1.
4 Hamilton Place
–
4 Hamilton Place is a Grade II listed building in Mayfair, London. It is used as a centre and wedding venue, located on the north-east edge of Hyde Park Corner. Since 1939 it has been the headquarters of The Royal Aeronautical Society, the venue is also part of The Westminster Collection, a selection of Westminsters finest venues. The first reference to the street now known as Hamilton Place appears in the latter half of the 17th century. A street bearing Hamilton’s name was constructed from Piccadilly to the park wall but the houses on it were small with none of the elegance which later came to be associated with the area. Towards the end of the 18th century, by which time Hamilton’s lease had been acquired by others, plans were then produced to build three new houses on Piccadilly to make a symmetrical group. Those surviving were demolished in the early 1970s, at the time as 2–3 Hamilton place. The architect Thomas Leverton was mentioned as a surveyor to the Hamilton Place scheme and he is referred to as the builder “acting on his own plans. ”Documentary evidence shows that Leverton designed 4 Hamilton Place in 1807 for his client, the 2nd Earl of Lucan, who took up the lease in 1810. A later resident was the Duke of Wellington, who rented the property in 1814 before moving to Apsley House, later Lord Granville became the tenant in 1822. Until the end of the 19th Century the house was occupied by a succession of bankers, Lord Northbrook owned many paintings by notable artists which he housed in the Baring Gallery at No.4 Hamilton Place. The last private owner of 4 Hamilton Place was Mr Leopold Albu, born on 10 March 1861, he was the son of Simon Albu and Fanny Sternberg, a German Jewish family originally based at Brandenburg. In 1876 Leopold and his elder brother George – later Sir George Albu – emigrated to South Africa where they became one of South Africa’s original ‘Randlord’ dynasties. After some time in Cape Town, they moved to the diamond-fields of Kimberley, accumulated financial interests, however, the marriage ended acrimoniously — news of the divorce petition even being reported on in The New York Times on 9 February 1915. Instead he chose to rebuild altogether, erecting on the site a new house at a cost exceeding £50,000, prentice and the work was completed in 1907. The design closely followed that of the adjacent house, all the rooms were decorated in the Louis XVI style associated with the Ritz Hotel of 1906. Much of this survives intact though, as was fashionable in the 1930s, fortunately, much remains and archive photographs allow us to see it as it was. In March 1939 the Royal Aeronautical Society moved into No.4 Hamilton Place, some minor alterations were required but these were kept to a minimum. Mr Albu’s dining room on the floor became the Society’s Council Room
4 Hamilton Place
–
View of the building from the front
2.
Hyde Park Corner
–
Hyde Park Corner is an area of London, located around a major road junction at the southeastern corner of Hyde Park. Six streets converge at the junction, Park Lane, Piccadilly, Constitution Hill, Grosvenor Place, Grosvenor Crescent, Hyde Park Corner tube station, a London Underground station served by the Piccadilly line, is located at the junction, as are a number of notable monuments. Immediately to the north of the junction is Apsley House, the home of the first Duke of Wellington, several monuments to the Duke were erected in the vicinity, both in his lifetime and subsequently. In the mid-nineteenth century, the space that is now the Hyde Park Corner traffic island was not entirely surrounded by roadway, in its centre stands the Wellington Arch, designed by Decimus Burton and planned as a northern gate to the grounds of Buckingham Palace. In execution it was out as a gate into the Green Park, and was originally sited directly opposite Burtons Ionic Screen. Originally, the Arch was topped with a statue of the Duke by Matthew Cotes Wyatt. The Arch was moved south because of congestion, and realigned to the axis of Constitution Hill in 1883. The boundary of Buckingham Palaces garden was moved south, and a new road named Duke of Wellington Place was created, at this time, the large equestrian statue was removed to Aldershot. It was subsequently replaced with work, entitled The Angel of Peace descending on the Quadriga of Victory, dated 1912, by the sculptor Adrian Jones. Following the passage of the Park Lane Improvement Act 1958, Park Lane was widened in the early 1960s and this left Apsley House on an island site. The InterContinental London hotel was built on the cleared site between the new route of Park Lane and Hamilton Place. At part of the scheme, a tunnel was constructed beneath the junction to allow traffic to flow freely between Knightsbridge and Piccadilly. As a result, the area around the Arch became a traffic island, mostly laid to grass, and accessible only by pedestrian underpassess. Subsequent changes to the layout in the 1990s reinstated a route between Hyde Park and the Green Park for pedestrians, cyclists and horseriders using surface-level crossings. The term is often used for Speakers Corner, which is located at the north-eastern corner of Hyde Park. The 1935 film Hyde Park Corner takes its name from the area, Hyde Park Corner was used as a codeword to announce to the government the death of King George VI in 1952
Hyde Park Corner
–
Hyde Park Corner in 1842, looking east towards
Piccadilly. The entrance to
Hyde Park through
Decimus Burton 's Ionic Screen is on the left, and behind it, in darker stone, is
Apsley House.
Hyde Park Corner
–
The
Wellington Arch at Hyde Park Corner
Hyde Park Corner
–
Decimus Burton 's Ionic Screen at Hyde Park Corner
Hyde Park Corner
–
Australian War Memorial
3.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
4.
Aerospace
–
Aerospace is the human effort in science, engineering and business to fly in the atmosphere of Earth and surrounding space. Aerospace organisations research, design, manufacture, operate, or maintain aircraft and/or spacecraft, Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial and military applications. Aerospace is not the same as airspace, which is the air space directly above a location on the ground. In most industrial countries, the industry is a cooperation of public. Along with these public space programs, many companies produce technical tools and components such as spaceships, some known companies involved in space programs include Boeing, Airbus Group, SpaceX, Lockheed Martin, MacDonald Dettwiler and Northrop Grumman. These companies are involved in other areas of aerospace such as the construction of aircraft. Modern aerospace began with George Cayley in 1799, Cayley proposed an aircraft with a fixed wing and a horizontal and vertical tail, defining characteristics of the modern airplane. Airmen like Otto Lilienthal, who introduced cambered airfoils in 1891, the Wright brothers were interested in Lilienthals work and read several of his publications. They also found inspiration in Octave Chanute, an airman and the author of Progress in Flying Machines, war and science fiction inspired great minds like Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Wernher von Braun to achieve flight beyond the atmosphere. The launch of Sputnik 1 in October 1957 started the Space Age, in April 1981, the Space Shuttle Columbia launched, the start of regular manned access to orbital space. A sustained human presence in space started with Mir in 1986 and is continued by the International Space Station. Space commercialization and space tourism are more recent focuses in aerospace, Aerospace manufacturing is a high-technology industry that produces aircraft, guided missiles, space vehicles, aircraft engines, propulsion units, and related parts. Most of the industry is geared toward governmental work, for each original equipment manufacturer, the US government has assigned a Commercial and Government Entity code. These codes help to each manufacturer, repair facilities. In the United States, the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics, others include the very large airline industry. The aerospace industry employed 472,000 wage and salary workers in 2006, most of those jobs were in Washington state and in California, with Missouri, New York and Texas also being important. The leading aerospace manufacturers in the U. S. are Boeing, United Technologies Corporation, SpaceX, Northrop Grumman and these manufacturers are facing an increasing labor shortage as skilled U. S. workers age and retire. In India, Bangalore is a center of the aerospace industry, where Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, the National Aerospace Laboratories
Aerospace
–
View of the Earth's atmosphere and the Moon beyond
5.
Aeronautics
–
Aeronautics is the science or art involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight capable machines, and the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere. The British Royal Aeronautical Society identifies the aspects of aeronautical Art, Science and Engineering and the profession of Aeronautics. A significant part of science is a branch of dynamics called aerodynamics, which deals with the motion of air. Attempts to fly without any real aeronautical understanding have been made from the earliest times, typically by constructing wings, wiser investigators sought to gain some rational understanding through the study of bird flight. An early example appears in ancient Egyptian texts, later medieval Islamic scientists also made such studies. The founders of modern aeronautics, Leonardo da Vinci in the Renaissance and Cayley in 1799, man-carrying kites are believed to have been used extensively in ancient China. In 1282 the European explorer Marco Polo described the Chinese techniques then current, the Chinese also constructed small hot air balloons, or lanterns, and rotary-wing toys. The lifting medium for his balloon would be an aether whose composition he did not know, although his designs were rational, they were not based on particularly good science. Many of his designs, such as a four-person screw-type helicopter, have severe flaws and he did at least understand that An object offers as much resistance to the air as the air does to the object. His analysis led to the realisation that manpower alone was not sufficient for sustained flight, da Vincis work was lost after his death and did not reappear until it had been overtaken by the work of George Cayley. The modern era of lighter-than-air flight began early in the 17th century with Galileos experiments in which he showed that air has weight and these would be lighter than the displaced air and able to lift an airship. His proposed methods of controlling height are still in use today, by carrying ballast which may be dropped overboard to gain height, in practice de Terzis spheres would have collapsed under air pressure, and further developments had to wait for more practicable lifting gases. From the mid-18th century the Montgolfier brothers in France began experimenting with balloons and their balloons were made of paper, and early experiments using steam as the lifting gas were short-lived due to its effect on the paper as it condensed. Meanwhile, the discovery of hydrogen led Joseph Black in c.1780 to propose its use as a lifting gas, on hearing of the Montgolfier Brothers invitation, the French Academy member Jacques Charles offered a similar demonstration of a hydrogen balloon. Charles and two craftsmen, the Robert brothers, developed a material of rubberised silk for the envelope. The hydrogen gas was to be generated by chemical reaction during the filling process, the Montgolfier designs had several shortcomings, not least the need for dry weather and a tendency for sparks from the fire to set light to the paper balloon. The manned design had a gallery around the base of the rather than the hanging basket of the first, unmanned design. On their free flight, De Rozier and dArlandes took buckets of water, on the other hand, the manned design of Charles was essentially modern
Aeronautics
–
Space Shuttle Atlantis on a
Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.
Aeronautics
–
Designs for flying machines by Leonardo da Vinci, circa 1490
Aeronautics
–
The
Eurofighter Typhoon.
Aeronautics
–
Antonov An-225 Mriya, the largest aeroplane ever built.
6.
FRAeS
–
The Royal Aeronautical Society, also known as the RAeS, is a British multi-disciplinary professional institution dedicated to the global aerospace community. Founded in 1866, it is the oldest aeronautical society in the world, fellows and Companions of the society can use the post-nominal letters FRAeS or CRAeS, respectively. The Royal Aeronautical Society is a society with an international network of 67 branches. Many practitioners of aerospace disciplines use the Societys designatory post-nominals such as FRAeS, CRAeS, MRAeS, AMRAeS, the RAeS headquarters is located in the United Kingdom. The staff of the Royal Aeronautical Society are based at the Societys headquarters at No.4 Hamilton Place, London, the headquarters is on the north-east edge of Hyde Park Corner, with the nearest access being Hyde Park Corner tube station. They deliver membership benefits and provide a platform for the dissemination of aerospace information. Divisions of the Society have been formed in countries and regions that can sustain a number of Branches, divisions operate with a large degree of autonomy, being responsible for their own branch network, membership recruitment, subscription levels, conference and lecture programmes. Specialist Groups covering all facets of the industry exist under the overall umbrella of the Society. The Groups also act as points for all enquiries to the Society concerning their specialist subject matter. In 2009, the Royal Aeronautical Society formed a group of experts to document how to better simulate aircraft upset conditions, the Society was founded in January 1866 with the name The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain and is the oldest aeronautical society in the world. Early or founding members included James Glaisher, Francis Wenham, the Duke of Argyll, in the first year, there were 65 members, at the end of the second year,91 members, and in the third year,106 members. Annual reports were produced in the first decades, in 1868 the Society held a major exhibition at Londons Crystal Palace with 78 entries. John Stringfellows steam engine was shown there, the Society sponsored the first wind tunnel in 1870-71, designed by Wenham and Browning. In 1918, the name was changed to the Royal Aeronautical Society. In 1940, the RAeS responded to the wartime need to expand the aircraft industry and this technical department became known as the Engineering Sciences Data Unit and eventually became a separate entity in the 1980s. In 1987 the Society of Licensed Aircraft Engineers and Technologists, previously called the Society of Licensed Aircraft Engineers was incorporated into the Royal Aeronautical Society, the following have served as President of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Keith Mans was Chief Executive from 1998-2009. In addition to the award of Fellowship of the Royal Aeronautical Society and these include its Gold, Silver, and Bronze medals. The very first gold medal was awarded in 1909 to the Wright Brothers, Honorary Fellowships and Honorary Companionships are awarded as well
FRAeS
–
The Society's headquarters at No.4 Hamilton Place in London
7.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
–
Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
–
Flag
United Kingdom
–
The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
–
The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
8.
Hyde Park Corner tube station
–
Hyde Park Corner is a London Underground station near Hyde Park Corner in Hyde Park. It is in Travelcard Zone 1, between Knightsbridge and Green Park on the Piccadilly line, the station was opened by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway on 15 December 1906. The lift shafts are now used to provide ventilation, when the station was rebuilt with escalators the adjacent little-used station at Down Street to the east was taken out of use. It is one of the few stations which have no associated buildings above ground, the current entrance to the station is accessed from within the pedestrian underpass system around the Hyde Park Corner junction. When the central section of the Piccadilly line is closed, the station becomes the terminus of the part due to the presence of a crossover tunnel to the east of the station. London Buses routes 2,9,10,13,14,16,19,22,36,38,52,73,74,137,148,414,436 and C2 and night routes N9, N16, N19, N22, N38, N73, N74 serve the station. Green Line Coaches routes 701 and 702 serve the station
Hyde Park Corner tube station
–
Former Hyde Park Corner station building
Hyde Park Corner tube station
–
Westbound platform looking east
Hyde Park Corner tube station
–
Eastbound platform looking west
Hyde Park Corner tube station
–
Decorative tiling
9.
