1.
Hyghalmen Roll
–
The Hyghalmen Roll is a roll of arms kept at the English College of Arms in London. Some images show characteristics of German heraldry, such as repeating themes in the coat of arms and crest, the latter was omitted from the attributed arms of Jesus when the images were copied into Randle Holmes Book
Hyghalmen Roll
–
Illustration of arms attributed to Jesus, with a schwenkel on a banner
2.
Coat of arms
–
A coat of arms is an heraldic visual design on an escutcheon, surcoat, or tabard. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the heraldic achievement which in its whole consists of shield, supporters, crest. A coat of arms is traditionally unique to a person, family, state. The ancient Romans used similar insignia on their shields, but these identified military units rather than individuals, the first evidence of medieval coats of arms has been attributed to the 11th century Bayeux Tapestry in which some of the combatants carry shields painted with crosses. However, that heraldic interpretation remains controversial, coats of arms came into general use by feudal lords and knights in battle in the 12th century. By the 13th century, arms had spread beyond their initial battlefield use to become a flag or emblem for families in the social classes of Europe. Exactly who had a right to use arms, by law or social convention, in the German-speaking regions both the aristocracy and burghers used arms, while in most of the rest of Europe they were limited to the aristocracy. The use of spread to the clergy, to towns as civic identifiers. Flags developed from coats of arms, and the arts of vexillology, the coats of arms granted to commercial companies are a major source of the modern logo. Despite no widespread regulation, heraldry has remained consistent across Europe, some nations, like England and Scotland, still maintain the same heraldic authorities which have traditionally granted and regulated arms for centuries and continue to do so in the present day. In England, for example, the granting of arms is and has controlled by the College of Arms. Unlike seals and other emblems, heraldic achievements have a formal description called a blazon. Many societies exist that also aid in the design and registration of personal arms, in the heraldic traditions of England and Scotland, an individual, rather than a family, had a coat of arms. In those traditions coats of arms are legal property transmitted from father to son, wives, undifferenced arms are used only by one person at any given time. Other descendants of the bearer could bear the ancestral arms only with some difference. One such charge is the label, which in British usage is now always the mark of an apparent or an heir presumptive. Because of their importance in identification, particularly in seals on legal documents and this has been carried out by heralds and the study of coats of arms is therefore called heraldry. In time, the use of arms spread from military entities to educational institutes, the author Helen Stuart argues that some coats of arms were a form of corporate logo
Coat of arms
–
The German
Hyghalmen Roll, ca. late 15th century, illustrates the German practice of thematic repetition from the arms in the crest
Coat of arms
Coat of arms
–
The
Zechariah Seal coat of arms.
3.
Early Modern period
–
The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era. Historians in recent decades have argued that from a worldwide standpoint, the period witnessed the exploration and colonization of the Americas and the rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe. The historical powers became involved in trade, as the exchange of goods, plants, animals, and food crops extended to the Old World. The Columbian Exchange greatly affected the human environment, New economies and institutions emerged, becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the early modern period. This process began in the medieval North Italian city-states, particularly Genoa, Venice, the early modern period also included the rise of the dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism. The European colonization of the Americas, Asia, and Africa occurred during the 15th to 19th centuries, the early modern trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization, politically and economically. Historians typically date the end of the modern period when the French Revolution of the 1790s began the modern period. Early modern themes Other In 16th century China, the Ming Dynastys economy was stimulated by trade with the Portuguese, Spanish. China became involved in a new trade of goods, plants, animals. Trade with Early Modern Europe and Japan brought in massive amounts of silver, during the last decades of the Ming the flow of silver into China was greatly diminished, thereby undermining state revenues and the entire Chinese economy. This damage to the economy was compounded by the effects on agriculture of the incipient Little Ice Age, natural calamities, crop failure, the ensuing breakdown of authority and peoples livelihoods allowed rebel leaders such as Li Zicheng to challenge Ming authority. The Ming Dynasty fell around 1644 to the Qing Dynasty, which was the last ruling dynasty of China, during its reign, the Qing Dynasty became highly integrated with Chinese culture. The Azuchi-Momoyama period saw the unification that preceded the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate. The Edo period from 1600 to 1868 characterized early modern Japan, the Tokugawa shogunate was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family. This period gets its name from the city, Edo. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle from 1603 until 1868, in 1392, General Yi Seong-gye established the Joseon Dynasty with a largely bloodless coup. Joseon experienced advances in science and culture, King Sejong the Great promulgated hangul, the Korean alphabet. The period saw various other cultural and technological advances as well as the dominance of neo-Confucianism over the entirety of Korea, during the late 16th and early 17th centuries, invasions by the neighboring Japanese and Qing Chinese nearly overran the Korean peninsula
Early Modern period
–
Waldseemüller map with joint sheets, 1507
Early Modern period
–
15th century Hanging Houses in
Cuenca,
Spain from the
Early Renaissance, and the Early modern period.
Early Modern period
–
Gutenberg reviewing a press proof (a colored engraving created probably in the 19th century)
Early Modern period
–
The
Cantino planisphere (1502), the oldest surviving Portuguese nautical chart showing the results of the explorations of
Vasco da Gama to India,
Columbus to Central America,
Gaspar Corte-Real to Newfoundland and
Pedro Álvares Cabral to Brazil. The meridian of
Tordesillas, separating the Portuguese and Spanish halves of the world is also depicted
4.
Siebmachers Wappenbuch
–
The Old Siebmacher The Alter Siebmacher was compiled 1605–1806, and represents the contemporary heraldry during the final two centuries of the Holy Roman Empire. Its two volumes were completed by Johann Sibmacher and his work was continued to six volumes with additional supplements by Paul Fürst, Wolfgang Gottlieb Fürst, Rudolf Johann Helmers, Christoph Weigel the Elder and Gabriel Nikolaus Raspe. The supplemented works were published under the titles of their respective publishers, such as, Fürstsches Wappenbuch, Helmersches Wappenbuch. The New Siebmacher The Neuer Siebmacher, Siebmachers großes und allgemeines Wappenbuch was compiled 1854-1967 by Adolf Matthias Hildebrandt, Maximilian Gritzner, the General-Index of the whole work has been edited by Hanns Jäger-Sunstenau. Later Ottfried Neubecker had published all burgher arms of the New Siebmacher without the text as a sort of illustrated glossary organized by the heraldic charges, contains six volumes,1,200 pages,16,000 names, completely cross-referenced, thousands of corrections to the original Index. Index of Siebmachers Armorials - The database contains the names and titles of the General-Index zu den Siebmacherschen Wappenbüchern 1605-1967
Siebmachers Wappenbuch
–
Emblem of the Holy Roman Emperor
5.
