1.
Korean name
–
A Korean name consists of a family name followed by a given name, as used by the Korean people in both South Korea and North Korea. In the Korean language, ireum or seongmyeong usually refers to the family name, traditional Korean family names typically consist of only one syllable. There is no name in the English language sense. Many Koreans have their names made of a generational name syllable. The generational name syllable is shared by siblings in North Korea, married men and women usually keep their full personal names, and children inherit the fathers family name. The family names are subdivided into bongwan, i. e. extended families which originate in the system used in previous historical periods. Each clan is identified by a place, and traces its origin to a common patrilineal ancestor. During periods of Mongol influence, the ruling class supplemented their Korean names with Mongolian names, some keep the original order of names, while others reverse the names to match the usual Western pattern. Fewer than 300 Korean family names were in use in 2000, for various reasons, there is a growth in the number of Korean surnames. Each family name is divided into one or more clans, identifying the city of origin. For example, the most populous clan is Gimhae Kim, that is, clans are further subdivided into various pa, or branches stemming from a more recent common ancestor, so that a full identification of a persons family name would be clan-surname-branch. Traditionally, Korean women keep their names after their marriage. In the premodern, patriarchal Korean society, people were extremely conscious of familial values, Korean women keep their surnames after marriage based on traditional reasoning that it is what they inherited from their parents and ancestors, and cannot be changed. According to traditions, each clan publishes a comprehensive genealogy every 30 years, around a dozen two-syllable surnames are used, all of which rank after the 100 most common surnames. The five most common names, which together make up over half of the Korean population, are used by over 20 million people in South Korea. After the 2015 census, it was revealed that family names were becoming more common in South Korea. Between 2000 and 2015, more than 4,800 new surnames were registered, during the census, a total of 5,582 distinct surnames were collected, 73% of which do not have corresponding hanja characters. It was also revealed that despite the surge in the number of surnames, the ratio of top 10 surnames had not changed
Korean name
–
Ban Ki-moon in
Davos,
Switzerland - the usual presentation of Korean names in English, as shown here, is to put the family name first (Ban is the family name)
Korean name
–
Kim, Gim, Ghim
2.
President of the Republic of Korea
–
The president is directly elected to a five-year term with no possibility of re-election. While in office, the chief executive lives in Cheong Wa Dae, on February 25,2013, Park Geun-hye became the 18th President of South Korea. She was also the first woman to assume this post and she has since been impeached on corruption charges, which was confirmed by the Constitutional Court of Korea on March 10,2017, removing her from office. Prime minister Hwang Kyo-ahn has been Acting President since 9 December 2016, chapter 3 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea states the duties and the powers of the president. The president may refer important policy matters to a referendum, declare war, conclude peace and other treaties, appoint senior public officials. Emergency measures may be taken only when the National Assembly is not in session, the measures are limited to the minimum necessary. The 1987 Constitution removed the 1980 Constitutions explicit provisions that empowered the government to suspend the freedoms. However, the president is permitted to take measures that could amend or abolish existing laws for the duration of a crisis. It is unclear whether such emergency measures could temporarily suspend portions of the Constitution itself, emergency measures must be referred to the National Assembly for concurrence. If not endorsed by the assembly, the measures can be revoked. In a change from the 1980 Constitution, the 1987 Constitution stated that the president is not permitted to dissolve the National Assembly, the official residence of the president is Cheong Wa Dae. It means the House of the Blue Roof Tiles, so it is called the Blue House in English. The president is assisted by the staff of the Presidential Secretariat, apart from the State Council, or cabinet, the chief executive relies on several constitutional organs. These constitutional organs included the National Security Council, which provided advice concerning the foreign, military, another important body is the National Unification Advisory Council, inaugurated in June 1981 under the chairpersonship of the president. The president also was assisted in 1990 by the Audit and Inspection Board, in addition to auditing the accounts of all public institutions, the board scrutinized the administrative performance of government agencies and public officials. Its findings were reported to the president and the National Assembly, Board members were appointed by the president. One controversial constitutional organ was the Advisory Council of Elder Statesmen, the government announced plans to reduce the size and functions of this body immediately after Rohs inauguration. Article 68 of the Constitution requires the president to hold new elections within 60 days
President of the Republic of Korea
–
Incumbent
Park Geun-hye since 25 February 2013
President of the Republic of Korea
–
Presidential Seal
President of the Republic of Korea
–
1st —
Rhee Syng-man 1st, 2nd, & 3rd terms (served: 1948–1960)
President of the Republic of Korea
–
2nd —
Yun Bo-seon 4th term (served: 1960–1962)
3.
Kang Young Hoon
–
Kang Young-Hoon was a South Korean politician who served as the second prime minister of the sixth South Korean republic, from 16 December 1988 until 27 December 1990. Beginning his career in the military, Kang entered politics through the foreign ministry before being elected to the National Assembly in 1987. He was appointed prime minister a year later in President Roh Tae-woos first cabinet reshuffle and his two-year tenure as prime minister was marked by his rapprochement towards North Korea, under Rohs Nordpolitik policy. After leaving government, Kang went on to become President of the South Korean National Red Cross from 1991 to 1997, Kang was born in Changsong County, North Pyongan Province when Korea was under Japanese rule in 1922. He joined the National Defense Forces, a precursor to the Republic of Korea Army and he served as a division commander during the Korean War, before becoming Director of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the Ministry of National Defense in 1954. He was detained in Seodaemun Prison for his role against the coup, on his release from prison, Kang headed back to America, gaining a M. A. in International Relations and a Ph. D. in Political Science from the University of Southern California. During his doctorate studies, he founded the Research Institute on Korean Affairs in Silver Spring, Kang returned to South Korea in 1976, taking up the post of graduate school dean at the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. His first foray into politics occurred in 1978 when he was appointed head of the Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security and he then served as the Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Ireland, and the Vatican. After the pro-democracy protests of 1987, Kang ran for election and was elected to the 13th National Assembly as a member of the ruling Democratic Justice Party, Kang was chosen, in part, because of his opposition to the Park Chung-hee-led coup of 1961. A moderate, Kang supported the transition between the previous military regimes and civilian rule. During his tenure, political violence continued at universities throughout South Korea as groups labeled by the regime as leftist radicals advocated for the overthrow of the Government. After a rise in violence during the Spring of 1989, Kang offered to opposition party demands to resign if he were held responsible for mishandling state affairs surrounding the violence. After months of negotiations, Kang took part in talks with his North Korean counterpart. The highest-level contact between the two Governments since 1945, the exchange of visits by respective Prime Ministers were aimed at reducing tension on the peninsula, the Prime Ministers met a second time on 17–18 October 1990, this time in Pyongyang, culminating in a meeting with Kim Il-sung. After initially maintaining the tone of the earlier meeting, tensions rose as both sides dropped their earlier civil tone and accused each other of bad faith. Despite a lack of agreement on substantive issues, the two sides agreed to another round of talks in Seoul from 11–14 December. Even with the position of North Korean officials, soccer matches. On 27 December 1990 Roh replaced Kang in another cabinet shuffle intended to improve his partys image before the following years elections, replaced by Ro Jai-bong, a chief aide, Kang had reportedly asked to retire from public life
Kang Young Hoon
–
Lee Beom-seok
4.