Boscombe Down
–
MoD Boscombe Down is an aircraft testing site located at Amesbury in Wiltshire, England. It is run and managed by QinetiQ, the created as part of the breakup of the Defence Evaluation. It is the home of the Empire Test Pilots School, the site was formerly known as RAF Boscombe Down and since 1939 has evaluated aircraft for the British armed forces. The following squadrons were based here between 1930 and 1939, No.9 Squadron RAF between 1930 and 1935 with the Vickers Virginia, No.10 Squadron RAF between 1931 and 1937 with the Virginia and the Handley Page Heyford. No.51 Squadron RAF between 1937 and 1938 with the Virginia, Avro Anson and the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, No.58 Squadron RAF between 1937 and 1938 with the Anson and the Whitley. No.78 Squadron RAF between 1936 and 1937 with the Heyford, No.88 Squadron RAF between 1937 and 1939 with the Hawker Hind and the Fairey Battle. No.97 Squadron RAF between 1935 and 1937 with the Heyford, No.150 Squadron RAF between 1938 and 1939 with the Battle. No.166 Squadron RAF between 1936 and 1937 with the Heyford, No.214 Squadron RAF between 1935 and 1935 with the Virginia. No.217 Squadron RAF between 1937 and 1937 with the Anson, No.218 Squadron RAF between 1938 and 1939 with the Battle. No.224 Squadron RAF between 1937 and 1937 with the Anson, No.35 Squadron RAF during 1940 with the Handley Page Halifax I. No.56 Squadron RAF during 1940 with the Hawker Hurricane I, No.109 Squadron RAF between 1940 and 1942 with the Whitley, Anson and Vickers Wellington. No.249 Squadron RAF during 1940 with the Hurricane.1067, Westland Wyvern and it was also formerly home to the School of Aviation Medicine. In 1992 the site was renamed the Aircraft and Armament Evaluation Establishment when experimental work moved to the Defence Research Agency. Responsibility for the site passed from the MoD Procurement Executive to the Defence Test and Evaluation Organisation in 1993, following the creation of QinetiQ in 2001, a 25-year Long Term Partnering Agreement was established with the MOD. Boscombe Down remains a government airfield but operated by QinetiQ on behalf of the MOD, the Joint Test and Evaluation Group was established under the control of RAF Air Command and together with QinetiQ forms the Aircraft Test and Evaluation Centre. This unique partnership is charged with the test and evaluation of future, the military personnel of the JTEG play a central role in the test and evaluation process alongside their QinetiQ colleagues. A small part of Boscombes history is being preserved in the US, the Anglo American Lightning Organisation are returning to flight the former ETPS English Electric Lightning, XS422. The group is basing the restoration in the US as the CAA is expected to refuse permission for the aircraft to fly in the UK
Boscombe Down
–
Qinetiq BAe Avro RJ100 departs the
Royal International Air Tattoo, 2014
10.
Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire
–
Brough /ˈbrʌf/, is a small town in the civil parish of Elloughton-cum-Brough in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Brough is situated on the bank of the Humber Estuary. Brough has an association with BAE Systems - founded by Robert Blackburn in 1916. The town was known as Petuaria during the Roman period, Petuaria marked the southern end of the Roman road known now as Cades Road which ran roughly northwards for a hundred miles to Pons Aelius. Brough was created a town by the Archbishop of York in 1239, there is no record of these liberties having been employed, and the settlement operated as a village for further centuries. The town is significant for its association with the highwayman Dick Turpin, about June 1737 Turpin boarded at the Ferry Inn at Brough, under the alias of John Palmer. Turpin travelled between and resided in Brough, until his capture and execution for theft in 1739. The town has a population of approximately 7,000, over the past couple of years there has been a shift in the socio-economic group of people living in Brough because of improved rail links and new housing developments. This change has more money into the area. As a result, the wage rate and amount of spending has increased significantly. Brough has a range of shops and takeaways, and two supermarkets, Morrisons and Sainsburys Local. There are two dentists, two vets, hairdressers, a centre, a private hearing aid audiologist, a post office, a cards and gifts outlet. The Ferry Inn is the home of highwayman Dick Turpin. Further local schools in villages are Elloughton Primary School and Welton Primary School. South Hunsley School and Sixth Form College is approximately 2 miles to the east of the town, the town is served by Brough railway station on the Hull to Selby and Doncaster railway line. Direct rail services to London are provided by First Hull Trains, other services are TransPennine Express trains running west to Leeds, Manchester Piccadilly, Liverpool, and Northern to York, Doncaster and Sheffield. All east-bound trains run to Hull, some then run north to Beverley, Driffield, Bridlington, Filey, most local bus services are provided by East Yorkshire Motor Services and run mainly to Hull. There are daily Stagecoach in Hull services to Leeds, national Express also stop at Brough
Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire
–
All Saints' Church
Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire
–
Hull Trains
Class 222 Pioneer train arriving at
Brough railway station
Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire
–
BAE Systems factory in Brough.
11.
Cranfield
–
Cranfield is a village and civil parish in north west Bedfordshire, England, between Bedford and Milton Keynes. It has a population of 4,909, increasing to 5,369 at the 2011 Census. and is in Central Bedfordshire District, the hamlet of Bourne End is located just north of Cranfield, and is part of the civil parish. Wharley End was a settlement, but now forms the northern part of Cranfield village. Cranfield has two houses, a football club, hairdressers, several take-away restaurants, two small supermarkets and one car dealership. There is also a surgery and dentists practice along with a pharmacy, Cranfield has a university, two schools with another in production, three parks and a multi-use games area. The village Post Office is now contained within the Co-op store, Cranfield has one of only a small number of Morgan dealerships, in addition to a Ford dealer. There are further facilities at the university including a Post Office. The local newspaper is the Cranfield Express, there is a community website Cranfieldwebsite. info giving village information, local business, forum etc. The Church of St Peter and St Paul has records going back at least to 1600, Cranfield Court belonged to the Harter family. The last house was built in 1862-4 in the French Gothic style, from 1992-2005 the village had its own amateur dramatics society, the Cranfield Players with many village members. Kennett Aviation, who operated a range of vintage aircraft from Cranfield, was forced to move to North Weald due to these plans. However, Cranfield is still home to one of the few remaining serviceable English Electric/BAC Lightning jet fighters, Cranfield University is adjacent to the village, on the other side of the airfield. The Cranfield Technology Park is west of the University at the entrance to the campus and it is being developed on a phased basis by Cranfield University and its development partner. The parks objective is to encourage knowledge-based companies to locate their activities on the park, a major extension to the technology park was started in January 2007 using land on Cranfield Airport. In August 2005 a new business centre was opened. It was designed to encourage and support hi-tech and knowledge based pre-start, Cranfield Football Club Cranfield Colts Football Club Cranfield Village Website Cranfield Technology Park Account of Cranfield during the second world war
Cranfield
–
Village centre
12.
Cranwell
–
Cranwell is a village in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is part of the parish of Cranwell and Byards Leap and is situated approximately 3 miles north-west from Sleaford and 14 miles south-east from the city and county town of Lincoln. The principal through road, the B1429 between the A15 to the east and the A17 to the west, joins the village to RAF Cranwell, the appropriate civil parish is called Cranwell, Brauncewell and Byards Leap with a population of 2,827 at the 2011 census. During the medieval period the parish was governed as part of the ancient Flaxwell Wapentake in the North Kesteven division of Lincolnshire. The name Cranwell is thought to mean the spring or stream frequented by cranes or herons, the village centres on the remains of the village cross. The cross is a 14th-century market cross from which important matters of public moment were announced, the cross, which is listed as a scheduled monument, had restoration work carried out by a Mr CH Fowler between 1903 and 1904. Cranwell manor was held by the Thorold family from the 16th century for over three hundred years, the manor house was demolished in 1816 and the Hall Farms farmhouse was erected on the site. The Thorold family relocated to a new mansion at Syston Park, in 1871 Sir John Thorold is recorded as owning all the land in Cranwell with the exception of the church glebelands and a single farmstead that was under the ownership of St Johns College, Cambridge. In 1682, Sir William and his wife Lady Anne Thorold are recorded as establishing a charity that gave about £8 and 2 shillings per year for the poor, to be distributed on Lady Day. The parish also benefited from the will of Lady Margaret Thorold who granted £15 a year to apprentice four boys from the village, with the Poor Law Amendment Act reforms of 1834, the parish became part of the Sleaford Poor Law Union group of parishes. The population of the village in 1801 was recorded as being just 88 people, the village only grew and has continued to expand since the opening of the aviation training facility and now stands in the region of 3,000 residents. Cranwell railway station, on a single branch line from Sleaford, opened in 1917 and served the naval aviation training facility then known as RNAS Daedalus. The branch line was closed in 1956 and the track removed, however, the original station building still stands and is in use as the current RAF main guardroom. Engine sheds in a goods yard area closer to the village were demolished. Standing near to the cross is the parish church. Dedicated to St Andrew, the church originates circa the 10th century, the church consists only of a nave and chancel with, above the former, a bellcote, much of the masonry is Norman but parts date back to Saxon times. The fittings include 17th century bench-ends and a Perpendicular rood screen, mounted on corbels in the north aisle are the remains of a hogsback grave. The carvings on stones are either Saxon or Norse
Cranwell
–
Cranwell village centre, view of the medieval Buttercross base with later addition
Cranwell
–
Gates of College Hall, RAF Cranwell
13.
Yeovilton
–
Yeovilton /ˈjoʊvᵻltən/ is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated 1 mile east of Ilchester,5 miles north of Yeovil, in the South Somerset district. The village has a population of 1,226, the parish includes the village of Podimore and the hamlets of Speckington and Bridgehampton. The village is home to the RNAS Yeovilton and the associated Fleet Air Arm Museum, Yeovilton is close to the route of the Fosse Way a Roman road that linked Exeter in South West England to Lincoln in the East Midlands, via Ilchester, Bath, Cirencester and Leicester. There is evidence of a Romano-British farmstead under what is now the airfield, between 899 and 925 an estate in Yeovilton was granted by King Edward and between 955 and 959 King Eadwig gave a further holding of five hides to Brihtric. The parish Yeovilton was part of the hundred of Somerton, while Podimore was part of the Whitley Hundred, in 1411 the lord of the manor was John Rogers, who also held the manor of Barwick, and by 1602 these had been inherited by Henry Lyte. The holding was purchased by G. D. W. Digby of Sherborne Castle in Dorset in 1857, the village was host to a stage start of the Tour of Britain in 2007. Since 1993 the Fleet Air Arm’s Memorial Church has been the Church of St Bartholomew in Yeovilton, the parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security. Conservation matters and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council, the village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Yeovil Rural District. It is also part of the Yeovil county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and it lies on the north bank of the River Yeo, from which it gets its name, opposite Limington. The parish is flat, lying mostly between 50 feet and 75 feet above sea level, on the alluvium of the Yeo and Cam valleys. Below are the maximum and minimum temperatures, average rainfall, rain days. The village lies south of the A303 trunk road runs between Basingstoke in Hampshire and Honiton in Devon. At Podimore the Church of Saint Peter dates from the 14th century and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building, the Church of St Bartholomew in Yeovilton dates from around 1300 century and is a grade II* listed building. From 1642 Richard Sterne held the rectory of Yeovilton before going on to become Archbishop of York, the rector between 1762 and 1805 was Daniel Dumaresq after his period as an educational consultant to Russian and Polish monarchs. Since 1993 the church has been owned by the Royal Navy, media related to Yeovilton at Wikimedia Commons
Yeovilton
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Weir on the
River Yeo at Yeovilton
14.
Farnborough Airfield
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Farnborough Airport or TAG London Farnborough Airport is an operational business/executive general aviation airport in Farnborough, Rushmoor, Hampshire, England. The 310-hectare airport covers about 8% of Rushmoors land area, Farnborough Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee. The first powered flight in Britain was at Farnborough on 5 October 1908, the airfield is the home of the Farnborough Airshow which is held in even numbered years. It is also home to the Air Accidents Investigation Branch, part of the Department for Transport, Farnborough Airport has a long history, beginning at the start of the 20th century with the creation of His Majestys Balloon Factory and the first powered flight in Britain in 1908. This subsequently became the Royal Aircraft Establishment, a connection which continues in the Farnborough Air Sciences Trust museum, Farnborough airfield and RAE was bombed by Germany on 13 August 1940 by a flight of Junkers 88 A-1’s from the KG54 squadron during World War 2. The civil enclave was operated by Farnborough Business Aviation until 2003, all experimental aircraft were moved to MoD Boscombe Down, the airport was taken over by TAG Aviation. Commercial defence research by research firm QinetiQ continues in the adjoining Cody Technology Park, Farnborough Airfield appeared in the 2008 James Bond film Quantum of Solace, as the Austrian airport from which Bond flies. The airfield was also a location for the 2010 film Inception, after TAG took control of the airport from the MOD, it invested in a series of new infrastructure projects, including a new radar unit and a resurfaced runway. The most striking new constructions were a new tower, a large hangar unit. The designs won a series of awards, and were nominated for Building of the Year by Building Magazine in 2007, the terminal was formally opened by HRH Prince Andrew. TAG Aviation is a business aviation operator, with aircraft based in Farnborough, Switzerland. Business aviation has grown from a low level in 1989 to around 23,000 movements in 2013, the airport is home to a number of the UKs largest business jet companies, including Gama Aviation Executive Jet Charter and Bookajet. BAE also have a service using a Beechcraft King Air 200 to Walney Island. This service runs 1–4 times a day Monday–Friday, the Air Accidents Investigation Branch has its head office in Farnborough House, located in a compound within Farnborough Airport. During the Farnborough Airshow on 6 September 1952, a de Havilland Sea Vixen crashed and this incident led to major changes to the safety regulations for air shows in the UK. The nose-gear collapsed, followed by failure of the spar on both sides near the fuselage, both propellers shedding blades and the plane skidding to a halt on the runway. The two crew and one survived the crash, nobody else was injured. The accident was attributed to error, with gusty wind conditions as a major factor
Farnborough Airfield
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Farnborough Airport TAG London Farnborough Airport
Farnborough Airfield
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Full-scale model of the
Gloster E.28/39 displayed as a
gate guardian recalling the early days of the airfield as a research establishment
Farnborough Airfield
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Air Accidents Investigation Branch head office
15.