Louis XIV of France
–
Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIVs France was a leader in the centralization of power. Louis began his rule of France in 1661, after the death of his chief minister. By these means he became one of the most powerful French monarchs, under his rule, the Edict of Nantes, which granted rights to Huguenots, was abolished. The revocation effectively forced Huguenots to emigrate or convert in a wave of dragonnades, which managed to virtually destroy the French Protestant minority. During Louis reign, France was the leading European power, and it fought three wars, the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg. There were also two lesser conflicts, the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions, warfare defined Louis XIVs foreign policies, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique, in peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military, Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, to Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. He was named Louis Dieudonné and bore the title of French heirs apparent. At the time of his birth, his parents had married for 23 years. His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631, leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a miracle of God. Sensing imminent death, Louis XIII decided to put his affairs in order in the spring of 1643, in defiance of custom, which would have made Queen Anne the sole Regent of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his sons behalf. His lack of faith in Queen Annes political abilities was his primary rationale and he did, however, make the concession of appointing her head of the council. Louis relationship with his mother was uncommonly affectionate for the time, contemporaries and eyewitnesses claimed that the Queen would spend all her time with Louis. Both were greatly interested in food and theatre, and it is likely that Louis developed these interests through his close relationship with his mother. This long-lasting and loving relationship can be evidenced by excerpts in Louis journal entries, such as, but attachments formed later by shared qualities of the spirit are far more difficult to break than those formed merely by blood
Louis XIV of France
–
Louis XIV by
Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701)
Louis XIV of France
–
Louis-Dieudonné,
Dauphin of France, in 1643 by
Claude Deruet
Louis XIV of France
–
Louis XIV as a child, unknown painter
Louis XIV of France
–
1655 portrait of Louis, the Victor of the Fronde, portrayed as the god
Jupiter
6.
Ordinary (heraldry)
–
In heraldry, an ordinary is a simple geometrical figure, bounded by straight lines and running from side to side or top to bottom of the shield. There are also some geometric charges known as subordinaries, which have been given lesser status by some heraldic writers, diminutives of ordinaries and some subordinaries are charges of the same shape, though thinner. Most of the ordinaries are theoretically said to occupy one-third of the shield, ordinaries resemble partitions of the field, but are formally considered objects on the field. Though there is debate as to exactly which geometrical charges—with straight edges and running from edge to edge of the shield—constitute ordinaries. Except for the chief they are central to the shield, Cross, a pale and a fess of equal widths conjoined, as in the arms of the City of London. Pale, a vertical stripe right down the middle of the shield, typically 1/5th to 1/3rd the width of the field. A variant is the Canadian pale, invented in 1964 for the new Canadian national flag, fess, a horizontal stripe, as in the coat of arms of Austria. Typically 1/5th to 1/3rd the height of the field, bar, a narrower fess, sometimes reckoned as an ordinary in its own right. Bend, a band from the dexter chief to the opposite corner. Bend sinister, A bend in the opposite direction, Chief, horizontal band right across the top of the shield, as in the arms of the district of Lausanne. Chief triangular begins in the corners and extends to a point that is one quarter to one third the way down the shield and it is a complex line division variant of a chief. Chief enarched is drawn with a concave arch, the following are sometimes classed as ordinaries, sometimes as subordinaries, Bordure, the boundary of the shield, often used for cadency. Pile, downward pointing triangle, issuing from the top of the shield, a variant is the shakefork, a pall cut short of the margins, with pointed ends. It is frequent in Scotland, owing to its prominence in the armory of Clan Cunningham, ordinaries need not be bounded by straight lines. Some geometric figures are not considered to be honourable ordinaries and are called subordinaries, very loosely, they are geometric or conventional charges that, unlike ordinaries, do not stretch from edge to edge of the shield. There is no definitive list or definition, but they generally include, Quarter, the dexter chief quadrant of the shield Canton, smaller than the quarter, formally said to occupy one-ninth of the shield, though sometimes drawn smaller. Very occasionally a sinister canton is found, on the other side. Flaunches, always borne in pairs, a circular arc emerging out of each flank of the shield, Fret, interlacing bendlet, bendlet sinister and mascle
Ordinary (heraldry)
–
This article is about the geometrical design elements found on coats of arms. For registers or dictionaries of coats of arms, see
Ordinary of arms.
Ordinary (heraldry)
Ordinary (heraldry)
–
a bordure — Argent; an oak tree eradicated, fessways, proper, between three pheons, points upward, azure; within a bordure azure—Dalgleish of Keavil, Scotland
Ordinary (heraldry)
–
a pile — Argent, on a pile azure three towers, two and one, of the first, in the middle chief point two keys in saltire, wards upwards and inwards, or—Otley Urban District Council, England
7.
Charge (heraldry)
–
In heraldry, a charge is any emblem or device occupying the field of an escutcheon. This may be a design or a symbolic representation of a person, animal, plant. In French blazon, the ordinaries are called pièces while other charges are called meubles, while thousands of objects found in nature, mythology or technology have appeared in armory, there are several charges which have contributed to the distinctive flavour of heraldic design. Only these and a few other notable charges are discussed in this article, some heraldic writers distinguish, albeit arbitrarily, between honourable ordinaries and sub-ordinaries. While some authors hold that only nine charges are honourable ordinaries, the remainder are often termed sub-ordinaries, and narrower or smaller versions of the ordinaries are called diminutives. Apparently ceding the point for the moment, Fox-Davies lists the generally agreed-upon honourable ordinaries as the bend, fess, pale, pile, chevron, cross, saltire and chief. Boutell lists the chief, pale, bend, bend sinister, fess, bar, cross, saltire and cheveron as the honourable ordinaries. Thus, the chief, bend, pale, fess, chevron, cross and saltire appear to be the undisputed ordinaries, while authors disagree over the status of the pile, bar, inescutcheon, bordure and others. Several different figures are recognised as honourable ordinaries, each normally occupying about one-fifth to one-third of the field, the chief is the upper portion of the field. The bend runs from the left to the lower right, as \. The bend sinister runs from the right to the lower left. The pale, a stripe in the centre of the field. The fess is a horizontal stripe across the centre of the field. The chevron is a construction shaped like an inverted letter V, the cross is a geometric construction of two perpendicular lines or bands. It has hundreds of variants, most of which are common charges rather than ordinaries, the saltire is a diagonal cross, often called Saint Andrews cross. Most of the ordinaries have corresponding diminutives, narrower versions, most often mentioned when two or more appear in parallel, bendlets, pallets, bars, chevronels, in addition to those mentioned in the above section, other ordinaries exist. Some of these are variously called honourable ordinaries by different authors, the pall or pairle is shaped like the letter Y. The pile is a wedge issuing from the top of the field and its length and width vary widely
Charge (heraldry)
8.