Chung Won Shik
–
Chung Won-shik is a South Korean politician, educator, soldier, and author. He was the 23rd Prime Minister of South Korea, from 1951 to 1955, he served as an officer in the South Korean Army. Following that, he worked as a professor of Seoul National University, during his tenure as education minister, he established a reputation for toughness. President Roh Tae-woo named him Acting Prime Minister on 24 May 1991, on 8 July 1991, he was appointed Prime Minister of South Korea. He was one of three candidates for the mayor of Seoul in 1995, lee Hoi-chang Goh Kun Chang Myon Prime Minister of South Korea
Chung Won Shik
–
Lee Beom-seok
5.
Chun Doo-hwan
–
Chun was born on 18 January 1931 in Yulgok-myeon, a poor farming town in Hapcheon, South Gyeongsang province, during the Imperial Japanese rule of Korea. Chun Doo-hwan was the son out of ten children to Chun Sang-woo. Chuns oldest two brothers, Yeol-hwan and Kyuu-gon, died in an accident when he was an infant, Chun grew up knowing his remaining older brother Ki-hwan and his younger brother Kyeong-hwan. Around 1936, Chuns family moved to Daegu, where he began attending Horan Elementary School, Chuns father had had run-ins with the Japanese police in the past, and in the winter of 1939 he murdered a police captain. Their family immediately fled to Jilin, China, where they stayed in hiding for two years before returning, when Chun finally started attending elementary school again, he was 2–3 years behind his original classmates. In 1947, Chun began attending Daegu Vocational Middle School, located nearly 25 km from his home, Chun moved on to Daegu Vocational High School. After graduating from school in 1951, Chun gained entry into the Korea Military Academy. While there, he made several key friends among the students who would play instrumental roles in helping Chun to seize control of the country. He graduated in February 1955 with a Bachelor of Science degree, Chun, then a captain, led a demonstration at the KMA to show support for the May 16 coup led by Park Chung-hee. Chun was subsequently secretary to the commander of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction. Chun was quickly promoted to major in 1962, while continuing to make powerful friends, in 1963, Chun was given a position in the Korean Central Intelligence Agency as Personnel Director. By 1969, he was advisor to the Army Chief of Staff. In 1970, holding the rank of colonel, Chun became the commander of the 29th Regiment, 9th Infantry Division, upon returning to Korea in 1971, he was given command of the 1st Special Forces Brigade and later promoted to brigadier general. In 1976 he worked as the deputy chief of the Presidential Security Service and was promoted to the rank of general during his time there. In 1978 he became the officer of the 1st Infantry Division. Finally, in 1979, he was appointed commander of Security Command, Chun formed Hanahoe as a secret military club shortly after his promotion to general officer. It was predominantly composed of his fellow graduates from the 11th class of the Korea Military Academy, as well as other friends, the membership to this secret club was predominately restricted to officers from the Gyeongsang Provinces with just a token membership reserved for a Cholla Provinces officer. This secret organizations existence within a highly regimented and rigid hierarchical organization of the army was only possible because it was under the patronage of then President Park Chung-hee
Chun Doo-hwan
–
President Chun, and his wife Rhee Soon-ja prepare to depart after their visit to
Washington D.C. in 1981.
Chun Doo-hwan
–
Chun Doo hwan preparing to leave Washington, D.C., on February 4, 1981
Chun Doo-hwan
–
President Chun Doo-hwan, attending a 1985 military briefing.
6.
Kim Young-sam
–
Kim Young-sam was a South Korean politician and democratic activist, who served as the seventh President of South Korea from 1993 to 1998. From 1961, he spent almost 30 years as one of the leaders of the South Korean opposition, elected president in 1992, Kim became the first civilian to hold the office in over 30 years. Kim was born in Geoje Island, by the tip of the Korean peninsula, to a rich fishing family on 20 December 1927. He was the eldest of one son and five daughters in his family, during the Korean War, Kim served in the South Korean military. In 1952, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy from Seoul National University, in 1954, Kim was elected to the National Assembly of South Korea, as a member of the party led by Syngman Rhee, the first president of South Korea. At the time of his election, Kim was the youngest member of the national assembly, a few months after his electoral victory, Kim left his party and joined the opposition when Rhee attempted to amend the constitution of South Korea. Kim then became a critic, along with Kim Dae-jung, of the military governments of Park Chung-hee. In 1974, he was elected as the president of the New Democratic Party, while he temporarily lost his power within the national assembly in 1976, Kim made a political comeback during the final year of Park Chung-hees rule. In August 1979, Kim allowed around 200 female workers at the Y. H, trading Company to use the headquarters of New Democratic Party as a place for their sit-in demonstration and pledged to protect them. One thousand policemen raided the party headquarters and arrested the workers, one female worker died in the process and many lawmakers trying to protect them were severely beaten, some requiring hospitalization. The YH Incident garnered widespread criticism and led to Kims condemnation, after this incident, Park was determined to remove Kim from the political scene, like the imprisoned Kim Dae-jung, and instructed the South Korean Central Intelligence Agency to engineer such a move. In September 1979, a court order suspended Kims presidency of the New Democratic Party, when it became known that the South Korean government was planning to accept the resignations selectively, uprisings broke out in Kims hometown of Pusan. It was the biggest demonstration since the Syngman Rhee presidency, and spread to nearby Masan and other cities, with students, the crisis was one of the causes for the assassination of Park Chung-hee on 26 October 1979 by KCIA Director Kim Jae-gyu. The governments oppressive stance towards the continued under Chun Doo-hwan. Kim Young-Sam was expelled from the National Assembly for his democratic activities, in 1983, he undertook a 21-day hunger strike protesting the dictatorship of Chun Doo-hwan. This was also support from the first female presidential candidate, Hong Sook-ja. In 1990, he merged his Democratic Reunification Party with Rohs ruling Democratic Justice Party to form the Democratic Liberal Party. As the candidate of the party, he defeated Kim Dae-jung in the 1992 presidential election
Kim Young-sam
–
Kim visiting
Jeju Island in 1996.
