Roman numerals
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Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Like many other ancient numeral syst
Roman numerals on stern of the ship Cutty Sark showing draught in feet. The numbers range from 13 to 22, from bottom to top.
A clock face with the Roman numerals typical for clocks, in Bad Salzdetfurth, Germany
Epitaph of centurion Marcus Caelius, showing "XIIX"
Padlock used on the north gate of the Irish town of Athlone. "1613" in the date is rendered XVIXIII, (literally "16, 13") instead of MDCXIII.
Hindu–Arabic numeral system
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The Hindu–Arabic numeral system is a base ten positional numeral system. It is presently the most common decimal system.
Roman numerals
…Roman numerals has continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire. From the 14th century on, Roman numerals began to be replaced by the positional Hindu–Arabic numeral system; however, this process was gradual, and the use of Roman numerals has persisted in some contexts, such as on clock faces. For instance, on the clock…
The Arabic numeral system first appeared in Europe in the Spanish Codex Vigilanus, year 976.
Gregor Reisch, Madame Arithmatica, 1503
Adam Ries, Rechenung auff der linihen und federn, 1522
Two arithmetic books published in 1514 – Köbel (left) using a calculation table and Böschenteyn using numerals