1.
El Lissitzky
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Lazar Markovich Lissitzky, known as El Lissitzky, was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, typographer, polemicist and architect. His work greatly influenced the Bauhaus and constructivist movements, and he experimented with production techniques, Lissitzkys entire career was laced with the belief that the artist could be an agent for change, later summarized with his edict, das zielbewußte Schaffen. Lissitzky, of Lithuanian Jewish оrigin, began his career illustrating Yiddish childrens books in an effort to promote Jewish culture in Russia, when only 15 he started teaching, a duty he would maintain for most of his life. Over the years, he taught in a variety of positions, schools and this continued until his deathbed, where in 1941 he produced one of his last works – a Soviet propaganda poster rallying the people to construct more tanks for the fight against Nazi Germany. Lissitzky was born on November 23,1890 in Pochinok, a small Jewish community 50 kilometres southeast of Smolensk, former Russian Empire. Always expressing an interest and talent in drawing, he started to receive instruction at 13 from Yehuda Pen, a local Jewish artist, in 1909, he applied to an art academy in Saint Petersburg, but was rejected. While he passed the exam and was qualified, the law under the Tsarist regime only allowed a limited number of Jewish students to attend Russian schools. Like many other Jews then living in the Russian Empire, Lissitzky went to study in Germany and he left in 1909 to study architectural engineering at a Technische Hochschule in Darmstadt, Germany. Also in 1912 some of his pieces were included for the first time in an exhibit by the St. Petersburg Artists Union, a notable first step. During this work, he took an active and passionate interest in Jewish culture which, the new Provisional Government repealed a decree that prohibited the printing of Hebrew letters and that barred Jews from citizenship. These books were Lissitzkys first major foray in book design, a field that he would greatly innovate during his career and his first designs appeared in the 1917 book, Sihas hulin, Eyne fun di geshikhten, where he incorporated Hebrew letters with a distinctly art nouveau flair. His next book was a retelling of the traditional Jewish Passover song Had gadya. In the book, he integrated letters with images through a system that matched the color of the characters in the story with the word referring to them. In the designs for the page, Lissitzky depicts the mighty hand of God slaying the angel of death. This representation links the redemption of the Jews with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution, an alternative view asserts that the artist was wary of Bolshevik internationalization, leading to destruction of traditional Jewish culture. The quantity of these posters is sufficient to them as a separate genre in the artists output. Chagall also invited other Russian artists, most notably the painter and art theoretician Kazimir Malevich and Lissitzkys former teacher, however, it was not until October 1919 when Lissitzky, then on an errand in Moscow, persuaded Malevich to relocate to Vitebsk. The move coincided with the opening of the first art exhibition in Vitebsk directed by Chagall, Malevich would bring with him a wealth of new ideas, most of which inspired Lissitzky but clashed with local public and professionals who favored figurative art and with Chagall himself
2.
Futurism
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Futurism was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasized speed, technology, youth, and violence, and objects such as the car, the aeroplane, although it was largely an Italian phenomenon, there were parallel movements in Russia, England, Belgium and elsewhere. It glorified modernity and aimed to liberate Italy from the weight of its past, Cubism contributed to the formation of Italian Futurisms artistic style. Important Futurist works included Marinettis Manifesto of Futurism, Boccionis sculpture Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, to some extent Futurism influenced the art movements Art Deco, Constructivism, Surrealism, Dada, and to a greater degree Precisionism, Rayonism, and Vorticism. Futurism is a movement founded in Milan in 1909 by the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. He was soon joined by the painters Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini, Marinetti expressed a passionate loathing of everything old, especially political and artistic tradition. We want no part of it, the past, he wrote, publishing manifestos was a feature of Futurism, and the Futurists wrote them on many topics, including painting, architecture, religion, clothing and cooking. The founding manifesto did not contain an artistic programme, which the Futurists attempted to create in their subsequent Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting. This committed them to a universal dynamism, which was to be represented in painting. The motor bus rushes into the houses which it passes, the Futurist painters were slow to develop a distinctive style and subject matter. In 1910 and 1911 they used the techniques of Divisionism, breaking light and color down into a field of stippled dots and stripes, which had been originally created by Giovanni Segantini and others. Later, Severini, who lived in Paris, attributed their backwardness in style and method at this time to their distance from Paris, the centre of avant-garde art. Severini was the first to come into contact with Cubism and following a visit to Paris in 1911 the Futurist painters adopted the methods of the Cubists, Cubism offered them a means of analysing energy in paintings and expressing dynamism. They often painted modern urban scenes, carràs Funeral of the Anarchist Galli is a large canvas representing events that the artist had himself been involved in, in 1904. The action of an attack and riot is rendered energetically with diagonals. His Leaving the Theatre uses a Divisionist technique to render isolated, Boccionis The City Rises represents scenes of construction and manual labour with a huge, rearing red horse in the centre foreground, which workmen struggle to control. The Futurists aimed through their art thus to enable the viewer to apprehend the inner being of what they depicted, Boccioni developed these ideas at length in his book, Pittura scultura Futuriste, Dinamismo plastico. Ballas Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash exemplifies the Futurists insistence that the world is in constant movement
3.