7.
Juan Antonio Samaranch
–
Samaranch served the second longest term as the head of the IOC, the longest being that of Pierre de Coubertin. Juan Antonio Samaranch was born on 17 July 1920 in Barcelona as the third of six children in a family from the Catalan rich bourgeoisie, on 1 December 1955, he married Maria Teresa Salisachs Rowe. With Salisachs Rowe, he had two children, Juan Antonio Junior, currently a member of the International Olympic Committee, in 1991 he received the title of Marqués from the King of Spain for his involvement in the Olympic Movement. Samaranch completed his studies at the Business School of Barcelona, which he completed in London and the USA, during his studies, he practised roller hockey, for which he created World Championships in 1951 and which the Spanish team won. On several occasions, he was appointed Chef de Mission, for the Winter Games in Cortina d’Ampezzo, the Summer Games in Rome, for the Rome and Tokyo Games, he was also President of the Spanish delegation. Elected a member of the Spanish Olympic Committee in 1956, he became its President in 1967 until 1970 and he was elected as an IOC member in 1966. Two years later, Avery Brundage appointed him Head of Protocol, a member of the Executive Board, he was IOC Vice-President from 1974 to 1978. Elected to the IOC presidency in the first round of voting on 16 July 1980 at the 83rd Session, Juan Antonio Samaranch endeavoured to breathe new life into the Olympic Movement. He acceded to the IOC presidency during the political period of the Games of the XXII Olympiad in Moscow. Above all, he sought to give unity to the Olympic family by defending its cause on his numerous trips and meetings with heads of state. In 1981, he obtained for the IOC the status of non-governmental international organisation and became the first IOC President, after Pierre de Coubertin, to establish himself in Lausanne. He was also in favour of the feminisation of the Olympic Movement, at his instigation, the IOC became involved in various initiatives to promote women and sport. Among his accomplishments are his many activities to promote peace through the Olympic Movement, for sport, he intensified the IOC’s support to organise Paralympic Games as from the Winter Games in Sarajevo in 1984. He also made doping a priority issue by launching vast research, the creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999 allowed the IOC Medical Commission to extend its scope of action. Finally, it was under his presidency that the Summer and Winter Games were organised every two years, instead of in the year, still respecting the gap of four years. Among the reforms to the running of the IOC, he imposed a new policy which allowed for the increase in revenues. On 23 June 1993, the inauguration of the Olympic Museum, representing the memory and spirit of modern Olympism, on 16 July 2001, he left the seat of the IOC presidency to Jacques Rogge and became Honorary President for Life. He died on the 21st of April 2010 at the age of 89, after the defeat of the Republic in 1939, Samaranch studied commerce at IESE Business School in Barcelona
Juan Antonio Samaranch
–
Samaranch at the
2000 Summer Olympics
Juan Antonio Samaranch
–
Samaranch and
Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (c. 1982–1984)
8.
Dalseong County
–
Dalseong County is a gun occupying much of south and western Daegu, South Korea. A largely rural district lying along the Nakdong River, it makes up half of Daegus total area. It is divided in half by a piece of Dalseo-gu that reaches west to the river. Like the other government units in South Korea, Dalseong-gun enjoys a moderate degree of local autonomy. The county magistrate and council are elected by the local citizens, the seat of government is located in Nongong-eup. The current magistrate is Lee Jong-jin, Dalseong-gun enters historical records in 757, as Daegu-hyeon, a subsidiary of Suchang-gun. Dalseong-gun became part of Daegu Metropolitan City in 1995, as part of a reform of local governments. As the near hinterland of Daegu, Dalseong-gun is known as a center of truck farming, landmarks of Dalseong-gun include Biseulsan and the Naengcheon resort area beneath Paljoryeong. The name Dalseong means Dal Castle, and comes from the name of Daegu. Dalseong-gun is divided into three eup and six myeon and these are in turn divided into 279 ri and 1470 ban. Dasa-eup Hwawon-eup Nongong-eup Gachang-myeon Guji-myeon Habin-myeon Hyeonpung-myeon Okpo-myeon Yuga-myeon Geography of South Korea Official multilingual website 2004 Statistical Yearbook
Dalseong County
–
Dalseong 달성군
9.
North Gyeongsang
–
North Gyeongsang Province, also known as Gyeongbuk, is a province in eastern South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the half of the former Gyeongsang province, remained a province of Korea until the countrys division in 1945. Daegu was the capital of North Gyeongsang Province between 1896 and 1981, but has not been a part of the province since 1981, in 2016, the provincial capital moved from Daegu to Andong. The area of the province is 19,030 square kilometres,19. 1% of the area of South Korea. The province is part of the Yeongnam region, on the south by Gyeongsangnam-do, on the west by Jeollabuk-do and Chungcheongbuk-do Provinces, during the summer, Gyeongsangbuk-do is perhaps the hottest province in South Korea. This is helped by the fact that the province is surrounded by mountains, the Taebaek Mountains in the east. Gyeongsangbuk-do is the homeland of the kingdom of Silla and has retained much of its cultural tradition. A number of artists, political leaders and scholars have come from the province, according to the census of 2005, of the people of North Gyeongsang 33. 9% follow Buddhism and 18. 6% follow Christianity. 47. 5% of the population is not religious or follow Muism. Gyeongsangbuk-do is divided into 10 cities and 13 counties, the names below are given in English, hangul, and hanja. List of Korea-related topics Liancourt Rocks Gyeongsangbuk-do provincial government in English Alsace/Gyeongsangbuk-do North Gyeongsang Province travel guide from Wikivoyage
North Gyeongsang
–
View of Hahoe Folkvillage in Andong
North Gyeongsang
–
Logo
North Gyeongsang
–
View of Yangdong Folk Village in Gyeongju
North Gyeongsang
–
View of Muryangsojieon lantern statue and Buseoksa Temple in Yeongju
10.