Marham
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Marham is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk, approximate 12 miles away from Kings Lynn. An RAF station, RAF Marham, is situated nearby at Upper Marham, the village covers an area of 1,485 ha and had a population of 2,951 in 788 households as of the 2001 census, increasing to 3,531 at the 2011 Census. Marham is a parish of the Kings Lynn and West Norfolk district council, Norfolk County Council is in charge of roads, some schools, and social services, and the county councillor is Richard Toby Coke. For Westminster elections Marham forms part of the South West Norfolk constituency, holy Trinity Anglican church dates from Norman times and has a Norman doorway. Since its original design, each part of the building has been reconstructed, the doorway has a single-scallop shaft on each side. The semi-circular arch is high enough to allow the tympanum within to be filled with a lozenge pattern. Marham Methodist church joins with the Anglicans for some of its services, map sources for Marham Information from Genuki Norfolk on Marham
Marham
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Holy Trinity church, Marham
16.
James Glaisher
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James Glaisher FRS was an English meteorologist, aeronaut and astronomer. In 1845, Glaisher published his dew point tables, for the measurement of humidity and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1849. He was a member of the Meteorological Society and the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain. He was president of the Royal Meteorological Society from 1867 to 1868, Glaisher was elected a member of The Photographic Society, later the Royal Photographic Society, in 1854 and served as the Societys President for 1869–1874 and 1875–1892. He remained a member until his death and he is most famous, however, as a pioneering balloonist. Between 1862 and 1866, usually with Henry Tracey Coxwell as his co-pilot, Glaisher made numerous ascents in order to measure the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere at its highest levels. His ascent on 5 September 1862 broke the record for altitude. One of the making the trip with him died. Estimates suggest that he rose to more than 9,500 metres, Glaisher lived at 22 Dartmouth Hill, Blackheath, London, where there is a blue plaque in his memory. He died in Croydon, Surrey in 1903, aged 93, in 1843 he married Cecilia Louisa Belville, a daughter of Henry Belville, Assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. James and Cecilia Glaisher had two sons, Ernest Glaisher and the mathematician James Whitbread Lee Glaisher, and one daughter, a lunar crater is named after him. The name was approved by the IAU in 1935, voyages of Discovery on Oceans of Air, Scientific Observation and the Image of Science in an Age of Balloonacy Osiris, 2nd series, Volume 11, Science in the Field, 144-176. London, Bentley,1871, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott,1871, Royal Society citation Newspaper cutting from New York Times,1909. NOAA photo library – Illus. from Glaishers 1871 Travels in the Air, see #634–641
James Glaisher
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James Glaisher
James Glaisher
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20 Dartmouth Hill, London
17.
Francis Herbert Wenham
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The paper introduced the idea of superposed wings in a flying machine, a concept Wenham tested in 1858 with a multiwing glider, although it did not actually fly. In 1866 he patented the design, which became the basis for biplanes, triplanes and multiplanes that took to the air as gliders in the 1890s, superposed wings increased the lifting area and avoided the structural problems of excessive wing length. Wenham first tested superposed wings in 1866 with a model that resembled a Venetian blind, several variants were attempted with some success, so Wenham decided to build a machine which could support a man. He tested it in the evening in a strong breeze and he was taken by surprise however, when, as he wrote, A sudden gust caught up the experimenter, who was carried some distance from the ground. A monoplane attempt that year was inconsequential. In 1871 Wenham and colleague John Browning designed and constructed what was probably the worlds first wind tunnel and their experiments showed that high aspect ratio wings—long and narrow—had a better lift-to-drag ratio than short stubby wings with the same lifting area. Writing about his work, Wenham may have been the first scientist to use the word aeroplane, aeronautics was Wenhams spare time pursuit. In his regular career he designed engines, ships propellers, gas and hot air engines. Wenham was also skilled in the use of microscopes. He published many papers on the subject and designed stands, objective lenses and prisms, Wenham was the son of a British army surgeon. John Browning Flying Machines Aviation Pioneers, An Anthology
Francis Herbert Wenham
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F.H. Wenham in 1866
18.
George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll
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Argyll was born at Ardencaple Castle, Dunbartonshire, the second but only surviving son of John Campbell, 7th Duke of Argyll, and his second wife Joan Glassel, the only daughter of John Glassel. Argyll succeeded his father as duke in 1847, with his death he became also hereditary Master of the Household of Scotland and Sheriff of Argyllshire. Argylls wife, née Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Leveson-Gower, also served as Mistress of the Robes in this government. In 1871, while serving in the Cabinet, his son and heir, Lord Lorne, married one of Queen Victorias daughters, Princess Louise. In 1886, he broke with Gladstone over the question of the Prime Ministers support for Irish Home Rule, although he did not join the Liberal Unionist Party. Having been already Vice Lord Lieutenant from 1847, Argyll held the honorary post of Lord Lieutenant of Argyllshire from 1862 until his death in 1900. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1853, appointed a Knight of the Thistle in 1856, in 1892 he was created Duke of Argyll in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Argyll was also a scientist, or at least a publicist on scientific matters, especially evolution, in 1851, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and was appointed Chancellor of the University of St Andrews. Three years later, he became additionally Rector of the University of Glasgow, in 1849 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and served as its President from 1860 to 1864. In 1866, he was a member of the worlds first aeronautical society, the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1869 and he married firstly Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Leveson-Gower, eldest daughter of George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland, in 1844. They had five sons and seven daughters, being, John Campbell, Lord Archibald Campbell he married Janey Sevilla Callander on 12 January 1869. Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll Lady Elspeth Angela Campbell Lord Walter Campbell he married Olivia Milns on 14 April 1874, lilah Olive Campbell Douglas Walter Campbell he married Aimeé Lawrence on 28 November 1899. He remarried Lilian Sclater on 17 June 1920, Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll Lady Edith Campbell she married Henry Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland on 23 December 1868. Lady Elisabeth Campbell she married Lt. -Col, Edward Harrison Clough-Taylor on 17 July 1880. They have one daughter and one granddaughter, Lesley Venitia Clough-Taylor she married Colonel Hon. Arthur Brodrick on 29 April 1912. They have one daughter, Elisabeth Venitia Marion Brodrick Lord George Granville Campbell he married Sybil Lascelles Alexander, daughter of James Brace Alexander, on 9 May 1879. They have three children, Joan Campbell Lieutenant Ivar Campbell Enid Campbell she married Douglas Tollemache Anstruther on 9 December 1914 and she remarried Colonel Lancelot Holland on 18 August 1925 and they were divorced in 1931
George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll
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Portrait of Argyll, c. 1860
George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll
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1869 caricature of the Duke of Argyll by
Carlo Pellegrini
19.
The Crystal Palace
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The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass structure originally built in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in its 990, designed by Joseph Paxton, the Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet long, with an interior height of 128 feet. It stood there from 1854 until its destruction by fire in 1936, Crystal Palace F. C. were founded at the site in 1905 and played at the Cup Final venue in their early years. The park still contains Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkinss Crystal Palace Dinosaurs which date back to 1854, the Commission in charge of mounting the Great Exhibition was established in January 1850, and it was decided at the outset that the entire project would be funded by public subscription. Within three weeks, the committee had received some 245 entries, including 38 international submissions from Australia, turner was furious at the rejection, and reportedly badgered the commissioners for months afterwards, seeking compensation, but at an estimated £300,000, his design was too expensive. Opponents of the scheme lobbied strenuously against the use of Hyde Park, the most outspoken critic was arch-conservative Col. At this point renowned gardener Joseph Paxton became interested in the project, the lily and its house led directly to Paxtons design for the Crystal Palace and he later cited the huge ribbed floating leaves as a key inspiration. Paxton left his 9 June 1850 meeting with Henry Cole fired with enthusiasm and he immediately went to Hyde Park, where he walked the site earmarked for the Exhibition. Two days later, on 11 June, while attending a meeting of the Midland Railway, Paxton made his original concept drawing. In the event, Paxtons design fulfilled and surpassed all the requirements, would cover roughly twenty-five times the ground area of its progenitor. He was exultant, but now had less than eight months to finalize his plans, manufacture the parts and erect the building in time for the Exhibitions opening, which was scheduled for 1 May 1851. Paxton was able to design and build the largest glass structure yet created, from scratch, in less than a year, Paxtons modular, hierarchical design reflected his practical brilliance as a designer and problem-solver. These were the largest available at the time, measuring 10 inches wide by 49 inches long, the original Hyde Park building was essentially a vast, flat-roofed rectangular hall. A huge open gallery ran along the axis, with wings extending down either side. The main exhibition space was two stories high, with the upper floor stepped in from the boundary. Most of the building had a roof, except for the central transept. Both the flat-profile sections and the transept roof were constructed using the key element of Paxtons design - his patented ridge-and-furrow roofing system. The basic roofing unit, in essence, took the form of a triangular prism
The Crystal Palace
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The Crystal Palace at Sydenham (1854)
The Crystal Palace
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Joseph Paxton's first sketch for the Great Exhibition Building, about 1850, pen and ink on blotting paper, V&A Museum
The Crystal Palace
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Partial front (left) and rear (right) elevations of the Crystal Palace
The Crystal Palace
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Plan of the Crystal Palace
20.
John Stringfellow
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John Stringfellow was born in Sheffield, England and is known for his work on the Aerial Steam Carriage with William Samuel Henson. Stringfellow worked in Chard, Somerset, England as a maker of bobbins, together with Henson, he had ambitions of creating an international company, the Aerial Transit Company, with designs showing aeroplane travel in exotic locations like Egypt and China. Despite their efforts, the designs were flawed with Stringfellows ideas centred on monoplane and triplane models, in 1848 Stringfellow achieved the first powered flight using an unmanned 10 ft wingspan steam-powered monoplane built in a disused lace factory in Chard, Somerset. Employing two contra-rotating propellers on the first attempt, made indoors, the machine flew ten feet before becoming destabilised, the second attempt was more successful, the machine leaving a guide wire to fly freely, achieving some thirty yards of straight and level powered flight. The studio in Chard, and his home in Crewkerne is where some of his machines were photographed. A bronze model of that first primitive aircraft stands in Fore Street in Chard, the towns museum has a unique exhibition of flight before the advent of the internal combustion engine and before the manned powered flight made famous by the Wright Brothers. Stringfellow also invented and patented compact electric batteries, which were used in medical treatment. Stringfellows work was featured in an exhibition in 1868 at The Crystal Palace in London, Stringfellows first powered flight achievement was referenced in the movie The Flight of the Phoenix. His design for an airplane to be built from the scraps of their crashed plane will fly out of the desert to safety. ISBN 1-85310-047-1 BBC, John Stringfellow Hargrave, John Stringfellow Chard Museum Flying Machines, John Stringfellow
John Stringfellow
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John Stringfellow's flying machine in the
Science Museum, London.
21.
Wind tunnel
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A wind tunnel is a tool used in aerodynamic research to study the effects of air moving past solid objects. A wind tunnel consists of a passage with the object under test mounted in the middle. Air is made to move past the object by a fan system or other means. The test object, often called a wind tunnel model, is instrumented with sensors to measure aerodynamic forces, pressure distribution. The earliest wind tunnels were invented towards the end of the 19th century, in the days of aeronautic research. In that way an observer could study the flying object in action. The development of wind tunnels accompanied the development of the airplane, large wind tunnels were built during World War II. Wind tunnel testing was considered of importance during the Cold War development of supersonic aircraft. Determining such forces was required before building codes could specify the required strength of such buildings, in these studies, the interaction between the road and the vehicle plays a significant role, and this interaction must be taken into consideration when interpreting the test results. The advances in fluid dynamics modelling on high speed digital computers has reduced the demand for wind tunnel testing. However, CFD results are not completely reliable and wind tunnels are used to verify CFD predictions. Air velocity and pressures are measured in several ways in wind tunnels, air velocity through the test section is determined by Bernoullis principle. Measurement of the pressure, the static pressure, and the temperature rise in the airflow. The direction of airflow around a model can be determined by tufts of yarn attached to the aerodynamic surfaces, the direction of airflow approaching a surface can be visualized by mounting threads in the airflow ahead of and aft of the test model. Smoke or bubbles of liquid can be introduced into the upstream of the test model. Aerodynamic forces on the test model are usually measured with beam balances, connected to the test model with beams, strings, or cables. Pressure distributions can more conveniently be measured by the use of pressure-sensitive paint, the strip is attached to the aerodynamic surface with tape, and it sends signals depicting the pressure distribution along its surface. The aerodynamic properties of an object can not all remain the same for a scaled model, however, by observing certain similarity rules, a very satisfactory correspondence between the aerodynamic properties of a scaled model and a full-size object can be achieved
Wind tunnel
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NASA wind tunnel with the model of a plane.
Wind tunnel
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A model
Cessna with helium-filled bubbles showing
pathlines of the
wingtip vortices.
Wind tunnel
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Replica of the Wright brothers' wind tunnel.
Wind tunnel
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Eiffel's wind tunnels in the Auteuil laboratory
22.