Ordinary of arms
–
An ordinary of arms is a roll or register of coats of arms arranged systematically by design, with coats featuring the same principal elements grouped together. The purpose of an ordinary is to facilitate the identification of the owner of a coat of arms from visual evidence alone, Ordinaries may take a form which is either graphic or written. Most medieval and early modern manuscript ordinaries were graphic, whereas all the modern published ordinaries have been written. A knowledge of the technicalities of blazon is essential for the student hoping to make best use of a written ordinary, by extension, ordinaries may also be compiled of other elements of heraldic display, such as crests, supporters or badges. Although ordinaries of arms have been compiled since the 14th century, the earliest clear attestation is found in Edmondsons Complete Body of Heraldry of 1780. The ordinary appears to have been an English development of the 14th century, no medieval ordinaries are known from continental Europe. Medieval English ordinaries include Cookes Ordinary, compiled in c.1340, Cotgraves Ordinary, also of c.1340 but in blazon, and these three are all related, and perhaps derive from a lost progenitor. An independent work is William Jenyns Ordinary, compiled in c.1360.1520, in the second half of the century, Robert Glover, Somerset Herald, drew on a wide range of medieval sources to compile Glovers Ordinary, the fullest and most authoritative ordinary to date. This was assembled in its first form in 1584, and contained some 15,000 coats. At the beginning of the 17th century, Augustine Vincent, Rouge Croix Pursuivant and later Windsor Herald, compiled Vincents Ordinary, also of about 15,000 shields, drawn in trick. Versions of Glovers Ordinary, much augmented, were published in Joseph Edmondsons Complete Body of Heraldry, Cotgraves Ordinary was published in 1829, edited by Sir Harris Nicolas. Papworth began work in 1847, making use of Burkes General Armory, copying its entries – which were arranged alphabetically by surname – onto slips of paper. He published a prospectus in 1857, and began to issue his work in instalments shortly afterwards, nine parts had appeared by 1863, and fourteen by the time of his early death in 1870. By this point the work had proceeded as far as page 696, the Ordinary, containing about 50,000 entries, was published as a complete volume in 1874. It rapidly established itself as a work of reference, and was reprinted in 1961,1977 and 1985. Its weakness was its dependence for its contents on Burkes General Armory and other secondary sources, in 1926 Lt Col George Babington Croft Lyons left a substantial bequest to the Society of Antiquaries to prepare a revised and improved edition of Papworth. Anthony Wagner became co-general editor in 1940 and sole editor in 1944. A number of volunteers were recruited to assemble material on index cards and it was eventually decided to limit the project to England, to the medieval period, and to publish a simple ordinary, including a name-index but without the additional essays
Ordinary of arms
–
Thomas Jenyns' Book, an English ordinary of arms compiled in c.1398. This page shows a sequence of coats of arms featuring
lions rampant. British Library, Add. MS 40851.
Ordinary of arms
–
Extract from Papworth's Ordinary (1874)
9.
Wernigerode Armorial
–
The Wernigerode Armorial is an armorial compiled in southern Germany in the late 15th century. The manuscript is the first of two volumes, the second volume has been lost. A third volume consists of a register to vols,1 and 2, kept in the Halle University Library. It is an important witness of the period from medieval to classical conventions of heraldry. After this preface, the book begins a more realistic listing of the heraldry of its time and this is followed by the arms of lower nobility and certain notable bourgeois families and the arms of imperial cities. Online facsimile Description of the manuscript by Marianne Reuter,2009
Wernigerode Armorial
–
Fol. 8v–
Maximilian,
Römischer König
10.
Bavaria
–
Bavaria is a free state and one of 16 federal states of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres and its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germanys second most populous state. Munich, Bavarias capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany, the Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555. In the 17th century CE, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, when Bavaria became a republic. In 1946, the Free State of Bavaria re-organised itself on democratic lines after the Second World War, Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the states Catholic majority and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes such as Oktoberfest. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia, Upper Palatinate and Swabia. The Bavarians emerged in a north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, the name Bavarian means Men of Baia which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BCE. From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria and their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibalds successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the frontier against the expansion of Slavs. Tassilos son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616, after Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and his son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodos death the duchy was divided among his sons, at Hugberts death the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighbouring Alemannia. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748, saint Boniface completed the peoples conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. Bavaria was in ways affected by the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century
Bavaria
–
Prehistoric Heunischenburg, in the vicinity of
Kronach
Bavaria
–
Flag
Bavaria
–
Kingdom of Bavaria 900
Bavaria
–
Bavarian stamps during the German empire period
11.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
–
Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
–
Flag
England
–
Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
–
Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
12.
Matthew Paris
–
Matthew Paris, known as Matthew of Paris, was a Benedictine monk, English chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire. He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse. His Chronica Majora is a source, though modern historians recognise that Paris was not always reliable. He tended to glorify Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope, however, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a tyrant who committed disgraceful crimes. In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth and he may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School. The first we know of Matthew Paris is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217. He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty and his life was mainly spent in this religious house. Apart from these missions, his activities were devoted to the composition of history. After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, Paris revised Rogers work, adding new material to cover his own tenure. This Chronica Majora is an important historical document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259. Equally interesting are the illustrations Paris created for his work, the Dublin MS contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used. The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, Paris manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures. Some have survived incomplete, and the elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris. Unless stated otherwise, all were given by Paris to his monastery, the monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution. These MS seem to have appreciated, and were quickly collected by bibliophiles. Many of his manuscripts in the British Library are from the Cotton Library, corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16,362 x 244/248 mm. ff 141 +281, composed 1240–53. His major historical work, but less heavily illustrated per page than others and these two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253. There are 100 marginal drawings, some maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I
Matthew Paris
–
Self portrait of Matthew Paris from the original manuscript of his Historia Anglorum (London, British Library, MS Royal 14.C.VII, folio 6r).
Matthew Paris
–
Elephant from Chronica maiora, Part II, Parker Library, MS 16, fol. 151v
Matthew Paris
–
Martyrdom of
Amphibalus from the Trinity College Life of St Alban.
Matthew Paris
–
Henry I of England from
British Library MS Cotton Claudius D VI
13.
Illuminated manuscript
–
An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders and miniature illustrations. Comparable Far Eastern and Mesoamerican works are described as painted, islamic manuscripts may be referred to as illuminated, illustrated or painted, though using essentially the same techniques as Western works. This article covers the technical, social and economic history of the subject, for an art-historical account, the earliest surviving substantive illuminated manuscripts are from the period 400 to 600, produced in the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire. The significance of these works lies not only in their inherent artistic and historical value, had it not been for the monastic scribes of Late Antiquity, most literature of Greece and Rome would have perished in Europe. As it was, the patterns of textual survivals were shaped by their usefulness to the severely constricted literate group of Christians, the majority of surviving manuscripts are from the Middle Ages, although many survive from the Renaissance, along with a very limited number from Late Antiquity. The majority of manuscripts are of a religious nature. However, especially from the 13th century onward, a number of secular texts were illuminated. Most illuminated manuscripts were created as codices, which had superseded scrolls, a very few illuminated manuscript fragments survive on papyrus, which does not last nearly as long as vellum or parchment. Most medieval manuscripts, illuminated or not, were written on parchment, beginning in the late Middle Ages manuscripts began to be produced on paper. Illuminated manuscripts continued to be produced in the early 16th century, Manuscripts are among the most common items to survive from the Middle Ages, many thousands survive. They are also the best surviving specimens of medieval painting, indeed, for many areas and time periods, they are the only surviving examples of painting. There are a few examples from later periods, the type of book that was most often heavily and richly illuminated, sometimes known as a display book, varied between periods. In the first millennium, these were most likely to be Gospel Books, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels, the Romanesque period saw the creation of many huge illuminated complete Bibles – one in Sweden requires three librarians to lift it. Many Psalters were also illuminated in both this and the Gothic period. Finally, the Book of Hours, very commonly the personal book of a wealthy layperson, was often richly illuminated in the Gothic period. Other books, both liturgical and not, continued to be illuminated at all periods, the Byzantine world also continued to produce manuscripts in its own style, versions of which spread to other Orthodox and Eastern Christian areas. See Medieval art for other regions, periods and types, reusing parchments by scraping the surface and reusing them was a common practice, the traces often left behind of the original text are known as palimpsests. The Gothic period, which saw an increase in the production of these beautiful artifacts, also saw more secular works such as chronicles
Illuminated manuscript
–
In the strictest definition of illuminated manuscript, only manuscripts with gold or silver, like this
miniature of
Christ in Majesty from the
Aberdeen Bestiary (folio 4v), would be considered illuminated.