Korea under Japanese rule
–
Korea under Japanese rule began with the end of the Joseon dynastic monarchy in Korea in 1910 and ended at the conclusion of World War II in 1945. A major stepping-stone towards Japanese occupation of Korea was the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905, the annexation of Korea by Japan was set up in the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, which was never actually signed by the Korean regent, Gojong. Imperial Japanese rule over Korea ended in 1945, when American, Japanese administration of the Korean Peninsula was directed through the General Government. The industrialization of the Korean Peninsula began with the Joseon dynasty while Korea was still independent and it continues to be the subject of controversy between the two Koreas and Japan. In South Korea, the period is described as the Japanese forced occupation. Other terms include Japanese Imperial Period, period of the Japanese imperial colonial administration, in Japan, the term Chōsen of the Japanese-Governed Period has been used. The newly modernized government of Meiji Japan sought to join these colonizing efforts, the debate concerned Korea, then in the sphere of influence of Qing China, which certain elements in the Japanese government sought to separate from Chinese influence and establish as a puppet state. Further, the acquisition of Korea would provide both a foothold on the Asian continent for Japanese expansion and a source of raw materials for Japanese industry. Okubos views were supported by the faction, which mostly consisted of those returning from the Iwakura Mission in 1873. Iwakura Tomomi, the diplomat who had led the mission, persuaded the emperor to reconsider, of special note is the corruption of the local functionaries, who could purchase an appointment as an administrator and so cloak their predations on the farmers with an aura of officialdom. Yangban families, formerly well-respected for their status as a class, were increasingly seen as little more than commoners unwilling to meet their responsibilities to their communities. Despite the government abolishing slavery and burning the records in 1801, increasing numbers of peasants, at this time, Catholic and Protestant missions were well-tolerated among the yangban, most notably in and around the area of Seoul. Animus and persecution by more conservative elements, the Pungyang Jo clan, took the lives of priests and followers known as the Korean Martyrs, peasants continued to be drawn to Christian egalitarianism, though mainly in urban and suburban areas. Arguably of greater influence were the teachings of Choe Je-u, called Donghak. Themes of exclusionism, nationalism, salvation and social consciousness were set to music, allowing farmers to understand. Along with many other Koreans, Choe was alarmed by the intrusion of Christianity and he believed the best way to counter foreign influence in Korea was to introduce democratic and human rights reforms internally. Nationalism and social reform struck a chord among peasant guerrillas, Progressive revolutionaries organized the peasants into a cohesive structure. Arrested in 1863 following the Jinju uprising led by Yu Kye-chun, Choe was charged with misleading the people, Choe was executed in 1864, sending many of his followers into hiding in the mountains
Korea under Japanese rule
–
Flag
Korea under Japanese rule
–
Japanese marines landing from the Unyo at
Yeongjong Island which is near Ganghwa.
Korea under Japanese rule
–
General power of attorney to
Lee Wan-yong sealed, but not signed, by the last emperor,
Sunjong on 22 August 1910 (융희4년, 隆熙4年).
11.
Dong-gu (Daegu)
–
Dong District is a gu in northeastern Daegu, South Korea. It has a population of 343,678, the district covers 182.35 km², for about 20% of Daegus total area. Dong-gu first emerged as the district office in 1938. It achieved gu status in 1963, in 1998, the administrative divisions were reorganized, and the former 26 dong were reorganized as 20 dong
Dong-gu (Daegu)
–
Dong 동구
12.
Daegu
–
Daegu is the principal city of the surrounding North Gyeongsang Province. The two areas combined are referred to as Daegu-Gyeongbuk, with a total population of over 5 million. Daegu is located in south-eastern Korea about 80 kilometres from the seacoast, near the Geumho River and its mainstream, the Daegu basin, where the city lies, is the central plain of the Yeongnam region. In ancient times, there was a proto-country named Jinhan, to which the current Daegu area belonged, Later Daegu was part of the Silla Kingdom which unified the Korean Peninsula. During the Joseon Dynasty period, the city was the capital of Gyeongsang-do which was one of the eight provinces of the country. Daegu was a motor of Korea during the 1960s–1980s period and was especially known for its electronics industry. The humid subtropical climate of Daegu is ideal for producing high quality apples, thus the nickname, Daegu is also known as Textile City. Textiles used to be the industry of the city. With the establishment of the Daegu-Gyeongbuk Free Economic Zone, Daegu is currently focusing on fostering fashion, Daegu was the host city of the 22nd World Energy Congress of 2013, the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and the 2003 Summer Universiade. It also hosted four matches in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Daegu hosts World Masters Indoor Championships on March 19–25,2017. More than 4600 athletes worldwide including 101 athletes from the USA will compete, archaeological investigations in the Greater Daegu area have revealed a large number of settlements and burials of the prehistoric Mumun Pottery Period. In fact, some of the earliest evidence of Mumun settlement in Gyeongsangdo have been excavated from Siji-dong and Seobyeon-dong, Dongcheon-dong is one of the substantial Mumun agricultural villages that have been excavated. The Dongcheon-dong site dates back to the Middle Mumun and contains the remains of many prehistoric pit-houses, megalithic burials have also been found in large numbers in Daegu. It was absorbed into the kingdom of Silla no later than the fifth century, the vestiges of the wall can be seen, and relics have been excavated in the current Dalseong Park. Silla succeeded in unifying the Korean peninsula by defeating the other kingdoms of Baekje and Koguryo in the late 7th century, shortly thereafter, in 689, Sillas King Sinmun considered moving the capital from Gyeongju to Daegu but was unable to do so. The city was given its current name in 757, in the late 1990s archaeologists excavated a large scale fortified Silla site in Dongcheon-dong, Buk-gu. The site at Locality 2 consists of the remains of 39 raised-floor buildings enclosed by a formidable ditch-and-palisade system, the excavators hypothesize that the fortified site was a permanent military encampment or barracks. Archaeologists also uncovered a large Silla village dating to the 6th to 7th centuries AD at Siji-dong, during the Later Three Kingdoms period, 892–936, Daegu was initially aligned with Hubaekje
Daegu
–
Daegu 대구시
Daegu
–
Reliquary from 8th century Silla,
Daegu National Museum
Daegu
–
Daegu in the 18th century
Daegu
–
Daegu City Hall
13.