David Burliuk
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David Davidovich Burliuk was a Russian and Ukrainian Futurist, Neo-Primitivist, book illustrator, publicist, and author associated with Russian Futurism. Burliuk is often described as the father of Russian Futurism and his mother, Ludmila Mikhnevich, was of ethnic Belarusian descent. Because of his name of David, Burliuk was frequently mistaken for being Jewish. From 1898 to 1904 he studied at Kazan and Odessa art schools, as well as at the Royal Academy in Munich. His exuberant, extroverted character was recognized by Anton Azhbe, his professor at the Munich Academy, in 1909 Burliuk painted a portrait of his future wife, Marussia, on a background of flowers and rocks on the Crimean coast. Many times thereafter he would set the image of his wife to canvas, without question two dreams possessed his heart all his life, the face of his wife and the portrait of his homeland - first Ukraine and then his adopted country, the United States. After 1911 David concentrated on poetry, in 1913 he was expelled from the Academy. In the same year D. Burliuk founded the venture of the futuristic writers group Hylaea. In 1915 David Burliuk published the book The Support of the Muses in Spring, with illustrations by Lentulov, from 1915 to 1917 he resided in the Urals with frequent trips to Moscow and Petrograd. In 1917 he participated in an exhibition with the group Jack of Diamonds in the salon in Moscow. In 1916 his brother Wladimir Burliuk was drafted into military service, the next year Burliuk began traveling to the United States, a process that took him through Siberia, Japan, and Canada and wasnt complete until 1922. In 1927 he participated in an exhibition of the Latest Artistic Trends in the Russian Museum in Leningrad, together with Kazimir Malevich, Aleksandr Shevchenko, David Burliuk was author of autobiographical sketches My Ancestors, Forty Years, 1890–1930. In 1940, Burliuk petitioned the Soviet government for a request to visit his homeland and he was allowed to visit the Soviet Union only in 1956 and 1965. In 1945 an exhibit was mounted at Irving Place Theater in New York City In 1962 he and his wife traveled to Australia where he held an exhibition at Moreton Galleries and it was his only Australian exhibition. During his stay there David Burliuk painted some sketches and works with Australian views, from 1937 to 1966 Burliuk and his wife, Marusia, published Color & Rhyme, a journal primarily concerned with charting Burliuks activities. David Burliuk lived in Hampton Bays on Long Island for approximately 20 years until he died on Long Island and his house and studio still remain. In Russian poetry, Burliuk is regarded as a trailblazer, in 1990, the Russian Academy of Futurist Poetry established the David Burliuk Prize for experimental poetry awarded annually. A painting by Burliuk appears in the novel Chapayev and Void by Viktor Pelevin, the painting is described as a black writing though a stencil of the word GOD
4.
