During the era of the Roman Empire, most of modern-day Egypt, except for the Sinai, was ruled as the imperial province of Aegyptus, from the time it was conquered by Roman forces in 30 BC, to AD 642.
A 1st-century AD Roman emperor wearing nemes with a uraeus, as pharaoh (Louvre)
The first generations of the imperial Severan dynasty depicted on the "Severan Tondo" from Egypt (Antikensammlung Berlin)
Bronze statue of a nude youth, from Athribis in Lower Egypt (British Museum, London)
A 2nd-century AD Roman emperor wearing nemes, as pharaoh (Museum Carnuntinum [de], Bad Deutsch-Altenburg)
The Rashidun Caliphate was the early Islamic polity led by the first four successive caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, collectively known as the Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided" caliphs. These ea
Roman Egypt
…to the Eastern Roman Empire by the defection of the governor in 628. Egypt ceased to be a part of the Roman Empire in 642, when it became part of the Rashidun Caliphate following the Muslim conquest of Egypt. The Ptolemaic Kingdom (r. 305–30 BC, the Thirty-first Dynasty) had ruled Egypt since the Wars of Alexander the…
Ottoman miniature paintings depicting Muhammad (center) and the Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, c. 16th century
Sasanid style coins during the Rashidun period, featuring a crescent-star, fire altar, depictions of Khosrow II, and an Arabic bismillāh in the margin).
Tombs of the caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar (right), in Medina, present-day Saudi Arabia
Muhammad's widow, Aisha, battling the fourth caliph Ali in the Battle of the Camel (16th-century miniature from a copy of the Siyer-i Nebi)