Gyeongsangbuk-do
–
North Gyeongsang Province, also known as Gyeongbuk, is a province in eastern South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the half of the former Gyeongsang province, remained a province of Korea until the countrys division in 1945. Daegu was the capital of North Gyeongsang Province between 1896 and 1981, but has not been a part of the province since 1981, in 2016, the provincial capital moved from Daegu to Andong. The area of the province is 19,030 square kilometres,19. 1% of the area of South Korea. The province is part of the Yeongnam region, on the south by Gyeongsangnam-do, on the west by Jeollabuk-do and Chungcheongbuk-do Provinces, during the summer, Gyeongsangbuk-do is perhaps the hottest province in South Korea. This is helped by the fact that the province is surrounded by mountains, the Taebaek Mountains in the east. Gyeongsangbuk-do is the homeland of the kingdom of Silla and has retained much of its cultural tradition. A number of artists, political leaders and scholars have come from the province, according to the census of 2005, of the people of North Gyeongsang 33. 9% follow Buddhism and 18. 6% follow Christianity. 47. 5% of the population is not religious or follow Muism. Gyeongsangbuk-do is divided into 10 cities and 13 counties, the names below are given in English, hangul, and hanja. List of Korea-related topics Liancourt Rocks Gyeongsangbuk-do provincial government in English Alsace/Gyeongsangbuk-do North Gyeongsang Province travel guide from Wikivoyage
Gyeongsangbuk-do
–
View of Hahoe Folkvillage in Andong
Gyeongsangbuk-do
–
Logo
Gyeongsangbuk-do
–
View of Yangdong Folk Village in Gyeongju
Gyeongsangbuk-do
–
View of Muryangsojieon lantern statue and Buseoksa Temple in Yeongju
14.
South Korea
–
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
South Korea
–
Flag
South Korea
–
Balhae and
Silla, 830 CE
South Korea
–
Jikji, the first known book printed with movable metal type in 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris
15.
Alma mater
–
Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
Alma mater
–
The Alma Mater statue by
Mario Korbel, at the entrance of the
University of Havana in
Cuba.
Alma mater
–
John Legate's Alma Mater for Cambridge in 1600
Alma mater
–
Alma Mater (1929, Lorado Taft),
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
16.
Bachelor of Science
–
A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. Whether a student of a subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, a degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts by one university but as a B. Sc. by another. Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences, in both instances, there are historical and traditional reasons. Northwestern Universitys School of Communication grants B. Sc. degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater, dance, the first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. Prior to this, science subjects were included in the B. A. bracket, notably in the cases of mathematics, physics, physiology, in Argentina and Chile, most university degrees are given as a license in a field or discipline. For instance, besides the courses, biochemistry and biology require 1–2 years hands-on training either in a clinical laboratory plus a final exam or in a research laboratory plus a thesis defense. The degrees are term licenses in the field of study or profession i. e. biology, nutrition, physical therapy or kinesiology, etc. However, a masters degree requires 2-3 more years of specific training, engineering and medical degrees are also different and are six-year programs of specific classes and training starting immediately after high school. No intermediate degrees count towards the admission examination or even exist, medical degrees are complemented with a 3–4 years of hospital residence plus 1–2 years of specialization training. In Australia, the B. Sc. is generally a three-four year degree, an honours year or a Master of Science is required to progress on to the Doctor of Philosophy. In New Zealand, in cases, the honours degree comprises an additional postgraduate qualification. In South Africa, the B. Sc. is taken three years, while the postgraduate B. Sc. Entails an additional year of study, admission to the honours degree is on the basis of a sufficiently high average in the B. Sc. major, an honours degree is required for M. Sc. Level study, and admission to a doctorate is via the M. Sc, commonly in British Commonwealth countries and Ireland graduands are admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. These programmes may take different lengths of time to complete, note that in British English, no full stops are used in the title, hence BSc, not B. Sc. A Bachelor of Science receives the designation BSc or BS for a major/pass degree, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland an honours degree is typically completed over a three-year period, though there are a few intensified two-year courses. Bachelors degrees were typically completed in two years for most of the twentieth century, in Scotland, where access to university is possible after one less year of secondary education, degree courses have a foundation year making the total course length four years
Bachelor of Science
–
Three years
17.