Illuminated manuscript
–
The decoration of this page from a French
Book of Hours, ca.1400, includes a miniature, initials and borders
Illuminated manuscript
–
A 13th-century manuscript illumination, the earliest known depiction of
Thomas Becket 's assassination
Illuminated manuscript
–
The 11th century Tyniec Sacramentary was written with gold on purple background.
14.
Chronica Majora
–
The Chronica Majora is an important medieval illuminated manuscript chronicle written in Latin by Matthew Paris, a Benedictine monk living in the Abbey of St Albans. The work begins with the creation of the world and contains annals up to 1259, the year of Pariss death. The first two parts of the Chronica, covering the years up to 1188 and from 1189 to 1253, are contained in two manuscripts in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Parker MS26 and MS16. They include 100 marginal drawings, some maps and an itinerary, and full page drawings of William I. MS16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately, the remainder of the Chronica, from 1254 until Pariss death in 1259, is in the British Library, bound as Royal MS14 C VII folios 157-218, following Pariss Historia Anglorum. 6 Richard Vaughan, The Chronicles of Matthew Paris, Monastic Life in the Thirteenth Century, Richard Vaughan, The Illustrated Chronicles of Matthew Paris. ISBN 978-0-7509-0523-7 Suzanne Lewis, The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora
Chronica Majora
–
Elephant from Chronica maiora, Part II, Parker Library, MS 16, fol. 151v
15.
Henry III of England
–
Henry III, also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry assumed the throne when he was nine in the middle of the First Barons War. Cardinal Guala declared the war against the barons to be a religious crusade and Henrys forces, led by William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln. Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225, which limited royal power and his early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230 the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had belonged to his father. A revolt led by William Marshals son, Richard, broke out in 1232, following the revolt, Henry ruled England personally, rather than governing through senior ministers. He travelled less than previous monarchs, investing heavily in a handful of his palaces and castles. He married Eleanor of Provence, with whom he had five children, in a fresh attempt to reclaim his familys lands in France, he invaded Poitou in 1242, leading to the disastrous Battle of Taillebourg. After this, Henry relied on diplomacy, cultivating an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Henry supported his brother Richard in his bid to become King of the Romans in 1256 and he planned to go on crusade to the Levant, but was prevented from doing so by rebellions in Gascony. The baronial regime collapsed but Henry was unable to reform a stable government, in 1263 one of the more radical barons, Simon de Montfort, seized power, resulting in the Second Barons War. Henry persuaded Louis to support his cause and mobilised an army, the Battle of Lewes occurred in 1264, where Henry was defeated and taken prisoner. Henrys eldest son, Edward, escaped captivity to defeat de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham the following year. Henry initially enacted a harsh revenge on the rebels, but was persuaded by the Church to mollify his policies through the Dictum of Kenilworth. Reconstruction was slow and Henry had to acquiesce to various measures, including suppression of the Jews, to maintain baronial. Henry died in 1272, leaving Edward as his successor and he was buried in Westminster Abbey, which he had rebuilt in the second half of his reign, and was moved to his current tomb in 1290. Some miracles were declared after his death but he was not canonised, Henry was born in Winchester Castle on 1 October 1207. He was the eldest son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, little is known of Henrys early life
Henry III of England
–
Effigy of King Henry III in
Westminster Abbey, c. 1272
Henry III of England
–
A 13th-century depiction of Henry III's coronation
Henry III of England
–
The
Battle of Lincoln in 1217, showing the death of the Count of Perche (l), by
Matthew Paris
Henry III of England
–
The
Battle of Sandwich in 1217, showing the capture of the French flagship and the execution of
Eustace the Monk (r) and the support of the English bishops (l), by Matthew Paris
16.
Camden Roll
–
The Camden Roll is a 13th-century English roll of arms believed to have been created c. 1280, containing 270 painted coats of arms with 185 French blazons for various English and European monarchs, lords, the original roll is now held at the British Museum as Cotton Roll XV.8. It consists of three vellum membranes in total measuring 6.25 by 63, the face of the roll consists of 270 painted shields arranged in 45 rows of six shields, each with associated names and/or titles listed above each shield. The dorse includes French blazons for 185 of the shields on the face, the roll belonged to William Camden, Clarenceux King of Arms, c. 1605, and is believed to have been several documents and manuscripts which were willed to Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington. In 1700 Sir John Cotton, Sir Roberts grandson, sold the Cottonian library to the nation, held at The Queens College, Oxford, MS. Tricked by Robert Glover, Somerset Herald of Arms, held at the College of Arms, MS. Trick believed to be attributed to Richard Scarlett, held at the British Museum, MS. Held at the College of Arms, MS. L.14, trick is attributed to Nicholas Charles, Lancaster Herald of Arms. Illustrated by R. S. Nourse based on the list of blazons in James Greenstreets The Original Camden Roll of Arms published in Vol. XXXVIII of The Journal of the British Archaeological Society,1882
Camden Roll
17.
Dering Roll
–
The Dering Roll is the oldest English roll of arms surviving in its original form. It was made between 1270 and 1280 and contains the coat of arms of 324 knights, starting with two children of King John. Sir Edward Dering acquired the roll during the 17th century and modified it to include an ancestor of his own. It was eventually purchased by the British Library following fund raising involving a number of other charities, glovers Roll, made in 1586, is a copy of a now lost roll dating from even earlier, from the reign of King Henry III. The Dering Roll depicts the coats of arms of around a quarter of the English baronage during the era of Edward I. Emphasis was given to knights from Sussex and Kent, as it was produced in Dover between 1270 and 1280 and the document was designed to list the knights who owed feudal service there. It depicts 324 coats of arms, beginning with Richard Fitz Roy and William de Say, the shields are arranged in 54 rows, with six shields on each line. Above each shield reads the name, except in six cases where it has been omitted or removed. Stephen de Pencester may have commissioned the roll during his time as Constable of Dover Castle, during the 20th century it was acquired by Sir Anthony Wagner. On 4 December 2007, the roll was sold at auction at Sothebys for the sum of £192,000 to an individual who subsequently applied for an export licence. It is now on display at the Sir John Ritblat Gallery in the British Library, some feudal coats of arms and others. Oxford, J. Parker & Co. http, //www. bsswebsite. me. uk/History/Dering/deringroll. htm Images of original roll and modern renderings
Dering Roll
–
An excerpt from the Dering Roll
18.