Aircraft
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An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the lift of an airfoil. The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation, crewed aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot, but unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as type, aircraft propulsion, usage. Each of the two World Wars led to technical advances. Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras, Pioneers of flight, first World War,1914 to 1918. Aviation between the World Wars,1918 to 1939, Second World War,1939 to 1945. Postwar era, also called the jet age,1945 to the present day, aerostats use buoyancy to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. They are characterized by one or more large gasbags or canopies, filled with a relatively low-density gas such as helium, hydrogen, or hot air, which is less dense than the surrounding air. When the weight of this is added to the weight of the aircraft structure, a balloon was originally any aerostat, while the term airship was used for large, powered aircraft designs – usually fixed-wing. In 1919 Frederick Handley Page was reported as referring to ships of the air, in the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as ships of the air or flying-ships. – though none had yet been built, the advent of powered balloons, called dirigible balloons, and later of rigid hulls allowing a great increase in size, began to change the way these words were used. Huge powered aerostats, characterized by an outer framework and separate aerodynamic skin surrounding the gas bags, were produced. There were still no fixed-wing aircraft or non-rigid balloons large enough to be called airships, then several accidents, such as the Hindenburg disaster in 1937, led to the demise of these airships. Nowadays a balloon is an aerostat and an airship is a powered one. A powered, steerable aerostat is called a dirigible, sometimes this term is applied only to non-rigid balloons, and sometimes dirigible balloon is regarded as the definition of an airship. Non-rigid dirigibles are characterized by a moderately aerodynamic gasbag with stabilizing fins at the back and these soon became known as blimps. During the Second World War, this shape was adopted for tethered balloons, in windy weather
Aircraft
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NASA test aircraft
Aircraft
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The
Mil Mi-8 is the
most-produced helicopter in history
Aircraft
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"Voodoo" a modified P 51 Mustang is the 2014 Reno Air Race Champion
Aircraft
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A hot air
balloon in flight
23.
Baden Baden-Powell
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Baden Fletcher Smyth Baden-Powell, FS, FRAS, FRMetS was a military aviation pioneer, and President of the Royal Aeronautical Society from 1900 to 1907. Baden-Powell was the youngest child of Baden Powell, and the brother of Robert Baden-Powell, Warington Baden-Powell, George Baden-Powell, Agnes Baden-Powell and his mother, Henrietta Grace Smyth, was the third wife of Rev. Baden Powell, and was a gifted musician and artist. Baden-Powell was commissioned a lieutenant in the Scots Guards on 29 July 1882, promotion to captain followed on 5 February 1896, and to major on 24 June 1899. He served with the 1st battalion of his regiment in South Africa during the Second Boer War, and was present at the battles of Belmont, Modder River, and Magersfontein. He was in the Relief Column that in May 1900 relieved the siege of Mafeking, a month after the end of the war in late May 1902, Baden-Powell returned home with his regiment in the SS Tagus. Baden-Powell was an aviation pioneer and a Fellow and later President of the Royal Aeronautical Society. He was one of the first to see the use of aviation in a military context and he also wrote, Ballooning as a Sport, published in 1907 by William Blackwood and Sons. He built his first balloons and aircraft with his elder sister Agnes and he invented a man-carrying kite system which he called the Levitor. He also developed a military bicycle. He contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition entry on kite-flying and he wrote, In savage isles and settled lands. Malaysia, Australasia and Polynesia, 1888-1891, published in 1892 by R. Bentley, Baden-Powell was the first who brought flying-based activities into Scouting in the form of kite and model aeroplane building. He can be considered the founder of Air Scouting even though he thought it was feasible to have special Air Scouts. Works by or about Baden Baden-Powell at Internet Archive Biography on pinetreeweb The Engines of Our Ingenuity No,1233, Baden Baden-Powell Pictures of the High Flying Competition of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1903
Baden Baden-Powell
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Baden Baden-Powell
24.
Edward Purkis Frost
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Edward Purkis Frost was an English pioneer of aviation. He built ornithopters, and became president of the Aeronautical Society, Frost lived at West Wratting Hall in Cambridgeshire and became a Justice of the Peace. Frost began studying flight in 1868 and built a large steam-powered flying machine with both fixed and flapping wings from 1870 to 1877. Frost had intended to have a 20-25 hp steam engine but the engine with 5 hp was not powerful enough to lift the ornithopter from the ground. In collaboration with colleagues he started another large similar craft in 1902 with an internal combustion engine. It lifted from the ground in 1904, a wing from this craft is displayed in Londons Science Museum. Frost had been a member of the Aeronautical Society since 1875 and became its president from 1908 to 1911
Edward Purkis Frost
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Frost's 1902 ornithopter
25.
Sefton Brancker
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Sefton Brancker was born on 22 March 1877, at Woolwich in Kent. His parents were Colonel William Godefroy Brancker and Hester Adelaide, the daughter of Major General Henry Charles Russel, Brancker grew up as the elder of two brothers and their father died in 1885. From 1891-94, the young Brancker attended Bedford School, the Branckers were a long-established Anglo-German family that had lived in England for several generations. Brancker was trained for the British Army at Woolwich, joining the Royal Artillery in 1896 and he served in the Second Boer War and later for a number of years in India, where he made his first flight in 1910. On 18 June 1913 he was awarded the Royal Aero Clubs Aviators Certificate no.525, during the First World War, Brancker held important administrative posts in the Royal Flying Corps and later the Royal Air Force including Director of Military Aeronautics. In late 1915 a brigade system was introduced in the RFC and Brancker was promoted to brigadier general and this appointment was to be short-lived as in early 1916 Brancker was appointed Director of Air Organisation in London. In 1917, Brancker briefly served as the General Officer Commanding Royal Flying Corpss Palestine Headquarters, promoted to major general in 1918, he became Controller-General of Equipment in January of that year and Master-General of Personnel in August 1918. The following year, he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath and, with the introduction of RAF-specific ranks, he became an air vice marshal. On 11 May 1922 he was made Director of Civil Aviation and he encouraged Manchester and other cities to construct municipal airports and airfields. He participated in several long-distance survey flights, notably with Alan Cobham and he was an ardent supporter of the development of British civilian air services connecting London to British colonies and dominions overseas. Together with Lord Thomson, the Air Minister, Brancker was killed when the airship R101 crashed near Beauvais France on 5 October 1930, in 1952 British European Airways named its Pionair G-AKNB Sir Sefton Brancker to mark his substantial contribution to the development of British Aviation. In 1996 British Airways named one of its newly delivered Boeing 777s Sir William Sefton Branker in recognition of his work, other 777s in the BA fleet were named after aviation pioneers, for example Wilbur and Orville Wright and Sir Frank Whittle. The aircraft no longer carries Sir Seftons name, aircraft names having been removed from the BA fleet since the short-lived 1997 Utopia re-branding, kenmore Park housing estate in Kenton Harrow has a number of its roads named after aviators including Brancker. Footnotes Bibliography Pirie, Gordon H. Air Empire, British Imperial Civil Aviation, the War In The Air, Being the Story of The part played in the Great War by The Royal Air Force, Vol I. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography – Brancker, Sir William Sefton
Sefton Brancker
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Sefton Brancker
Sefton Brancker
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The wreckage of R101.
26.
William Forbes-Sempill, 19th Lord Sempill
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Educated at Eton, he began his career as a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps and then served in the Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Air Force during the First World War. In 1921, Sempill led a military mission to Japan that showcased the latest British aircraft. In subsequent years he continued to aid the Imperial Japanese Navy in developing its Navy Air Service, in the 1920s, Sempill began giving military secrets to the Japanese. Although his activities were uncovered by British Intelligence, Sempill was not prosecuted for spying, the decision, which was taken at highest levels of government, was based on several factors. Firstly it would have revealed British successes in decoding Japanese communications and he was eventually forced to retire from the Royal Navy in 1941 after being discovered passing on secret material to Tokyo shortly before Japan declared war in the Pacific. Sempill was known as Master of Sempill before succeeding his father to the titles of Lord Sempill, born at the family seat of Craigievar Castle in Aberdeenshire, Sempill was educated at Eton, and then apprenticed to Rolls-Royce in 1910. He married Eileen Marion Lavery, the daughter of the Irish painter Sir John Lavery, in 1919, and their daughter Ann Moira was born in 1920. At the outbreak of World War I, Sempill joined Royal Flying Corps, being granted a commission as a second lieutenant on 15 August 1914. In the meantime Sempill was appointed to flying duties, the following year, in February, Sempill took up a position as an experimental officer at the Central Flying School and he received a promotion to lieutenant in April. Less than four months later he was appointed a commander with the temporary rank of captain. In August 1915, he was appointed to instructional duties, Sempills time at the Central Flying School was not to last as he relinquished his Army commission at the end of the year on being accepted for temporary service in the Royal Naval Air Service. Sempills rapid rise through the ranks continued in the Navy and at the close of 1916 he was promoted to squadron commander and he was awarded the Air Force Cross in the 1918 Birthday Honours. Sempill stayed at the Air Ministry until 8 October 1918 when he seconded on loan service to the Ministry of Munitions, on the cessation of hostilities, he became a test pilot and he retired from military service in 1919. On 4 September 1930, he set a new record by flying a de Havilland DH.60 Moth seaplane 1,040 miles non-stop from Brent Reservoir in London to Stockholm, Sweden in 12 hours. On 26 March 1936 he made a flight in a BAC Drone ultra-light aircraft 570 miles from Croydon Airport direct to Berlin Tempelhof Airport in 11 hours. He flew back a day or so later in 9 hours though he interrupted the flight with a stop at Canterbury, with the termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1921, Sempill should have ended close military contact and discussions regarding naval aviation technology and tactics. But on his return to the United Kingdom in 1923, Sempill kept in contact with the Japanese Foreign Ministry through the Japanese Embassy in London, in 1925 Sempill accompanied a mission of foreign air officials to the Blackburn Aircraft factory at Brough, East Yorkshire. The Japanese had previously asked questions about aircraft being developed, Sempill later asked the same questions, in his official position, about the then secret Blackburn Iris
William Forbes-Sempill, 19th Lord Sempill
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Capt. Sempill showing a
Gloster Sparrowhawk to Admiral
Togo Heihachiro, 1921.
William Forbes-Sempill, 19th Lord Sempill
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In 1925 Japanese intelligence asked Sempill to obtain secret technical information about the prototype of the
Blackburn Iris seaplane.
27.
Charles Richard Fairey
–
Sir Charles Richard Fairey MBE, also known as Richard Fairey FRAeS was an English aircraft manufacturer. His progress was such that he was able to charge of the installation of electric lights at Heysham docks whilst still in his teens. His next job was as an analytical chemist, working on boiler-feed, Fairey became a skilled designer and builder of model aeroplanes and active member of the Kite and Model Aeroplane Association. On 4 June 1910 Fairey entered a model flying competition at Crystal Palace and his model monoplane design won 1st prize in the Longest Flight and Stability Competition with a distance of 153yds 1 ft 10in. His success in aeroplane modeling helped establish his reputation as a craftsman, in 1911 Fairey aged 24 became General manager with the Blair Atholl Syndicate Ltd. a company formed to develop the tailless aircraft designed by John William Dunne, at Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey. In 1913 Fairey joined Short Brothers as chief engineer and in 1915 he formed his own company, a year later, at the age of 28, he formed his own aircraft company. It started with an office in Piccadilly, and factory space was initially in The Gramophone companys facilities at Hayes. His company developed a new factory at Hayes just across the Great Western Railway, in 1930 a 150-acre flying field was developed on land purchased from the church under the control of the vicar of Harmondsworth, Middlesex. Known as the Great West Aerodrome, it was compulsorily purchased by the Crown during World War II. Soon afterwards a seaplane base was established at Hamble and he also gave his private yacht to the Royal Navy for the duration of the war. Armed and refitted, she served on anti-submarine duties at the Royal Naval Dockyard, Fairey remained in charge of his company until his death in the early morning of 30 September 1956, Fairey, who was 69, had been suffering for several years from a heart condition. During those forty years he was involved with the development of many of the companies most important products including, aircraft, rotorcraft, marine craft, mechanical engineering, president of the Royal Aeronautical Society, twice, 1930–31 and 1932-33. The Council of the Royal Aeronautical Society awarded on 21 April 1936, Knighthood CENTRAL CHANCERY OF THE ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD, St. Jamess Palace, S. W. I,11 June 1942. The KING has been graciously pleased, on the occasion of the Celebration of His Majestys Birthday, to signify his intention of conferring the Honour of Knighthood upon Charles Richard Fairey, Medal of Freedom with silver palm from the United States government. The Medal was presented to Sir Richard Fairey in 1948, the award was made at Kindley Field airbase, Bermuda, in recognition of Sir Richards co-operation with the U. S. War Department, which contributed to the planning of U. S. aircraft research and development, col. Thomas D. Ferguson, the commanding officer of Kindley Field, made the presentation for the U. S. Heathrow,2000 years of History ISBN 0-7509-2132-3 Sherwood, Tim, coming in to Land, A Short History of Hounslow, Hanworth and Heston Aerodromes 1911-1946. Heritage Publications ISBN 1-899144-30-7 Taylor, H. A, oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Fairey, Charles Richard by J. L. Pritchard
Charles Richard Fairey
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C.R. Fairey, 1936
Charles Richard Fairey
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Ardingly College
28.
John Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara
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John Theodore Cuthbert Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara, GBE MC PC was an English aviation pioneer and Conservative politician. He was the first Englishman to pilot a heavier-than-air machine under power in England, Moore-Brabazon was born in London to Lieutenant-Colonel John Arthur Henry Moore-Brabazon and his wife, Emma Sophia. He was educated at Harrow School before reading engineering at Trinity College, Cambridge and he spent university holidays working for Charles Rolls as an unpaid mechanic, and became an apprentice at Darracq in Paris after leaving Cambridge. In 1907 he won the Circuit des Ardennes in a Minerva, Moore-Brabazon learned to fly in 1908 in France in a Voisin biplane. He became the first resident Englishman to make an officially recognized aeroplane flight in England on 2 May 1909, at Shellbeach on the Isle of Sheppey with flights of 450 ft,600 ft, and 1500 ft. In 1909 he sold the Bird of Passage to Arthur Edward George, a documentary, A Dream of Flight, was made in 2009 to celebrate the centenary of his achievement on the Isle of Sheppey. On 30 October 1909, flying the Short Biplane No,2, he flew a circular mile and won a 1,000 pound prize offered by the Daily Mail newspaper. On 4 November 1909, as a joke to prove that pigs could fly and this may have been the first live cargo flight by aeroplane. With Charles Rolls, he would make the first ascent in a spherical gas balloon. However, only four months later, his friend Charles Rolls was killed in a flying accident, in 1934 Moore-Brabazon fitted a gyro-rig to a Bembridge Redwing, an Isle of Wight class of yacht that allows and encourages the development of different rigs. The area of the rotating blades complies with the area limits of the class and are painted red. The boat was, and remains, dangerous, but it was probably the first auto-gyro boat, the boat is currently in the collection of the Classic Boat Museum at East Cowes, Isle of Wight, and still sails. With the outbreak of war, Moore-Brabazon returned to flying, joining the Royal Flying Corps and he received a special-reserve commission as a second lieutenant in the RFC on 2 December 1914, in the appointment of flying officer, and was confirmed in his rank on 11 February 1915. He was promoted to lieutenant on 19 February 1915 and was appointed an equipment officer on 31 March, on 1 September 1915, he was promoted to the substantive rank of captain, with a special temporary promotion to major on 18 May 1916. He served on the Western Front where he played a key role in the development of aerial photography and he was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel in the RAF on 1 January 1919 in recognition of his wartime services, relinquishing his commission that year. Moore-Brabazon finished the war with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and he was decorated with the Military Cross on 1 January 1917 and was also twice mentioned in dispatches, on 15 October 1915 and on 13 November 1916. He was further decorated as a Knight of the Légion dhonneur in February 1916, Moore-Brabazon later became a Conservative Member of Parliament for Chatham and Wallasey and served as a junior minister in the 1920s. In 1931 and 1932 he served as a member of the London County Council and he was strongly opposed to war with Nazi Germany and in early 1939, when war seemed imminent, he made contact with Oswald Mosley in an attempt to co-ordinate activity against the war
John Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara
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John Moore-Brabazon in his Voisin Bird of Passage in 1909
29.
Roy Fedden
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Sir Alfred Hubert Roy Fedden MBE, FRAeS was an engineer who designed most of Bristol Engine Companys successful aircraft engine designs. Fedden was born in the Bristol area to fairly wealthy and influential parents and his older brother was the artist Romilly Fedden. Feddens family was the first in the area to own a car and this early influence almost certainly led to his future career. Fedden attended Clifton College, but did not do well scholastically and was primarily for sports. After leaving, he declined to enter the Army, and announced he would apprentice as an engineer and his apprenticeship was completed in 1906, and he immediately designed a complete car. He managed to convince the local firm of Brazil Straker to hire him, the companys role soon expanded to producing Rolls-Royce Hawk and Falcon engines, as well as major parts of the famous Rolls-Royce Eagle. Henry Royce offered Fedden a senior position with his company, in 1915, Fedden started the design of his own aero engine, along with his draughtsman Leonard Butler. The two were inseparable for the twenty years, and the part number of most components of Feddens engines were prefixed FB to indicate the shared credit. During this period, the portions of Brazil Straker were purchased by Cosmos Engineering. Both were ready for testing in 1918, but there seemed to be little interest at first, in September, however, a Mercury was experimentally fitted to a Bristol Scout and it dramatically improved performance, easily beating the competing Sunbeam Arab. Bristol then decided to try the Jupiter in their new Badger design, finding that it, too, Production of both designs for Bristol was to start immediately but the war ended only days later and the contract was cancelled. With the ending of the war, Cosmos had no production designs, convinced of the quality of the Cosmos designs, the Air Ministry made it be known that they would be rather happy if the company were purchased by Bristol, which eventually took place in 1920. Sir George White later noted that they acquired the Mercury design and seven engines, all the assets of Cosmos, along with Fedden and his design team, for just £15,000. Even then most sources suggest they only did so after being persuaded to do so by the Air Ministry, Bristol soon found a role for the larger design, which entered production at Bristols new engine plant in Filton as the Bristol Jupiter. The Jupiter became a success and was widely used around the world. After Jimmy Ellors pioneering work at the RAE on turbosuperchargers, the Jupiter was experimentally adapted with a turbo to become the first Orion design, by the late 1920s, the Jupiter design was no longer competitive and Fedden and Butler started work on a pair of new designs. Both would use a supercharger, at time a new-fangled idea, to provide boost even at ground level. Re-using their earlier name, this emerged as the Bristol Mercury
Roy Fedden
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The
Bristol Jupiter, designed by Roy Fedden
30.
Frederick Handley Page
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Sir Frederick Handley Page, CBE, FRAeS was an English industrialist who was a pioneer in the aircraft industry and became known as the father of the heavy bomber. His company Handley Page Limited was best known for its large aircraft such as the Handley Page 0/400 and Halifax bombers, the latter was the flagship of the Imperial Airways fleet between the wars and remarkable at the time for having been involved in no passenger deaths. He is also known for his invention, with Gustav Lachmann, Frederick Handley Page was the uncle of World War II flying ace Geoffrey Page. Handley Page was born in Cheltenham, the son of Frederick Joseph Page. He was educated at Cheltenham Grammar School, in 1902, against his parents wishes, he moved to London to study electrical engineering at Finsbury Technical College. On qualifying in 1906 he was appointed head designer at Johnson & Phillips Ltd, in 1907 he joined the Royal Aeronautical Society where he met the artist and aviation pioneer José Weiss. Weiss was performing experiments with using an inherently stable wing design based on the seed-pods of the Zanonia macrocarpa which he was to patent in 1908. R. Low, who would become an aircraft designer for Vickers. He immediately set up his own business, with an office in Woolwich, after some searching for a suitable flying ground he leased a small stretch of marshland and a shed at Creekmouth in Essex. Here he constructed his first aircraft, a canard configuration glider with a tricycle undercarriage, in June 1909 he established his business as a limited company, with an authorised capital of £10,000. Handley Page also set about designing and building his first powered aircraft, as well as complete aircraft, the company also supplied metal fixings for aircraft and aircraft propellers, two of which were used by one of the Willows airships. After it was exhibited at Olympia, Handley Page set about attempting to learn to fly using the Bluebird, a brief straight flight was first achieved on 26 May 1910, but after a few more similar efforts Handley Pages first attempt at a turn ended in a crash. Here he had a built, and he also sold the Bluebird to the Institute for use as an instructional airframe. Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Handley Page was invited by Murray Sueter to the Admiralty to discuss Naval air requirements. The result was a specification for a large twin-engined aircraft, capable of carrying 600 lb of bombs, the eventual result was the Handley Page 0/100, first flown in December 1915 and the start of the Handley Page companys reputation for building large aircraft. During the war it was developed into the 0/400 and 0/1500 bombers. In 1917 Handley Page and his aerodynamicist R. O, bothwell started wind-tunnel experiments intended to combine the low drag of high aspect ratio wings with the delayed stall at high angles of attack of a low aspect ratio wing. The first attempts involved using a divided into separate square panels by slots running chordwise
Frederick Handley Page
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Handley Page circa 1930–1940
31.
Harold Roxbee Cox
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Harold Roxbee Cox, Baron Kings Norton was a British aeronautical engineer. He was notable for his contributions to British industry, particularly aeronautical engineering, Cox was the son of William John and Amelia Roxbee Cox. Born Harold Roxbee Cox, he was known as Roxbee to his friends, as a child, his father took him to early air shows and air races, and his imagination was fuelled by pilots of the time such as Claude Grahame-White, B. C. Hucks and Gustav Hamel, beginning a lifelong fascination with aircraft, guided by the chief designer, he was responsible for the design of the tail unit of the single-seat Whippet. In 1922 he left Longbridge for London, where he began studying for both a PhD and a DIC at Imperial College London in the aerodynamics and instabilities of wings. As soon as he had graduated, he joined the state-financed Airship R101 engineering team at the Royal Airship Works, Cardington. After the R101 tragedy, the work that had planned for the R100 was cancelled. It was here that he contributed to safety with his studies on the problem of wing flutter. By 1936 relations between Britain and Nazi Germany were steadily deteriorating, and there was a need to prepare for a possible war, an Air Defence Department was founded at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, and Cox became its head. Much of the carried out there was with barrage balloons. There were two aims to this research, allied balloons needed to be able to bring down enemy aircraft, and conversely friendly aircraft needed to get through any barrages unscathed. In 1936 the Government created the Air Registration Board, a new body that would examine civil aircraft, with his experience in air safety from the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Cox became their Chief Technical Officer in 1938. He dealt with a range of wartime projects, and was promoted to become Director of Special Projects in 1943. Cox had the responsibility to work on jet engines. It was now Coxs job not to be the engineer, the major aircraft and engine companies had each been conducting their own research into combining gas turbines and jet propulsion, but only Group Captain Frank Whittles jet engine design worked. However, collaboration was now more important than trade secrets, with the government encouraging any efforts that could give the Allies any edge in conflict, Cox founded, and chaired, the Gas Turbine Collaboration Committee, helping to pool ideas and experience. In 1944 the Minister of Aircraft Production, Sir Stafford Cripps, nationalised Power Jets, Power Jets was restyled again in 1946 as the National Gas Turbine Establishment with Roxbee as its Director. He also chaired the packaging company Metal Box and the paint-makers Bergers, Jenson and Nicholson, playing a wider role in business, Cox was involved with a number of industry bodies
Harold Roxbee Cox
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Contents
32.
George Dowty
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Sir George Herbert Dowty was an English inventor and businessman. Dowty was born in Pershore, Worcestershire in 1901 and he was sent to the Royal Grammar School Worcester after losing his right eye at the age of 12 playing around making a firework. He left in 1916 to take up a job as an apprentice for Heenan & Froude at a factory in Worcester and he later moved to Cheltenham to become a draughtsman for the same company. In 1918 Dowty became a draughtsman with the British Aerial Transport Company in London and he then joined the design office of the A. V. Roe & Company at Hamble near Southampton, in 1924 he went to the Gloster Aircraft Company where he worked on undercarriage design. In 1935 he set up his own company in Cheltenham making aircraft equipment, for this purpose he leased a factory and his equipment was also used in the Concorde supersonic airliners. He also invented the Dowty retarder for use in classification yards. The devices are built for a speed, set at the factory. If the rail car is below the set speed, the device offers no resistance, if the car speed is at or greater than the speed setting, an internal valve is activated to provide a resistance to the wheel, thus slowing the car. This keeps cars rolling within a narrow range of speeds. In 1956 he was knighted for his services to the industry and he was given the Freedom of the Borough of Cheltenham and Tewkesbury and was a Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He received an Honorary Degree from the University of Bath in 1966 and his first wife was Edith Dowty. In 1948 he married Marguerite Anne Gowans, Dowty Group Dowty Rotol Messier-Dowty Messier-Dowty Dowty Deeds a 1952 Flight article
George Dowty
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Dowty retarders
33.
Sydney Camm
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Sir Sydney Camm, CBE, FRAeS was an English aeronautical engineer who contributed to many Hawker aircraft designs, from the biplanes of the 1920s to jet fighters. One particularly notable aircraft he designed is the Hawker Hurricane fighter, Sydney Camm was born at 10 Alma Road in Windsor, Berkshire, the eldest child of the twelve children of Frederick Camm, a carpenter/joiner and Mary Smith. The Camm family lived near Windsor & Eton Central railway station and his brother Frederick James Camm became a technical author, and created the Practical Wireless magazine. In 1901 he began attending the Royal Free School on Bachelors Acre in Windsor, in 1906 he was granted a Foundation Scholarship. In 1908 Camm left school to become an apprentice carpenter, Camm developed an interest in aeronautics. Camm and his brothers began building model aircraft which they supplied to Herberts Eton High Street shop and these activities led him to being one of the founders of the Windsor Model Aeroplane Club in early 1912. His accomplishments as a model aeroplane builder culminated in a glider which he. His ability soon led to his being promoted to the drawing office, in November 1923 Camm joined the Hawker Aircraft Company based at Canbury Park Road in Kingston upon Thames as a senior draughtsman. His first design was the Cygnet, the success of which led to his being appointed chief designer in 1925, during his employment at Hawker he was responsible for the creation of 52 different types of aircraft, of which a total of 26,000 were manufactured. Among his early designs were the Tomtit, Hornbill, Nimrod, Hart, at one time in the 1930s 84 per cent of the aircraft in the RAF were of Camm design. He then moved on to designing aeroplanes that would become mainstays of the RAF in the Second World War including the Hawker Hurricane, Hawker Typhoon, Camm had a one-tracked mind – his aircraft were right, and everybody had to work on them to get them right. If they did not, then there was hell and he was a very difficult man to work for, but you could not have a better aeronautical engineer to work under. With regard to his own staff, he did not suffer fools gladly, one rarely got into trouble for doing something either in the ideas line, or in the manufacturing line, but woe betide those who did nothing, or who put forward an indeterminate solution. Among the engineers who worked with Camm at Hawker were Sir Frederick Page, Leslie Appleton, Stuart Davies, Roy Chaplin, with the Hurricane, Sydney Camm moved from the technology of the biplane to contemporary monoplane fighter aircraft. The result was that fighters flew faster, and with the engine technology of the time, higher. It was much used in the Battle of the Falaise Pocket, german losses were so severe that most of France was retaken less than two weeks after the conclusion of this operation. The lessons learned from the Hawker Typhoon were incorporated into its successor, as soon as the Typhoon entered service, the Air Ministry requested a new design. Camm recommended that they keep the design of the Typhoon for the most part
Sydney Camm
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Sydney Camm at Windsor Model Aeroplane Club, c. 1915 with "twin-pusher" style
free flight model
Sydney Camm
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The
Hawker Hurricane was designed by Sir Sydney Camm.