Republic of Korea Army
–
The Republic of Korea Army, also known as the ROK Army, is the army of South Korea, responsible for ground-based warfare. It is the largest of the branches of the South Korean armed forces with 495,000 members as of 2014. This size is maintained through conscription, South Korean men must complete 21 months of service between the age of 18 and 35. The army will take the brunt of the personnel reduction planned as part of the Defense Reform 307, the modern South Korean army traces its lineage back to the Gwangmu Reform, when the Beolgyegoon was established by Emperor Gojong in 1881. The 1st of every October is celebrated in South Korea as Armed Forces Day and it commemorates the day during the Korean War when units of the ROK Army first crossed the 38th Parallel, thus leading the UN Coalition north into North Korean territory for the first time. The ROK Army was formerly organized into 3 armies, the First Army, Third Army, each with its own headquarters, corps, and divisions. The Third Army was responsible for the defense of the capital as well as the section of the DMZ. The First Army was responsible for the defense of the section of the DMZ whereas the 2nd OC formed the rearguard. The army consists of 495,000 troops, approximately 2, 400-2,500 tanks,2,700 armored fighting vehicles,5,800 artillery pieces,60 guided missile systems, and 600 helicopters as of 2014. The future replacement for the K1 and K1A1 MBTs has been named the K2 Black Panther, the ROK Army is planning to field approximately 390 Black Panthers. A variation of the K200, the KAFVs can be retrofitted to bear a 90 mm cannon,40 mm grenade turret, M230-1 Chain gun Turret, or MK-30 Chaingun Turret. A replacement for K200 series IFVs are currently being tested, designated as K21 KNIFV, the initial production is set for 2008, with the ROKA planning to field approximately 1,000 units until 2015. The K21 KNIFVs chassis will be constructed out of fiberglass, reducing the vehicles load and enabling it to travel at higher speeds without bulky. When constructed, the NIFV will be lighter than other IFVs, including the American Bradley series and Russian BMP series, other notable foreign equipment in service with the ROK Army includes the Mistral MANPADS. A new infantry rifle, the Daewoo K11 entered service in 2010, the overall concept of this weapon is similar to the American OICW. So equals small, Jung equals medium, Dae equals large, jun equals equivalent, used for Warrant Officer and 1 star general to ensure that they are regarded as officer/general, although these ranks are lower than the same grade with So rank. Won equals principal, only used for Won-Su, General of the Army, each of these is coupled with wi equals company grade, ryung equals field grade, and jang equals general. NCO rank is same as officer, ha equals lower, Jung equals medium, Sang equals high, Won equals principal, because this title is named after Won-Su, to ensure that this rank is higher than Sang-sa
Republic of Korea Army
–
Type 88 K1 main battle tank during an amphibious beach assault exercise
Republic of Korea Army
–
Seal of the Republic of Korea Army
Republic of Korea Army
–
K-9 Thunder 155mm self-propelled howitzer
18.
General
–
A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army, and in some nations air forces or marines. The term general is used in two ways, as the title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank. It originates in the 16th century, as a shortening of captain general, the adjective general had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Today, the title of General is known in countries as a four-star rank. However different countries use different systems of stars for senior ranks and it has a NATO code of OF-9 and is the highest rank currently in use in a number of armies. The various grades of general officer are at the top of the rank structure. Lower-ranking officers in military forces are typically known as field officers or field-grade officers. There are two systems of general ranks used worldwide. In addition there is a system, the Arab system of ranks. Variations of one form, the old European system, were used throughout Europe. It is used in the United Kingdom, from which it spread to the Commonwealth. The other is derived from the French Revolution, where ranks are named according to the unit they command. The system used either a general or a colonel general rank. The rank of marshal was used by some countries as the highest rank. Many countries actually used two brigade command ranks, which is why some countries now use two stars as their brigade general insignia, mexico and Argentina still use two brigade command ranks. As a lieutenant outranks a sergeant major, confusion arises because a lieutenant is outranked by a major. Originally the serjeant major was, exclusively, the commander of the infantry, junior only to the captain general, the distinction of serjeant major general only applied after serjeant majors were introduced as a rank of field officer. Serjeant was eventually dropped from both titles, creating the modern rank titles
General
–
Shang Jiang (
Republic of China Army)
General
–
General de Exército (
Brazilian Army)
General
–
Kenraali (collar and sleeve) (
Finnish Army)
General
–
Heneral (
Philippine Army)
19.
9th Infantry Division (Republic of Korea)
–
The 9th Infantry Division, also known as White Horse after the victory of Battle of White Horse, is an infantry division of the Republic of Korea Army. The unit is composed of the 28th, 29th and 30th Regiments, the 9th Division was hastily created in late 1950 during the Korean War and operated in the mountainous terrain of Seorak and Odae in the northeast, not far from the 38th parallel. The North Korean II Corps cut it off in late 1950, during October 1952, all three 9th Division regiments, the 28th, 29th and 30th held Hill 395, northwest of Chorwon, North Korea, known as White Horse Mountain. The Division prepared for a Chinese assault, a captured North Korean officer who knew of the impending attack and did not want to be in the fight betrayed his comrades and told the ROKs about it. Many support units helped the 9th Division, but at the end of the day, the 9th Division was renamed after the battle and is known as the White Horse Division. Three 9th Division men received the US Distinguished Service Cross for their service in the Battle of White Horse Mountain, the DSC is the second highest military decoration of the United States Army, awarded for extreme gallantry and risk of life in combat with an armed enemy force. The ROK recipients were Major General Kim Chon O, 9th Division, 2nd Lt. Chung Nak Koo, 11th Co. 28th Regiment, and Sergeant Kim Man Su, 9th Co. 29th Regiment. The 9th Division arrived in Vietnam between 5 September and 8 October 1966 and was positioned in the Ninh Hòa District at the junction of Route 1 and Route 21. The 28th Regiment was stationed in the Tuy Hòa area, the 29th Regiment at the headquarters at Ninh Hòa Base. 98 crew-served and 359 individual weapons were captured Maj. Gen. Yi So-dong Maj. Gen. General Chun Doo Hwan
9th Infantry Division (Republic of Korea)
–
Soldiers of the 9th Division in Vietnam.
9th Infantry Division (Republic of Korea)
–
9th Infantry Division
20.
Korean War
–
The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S
Korean War
–
Clockwise from top: A column of the U.S.
1st Marine Division 's
infantry and
armor moves through Chinese lines during their
breakout from the Chosin Reservoir; UN landing at
Incheon harbor, starting point of the
Battle of Incheon; Korean refugees in front of an American
M26 Pershing tank; U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant
Baldomero Lopez, landing at Incheon;
F-86 Sabre fighter aircraft
Korean War
–
Three Koreans shot for pulling up rails as a protest against seizure of land without payment by the Japanese
Korean War
–
Soviet troops in Korea, October 1945
Korean War
–
U.S. troops in Korea, September 1945
21.
Vietnam War
–
It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
Vietnam War
–
Clockwise, from top left: U.S. combat operations in
Ia Drang, ARVN Rangers defending
Saigon during the 1968
Tet Offensive, two
Douglas A-4C Skyhawks en route for airstrikes against North Vietnam after the
Gulf of Tonkin incident, ARVN recapture
Quảng Trị during the 1972
Easter Offensive, civilians fleeing the
1972 Battle of Quảng Trị, burial of 300 victims of the 1968
Huế Massacre.