Kherson
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Kherson is a city in southern Ukraine. It is the center of the Kherson Oblast, and is designated as its own separate raion within the oblast. Kherson is an important port on the Black Sea and Dnieper River, estimated population as of 2007 was 329,000. Since the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014, Kherson also houses the office of the Presidential representative of Ukraine in Crimea, until 1774, the region belonged to the Crimean Khanate. Kherson was founded in 1778 by Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin, on the orders of Catherine the Great, the city was built under the supervision of General Ivan Gannibal on the site of a small fortress called Aleksanderschanz. The name Kherson is a contraction of Chersonesos, an ancient Greek colony founded approximately 2500 years ago in the part of Crimea. One of the first buildings in the Kherson Fort was the Church of St. Catherine where Potemkin was eventually buried, the last tarpan was caught near Kherson in 1866. During World War II, Kherson was occupied by the German Army from 21 August 1941 to 13 March 1944, during the Ukrainian revolution of 2014 the city was the scene of riots against president Yanukovich during which the main Lenin statue of the city was toppled by protesters. After the revolution the city became relatively calm, Suvorov Raion, central and oldest raion of the city, named after the Russian General Suvorov. Includes microraions, Tavrіjskij, Pіvnіchnij and Mlini, dnipro Raion, named after the Dnieper river. Includes microraions, Shumenskij, Korabel, Zabalka, Suharne, Zhitloselishhe, Selishhe —4, includes microraions, HBK, Tekstilnij, Sklotara, Slobіdka, Vojenka, Shіdnij. Under the Köppen climate classification, Kherson has a humid subtropical climate. Kherson is served by Kherson International Airport providing both passport and customs control and it operates a 2,500 x 42-meter concrete runway, accommodating Boeing 737, Airbus 319/320 aircraft, and helicopters of all series. The official airport website is http, //www. airport. kherson. ua and additional info can be found at http, the tel no is +380552 33-71-87. Kherson is connected to the railroad network of Ukraine. There are daily services to Kyiv, Lviv and other cities. There are 77 high schools as well as 5 colleges, there are 15 institutions of higher education. Jewish cemetery – Kershon has a large Jewish community which was established in the mid-nineteenth century, from 1959 until 1990 there was no synagogue in Kherson
5.
Vladimir Mayakovsky
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Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was a Russian Soviet poet, playwright, artist, and actor. Mayakovsky often found engaged in confrontation with the increasing involvement of the Soviet State in cultural censorship. Even after death his relationship with the Soviet state remained unsteady, Vladimir Vladimirovichs mother Alexandra Alexeyevna, was a housewife, looking after the children, a son and two daughters, Olga and Lyudmila. The family was of Russian and Zaporozhian Cossack descent on their fathers side, at home the family spoke Russian. With his friends and at school Mayakovky used Georgian, I was born in the Caucasus, my father is a Cossack, my mother is Ukrainian. Thus three cultures are united in me, he told the Prague newspaper Prager Presse in a 1927 interview, Georgia for Mayakovsky remained the eternal symbol of beauty. I know, its nonsense, Eden and Paradise, but since people sang about them // It must have been Georgia, the joyful land, in 1902 Mayakovsky joined the Kutais gymnasium where, as a 14-year-old he took part in socialist demonstrations at the town of Kutaisi. His mother, aware of his activities, apparently didnt mind, people around warned us we were giving a young boy too much freedom. But I saw him developing according to the new trends, sympathized with him and pandered to his aspirations, she later remembered. After the sudden and premature death of his father in 1906 the family — Mayakovsky, his mother, in July 1906 Mayakovsky joined the 4th form of the Moscows 5th Classic gymnasium and soon developed a passion for Marxist literature. For me it was philosophy, Hegel, natural sciences, but first and foremost, thered be no higher art for me than The Foreword by Marx, he recalled in the 1920s in his autobiography I, Myself. In 1908, the boy was dismissed from the gymnasium because his mother was no able to afford the tuition fees. For two years he studied at the Stroganov School of Industrial Arts, where his sister Lyudmila had started her studies a few years earlier. As a young Bolshevik activist, Mayakovsky distributed propaganda leaflets, possessed a pistol without a license and this resulted in a series of arrests and finally an 11-month imprisonment. It was in a confinement of the Moscow Butyrka prison that Mayakovsky started writing verses for the first time. Revolution and poetry got entangled in my head and became one, he wrote in I, as an underage person, Mayakovsky avoided a serious prison sentence and in January 1910 was released. A warden confiscated the young mans notebook, and years later Mayakovsky conceded that was all for the better, upon his release from prison, Mayakovsky remained an ardent Socialist, but realized his own inadequacy as a serious revolutionary. Having left the Party, he concentrated on education, sat down and started to learn… Now my intention was to make the Socialist art, he later remembered
6.