Sydney Camm
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Hawker Typhoon
Sydney Camm
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Hawker Tempest prototype
34.
Arnold Alexander Hall
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Sir Arnold Alexander Hall FRS FRAeS was a British aeronautical engineer, scientist and industrialist. He also won a trio of awards - the Rex Moir Prize in Engineering, the John Bernard Seely Prize in Aeronautics. By now, his interest in aeronautics had grown into something more than the academic, in 1938, Hall joined the staff of the Royal Aircraft Establishment where he remained throughout the war. He was concerned first with aerodynamic work and later with the development of gun sights, in 1945 he was appointed Zaharoff Professor of Aviation in the University of London and Head of the Department of Aeronautics at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. He initiated the construction of new laboratories concerned with aerodynamic and structural research at Imperial College, in 1951, he became Director of the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough, a post held until 1955. In 1955, he became Technical Director of the Hawker Siddeley Group, in 1958, he was appointed Managing Director of the newly formed Bristol Siddeley Engines Limited which was an amalgamation of the Bristol Engine Company and Armstrong Siddeley Motors. The merger became effective on 1 April 1959, and his first task was to amalgamate the varied interests, in March 1963, he became Vice-Chairman and Managing Director of the Hawker Siddeley Group and in July 1967, was elected Chairman and Managing Director. In this capacity, he was Chairman of Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd, Hawker Siddeley Holdings Ltd. and High Duty Alloys Ltd. He remained at Hawker Siddeley until its conversion to British Aerospace in 1977 and he was married twice, having three daughters with his first wife, and stepsons and stepdaughters from both marriages. In 1939 while Chief Superintendent of the RAE, in association with Sidney Cotton he worked on the modifications needed to enable Supermarine Spitfires to be used in the photo-reconnaissance role. During World War II, he designed gyroscopic gun-sights for D-day fighter aircraft, and he was noted for chairing the committee investigating the various crashes involving the de Havilland Comet 1, which identified the design flaws responsible. He expanded the Hawker Siddeley group and chaired a Franco-British Concorde design group and he led the RAE Farnborough team that eventually discovered the cause of several DH Comet jet airliner crashes. Some of the methods pioneered during this investigation were later widely copied throughout the aviation industry, in 1953, Hall was made a Fellow of the Royal Society, and was knighted in 1954. He was pro-chancellor of Warwick University from 1965 to 1970, and he received an Honorary Degree from the University of Bath in 1966. He served as President of the Royal Aeronautical Society from May 1958 to May 1959 and he was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1946, was a former Council Member, and served as Vice-President in 1956. In 1962, he was awarded the Royal Aeronautical Societys Gold Medal, in January 1963, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Aerospace Sciences in the United States, q. n award given annually to two persons of eminence in aerospace technology. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society in December 1965, todays Research for Tomorrows Transports a 1955 lecture by Hall in Flight
Arnold Alexander Hall
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Hall in 1975, attending a lunch where he won the
Hambro award for 'Businessman of the Year'.
35.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
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Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Philip was born into the Greek and he was born in Greece, but his family was exiled from the country when he was an infant. After being educated in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, he joined the Royal Navy in 1939, from July 1939, he began corresponding with the 13-year-old Princess Elizabeth, whom he had first met in 1934. During the Second World War he served with the Mediterranean and Pacific fleets, after the war, Philip was granted permission by King George VI to marry Elizabeth. After an engagement of five months, he married Elizabeth on 20 November 1947, just before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh. Philip left active service when Elizabeth became Queen in 1952. He was formally made a Prince of the United Kingdom in 1957, Philip has four children with Elizabeth, Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, and Prince Edward. He has eight grandchildren and five great-grandchildren, a keen sports enthusiast, Philip helped develop the equestrian event of carriage driving. He is a patron of over 800 organisations and serves as chairman of the Duke of Edinburghs Award scheme for people aged 14 to 24 and he is the longest-serving consort of a reigning British monarch and the oldest-ever male member of the British royal family. Philips four elder sisters were Margarita, Theodora, Cecilie, and he was baptised into the Greek Orthodox Church. His godparents were Queen Olga of Greece and the Mayor of Corfu, shortly after Philips birth, his maternal grandfather, Prince Louis of Battenberg, then known as Louis Mountbatten, Marquess of Milford Haven, died in London. Louis was a naturalised British citizen, who, after a career in the Royal Navy, had renounced his German titles and adopted the surname Mountbatten during the First World War. After visiting London for the memorial, Philip and his mother returned to Greece where Prince Andrew had remained behind to command an army division embroiled in the Greco-Turkish War, the war went badly for Greece and the Turks made large gains. On 22 September 1922, Philips uncle, King Constantine I, was forced to abdicate, the commander of the army, General Georgios Hatzianestis, and five senior politicians were executed. Prince Andrews life was believed to be in danger, and Alice was under surveillance, in December, a revolutionary court banished Prince Andrew from Greece for life. The British naval vessel HMS Calypso evacuated Prince Andrews family, with Philip carried to safety in a cot made from a fruit box. Philips family went to France, where settled in the Paris suburb of Saint-Cloud in a house lent to them by his wealthy aunt, Princess George of Greece. Because Philip left Greece as a baby, he not have a strong grasp of Greek
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
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Prince Philip in March 2015
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
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Mon Repos, the birthplace of Philip
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
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Philip studied at
Gordonstoun school, Scotland.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
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Philip served aboard
HMS Valiant in the
Battle of the Mediterranean.
36.
Morien Morgan
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Sir Morien Bedford Morgan CB FRS, was a noted Welsh aeronautical engineer, sometimes known as the Father Of Concorde. He spent most of his career at the Royal Aircraft Establishment and he spent the last years of his life as master of Downing College, Cambridge. He was born in Bridgend, the son of draper John Bedford Morgan and teacher Edith Mary Thomas and he studied at local schools, then at Magdalen College School, Oxford, and from 1931, St Catharines College, Cambridge. It was during his time at Cambridge that he became fascinated with aircraft, after a brief apprenticeship at Vickers Aviation, Morgan took a position at the Aerodynamics Department within the RAE in 1935. Based in Farnborough, there he met Sylvia Axford and married on 19 April 1941 and they had three daughters, Carol, Deryn and Gwyneth. In 1959 he left the RAE to become the advisor to the Air Ministry. He returned to the RAE as Director in 1969, and served in this role until 1972, in 1967, he became the first Welshman to be President of the Royal Aeronautical Society. In 1972 he succeeded Prof. Keith Guthrie as Master of Downing College, Cambridge, at Downing his enthusiasm and good humour together with his Welsh charm, eloquence, and love of music made sure that he got on well with everyone. His love of music was widely noted, Morgan was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1958 Queens Birthday Honours, and knighted in the 1969 New Year Honours. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1972, in 1948 Morgan began research into the development of a supersonic passenger airliner. In November 1956 he became Chairman of the newly formed Supersonic Transport Aircraft Committee, STAC funded research into the SST field at several UK aviation firms though the 1950s. The Bristol work would form the basis for the Concorde, at the time he commented that, Light alloy construction would be used, and engines could be straightforward developments of present-day large jet units. During the Concorde work, Morgan tirelessly worked through problems, both technical and political, to see the project to its conclusion. Alternating with his French counterpart, Robert Vergnaud, he chaired the Concorde oversight committee from 1963 when work began in earnest, given the aircraft was the first of its sort, the relatively rapid progress from design to construction is notable. It is a well worth preserving. Sir Morien Bedford Morgan, Aeronautical engineer, entry in the National Portrait Gallery
Morien Morgan
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Morien Morgan at his desk with
supersonic transport aircraft models in a BBC documentary in 1964
Morien Morgan
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Morgan led research into
supersonic transport that culminated in the
Concorde passenger aircraft.
37.
Stuart Davies (engineer)
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Stuart Duncan Davies CBE FEng FRAeS was a British aerospace engineer who was in charge of the design of the Avro Vulcan. He was also responsible for converting the unsuccessful two-engined Avro Manchester into the four-engined Avro Lancaster and he was the son of William Davies and Alice Duncan. He attended Westminster grammar school in central London from 1918 to 1923 and his career began at Vauxhall Motors where he worked for two years from the age of 16. He worked at Vickers as a technical assistant from 1925. At Vickers he worked in the tunnel at Brooklands, and on the Virginia biplane bomber. In 1931 he moved to Hawker Aircraft at Kingston upon Thames and he worked in the stress office, in a team of seven. There he worked on the Hart and Fury biplanes, the RAFs main fighter planes in the 1930s, in 1933 he began work on what would become the Hawker Hurricane, then known as the Fury Monoplane. Hawker Siddeley was formed in 1935, and in the group it included A. V. Roe & Company of Manchester, in January 1938 he moved to Avro, becoming assistant to the chief designer. Aged 33, he was promoted to be the companys experimental manager in April 1940, in 1940 he became responsible for converting the Manchester into the Lancaster. 7,377 Lancasters would be built in the UK and Canada, from 1944 he was in charge of the Avro York transport plane, and later worked on the Avro Lincoln. In 1947 he became the director at Avro, with responsibility for producing the Avro Vulcan. He was Chief Designer from 1945–55, and was succeeded by Roy Ewans, five Avro 707 aircraft were produced before the Vulcan. They were used for work on the delta wing. He also designed the Avro Athena advanced single-engined trainer, the Avro Atlantic was an early-1950s proposed 94-seat airliner version of the Vulcan, with delta wings and Olympus engines, which was never built. He left Avro in June 1955 for Dowty Rotol, becoming Managing Director of Dowty Fuel Systems in Cheltenham and he left aviation for general engineering. He was President from 1971-2 of the Royal Aeronautical Society, in 1958 he received the RAeS Gold Medal. He became an FEng in 1977 and he was an honorary Fellow of the RAeS. In 1935 he married Ethel Radcliffe and they had one daughter in 1939, born in north-east Cheshire
Stuart Davies (engineer)
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Avro Lancaster
Stuart Davies (engineer)
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Avro Vulcan
38.
Eric Brown (pilot)
–
Captain Eric Melrose Winkle Brown, CBE, DSC, AFC, Hon FRAeS, RN was a British Royal Navy officer and test pilot who flew 487 different types of aircraft, more than anyone else in history. He was also the pilot in the history of the Royal Navy. He also flew almost every category of Royal Navy and RAF aircraft, glider, fighter, bomber, airliner, amphibian, flying boat, during World War II, he also flew many types of captured German aircraft, including new jets and rocket planes. He was a pioneer of jet technology into the post-war era, Brown was born in Leith, near Edinburgh, Scotland. In 1936, Browns father took him to see the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Hermann Göring had recently announced the existence of the Luftwaffe, so Brown and his father met and were invited to join social gatherings by members of the newly disclosed organisation. It was here that Eric Brown first met Ernst Udet, a former World War I fighter ace, who was fascinated to make the acquaintance of a former RFC pilot, and Eric, his son. Brown soon discovered in himself and Udet a shared love of flying, Brown eagerly accepted the Germans offer and after his arrival at the appointed airfield at Halle, he was soon flying in a two-seat Bücker Jungmann. Brown recalled the incident nearly 80 years later on the BBC radio programme Desert Island Discs, You talk about aerobatics – we did every one I think and I was hanging on to my tummy. But he said to me, youll make a fighter pilot – do me two favours, learn to speak German fluently and learn to fly. In 1937, Brown left the Royal High School and entered the University of Edinburgh, while there he joined the universitys air unit and received his first formal flying instruction. In February 1938 he returned to Germany under the sponsorship of the Foreign Office, having been invited to attend the 1938 Automobile Exhibition by Udet and he there saw the demonstration of the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 helicopter flown by Hanna Reitsch before a small crowd inside the Deutschlandhalle. During this visit he met and got to know Reitsch, whom he had briefly met in 1936. Upon opening the door he was met by a woman with the announcement that our countries are at war, soon after, Brown was arrested by the SS. However, after three days incarceration, they merely escorted Brown in his MG Magnette sports car to the Swiss border, saying they were allowing him to keep the car because they had no spares for it. During his service on board the Audacity he shot down two Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor maritime patrol aircraft, using head-on attacks to exploit the blind spot in their defensive armament, the Audacity was torpedoed and sunk on 21 December 1941 by U-751, commanded by Gerhard Bigalk. The first rescue ship left because of warnings of a nearby U-boat and he was the only one of 24 to survive, the rest succumbed to hypothermia. The loss of life was such that 802 Squadron was disbanded until February 1942, following the loss of Audacity, Brown resumed operational flying, being seconded to Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons flying escort operations to USAAF B-17s over France. His job was to them in deck-landing techniques, though on airfields
Eric Brown (pilot)
–
Brown in front of a
Blackburn Buccaneer – one of the record 487 different types of aircraft he has flown.
Eric Brown (pilot)
–
On 3 December 1945, Brown became the first pilot to land on and take-off (pictured) from an
aircraft carrier (
HMS Ocean) in a jet aircraft. The aircraft he flew – the
de Havilland Sea Vampire LZ551/G – is now preserved at the
Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovilton, Somerset.
Eric Brown (pilot)
–
HMS Audacity in 1941.
Eric Brown (pilot)
–
A Royal Air Force
Hoverfly I of the type flown by Brown from
Speke to Farnborough in 1945
39.