Vietnam War
–
A Japanese naval officer surrenders his sword to a British Lieutenant in Saigon on 13 September 1945.
Vietnam War
–
The
Geneva Conference, 1954
Vietnam War
–
U.S. President
Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles greet President
Ngô Đình Diệm of
South Vietnam in Washington, 8 May 1957.
22.
Korean language
–
It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of the Peoples Republic of China. Approximately 80 million people worldwide speak Korean and this implies that Korean is not an isolate, but a member of a small family. There is still debate on whether Korean and Japanese are related with each other, the Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. A relation of Korean with Japonic languages has been proposed by linguists like William George Aston, Chinese characters arrived in Korea together with Buddhism during the pre-Three Kingdoms period. Mainly privileged elites were educated to read and write in hanja, however, today, the hanja are largely unused in everyday life, but in South Korea they experience revivals on artistic works and are important in historic and/or linguistic studies of Korean. Since the Korean War, through 70 years of separation, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation, verb inflection, the Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in North Korea and South Korea. In South Korea, the Korean language is referred to by names including hanguk-eo Korean language, hanguk-mal, Korean speech and uri-mal. In hanguk-eo and hanguk-mal, the first part of the word, hanguk, refers to the Korean nation while -eo and -mal mean language and speech, Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo, literally national language. This name is based on the same Chinese characters meaning nation + language that are used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China, the language is most often called Chosŏn-mal, or more formally, the English word Korean is derived from Goryeo, which is thought to be the first dynasty known to Western countries. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram and Goryeo In, the majority of historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. Such factors of typological divergence as Middle Mongolians exhibition of gender agreement can be used to argue that a relationship with Altaic is unlikely. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list, a good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa, meaning hemp. Also, the doublet wo meaning hemp is attested in Western Old Japanese and it is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. Among ancient languages, various relatives of Korean have been proposed. Some classify the language of Jeju Island as a distinct modern Koreanic language, Other famous theories are the Dravido-Korean languages theory and the mostly unknown southern-theory which suggest an Austronesian relation. Korean is spoken by the Korean people in North Korea and South Korea and by the Korean diaspora in countries including the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, Japan. Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of cultural assimilation into host countries, Korean is the official language of South Korea and North Korea
Korean language
–
Two names for Korean, Hangugeo and Chosŏnmal,
written vertically in
Hangul
Korean language
–
Street signs in Korean; Daegu, Korea.
Korean language
–
Korean writing systems
23.
Specials (Unicode block)
–
Specials is a short Unicode block allocated at the very end of the Basic Multilingual Plane, at U+FFF0–FFFF. Of these 16 codepoints, five are assigned as of Unicode 9, U+FFFD � REPLACEMENT CHARACTER used to replace an unknown, unrecognized or unrepresentable character U+FFFE <noncharacter-FFFE> not a character. FFFE and FFFF are not unassigned in the sense. They can be used to guess a texts encoding scheme, since any text containing these is by not a correctly encoded Unicode text. The replacement character � is a found in the Unicode standard at codepoint U+FFFD in the Specials table. It is used to indicate problems when a system is unable to render a stream of data to a correct symbol and it is usually seen when the data is invalid and does not match any character, Consider a text file containing the German word für in the ISO-8859-1 encoding. This file is now opened with an editor that assumes the input is UTF-8. The first and last byte are valid UTF-8 encodings of ASCII, therefore, a text editor could replace this byte with the replacement character symbol to produce a valid string of Unicode code points. The whole string now displays like this, f�r, a poorly implemented text editor might save the replacement in UTF-8 form, the text file data will then look like this, 0x66 0xEF 0xBF 0xBD 0x72, which will be displayed in ISO-8859-1 as f�r. Since the replacement is the same for all errors this makes it impossible to recover the original character, a better design is to preserve the original bytes, including the error, and only convert to the replacement when displaying the text. This will allow the text editor to save the original byte sequence and it has become increasingly common for software to interpret invalid UTF-8 by guessing the bytes are in another byte-based encoding such as ISO-8859-1. This allows correct display of both valid and invalid UTF-8 pasted together, Unicode control characters UTF-8 Mojibake Unicodes Specials table Decodeunicodes entry for the replacement character
Specials (Unicode block)
–
Replacement character
24.
Hangul
–
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
Hangul
–
Korean writing systems
Hangul
–
Chosŏn'gŭl (top), and Hangul (bottom)
Hangul
–
A page from the Hunmin Jeong-eum Eonhae. The Hangul-only column, third from the left (나랏말 ᄊᆞ 미), has pitch-accent diacritics to the left of the syllable blocks.
Hangul
–
Calligraphy
25.
Hanja
–
Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. Borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation, hanja-mal or hanja-eo refers to words that can be written with hanja, and hanmun refers to Classical Chinese writing, although hanja is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. Because hanja never underwent major reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese, only a small number of hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding hanja characters. Today, a working knowledge of Chinese characters is still important for anyone who wishes to study older texts. Learning a certain number of hanja is very helpful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words, hanja are not used to write native Korean words, which are always rendered in hangul, and even words of Chinese origin—hanja-eo —are written with the hangul alphabet most of the time. A major motivation for the introduction of Chinese characters into Korea was the spread of Buddhism, the major Chinese text that introduced hanja to Koreans, however, was not a religious text but the Chinese text, Cheonjamun. One way of adapting hanja to write Korean in such systems was to represent native Korean grammatical particles, for example, Gugyeol uses the characters 爲尼 to transcribe the Korean word hăni, in modern Korean, that means does, and so. However, in Chinese, the characters are read as the expression wéi ní. This is an example of Gugyeol words where the radical is read in Korean for its meaning. Hanja was the means of writing Korean until King Sejong the Great promoted the invention of hangul in the 15th century. However, even after the invention of hangul, most Korean scholars continued to write in hanmun and it was not until the 20th century that hangul truly replaced hanja. Officially, hanja has not been used in North Korea since June 1949, additionally, many words borrowed from Chinese have been replaced in the North with native Korean words. However, there are a number of Chinese-borrowed words in widespread usage in the North. The replacement has been less total in South Korea where, although usage has declined over time, some remains in common usage in some contexts. Each hanja is composed of one of 214 radicals plus in most cases one or more additional elements, the vast majority of hanja use the additional elements to indicate the sound of the character, but a few hanja are purely pictographic, and some were formed in other ways. This dual meaning-sound reading of a character is called eumhun, the word or words used to denote the meaning are often—though hardly always—words of native Korean origin, and are sometimes archaic words no longer commonly used. South Korean primary schools abandoned the teaching of hanja in 1971 and it is taught in separate courses in South Korean high schools, separately from the normal Korean-language curriculum
Hanja
–
Chinese characters
Hanja
–
Hanja
Hanja
–
Korean writing systems
Hanja
–
Calligraphy
26.