Mikhail Larionov
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Mikhail Fyodorovich Larionov was an avant-garde Russian painter. Larionov was born at Tiraspol, in the Kherson Governorate of the Russian Empire, in 1898 he entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture under Isaac Levitan and Valentin Serov. He was suspended three times for his radical outlook, in 1900 he met Natalia Goncharova and formed a lifelong relationship with her. From 1902 his style was Impressionism, after a visit to Paris in 1906 he moved into Post-Impressionism and then a Neo-primitive style which derived partly from Russian sign painting. In 1908 he staged the Golden Fleece exhibition in Moscow, which included paintings by international artists such as Matisse, Derain, Braque, Gauguin. Other group shows promoted by him included Tatlin, Chagall and Malevich, Larionov was a founding member of two important Russian artistic groups Jack of Diamonds and the more radical Donkeys Tail. He gave names to both groups and his first solo show was for one day in Moscow in 1911. Larionov was influenced by the Georgian artist Niko Pirosmani, in 1913 he created Rayonism, which was the first creation of near-abstract art in Russia. He had a show at the Omega Workshops. In 1915 he left Russia and worked with the ballet owner Sergei Diaghilev in Paris on the productions of the Ballets Russes and he spent the rest of his life in France and obtained the French citizenship. He died, aged 82, in the Paris suburb of Fontenay-aux-Roses, in 2001, the Central Bank of Transnistria minted a silver coin honoring this native of todays Transnistria, as part of a series of memorable coins called The Outstanding People of Pridnestrovie. The highest price paid for a Larionov painting at auction is 2,200,000 British pounds and he is in the highest category 1A – a world famous artist in United Artists Rating. Mikhail Larionov at the McNay Art Museum
7.
Natalia Goncharova
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Natalia Sergeevna Goncharova was a Russian avant-garde artist, painter, costume designer, writer, illustrator, and set designer. Natalia Sergeevna Goncharova was born on June 21,1881, in Nagaevo and her father, Sergei, was an architect and graduate of the prestigious Moscow Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Goncharova moved to Moscow at the age of 10 in 1892, in 1901 Goncharova began her own studies at the Moscow Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as a sculptor, under Pavel Trubetskoi, who was associated with the World of Art movement. By 1903, she began exhibiting in major Russian salons and she was awarded a silver medal for sculpture in 1903-04. It was at the Moscow Institute that Goncharova met fellow-student Mikhail Larionov, Goncharova drew inspirations for primitivism from Russian icons and folk art, otherwise known as luboks. The Donkeys Tail was conceived as a break from European art influence. Goncharova and her counter-part, Larionav, were harassed for their artwork. However, the influence of Russian Futurism is much in evidence in Goncharovas later paintings, initially preoccupied with icon painting and the primitivism of ethnic Russian folk-art, Goncharova became famous in Russia for her Futurist work such as The Cyclist and her later Rayonist works. Goncharova and Larionav painted hieroglyphics and flowers on their faces and walked the streets as a part of a primitivist art movement, Goncharova herself sometimes appears topless in public with symbols on her chest. As leaders of the Moscow Futurists, they organized provocative lecture evenings in the vein as their Italian counterparts. Goncharova was also involved with graphic design—writing and illustrating several avant-garde books and she started to exhibit at the Salon dAutomne since 1906. Goncharova was a member of the Der Blaue Reiter avant-garde group from its founding in 1911, in 1915, she began to design ballet costumes and sets in Geneva. In 1915 she started work on a series of designs—Six Winged Seraph, Angel, St. Andrew, St. Mark, Nativity, and others—for a ballet commissioned by Sergei Diaghilev to be titled Liturgy. Also involved in the project, for which Igor Stravinsky was invited to compose the score, were Larionov and Léonide Massine, Goncharova moved to Paris in 1921 where she designed a number of stage sets of Diaghilevs Ballets Russes. She also exhibited at the Salon dAutomne in 1921, and participated regularly at the Salon des Tuileries, Goncharova and Larionav collaborated on four charity events in Moscow. These events were The Grand Bal des Aristes, The Bal Banal, The Bal Olympique and they both designed much of the publicity materials for the event. Between 1922 and 1926 Goncharova created fashion designs for Marie Cuttolis shop, Maison Myrbor on the Rue Vincent and her richly embroidered and appliquéd dress designs were strongly influenced by Russian folk art, Byzantine mosaic and her work for the Ballets Russes. In 1938 Goncharova became a French citizen, on June 2,1955, four years after Larionov suffered a stroke, the two artists got married in Paris to safeguard their rights of inheritance
8.