British Library
–
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and the second largest library in the world by number of items catalogued. It holds well over 150 million items from many countries, as a legal deposit library, the British Library receives copies of all books produced in the United Kingdom and Ireland, including a significant proportion of overseas titles distributed in the UK. The Library is a public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media. The Librarys collections include around 14 million books, along with holdings of manuscripts. In addition to receiving a copy of every publication produced in the UK and Ireland, the Library adds some three million items every year occupying 9.6 kilometres of new shelf space. Prior to 1973, the Library was part of the British Museum, the Euston Road building is classified as a Grade I listed building, of exceptional interest for its architecture and history. The British Library was created on 1 July 1973 as a result of the British Library Act 1972. Prior to this, the library was part of the British Museum. In 1983, the Library absorbed the National Sound Archive, which holds many sound and video recordings, with over a million discs, the core of the Librarys historical collections is based on a series of donations and acquisitions from the 18th century, known as the foundation collections. From 1997 to 2009 the main collection was housed in this new building. Construction work on the Newspaper Storage Building was completed in 2013, the collection has now been split between the St Pancras and Boston Spa sites. The British Library Document Supply Service and the Librarys Document Supply Collection is based on the site in Boston Spa. Collections housed in Yorkshire, comprising low-use material and the newspaper and Document Supply collections, the Library previously had a book storage depot in Woolwich, south-east London, which is no longer in use. The new library was designed specially for the purpose by the architect Colin St John Wilson, facing Euston Road is a large piazza that includes pieces of public art, such as large sculptures by Eduardo Paolozzi and Antony Gormley. It is the largest public building constructed in the United Kingdom in the 20th century, in December 2009 a new storage building at Boston Spa was opened by Rosie Winterton. The building was Grade I listed on 1 August 2015, in England, Legal Deposit can be traced back to at least 1610. The other five libraries are, the Bodleian Library at Oxford, the University Library at Cambridge, the Trinity College Library at Dublin, in 2003 the Ipswich MP Chris Mole introduced a Private Members Bill which became the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003. The Act extends United Kingdom legal deposit requirements to electronic documents, such as CD-ROMs, the Library also holds the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections which include the India Office Records and materials in the languages of Asia and of north and north-east Africa
British Library
–
from the concourse
British Library
–
The British Library at Boston Spa (on
Thorp Arch Trading Estate),
West Yorkshire
British Library
–
The British Library and
St Pancras
British Library
–
Interior of the British Library, with the smoked glass wall of the King's Library in the background.
19.
Tricking
–
Tricking is a method for indicating the tinctures used in a coat of arms by means of text abbreviations written directly on the illustration. Tricking and hatching are the two primary methods employed in the system of heraldry to show colour in black and white illustrations, the system of heraldry has always had some methods to designate the tinctures of arms. The earliest such method was blazon, which is describing the arms by words and is as old as heraldry itself and we can find the first blazon in the work of Chrétien de Troyes titled Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la Charette. The English heraldry system still uses a form of blazon almost unchanged since the reign of Edward I, traditionally, the images of heraldic manuscripts like the rolls of arms and armorial books are all coloured. While the first method was introduced and developed by the heralds, in addition, some other methods were also in use such as giving designations to tinctures by using the numbers from 1 to 7. In the beginning, tinctures were designated with the names of the colours as described in the 1576 book by Martin Schrot. In his book Baselische Chronik Cristian Urstis named the tinctures after the initials of the given colours, earlier, this method was applied by Virgil Solis, and Johann von Francolin. Almost simultaneously with Urstis, Don Alphonsus Ciacconius, a Rome-based Spanish Dominican scholar, or was designated with A, argent or white, respectively with a, azure with c, gules with r, and vert by v. Though the sign for sable was not present in his system traditionally it was designated with the colour itself. That was a time when heraldry was ruled by allegorical and astrological views, all this was in connection with the ancient lore of sympathies, which examined sympathies and antipathies among the stars, minerals, animals, plants, and people. Some additional tinctures were also designed by astrological symbols, the Babylonians, according to the lore of sympathies, had great esteem for gems, semi-precious stones and scarce minerals. They saw them as the concentrates of cosmic powers. Pliny the Elder stressed several times that he wrote his work to reveal this universal law and this doctrine was taken over by the Medieval medicine, pharmacy, alchemy, heraldry etc. During the 1350s, the work of Bartolo de Sassoferrato linked Or to the sun, Azure to the element air, between 1382 and 1387 he was followed by Honoré Bonet, a heraldist from Provence. In his work Arbre des Batailles Bonet declares that the gold is the noblest in the world because, due to its very nature, is bright and shining. The work of Bonet was thoroughly studied by the 15th century Burgundian heraldists, in his work Le Blason des Couleurs, Courtois developed a heraldic system consisting of the tinctures, planets and carbuncles. He was familiar with the Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, however, his main contribution was the development of gemstone-planetary blazon. Tenné and Sanguine were the used in the abatements of arms which were dishonorable charges placed upon the coats of arms of malefactors. Dragons head and dragons tail were in use from the ancient times
Tricking
–
An example of early tricking. Coat of arms of Cardinal Giovanni di Aragona (1456-1485), archbishop of Esztergom, from the book of
Alphonsus Ciacconius titled Historia Rom. Pontificum.
Tricking
–
This article is about the term relating to heraldry. For the acrobatics derived from martial arts, see
tricking (acrobatics).
Tricking
Tricking
20.
Lancaster Herald
–
Lancaster Herald of Arms in Ordinary is an English officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. The title of Lancaster Herald first occurs in 1347 at Calais, as a retainer of John of Gaunt Lancaster was advanced to the rank of King of Arms, and was later promoted to the royal household of Henry IV, and made king of the northern province. This arrangement continued until 1464, when Lancaster reverted to the rank of herald, since the reign of King Henry VII Lancaster has been a herald in ordinary. The badge of office is a red rose of Lancaster, royally crowned, the current Lancaster Herald of Arms in Ordinary is Robert John Baptist Noel, MA, MPhil. Brackets indicate a date or approximate date for which there is evidence that the person was holder of this office. The reigning monarch is given if the date is not known more precisely, herman John Nicholas Roger Durroit, Esq. 1526-1527 William Jennings or Jenys, Esq, 1527-1531 William Fellows, Esq. made visitation at Carmarthen in 1530. Re-instated 1539, executed for counterfeiting Clarenceauxs seal, December 1549, 1536-1538 Thomas Milner, Esq. condemned for his submission to Robert Aske. 1761-1774 Sir Isaac Heard 1774-1781 Thomas Locke, Esq, 1781-1793 Charles, son of Sir Charles Townley 1793-1822 Edmund Lodge, Esq. FSA 1822-1841 George Frederick Beltz KH, FSA 1841-1869 Sir Albert William Woods, GCVO, KCB, KCMG, KGStJ, FSA 1870-1882 George Edward Cokayne, 1922-1954 Archibald George Blomefield Russell, Esq. CVO, FSA 1954-1968 John Riddell Bromhead Walker, Esq, CVO, MC 1972-1982 Francis Sedley Andrus, Esq. LVO 1982-1995 Peter Llewellyn Gwynn-Jones, Esq, CVO, FSA 1999–Present Robert John Baptist Noel, Esq
Lancaster Herald
–
The
heraldic badge of Lancaster Herald of Arms in Ordinary
21.