Geoffrey Pardoe
–
Dr Geoffrey Keith Charles Pardoe OBE FREng FRAeS FBIS was the Project Manager for the Blue Streak ballistic missile programme. He was also an advocate for British advanced science and technology and he attended Wanstead County High School, a co-educational grammar school in Wanstead, east London. He attended and gained a BScEng from Loughborough of College of Technology and he later gained a PhD in Astronautics from Loughborough University in 1984. From 1949-1951 he was Senior Aerodynamicist at Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft, then part of Hawker Siddeley and he worked on rocket design and the Sea Slug. From 1951-19566 he was Chief Aerodynamicist at the Guided Weapons division of de Havilland Propellers and he worked on aerodynamics and flight analysis. De Havilland was given the Blue Streak ballistic missile project, in 1959 he proposed a scheme known as Black Prince whereby a Blue Streak would be the main first stage, with the second stage a Black Knight, with a third stage a military solid rocket on top. It was also considered to have a Black Arrow as the stage or third stage. On 13 April 1960 the Blue Streak project was abruptly cancelled and he argued in September 1959 that the space vehicle could be transformed into the first stage of a European rocket launcher. He spoke fluent French and German and he found it difficult to forgive the British government when it withdrew from the European Launcher Development Organisation in 1968, with funding finishing in 1971. The French government would later support the Ariane project. By 1988 Ariane had around £2 billion worth of orders for flights, the earlier British rocket project was later referred to as the ill-fated Blue Streak, but it was only ill fated at the administrative level, not the technical. De Havilland merged with Hawker Siddeley in 1960, and he was the Chief Engineer of Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Weapons, from 1963-1969 he was Chief Project Engineer of the companys Space Division. He was Managing Director from 1985-7 and Deputy Chairman from 1987-93 of Surrey Satellite Technology. From 1993 until his death in 1996 he was Director of the International Academy of Science, in 1986 he became Chairman of the Watt Committee on Energy. From 1984-1985 he was President of the Royal Aeronautical Society, the RAeS has honoured him with the Geoffrey Pardoe Space Award. With Blue Streak, Britain had the technology to make it possible, the idea was flatly turned down by the British government on the grounds that such a system could not be envisaged in the next 20 years. America then set up COMSAT in 1963, resulting in Intelsat, the first of Intelsats fleet, Intelsat I was launched in April 1965. Intelsat has been commercially successful. Private finance would have available for the project, but the project was scuppered by not receiving government approval
Geoffrey Pardoe
–
Geoffrey Pardoe featured on the front cover of
The Wonder Stuff 's album
Construction for the Modern Idiot
40.
John Fozard
–
Prof John William Fozard OBE FRS FREng FRAeS FAIAA DSc DCAe BSc was a British aeronautical engineer who helped to design the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. Fozard was the son of John Fozard and Eleanor Paulkitt and he was brought up on the Firthcliffe Estate at Littletown, Liversedge, Kirklees, west of Heckmondwike, having earlier lived on Holme Street in Millbridge. He was educated at Heckmondwike Grammar School in the West Riding of Yorkshire and he gained a BSc from Hull Municipal Technical College in 1948. From the College of Aeronautics, Cranfield he gained a DCAe in 1950, Fozard would later tell American visitors at the Hawker plant on Lower Ham Road next to the River Thames at Kingston upon Thames that Yorkshire was the Texas of the UK. Fozard joined Blackburn Aircraft in Brough in 1943 as an engineering apprentice and he worked for Hawker Siddeley from 1950, working under Sydney Camm. In the late 1950s he was working on the successor to the companys Hawker Hunter, the P.1121. Although advanced designs for their time, these projects were cancelled by the infamous 1957 Defence White Paper, from October 1963 he was Chief Designer of the P.1154, which was cancelled in February 1965. He was Chief Designer of the Harrier from 1965–78, taking over from Ralph Hooper, the Harrier entered service with the RAF in August 1969. The first Sea Harrier was handed to the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm on 18 June 1979, at a ceremony at BAe Dunsfold, later to be based at RNAS Yeovilton. This version of the Harrier had been given the definitive go-ahead on 15 May 1975 by Roy Mason, the Pegasus engine, which was integral to the aircraft design, was designed by Gordon Lewis and Sir Stanley Hooker. From 1984-7 he was Divisional Director of Special Projects at the Military Aircraft Division of British Aerospace, in February 1989 he retired from BAe. He later became the Director of the National Air and Space Museum, from 1986-7 he was the President of the Royal Aeronautical Society. He married Mary Ward in 1951 and he later married Gloria Roberts in 1985, and they lived in Alexandria, Virginia. He was awarded the OBE in 1981 and he died from liver failure, aged 68
John Fozard
–
The oldest Harrier in existence, built in 1966, at the
National Museum of Flight in
East Lothian
41.
David Rowland
–
David Lincoln Rowland was an American industrial designer famous for his 40/4 chair, so named because it stacks 40 chairs in 4 feet high. Referring to the 40/4, modern critics have noted that “It is unsurpassed to this day in engineering sophistication and production”. David Lincoln Rowland was born on February 12,1924, in Los Angeles, the child of Neva Chilberg Rowland, a violinist and W. Earl Rowland. In 1936 he moved with his parents to Stockton, California where his father became director of the Haggin Museum and he forever after called it “the best summer of my life. ”. From 1943 through 1945 Rowland served in World War II in the United States Army Air Corps and he was stationed in Bury St. Edmunds, England and made 22 combat missions over Nazi occupied territory. During that time he was awarded the Air Medal and several clusters and it was during those long, sometimes 12 hour missions, sitting in beastly uncomfortable seats, Rowland said, that “I resolved to do something about that if I ever returned home safely”. He resumed his education after the war at Principia College in Elsah, Illinois, after Cranbrook, Rowland headed for New York City. There he rented a $40 a month room and started applying to industrial design firms for a job. Each design firm he applied to required he sign a form saying that anything he thought of during his employment that they wanted to get a patent on, when he wouldn’t sign the form, he didn’t get the job. He opted instead to work three jobs outside of the field while working on his own designs in his spare time. Later, he took a job as head draftsman doing architectural renderings for Norman Bel Geddes, the theatrical and industrial designer. In 1956 the royalty income from the Drain Dry Cushion allowed Rowland to move from his $40 a month room to an apartment and to open his own office. Off and on for eight years, Rowland worked on and perfected a design for a revolutionary new stacking chair with a frame and sculpted seat. Forty of them could be stacked just 4 feet high on a specially designed dolly and it not only stacked with ease, but could be ganged together to form rows in a matter of seconds. For a long time, however, Rowland had difficulty finding a willing to take a license to make his versatile chair. They would always turn it down because they couldn’t imagine the chair would be enough when it looked so light. The tide turned when the firm of Skidmore, Owings. Then the General Fireproofing Co. willingly took a license from Rowland to make the chairs and it was recognized by the American Institute of Interior Designers in 1965
David Rowland
–
David Rowland holding a scale model of his masterpiece 40/4 chair
David Rowland
–
Lieutenant Rowland U.S. Army Air Corps ca. 1945
42.
Air Vice-Marshal
–
Air vice-marshal is a two-star air officer rank which originated in and continues to be used by the Royal Air Force. Air vice-marshals may be addressed generically as air marshal, Air vice-marshal is a two-star rank and has a NATO ranking code of OF-7. It is equivalent to a rear-admiral in the Royal Navy or a major-general in the British Army or the Royal Marines, in other NATO forces, such as the United States Armed Forces and the Canadian Armed Forces, the equivalent two-star rank is major general. The rank of air vice-marshal is immediately senior to the air commodore. Since before the Second World War it has been common for air officers commanding RAF groups to hold the rank of air vice-marshal. In small air forces such as the Royal New Zealand Air Force and the Ghana Air Force, the equivalent rank in the Womens Auxiliary Air Force, Womens Auxiliary Australian Air Force, Womens Royal Air Force and Princess Marys Royal Air Force Nursing Service was air chief commandant. On 1 April 1918, the newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from the British Army, with officers at what is now air vice-marshal level holding the rank of major-general. In response to the proposal that the RAF should use its own titles, it was suggested that the RAF might use the Royal Navys officer ranks. For example, the rank that later became air vice-marshal would have been air rear-admiral, however, air vice-marshal was preferred and was adopted on 1 August 1919. This is worn on both the sleeves of the dress uniform or on the shoulders of the flying suit or working uniform. The command flag of an air vice-marshal has two red bands running through the centre. The vehicle star plate for an air vice-marshal depicts two white stars on an air force blue background, the Australian Air Corps adopted the RAF rank system on 9 November 1920 and this usage was continued by its successor, the Royal Australian Air Force. However, the rank of air vice-marshal was not used by the Australian Armed Forces until 1935 when Richard Williams, margaret Staib of the Royal Australian Air Force served in the rank of air vice-marshal from 2009 to 2012 when she retired from the Australian Defence Force. In India, Subroto Mukerjee was the first Royal Indian Air Force officer to gain the rank of air vice-marshal and he gained an acting promotion to air vice-marshal on 27 September 1948 and a substantive promotion several months later on 1 February 1949. It is also used in the Egyptian Air Force, Hellenic Air Force, Royal Air Force of Oman, in the Indonesian Air Force the equivalent rank is marsekal muda which is usually translated as air vice-marshal in English. Compare this with the rank up which is marsekal madya which is usually translated as air marshal in English. The Royal Canadian Air Force used the rank until the 1968 unification of the Canadian Forces, Canadian air vice-marshals then became major-generals. In official French Canadian usage, the title was vice-maréchal de lair
Air Vice-Marshal
–
An RAF air vice-marshal's sleeve/shoulder insignia
43.
Wright Brothers
–
They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17,1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904–05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft, although not the first to build and fly experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible. The brothers fundamental breakthrough was their invention of three-axis control, which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and this method became and remains standard on fixed-wing aircraft of all kinds. From the beginning of their work, the Wright brothers focused on developing a reliable method of pilot control as the key to solving the flying problem. This approach differed significantly from other experimenters of the time who put emphasis on developing powerful engines. Using a small wind tunnel, the Wrights also collected more accurate data than any before, enabling them to design and build wings. Their first U. S. patent,821,393, did not claim invention of a machine, but rather. They gained the skills essential for their success by working for years in their shop with printing presses, bicycles, motors. Their work with bicycles in particular influenced their belief that a vehicle like a flying machine could be controlled and balanced with practice. From 1900 until their first powered flights in late 1903, they conducted extensive tests that also developed their skills as pilots. Their bicycle shop employee Charlie Taylor became an important part of the team, the Wright brothers status as inventors of the airplane has been subject to counter-claims by various parties. Much controversy persists over the competing claims of early aviators. The Wright brothers were two of seven born to Milton Wright, of English and Dutch ancestry, and Susan Catherine Koerner, of German. Wilbur was born near Millville, Indiana, in 1867, Orville in Dayton, Ohio, the other Wright siblings were Reuchlin, Lorin, Katharine, and twins Otis and Ida. In elementary school, Orville was given to mischief and was once expelled, the direct paternal ancestry goes back to a Samuel Wright who sailed to America and settled in Massachusetts in 1636. In 1878 their father, who traveled often as a bishop in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, the device was based on an invention of French aeronautical pioneer Alphonse Pénaud. Made of paper, bamboo and cork with a band to twirl its rotor. Wilbur and Orville played with it until it broke, and then built their own, in later years, they pointed to their experience with the toy as the spark of their interest in flying
Wright Brothers
–
Orville and Wilbur Wright in 1905
Wright Brothers
Wright Brothers
–
Wilbur (left) and Orville (right) as children in 1876
Wright Brothers
44.
Octave Chanute
–
Octave Chanute was an American civil engineer and aviation pioneer, born in France. He provided many budding enthusiasts, including the Wright brothers, with help and advice, at his death he was hailed as the father of aviation and the heavier-than-air flying machine. Octave Chanute was the son of Elise and Joseph Chanut, professor at the Collège de France and he emigrated with his father to the United States of America in 1838, when the former was named Vice-President at Jefferson College in Louisiana. Octave attended private schools in New York, Octave Chanute began his training as a budding civil engineer in 1848. He was widely considered brilliant and innovative in the engineering profession, during his career he designed and constructed the United States two biggest stock yards, Chicago Stock Yards and Kansas City Stockyards. He designed and built the Hannibal Bridge which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1869, Chanute also established a procedure for pressure-treating wooden railroad ties with an antiseptic that increased the wood’s lifespan in the tracks. As a way to track the age and longevity of railroad ties and other wooden structures, Chanute retired from the Erie Railway in 1883 to become an independent engineering consultant. Chanute first became interested in watching a balloon take off in Peoria, IL. When he retired from his career in 1883, he decided to devote some leisure time to furthering the new science of aviation. Applying his engineering background, Chanute collected all available data from flight experimenters around the world and he published his findings in a series of articles in The Railroad and Engineering Journal from 1891 to 1893, which were then re-published in the influential book Progress in Flying Machines in 1894. This was the most systematic global survey of fixed-wing heavier-than-air aviation research published up to that time, at the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, Chanute organized in collaboration with Albert Zahm a highly successful International Conference on Aerial Navigation. Chanute was too old to fly himself, so he partnered with younger experimenters, including Augustus M. Herring, Chanute based his interplane strut concept on the Pratt truss, which was familiar to him from his bridge-building work. The Wright brothers based their designs on the Chanute double-decker. A new design of a glider was developed and flown in 1897. In 1897 he started a correspondence with British aviator Percy Pilcher, following Chanutes ideas, Pilcher built a triplane, but he was killed in a glider crash in October 1899 before he could attempt to fly it. Chanute was in contact with the Wright brothers starting in 1900, Chanute helped to publicize the Wright brothers work, and provided consistent encouragement, visiting their camp near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in 1901,1902, and 1903. The Wrights and Chanute exchanged hundreds of letters between 1900 and 1910, Chanute freely shared his knowledge about aviation with anyone who was interested and expected others to do the same, although he did encourage colleagues to patent their inventions. His open approach led to friction with the Wright brothers, who believed their ideas about aircraft control were unique and refused to share them
Octave Chanute
–
Octave Chanute
Octave Chanute
–
Hannibal Bridge from 1908 postcard
Octave Chanute
–
Chanute and his 1896
biplane hang glider, a trailblazing design adapted by the Wright brothers
Octave Chanute
–
A twelve-winged glider of Chanute's design, prepared for launch from the dunes of Miller Beach in 1896.