Kazimir Malevich
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Kazimir Severinovich Malevich was a Russian painter and art theoretician. He was a pioneer of abstract art and the originator of the avant-garde Suprematist movement. He was a devout Christian mystic who believed the central task of an artist was that of rendering spiritual feeling, Kazimir Malevich was born Kazimierz Malewicz to a Polish family, who settled near Kiev in Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire during the partitions of Poland. His parents, Ludwika and Seweryn Malewicz, were Roman Catholic like most ethnic Poles and they both had fled from the former eastern territories of the Commonwealth to Kiev in the aftermath of the failed Polish January Uprising of 1863 against the tsarist army. His native language was Polish though he spoke Ukrainian in public, subsequently, Malevich even wrote a series of articles about art in Ukrainian. Kazimirs father managed a sugar factory, Kazimir was the first of fourteen children, only nine of whom survived into adulthood. His family moved often and he spent most of his childhood in the villages of Ukraine, amidst sugar-beet plantations, until age twelve he knew nothing of professional artists, although art had surrounded him in childhood. He delighted in peasant embroidery, and in decorated walls and stoves and he was able to paint in the peasant style. He studied drawing in Kiev from 1895 to 1896, from 1896 to 1904 Kazimir Malevich lived in Kursk. In 1904, after the death of his father, he moved to Moscow and he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture from 1904 to 1910 and in the studio of Fedor Rerberg in Moscow. In the same year he participated in an exhibition by the collective, by that time his works were influenced by Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov, Russian avant-garde painters, who were particularly interested in Russian folk art called lubok. Malevich described himself as painting in a Cubo-Futuristic style in 1912, in March 1913 a major exhibition of Aristarkh Lentulovs paintings opened in Moscow. Already in the year the Cubo-Futurist opera, Victory Over the Sun, with Malevichs stage-set. In 1914 Malevich exhibited his works in the Salon des Indépendants in Paris together with Alexander Archipenko, Sonia Delaunay, Aleksandra Ekster, Malevich also co-illustrated, with Pavel Filonov, Selected Poems with Postscript, 1907–1914 by Velimir Khlebnikov and another work by Khlebnikov in 1914 titled Roar. In 1915, Malevich laid down the foundations of Suprematism when he published his manifesto, in 1915–1916 he worked with other Suprematist artists in a peasant/artisan co-operative in Skoptsi and Verbovka village. In 1916–1917 he participated in exhibitions of the Jack of Diamonds group in Moscow together with Nathan Altman, David Burliuk, Aleksandra Ekster, famous examples of his Suprematist works include Black Square and White On White. Malevich exhibited his first Black Square, now at the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, a black square placed against the sun appeared for the first time in the 1913 scenery designs for the Futurist opera Victory over the Sun. The second Black Square was painted around 1923, some believe that the third Black Square was painted in 1929 for Malevichs solo exhibition, because of the poor condition of the 1915 square
9.