Norroy King of Arms
–
Norroy and Ulster King of Arms is the King of Arms at the College of Heralds with jurisdiction over England north of the Trent and Northern Ireland. The two offices of Norroy and Ulster were formerly separate, but were merged in 1943, Norroy King of Arms is the older office, there being a reference as early as 1276 to a King of Heralds beyond the Trent in the North. The name is derived from the French nord roi meaning north king, the office of Ulster King of Arms was established in 1552 by King Edward VI to replace the older post of Ireland King of Arms, which had lapsed in 1487. Ulster King of Arms was independent from the College of Arms, heraldic matters in the Republic of Ireland are handled by the Genealogical Office. The arms of Norroy and Ulster King of Arms were devised in 1980 based on elements from the arms of the two former offices. They are blazoned, Quarterly Argent and Or a Cross Gules on a Chief per pale Azure, the current Norroy and Ulster King of Arms is Timothy Duke who succeeded Sir Henry Paston-Bedingfeld in 2014. Indicates the holder was Lancaster King of Arms and this title was used for the King of Arms of the northern province in the reigns of Henry IV, V and VI, instead of Norroy. 1629-1633 Daniel Molyneux and Adam Ussher, Esq, 1655-1660 Sir Richard Carney 1660-1683 Sir Richard St George 1683-1698 Sir Richard Carney and George Wallis, Esq. 1722-1759 William Hawkins and John Hawkins, Esq
Norroy King of Arms
–
The coat of arms of Norroy King of Arms, taken from
Lant's Roll c. 1595
Norroy King of Arms
–
The
arms of office of the Norroy and Ulster King of Arms
Norroy King of Arms
–
The coat of arms of Ulster King of Arms, also taken from Lant's Roll
22.
College of Arms
–
The College is also the official body responsible for matters relating to the flying of flags on land, and it maintains the official registers of flags and other national symbols. Though a part of the Royal Household of the United Kingdom the College is self-financed, unsupported by any public funds, founded by royal charter in 1484 by King Richard III, the College is one of the few remaining official heraldic authorities in Europe. Within the United Kingdom, there are two authorities, the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland and the College for the rest of the United Kingdom. The College has had its home in the City of London since its foundation, the College of Arms also undertakes and consults on the planning of many ceremonial occasions such as coronations, state funerals, the annual Garter Service and the State Opening of Parliament. Heralds of the College accompany the sovereign on many of these occasions, the College comprises thirteen officers or heralds, three Kings of Arms, six Heralds of Arms and four Pursuivants of Arms. There are also seven officers extraordinary, who take part in ceremonial occasions but are not part of the College, the entire corporation is overseen by the Earl Marshal, a hereditary office held by the Duke of Norfolk, currently Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk. King Richard IIIs interest in heraldry was indicated by his possession of two important rolls of arms, while still Duke of Gloucester and Constable of England for his brother from 1469, he in the latter capacity supervised the heralds and made plans for the reform of their organisation. Soon after his accession to the throne he created Sir John Howard as Duke of Norfolk and Earl Marshal of England, who became the first Howard appointed to both positions. The charter then goes on to state that the heralds for the time being, shall be in perpetuity a body corporate in fact and name and this charter titled Literæ de incorporatione heraldorum is now held in the British Museum. There has been evidence that prior to this charter, the royal heralds had already in some ways behaved like a corporation as early as 1420. Nevertheless, the charter is the earliest surviving document to affirm the chapter as a body of heralds. The charter outlines the constitution of the officers, their hierarchy, the College was also granted a house named Coldharbour on Upper Thames Street in the parish of All-Hallows-the-Less, for storing records and living space for the heralds. The house, built by Sir John de Pulteney, four times Lord Mayor of London, was said to be one of the greatest in the City of London. The defeat and death of Richard III at Bosworth field was a blow for the heralds. The victorious Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VII soon after the battle, henrys first Parliament of 1485 passed an Act of Resumption, in which large grants of crown properties made by his two predecessors to their supporters were cancelled. Whether this act affected the status of the Colleges charter is debatable, however, Henry then granted the house to his mother Lady Margaret Beaufort, for life. This was because it was supposed that the house was granted personally to John Writhe the Garter King of Arms, as a result, the heralds were left destitute and many of their books and records were lost. Despite this ill treatment from the King, the position at the royal court remained
College of Arms
–
Depiction of King Richard III the College of Arms' founder, his wife Queen Anne Neville and their son Prince Edward, Prince of Wales with their heraldic crests and badges from the Rous Roll. A roll of arms painted by
John Rous around 1483–1485 for the
Earl of Warwick.
College of Arms
–
College of Arms
College of Arms
–
Officers of the College of Arms riding in procession to the
Westminster Tournament, from a tourney roll, made during the reign of King Henry VIII in 1511. The pursuivants to the left are identified by their reversed tabards, while the figure in the right (with the black hat) is probably Garter King of Arms
Sir Thomas Wriothesley.
College of Arms
–
The College of Arms, as it looked in the 18th century, engraved by
Benjamin Cole, and published in William Maitland's "The History and Survey of London From Its Evolution to the Present Time" in 1756
23.
Battle of Falkirk
–
The Battle of Falkirk, which took place on 22 July 1298, was one of the major battles in the First War of Scottish Independence. Led by King Edward I of England, the English army defeated the Scots, shortly after the battle Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland. King Edward learned of the defeat of his army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. As a preliminary step he moved the centre of government to York, a council-of-war was held in the city in April to finalise the details of the invasion. The Scottish magnates were all summoned to attend, and when none appeared they were all declared to be traitors, Edward then ordered his army to assemble at Roxburgh on 25 June. Edwards own supply fleet was delayed by bad weather, and when the army reached central Scotland it was tired and hungry. The Welsh infantry in particular were badly demoralised, while the army was encamped at Temple Liston, near Edinburgh, they erupted in a drunken riot that was broken up by the English cavalry, who killed 80 Welshmen. Edward faced the prospect of the kind of retreat that became a regular feature of his sons campaigns in the succeeding reign. Edward was delighted, As God lives and they need not pursue me, for I will meet them this day. The Scots army, again made up chiefly of spearmen as at Stirling, was arranged in four great armoured hedgehogs known as schiltrons, the long spears pointed outwards at various heights gave these formations a formidable and impenetrable appearance. The gaps between the schiltrons were filled with archers and to the rear there was a troop of men-at-arms, provided by the Comyns. On Tuesday 22 July, the English cavalry, divided into four battalions, the left was commanded by the Earls of Norfolk, Hereford and Lincoln. The right was under the command of Antony Bek, Bishop of Durham, while the King commanded the centre, in a disorganised pell-mell the cavalry finally closed on the Scots, on the right and left. The party of men-at-arms under John Comyn left the field immediately, the Scots bowmen commanded by Sir John Stewart of Bonkill, the younger brother of the High Steward of Scotland, stood their ground and were quickly destroyed. But the schiltrons held firm, with the knights making little impression on the dense forest of long spears, King Edward arrived in time to witness the discomfiture of his cavalry and quickly restored discipline. The knights were ordered to withdraw and Edward prepared to employ the tactics that the Earl of Warwick had used to defeat the Welsh spearmen at the Battle of Maes Moydog in 1295. The Scottish cavalry charged the English cavalry, but seeing the vast numbers that were formed against them they then fled the field, Edwards longbowmen were brought into place and quickly overcame the inexperienced force of badly armed Scottish archers. The schiltrons were a target, they had no defence
Battle of Falkirk
–
A British illustration of Antony Bek's charge
Battle of Falkirk
–
This article needs additional citations for
verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015)
Battle of Falkirk
–
Panel 1 - La Vaunt Garde
Battle of Falkirk
–
Panel 2 - La Batayle le Eveske de Dureme
24.