Revised Romanization of Korean
–
The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea proclaimed by Ministry of Culture and Tourism to replace the older McCune–Reischauer system. The new system eliminates diacritics in favor of digraphs and adheres closely to Korean phonology than to a suggestive rendition of Korean phonetics for non-native speakers. The Revised Romanization limits itself to the ISO basic Latin alphabet, apart from limited and it was developed by the National Academy of the Korean Language from 1995 and was released to the public on 7 July 2000 by South Koreas Ministry of Culture and Tourism in Proclamation No. 2000-8, which cites these reasons for the new system, It promotes consistent romanization by native Korean speakers by the transcription of important language characteristics. It reduces the confusion caused by the frequent omission of apostrophes and it rationalizes the Korean language with the plain ASCII text of internet domain names. Basic principles of romanization are, Romanization is based on standard Korean pronunciation, symbols other than Roman letters are avoided to the greatest extent possible. These are notable features of the Revised Romanization system, Vowels ㅓ/ʌ/ and ㅡ/ɯ/ are written as digraphs, however, ㅝ/wʌ/ is written as wo, and ㅢ/ɰi/ is written as ui. Unlike McCune–Reischauer, aspirated consonants have no apostrophe, k, t, p and their unaspirated counterparts are written with letters that are voiced in English, g, d, b, j. ㅅ/s/ is written as s regardless of the vowels and semivowels, there is no sh, 사 → sa. When followed by another consonant or when in position, it is written as t, 옷 → ot. ㄹ/l/ is r before a vowel or a semivowel and l everywhere else, 리을 → rieul, 철원 → Cheorwon, 울릉도 → Ulleungdo, other rules and recommendations include the following, A hyphen optionally disambiguates syllables, 가을 → ga-eul versus 개울 → gae-ul. However, few official publications make use of this provision since actual instances of ambiguity among names are rare, however, names for geographic features and artificial structures are not hyphenated, 설악산 → Seoraksan, 해인사 → Haeinsa Proper nouns are capitalized. Given names and commercial names are encouraged to change, but it is not required, all Korean textbooks were required to comply with the new system by February 28,2002. English-language newspapers in South Korea initially resisted the new system by citing its flaws, the Korea Times was the last major English-language newspaper to do so and switched only in May 2006. North Korea continues to use a version of the McCune–Reischauer system of Romanization, textbooks and dictionaries intended for students of the Korean language tend to include this Romanization. However, some publishers have acknowledged the difficulties or confusion it can cause for non-native Korean speakers who are unused to the conventions of style of Romanization. ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㄹ are usually transcribed as g, d, b, and r when appearing before a vowel, and as k, t, p, and l when followed by another consonant or when appearing at the end of a word. The revised romanization transcribes certain phonetic changes that occur with combinations of the consonant of a character
Revised Romanization of Korean
–
Korean writing systems
27.
President of South Korea
–
The president is directly elected to a five-year term with no possibility of re-election. While in office, the chief executive lives in Cheong Wa Dae, on February 25,2013, Park Geun-hye became the 18th President of South Korea. She was also the first woman to assume this post and she has since been impeached on corruption charges, which was confirmed by the Constitutional Court of Korea on March 10,2017, removing her from office. Prime minister Hwang Kyo-ahn has been Acting President since 9 December 2016, chapter 3 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea states the duties and the powers of the president. The president may refer important policy matters to a referendum, declare war, conclude peace and other treaties, appoint senior public officials. Emergency measures may be taken only when the National Assembly is not in session, the measures are limited to the minimum necessary. The 1987 Constitution removed the 1980 Constitutions explicit provisions that empowered the government to suspend the freedoms. However, the president is permitted to take measures that could amend or abolish existing laws for the duration of a crisis. It is unclear whether such emergency measures could temporarily suspend portions of the Constitution itself, emergency measures must be referred to the National Assembly for concurrence. If not endorsed by the assembly, the measures can be revoked. In a change from the 1980 Constitution, the 1987 Constitution stated that the president is not permitted to dissolve the National Assembly, the official residence of the president is Cheong Wa Dae. It means the House of the Blue Roof Tiles, so it is called the Blue House in English. The president is assisted by the staff of the Presidential Secretariat, apart from the State Council, or cabinet, the chief executive relies on several constitutional organs. These constitutional organs included the National Security Council, which provided advice concerning the foreign, military, another important body is the National Unification Advisory Council, inaugurated in June 1981 under the chairpersonship of the president. The president also was assisted in 1990 by the Audit and Inspection Board, in addition to auditing the accounts of all public institutions, the board scrutinized the administrative performance of government agencies and public officials. Its findings were reported to the president and the National Assembly, Board members were appointed by the president. One controversial constitutional organ was the Advisory Council of Elder Statesmen, the government announced plans to reduce the size and functions of this body immediately after Rohs inauguration. Article 68 of the Constitution requires the president to hold new elections within 60 days
President of South Korea
–
Incumbent
Park Geun-hye since 25 February 2013
President of South Korea
–
1st —
Rhee Syng-man 1st, 2nd, & 3rd terms (served: 1948–1960)
President of South Korea
–
2nd —
Yun Bo-seon 4th term (served: 1960–1962)
President of South Korea
–
6th —
Roh Tae-woo 13th term (served: 1988–1993)
South Korea
Republic of Korea Army
Malaysia : Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (1988)[5]
