school has relocated to the Medical Education and Training Campus at Fort Sam Houston, Joint Base San Antonio and this change has merged Air Force, Army, and Navy Medical staff to a centralized location. In addition, all Navy rates that require basic electrical knowledge and this includes the Mineman and Sonar Technician rates, as well as some aviation rates prior to detachment to their respective school locations in San Diego, CA and Pensacola, Florida. Boatswains Mates complete Surface Common Core Basic Maintenance Training and engineering rates complete Basic Engineering Common Core Great Lakes was approved in 1904 by Theodore Roosevelt, construction was supervised by Navy Captain Albert R. Ross. Chicago-area architect Jarvis Hunt designed the original 39 buildings and Lt. George A. McKay was the engineer for the construction on the 172 acres wilderness location. $3.5 million was appropriated to finance construction, president William Howard Taft dedicated the Naval Training Station in 1911. On 3 July 1911, Joseph Gregg was the first recruit to arrive and he would graduate in the first class of 300
Great Lakes Naval Training Station
Great Lakes Naval Training Station
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Naval Station Great Lakes insignia
Great Lakes Naval Training Station
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Navy Junior
ROTC cadets from Hamilton High School, Ohio, practice marksmanship at the Fire Arms Training Simulator (FATS)
Great Lakes Naval Training Station
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Victory spelled by sailors on the parade grounds at Great Lakes during World War I.
27.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
Philippines
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King Philip II of Spain.
Philippines
Philippines
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Tabon Cave and its carvings.
Philippines
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The
Banaue Rice Terraces where
Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.
28.
Aircraft mechanic
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Aircraft Maintenance Technician, refers to a licensed qualification for carrying out aircraft maintenance. Aircraft Maintenance Technicians inspect and perform or supervise maintenance, preventive maintenance, the US licensed qualification is sometimes referred to by the FAA as the Aviation Maintenance Technician and is commonly referred to as the Airframe and Powerplant. In many countries the equivalent license to an AMT is the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer, a person who fulfills the necessary requirements is issued a mechanic certificate with either an airframe or powerplant rating, or both. It is these ratings which together account for the practice of referring to mechanics as A&Ps. Until 1952, instead of the Powerplant rating, an Engine rating was issued, eligibility for the mechanic tests depends on the applicants ability to document their knowledge of required subject matter and ability to perform maintenance tasks. The FAA recognizes two ways of demonstrating the needed knowledge and skills, Practical experience or completion of a program at a school certificated under Part 147 of the FARs. The AMTSociety presents the Maintenance Skills Competition annually, which recognizes top AMT teams across all aviation including commercial and those applying for both ratings must show a total of 30 months of applicable experience. Many military-trained aircraft mechanics are eligible to use their experience as the basis for an application for a civilian mechanic certificate. Applicants who attend an Aviation Maintenance School program certificated under Part 147 study an FAA-approved and supervised curriculum and those who pursue both ratings study the general material, as well as the 750 hours for each rating, for a total of at least 1,900 hours. Completion of such a program of study typically requires between 18 and 24 months, thorough knowledge of FAA rules and regulations is also expected of A&P mechanics. Some AMTs, after at least three years of working in their field, choose to acquire an inspection authorization, which is an additional rating added on to the individuals mechanic certificate. These individuals are allowed to perform annual inspections on aircraft and sign off for return to service on major repairs, certification and limitations, including renewal requirements, of mechanics with inspection authorization is contained in 14 CFR Part 65. Renewal of the IA rating must be every two years by submitting to the FAA a form showing a minimum of activity in which the IA exercised his or her authority. This activity comprises either annual inspections, major repairs, major alterations and this activity must be accomplished every 12 months even though the renewal period is every 24 months
Aircraft mechanic
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Technicians replace front wheels on a
United Express Bombardier CRJ700 aircraft at
Chicago O'Hare International Airport
29.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
30.
University of Southern California
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The University of Southern California is a private research university founded in 1880 with its main campus in Los Angeles, California. As Californias oldest private university, USC has historically educated a large number of the regions business leaders. In recent decades, the university has also leveraged its location in Los Angeles to establish relationships with research and cultural institutions throughout Asia, an engine for economic activity, USC contributes $8 billion annually to the economy of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and California. For the 2014–15 academic year, there were 18,740 students enrolled in undergraduate programs. USC also has 23,729 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs, including business, law, engineering, social work, and medicine. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the world, consistently ranking among the top 3 in external contributions, multiple academic rankings list the University of Southern California as being among the top 25 universities in the United States. With an acceptance rate of 16 percent, USC is also among the most selective academic institutions in the nation. USC maintains a tradition of innovation and entrepreneurship, with alumni having founded companies such as Lucasfilm, Myspace, Salesforce. com, Intuit, Qualcomm, Box, Tinder. As of 2014, the university has produced the fourth largest number of billionaire alumni out of all institutions in the world. USC is home to the world’s most powerful computer, which is presently housed in a super-cooled. The only other commercially available quantum computing system is operated jointly by NASA, USC was also one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System. Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing, dynamic programming, image compression, VoIP, USC sponsors a variety of intercollegiate sports and competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association as a member of the Pac-12 Conference. Members of the teams, the Trojans, have won 102 NCAA team championships, ranking them third in the nation. Trojan athletes have won 288 medals at the Olympic games, more than any university in the United States. If USC were a country, its athletes would have received the 12th-most Olympic gold medals in history. In 1969, it joined the Association of American Universities, the University of Southern California was founded following the efforts of Judge Robert M. Hellman. The three donated 308 lots of land to establish the campus and provided the seed money for the construction of the first buildings. Originally operated in affiliation with the Methodist Church, the school mandated from the start that no student would be denied admission because of race, the university is no longer affiliated with any church, having severed formal ties in 1952
University of Southern California
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The Widney Alumni House, the campus's first building
University of Southern California
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University of Southern California
University of Southern California
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"
Tommy Trojan " is a major symbol of the university, though he is not the mascot.
University of Southern California
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Doheny Library