Thomas Wriothesley
–
Sir Thomas Wriothesley was a long serving officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. He was the son of Garter King of Arms, John Writhe, Wriothesley was born at Colatford Wiltshire. His name at birth was Thomas Writhe, and he was the eldest son and second of four children of John Writhe and his first wife, Barbara, the location of Colatford has not been identified, but it was either near Castle Combe or Cricklade. Wriothesleys first wife, whom he married before 1500, was Jane, the pair had ten children together, though their only surviving son was Charles Wriothesley, Windsor Herald of Arms in Ordinary. His second wife was Anne, widow of Robert Warcop with whom he had a daughter who died in infancy, Wriothesley died worn out with age in London, on 24 November 1534, and was presumably buried with his family in St Giles Cripplegate. His will has never been found and his library may have stayed intact until the death of his son Charles in 1562, after that it was probably dispersed. Manuscripts of his are now to be found in the College of Arms, the British Library, in 1489 Wriothesley was made Wallingford Pursuivant in the private service of Prince Arthur at Wallingford and continued as such under Prince Henry. In 1491 he accompanied King Henry VII to Brittany, on 26 January 1505 he was appointed Garter King of Arms, over the heads of all the royal heralds in ordinary. Clarenceux King of Arms, Roger Machado, was an old friend of Wriothesleys father and it was around this time that Thomas changed his original surname of Writhe to the grander one of Wriothesley, which he applied retrospectively to his ancestors. His brother William, York Herald of Arms in Ordinary joined him in this change, in 1529 he gave evidence at the divorce proceedings of Katherine of Aragon. He was present at the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520 and he took the Order of the Garter to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in 1523. Wriothesley was licensed to carry out heraldic visitations, though no such record has survived. Wriothesleys output as an heraldic artist was considerable and includes parts of a great armory and ordinary of all English arms. His collections are a link between the heraldry of the Middle Ages and that of the later College of Arms, while his drawings of monuments anticipate the work of later Tudor heralds. Anthony Wagner has called Wriothesleys Gartership active, prosperous and in many ways distinguished, after this, Garter King of Arms played no part in the visitation process. Herald King of arms The 1511 Westminster Tournament Roll The Westminster Challenge The College of Arms Heraldic List of Officers of Arms
Thomas Wriothesley
–
Heraldic drawing by Wriothesley of deathbed of King Henry VII, 1509. Although not present, Wriothesley wrote his account, in which the drawing features, from discussions with attendees. BL Add.MS.45131,f.54
25.
Garter King of Arms
–
The Garter Principal King of Arms is the senior King of Arms, and the senior Officer of Arms of the College of Arms, the heraldic authority with jurisdiction over England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The position has existed since 1415, Garter is responsible to the Earl Marshal for the running of the College. He also serves as the King of Arms of the Order of the Garter and his seal, the current Garter Principal King of Arms is Thomas Woodcock. William Bruges, the first Garter King of Arms, held the office by 1417, the exact date of his appointment is not known and no record of it survives. This was accepted until Hugh Stanford London published evidence which appeared to date Bruges appointment two years earlier than Anstis suggested, although the testament makes no mention of anyone other than Richards wife, the voluntas makes mention of his children. Reference is made to his son William, variously called Gien, Gyen and Gartere, and Williams wife, called Agnes Garter. The other register entries around the date to 1418 and 1419, so E. F. Jacob. Instead, he suggests that Richard forgot to call his newly appointed son Garter at first and he argues that it is entirely possible that, if not a gloss, the voluntas was edited after 1415 as Richard Bruges included more bequests to his family. The Garter Principal King of Arms was placed by King Henry V over all the body of heralds. He has power to appoint a herald for his deputy, he must be a native of England, the official arms of the Garter Principal King of Arms were in use by circa 1520. They Argent a Cross Gules on a Chief Azure a crown enclosed in a Garter between a lion passant guardant and a fleur de lis all Or, the Order of the Garter The College of Arms Elias Ashmole, The history of the most noble Order of the Garter J
Garter King of Arms
–
An illuminated manuscript from around 1430 showing William Bruges, the first Garter King of Arms, kneeling before
St George. He was appointed in 1415 or 1417.
Garter King of Arms
–
The
arms of office of the Garter Principal King of Arms
Garter King of Arms
–
Sir William Dugdale, one of England's leading antiquaries, was Garter between 1677 and his death in 1686. As a King of Arms, he conducted visitations to 10 English counties.
Garter King of Arms
–
John Anstis, Garter from 1719 to 1744
26.