45.
Frank Whittle
–
Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle OM KBE CB FRS FRAeS was an English Royal Air Force engineer air officer. He is credited with inventing the turbojet engine. A patent was submitted by Maxime Guillaume in 1921 for an invention, however. Whittles jet engines were developed some years earlier than those of Germanys Hans von Ohain who was the designer of the first operational turbojet engine, from an early age, Whittle demonstrated an aptitude for engineering and an interest in flying. He was taught the theory of aircraft engines and gained experience in the engineering workshops. His academic and practical abilities as an Aircraft Apprentice earned him a place on the training course at Cranwell. He excelled in his studies and became an accomplished pilot, while writing his thesis there he formulated the fundamental concepts that led to the creation of the turbojet engine, taking out a patent on his design in 1930. His performance on an engineering course earned him a place on a further course at Peterhouse. Without Air Ministry support, he and two retired RAF servicemen formed Power Jets Ltd to build his engine with assistance from the firm of British Thomson-Houston, despite limited funding, a prototype was created, which first ran in 1937. In 1944 when Power Jets was nationalised he again suffered a nervous breakdown, in 1948, Whittle retired from the RAF and received a knighthood. He joined BOAC as a technical advisor before working as an engineering specialist with Shell, after emigrating to the U. S. in 1976 he accepted the position of NAVAIR Research Professor at the United States Naval Academy from 1977–1979. In August 1996, Whittle died of cancer at his home in Columbia. In 2002, Whittle was ranked number 42 in the BBC poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, Whittle was born in a terraced house in Newcombe Road, Earlsdon, Coventry, England on 1 June 1907, the eldest son of Moses Whittle and Sara Alice Garlick. Whittle developed a rebellious and adventurous streak, together with an early interest in aviation, at the age of 15, determined to be a pilot, Whittle applied to join the RAF. In January 1923, having passed the RAF entrance examination with a high mark and he lasted only two days, just five feet tall and with a small chest measurement, he failed the medical. Undeterred, he applied again under a name and presented himself as a candidate at the No 2 School of Technical Training RAF Cranwell. Whittle hated the strict discipline imposed on apprentices and, convinced there was no hope of becoming a pilot he at one time seriously considered deserting. However, throughout his days as an aircraft apprentice, he maintained his interest in model aircraft and joined the Model Aircraft Society
Frank Whittle
–
Sir Frank Whittle OM, KBE, CB, FRS, FRAeS
Frank Whittle
–
Whittle's birthplace in
Earlsdon, Coventry, England. (photo 2007)
Frank Whittle
–
The
Gloster E.28/39, the first British aircraft to fly with a turbojet engine
Frank Whittle
–
The
W2/700 engine, or W.2B/23 as it was known to the Air Ministry. It was the first British production jet engine, powering early models of the Gloster Meteor.
46.
Geoffrey de Havilland
–
Captain Sir Geoffrey de Havilland OM CBE AFC RDI FRAeS was a British aviation pioneer and aircraft engineer. His Mosquito has been considered the most versatile warplane ever built, born at Magdala House, Terriers, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, de Havilland was the second son of The Reverend Charles de Havilland and his first wife, Alice Jeannette. He was educated at Nuneaton Grammar School, St Edwards School, Oxford, upon graduating from engineering training, de Havilland pursued a career in automotive engineering, building cars and motorcycles. He then spent two years working in the office of Motor Omnibus Construction Company Limited in Walthamstow. While there he designed his first aero engine and had the first prototype made by Iris Motor Company of Willesden and he married in 1909 and almost immediately embarked on the career of designing, building and flying aircraft to which he devoted the rest of his life. He built a biplane, making his first flight in it from a meadow near Newbury in September 1910. A memorial plaque marks the event. Subsequent designs were more successful, in 1912 he established a new British altitude record of 10,500 feet in an aircraft of his design. Geoffrey was the designer and his brother Hereward was the test pilot, in December 1910, de Havilland joined HM Balloon Factory at Farnborough, which was to become the Royal Aircraft Factory. He sold his second aeroplane to his new employer for £400 and it became the F. E.1, the first aircraft to bear an official Royal Aircraft Factory designation. For the next three years de Havilland designed, or participated in the design of, a number of experimental types at the Factory, in January 1914, de Havilland was appointed an inspector of aircraft for the Aeronautical Inspection Directorate. Unhappy at leaving design work, in May he was recruited to become the designer at Airco. He designed many aircraft for Airco, all designated by his initials, large numbers of de Havilland-designed aircraft were used during the First World War, flown by the Royal Flying Corps and later the Royal Air Force. Airco was bought by the BSA Company, but BSA was interested only in using the company factories for car production, in 1933 the company moved to Hatfield Aerodrome, in Hertfordshire. One of his roles was as test pilot for the companys aircraft and he was believed to have said we could have had jets in reference to the ignoring of jet engine possibilities prior to the start of the 1939–45 world war. His companys aircraft, particularly the Mosquito, played a role in that war. In 1944 he bought out his friend and engine designer Frank Halfords engine design consultancy company, Halford had previously designed a number of engines for de Havilland, including the de Havilland Gipsy and de Havilland Gipsy Major. Halfords first gas turbine design entered production as the de Havilland Goblin powering de Havillands first jet, de Havilland controlled the company until it was bought by the Hawker Siddeley Company in 1960
Geoffrey de Havilland
–
Blue plaque, 32 Baron's Court Road,
Barons Court, London
Geoffrey de Havilland
Geoffrey de Havilland
–
De Havilland Memorial Stone near Seven Barrows Field and Beacon Hill from A34
47.
Ernest Hives, 1st Baron Hives
–
Ernest Walter Hives, 1st Baron Hives CH MBE, was the one-time head of the Rolls-Royce Aero Engine division and chairman of Rolls-Royce Ltd. Hives was born in Reading, Berkshire, during the Second World War he was closely involved with the design of the Merlin engine as well as numerous later Rolls-Royce jet engines. He began his life in a local garage. However, in 1903 he got a job working at C. S, Rolls car company, after fixing Rolls car. After becoming a chief test driver in 1908, he led the RR team in the Austrian Alpine Trial in 1913. During the First World War the company designed its first aero-engine, the Eagle, in 1919 the Eagle powered the twin-engined Vickers Vimy bomber on the first direct flight across the Atlantic. Other notable engines were developed under Hives’ lead. In 1936 he became the works manager of the factory. Lived at 37, St. Chads Rd. Derby until around 1937, in 1937, thinking war would soon be inevitable, he prepared the firm for a massive production increase in Merlin engines by splitting facilities between engineering and production. As the Merlin powered Hurricanes and Spitfires, this was a decision of vital strategic significance when war did come and it was thanks to Hives that a total of a hundred and sixty thousand Merlins were produced by 1945. In 1941 Hives quickly decided ‘to go all out for the gas turbine’, ensuring the company’s leading role in developing jet engines for civil and military aviation. He was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour in the 1943 Birthday Honours and on 7 July 1950 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Hives and he played a critical role in the UK Nuclear Submarine programme. When the highly irascible but utterly pivotal Admiral Rickover visited the UK in 1957 to inspect the British nuclear design team at Rolls Rickover was “at his obnoxious worst”, after one particularly difficult morning he was introduced to Lord Hives. He died in April 1965, aged 79, and was succeeded in the barony by his son John and his younger daughter, Philippa Hives, married Judge Alexander Morrison in 1978
Ernest Hives, 1st Baron Hives
–
Ernest Walter Hives
48.
Marcel Dassault
–
Marcel Dassault born Marcel Bloch,22 January 1892 –17 April 1986, was a French aircraft industrialist. Bloch was born on 22 January 1892 in Paris, both of his parents were Jewish. He was educated at the Lycée Condorcet in Paris, after studies in Electrical Engineering he graduated from the Breguet School and Supaéro. At the latter school Bloch was classmates with a Russian student named Mikhail Gurevich who would later be instrumental in the creating of the MiG aircraft series. Bloch worked at the French Aeronautics Research Laboratory during World War I, in 1928 Bloch founded the Société des Avions Marcel Bloch aircraft company which produced its first aircraft in 1930. In 1935 Bloch and Henry Potez entered into an agreement to buy Société Aérienne Bordelaise, in 1936 the company was nationalized as the Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Sud Ouest. Bloch agreed to become the administrator of the Minister for Air. During Nazi Germanys occupation of France, the aviation industry was virtually disbanded, other than the compulsory manufacturing, assembly. In October 1940, Bloch refused to collaborate with the Germans occupiers at Bordeaux-Aéronautique and was imprisoned by the Vichy government, in 1944 the Nazis deported Bloch to the Buchenwald concentration camp, while his wife was interned near Paris. Bloch was detained at Buchenwald until it was liberated on 11 April 1945 and he changed his name from Bloch to Bloch-Dassault and, in 1949, to simply Dassault. Dassault was the used by his brother, General Darius Paul Bloch, when he served in the French resistance. In 1971 Dassault acquired Breguet, forming Avions Marcel Dassault-Breguet Aviation, in 1919, Bloch married Madeleine Minckes, the daughter of a wealthy Jewish family of furniture dealers. They had two sons, Claude and Serge, as Dassault, he converted to Roman Catholicism in 1950. Now, the building at no.7 has been occupied from 2002 by auction house Artcurial, while no.7 has been sold, no.9 continues to be occupied by the Groupe Industriel Marcel Dassault. Marcel Dassault died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, in 1986 and was buried in the Passy Cemetery in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, Serge Dassault, Marcels son, became CEO of Avions Marcel Dassault, which was restructured as Groupe Industriel Marcel Dassault, reflecting its broader interests. In 1990, the division was renamed Dassault Aviation. In 1991, the rond-point des Champs-Elysées was renamed the rond-point des Champs-Elysées-Marcel Dassault in his honor, societé des Avions Marcel Bloch Dassault Group Dassault Aviation The Talisman, the Autobiography of Marcel Dassault, Creator of the Mirage jet, translated by Patricia High Painton. Arlington House,1971 ISBN 0-87000-149-3 Marcel Dassault - Dassault Aviation site
Marcel Dassault
–
Marcel Bloch in 1914
Marcel Dassault
–
Hôtel Marcel Dassault
Marcel Dassault
–
His grave in Paris.
49.
George Lee (pilot)
–
Douglas George Lee MBE is a glider pilot who was world gliding champion on three consecutive occasions. He was born in Dublin, Ireland and he joined the Royal Air Force as an engineering apprentice at the age of sixteen in 1962, becoming a British subject. He completed his training as a fitter and in 1967 he was selected for officer. He joined a squadron in 1971 flying Phantoms. He left the RAF in 1983 as a Squadron Leader and joined Cathay Pacific to fly Boeing 747s, during his apprenticeship he began gliding with the Royal Air Force Gliding & Soaring Association, winning his first British National Championship in 1974 in an ASW17. He was selected for the British Team for the World Gliding Championships at Räyskälä in Finland in 1976 and he flew in two more World Championships but his home in Hong Kong had reduced his opportunities for gliding and so he was out of practice. He received several awards including the MBE, the Royal Aero Clubs Gold Medal, the Britannia Trophy, in 1978 he took Prince Charles for his first flight in a glider. He bought a farm near Dalby in Queensland in 1996 in anticipation of his retirement in 1999 and he established a small airfield there and is now an Australian citizen. With his Schempp-Hirth Nimbus-4DM, he taught advanced pilots for ten years and he and his wife, Maren, are now active in their church and in politics in Queensland. They have two children, Sonja and Brian and he published his autobiography, Hold Fast To Your Dreams, in 2013, which was also published in Polish in 2015 as Uwierz w marzenia
George Lee (pilot)
–
George Lee MBE
50.
Wright brothers
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They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17,1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904–05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft, although not the first to build and fly experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible. The brothers fundamental breakthrough was their invention of three-axis control, which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and this method became and remains standard on fixed-wing aircraft of all kinds. From the beginning of their work, the Wright brothers focused on developing a reliable method of pilot control as the key to solving the flying problem. This approach differed significantly from other experimenters of the time who put emphasis on developing powerful engines. Using a small wind tunnel, the Wrights also collected more accurate data than any before, enabling them to design and build wings. Their first U. S. patent,821,393, did not claim invention of a machine, but rather. They gained the skills essential for their success by working for years in their shop with printing presses, bicycles, motors. Their work with bicycles in particular influenced their belief that a vehicle like a flying machine could be controlled and balanced with practice. From 1900 until their first powered flights in late 1903, they conducted extensive tests that also developed their skills as pilots. Their bicycle shop employee Charlie Taylor became an important part of the team, the Wright brothers status as inventors of the airplane has been subject to counter-claims by various parties. Much controversy persists over the competing claims of early aviators. The Wright brothers were two of seven born to Milton Wright, of English and Dutch ancestry, and Susan Catherine Koerner, of German. Wilbur was born near Millville, Indiana, in 1867, Orville in Dayton, Ohio, the other Wright siblings were Reuchlin, Lorin, Katharine, and twins Otis and Ida. In elementary school, Orville was given to mischief and was once expelled, the direct paternal ancestry goes back to a Samuel Wright who sailed to America and settled in Massachusetts in 1636. In 1878 their father, who traveled often as a bishop in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, the device was based on an invention of French aeronautical pioneer Alphonse Pénaud. Made of paper, bamboo and cork with a band to twirl its rotor. Wilbur and Orville played with it until it broke, and then built their own, in later years, they pointed to their experience with the toy as the spark of their interest in flying
Wright brothers
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Orville and Wilbur Wright in 1905
Wright brothers
Wright brothers
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Wilbur (left) and Orville (right) as children in 1876
Wright brothers