Caerlaverock Castle
–
Caerlaverock Castle is a moated triangular castle first built in the 13th century. It is located on the southern coast of Scotland,11 kilometres south of Dumfries, Caerlaverock was a stronghold of the Maxwell family from the 13th century until the 17th century when the castle was abandoned. It was besieged by the English during the Wars of Scottish Independence, in the 17th century, the Maxwells were created Earls of Nithsdale, and built a new lodging within the walls, described as among the most ambitious early classical domestic architecture in Scotland. In 1640 the castle was besieged for the last time and was subsequently abandoned, although demolished and rebuilt several times, the castle retains the distinctive triangular plan first laid out in the 13th century. Caerlaverock Castle was built to control trade in early times, today, the castle is in the care of Historic Scotland and is a popular tourist attraction. It is protected as a monument, and as a category A listed building. The history of its builders can be traced to Undwin and his son Maccus in the 11th century, Maccus gave his name to the barony of Maccuswell and his grandson, John de Maccuswell, was first Lord Maxwell of Caerlaverock. The Baronies of Maxwell and Caerlaverock then passed down through the male line, the earliest mention of the lands of Caerlaverock is around 1160, when they were granted to the monks of Holm Cultram Abbey. Around 1220 Alexander II of Scotland granted the lands to Sir John Maxwell, Sir John Maxwell also served as Chamberlain of Scotland from 1231–1233, and began work on the first castle at Caerlaverock. This castle was square in shape and was one of the earliest stone castles to be built in Scotland and it had a moat with a bridge facing north. Only the foundations and remains of an enclosure around it remain. This early castle may have been incomplete when it was abandoned in favour of a rock outcrop some 200 metres to the north and it was here that Sir Johns brother Sir Aymer Maxwell began construction of the present castle. Sir Aymer also served as Chamberlain in 1258–1260, and was Justiciar of Galloway in 1264, in the 1270s the new castle was completed, and Herbert Maxwell, nephew of John Maxwell, occupied it. When the moat around the castle was dug, the quarrying was probably a source of building stone for the castle. While the gatehouse stands on rock, the rest of the castle was built on a clay platform created especially for the castle. In 1299, the garrison of Caerlaverock attacked Lochmaben Castle which was held by English forces, in July 1300 King Edward I of England marched north with an army including eighty-seven of the Barons of England and several knights of Brittany and Lorraine. John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond was among Edwards most trusted warriors and is said to have been present and he was a son of the John II, Duke of Brittany who had grown up in Edwards court and it was said that Edward treated him as a son. The Maxwells, under their chief Sir Eustace Maxwell, made a defence which repelled the English several times
Caerlaverock Castle
–
Caerlaverock Castle from the air
Caerlaverock Castle
–
View of one of the northern towers of the old, early 13th-century castle
Caerlaverock Castle
–
Historic view of Caerlaverock Castle
Caerlaverock Castle
–
View showing the latter addition to the castle at the north end of the Inner Court
27.
Siege of Calais (1346)
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The Siege of Calais began in 1346, early in the Hundred Years War. Edward III of England asserted dominion over France, and defeated the French navy in the Battle of Sluys in 1340 and he would go on to make raids throughout Normandy, the last of which led to the Battle of Crécy in 1346. By then, Edwards army in France required supplies and reinforcements from Flanders, English ships had already left Normandy for England. Edward needed a port where his army could regroup and be resupplied. The English Channel port of Calais suited Edwards purposes and it boasted a double moat and substantial city walls built a hundred years earlier. The citadel in the northwest corner of Calais had its own moat, once taken, Calais could be resupplied and defended easily by sea. But the defences which made Calais attractive to Edward also made it difficult to seize, Philip VI of France failed to deliver relief, and the starving city surrendered after almost a year. The Kingdom of England held Calais until 1558 and it was her last possession in mainland France. Edwards men approached Calais in September 1346, the citys substantial walls and moats could not be easily breached or crossed. Edward received aid from England and Flanders, King Philip of France failed to interfere with the English army and their supply lines. Edward likewise failed to interfere with aid to the people of Calais by sailors loyal to France, the English accomplished little for over two months. In November the English were supplied with cannon, catapults, and long ladders, Edward broke off the attack by February and initiated a siege. One more French supply convoy succeeded in reaching the city, still, King Philip continued his assault. Both armies received additional reinforcements that spring, philips French forces still could not displace the English, who benefited from a position surrounded by marshland. By June, the supplies of food and fresh water were nearly depleted. Another French supply convoy was blocked by the English fleet two months later, five hundred children and elderly were expelled from the city so that the remaining healthy adult men and women might survive. One version of events holds that the English refused to allow exiles to approach. On August 1, the city lit fires signalling they were ready to surrender, reportedly, Edward had offered to end the siege if citizens of Calais would surrender the keys to the city gates – and would sacrifice their lives
Siege of Calais (1346)
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Siege of Calais
Siege of Calais (1346)
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The French defeated before Calais by Edward III. Paris, Virgil Master (illuminator); c. 1410
28.
Duke of Buccleuch
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Anne was created Duchess of Buccleuch in her own right along with her husband, so that the title was unaffected by Monmouths attainder of 1685. The title passed on to his descendants, who have borne the surnames Scott, Montagu-Scott. In 1810, the 3rd Duke of Buccleuch inherited the Dukedom of Queensberry, also in the Peerage of Scotland, Sir Walter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch distinguished himself at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. His great-grandson Sir Walter was created Lord Scott of Buccleuch in 1606, other subsidiary titles associated with the Dukedom of Buccleuch are, Earl of Buccleuch, Earl of Dalkeith and Lord Scott of Whitchester and Eskdaill. The Earldom of Doncaster and Barony of Scott of Tindale had been forfeit at the time of the first Dukes attainder, until 1835, the Dukes also held lands in the West Riding of Yorkshire and the ancient title of Lord of Bowland. The Duke of Buccleuch is the chief of Clan Scott. The courtesy title used by the Dukes eldest son and heir is Earl of Dalkeith, Sir Walter Scott, Bart. was directly descended of the Lords of Buccleuch. His family history, fancifully interpreted, is the subject of much of The Lay of the Last Minstrel. The title originally comes from a holding in the Scottish Borders and these three houses are still lived in by the family and are also open to the public. The family also owns Dalkeith Palace in Midlothian, which is let and its historic London residence was Montagu House, Whitehall, now demolished. Most of the Dukes of Buccleuch are buried in the Buccleuch Memorial Chapel in St. Marys Episcopal Church, Dalkeith, the 2nd Duke is buried in Eton College Chapel. The most recent Dukes are buried among the ruins of Melrose Abbey in Melrose. Nick Carraway, the narrator of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, says his family has a tradition that were descended from the Dukes of Buccleuch, but then points out that this is not true
Duke of Buccleuch
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Coat of Arms of the current Duke of Buccleuch.
29.
Earl of Salisbury
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Earl of Salisbury is a title that has been created several times in British history. It has a history, being first created for Patrick de Salisbury in the middle twelfth century. It was eventually inherited by Alice, wife of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, when the Earl of Lancaster lost his titles and was executed for treason in 1322, the Countess surrendered all of her titles to the King, and the titles lapsed. The title was created for a time in 1337 for William Montacute. It was inherited later by Richard Neville the Kingmaker, upon death the title went into abeyance because multiple individuals were entitled to inherit it. Then, in 1472, it was granted to George, Duke of Clarence, when the Duke of Clarence was executed in 1478 for treason, the title was forfeit. It was then granted to Edward of Middleham, who died in 1484 at the age of 11, in 1605 the title was given to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, a close advisor to James I. Cecil was a son of Queen Elizabeth Is chief advisor, William Cecil, for information on this creation, see the Marquess of Salisbury. George Plantagenet, 1st Earl of Salisbury, son-in-law of the last Neville earl, after 1485 he was kept in custody and did not attend the House of Lords under any title, in the intervening months, he was too young to sit. He was executed and attainted in 1499 at the age of 24, at which point all his titles and it is possible, however, that he had used it as a courtesy title, as it was a subsidiary title of his father. Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salisbury, only sister of the above, sources differ on whether the Earldom of Salisbury restored to her was her fathers or her grandfathers
Earl of Salisbury
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This article needs additional citations for
verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009)
30.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
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One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
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Flag
France
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The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
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With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