Boris Pasternak
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Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was a Soviet Russian poet, novelist, and literary translator. In his native Russian, Pasternaks first book of poems, My Sister, Pasternaks translations of stage plays by Goethe, Schiller, Calderón and Shakespeare remain very popular with Russian audiences. Outside Russia, Pasternak is best known as the author of Doctor Zhivago, Doctor Zhivago was rejected for publication in the USSR. At the instigation of Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Doctor Zhivago was smuggled to Milan and published in 1957, Pasternak was born in Moscow on 10 February,1890 into a wealthy assimilated Ukrainian Jewish family. His father was the Post-Impressionist painter, Leonid Pasternak, professor at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and his mother was Rosa Kaufman, a concert pianist and the daughter of Odessa industrialist Isadore Kaufman and his wife. Pasternak had a younger brother Alex and sisters Lydia and Josephine, sometimes willful boys were recommended after a incident of insubordination to some civil as well as religious authority, which were often the same. From 1904 to 1907 Boris Pasternak was the cloister-mate of Peter Minchakievich, Minchakievich came from an Orthodox Ukrainian family and Pasternak came from a Jewish Ukrainian family. Some confusion has arisen as to Pasternak attending an academy in his boyhood years. The uniforms of their monastery Cadet Corp were only similar to those of The Czar Alexander the Third Military Academy, as Pasternak, most schools used a distinctive military looking uniform particular to them as was the custom of the time in Eastern Europe and Russia. Boyhood friends, they parted in 1908, friendly but with different politics, Pasternak went to the Moscow Conservatory to study music, and Minchakievich went to Lviv University to study history and philosophy. The character of Strelnikov in Dr. Zhivago is a character, his bad dimension is based upon Leon Trotsky. Several of Pasternaks characters are composites, I believe that this is at the root of my distinctiveness. Most intensely of all my mind was occupied by Christianity in the years 1910–12, when the foundations of this distinctiveness – my way of seeing things. Shortly after his birth, Pasternaks parents had joined the Tolstoyan Movement, novelist Leo Tolstoy was a close family friend, as Pasternak recalled, my father illustrated his books, went to see him, revered him, and. the whole house was imbued with his spirit. In a 1956 essay, Pasternak recalled his fathers feverish work creating illustrations for Tolstoys novel Resurrection, the novel was serialized in the journal Niva by the publisher Fyodor Marx, based in St Petersburg. The sketches were drawn from observations in such places as courtrooms, prisons and on trains, to ensure that the sketches met the journal deadline, train conductors were enlisted to personally collect the illustrations. Joiners glue was boiling on the stove, the illustrations were hurriedly wiped dry, fixed, glued on pieces of cardboard, rolled up, tied up. The parcels, once ready, were sealed with sealing wax, regular visitors to the Pasternaks home also included Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Scriabin, Lev Shestov, Rainer Maria Rilke
10.
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
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Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky, sometimes transliterated Dostoevsky, was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist, journalist and philosopher. He began writing in his 20s, and his first novel and his most acclaimed works include Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, Demons and The Brothers Karamazov. Dostoyevskys oeuvre consists of 11 novels, three novellas,17 short stories and numerous other works, many literary critics rate him as one of the greatest psychologists in world literature. His 1864 novella Notes from Underground is considered to be one of the first works of existentialist literature, born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoyevsky was introduced to literature at an early age through fairy tales and legends, and through books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837 when he was 15, and around the time he left school to enter the Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute. After graduating, he worked as an engineer and briefly enjoyed a lavish lifestyle, in the mid-1840s he wrote his first novel, Poor Folk, which gained him entry into St. Petersburgs literary circles. Arrested in 1849 for belonging to a group that discussed banned books critical of Tsarist Russia, he was sentenced to death. He spent four years in a Siberian prison camp, followed by six years of military service in exile. In the following years, Dostoyevsky worked as a journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later A Writers Diary and he began to travel around western Europe and developed a gambling addiction, which led to financial hardship. For a time, he had to beg for money, but he became one of the most widely read. His books have been translated more than 170 languages. Dostoyevskys parents were part of a multi-ethnic and multi-denominational Lithuanian noble family from the Pinsk region, branches of the family included Russian Orthodox Christians, Roman Catholics and Eastern Catholics. Dostoyevskys immediate ancestors on his mothers side were merchants, the line on his fathers side were priests. His father, Mikhail, was expected to join the clergy but instead ran away from home, in 1809, the 20-year-old Mikhail Dostoyevsky enrolled in Moscows Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. From there he was assigned to a Moscow hospital, where he served as military doctor, in 1819 he married Maria Nechayeva. The following year, he took up a post at the Mariinsky Hospital for the poor, Dostoyevskys parents subsequently had six more children, Varvara, Andrei, Lyubov, Vera, Nikolai and Aleksandra. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, born on 11 November 1821, was the child of Dr. Mikhail Dostoyevsky. He was raised in the home in the grounds of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor
11.
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
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Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti was an Italian poet, editor, art theorist, and founder of the Futurist movement. He was associated with the utopian and Symbolists artistic and literary community Abbaye de Créteil between 1907 and 1908, Marinetti is best known as the author of the first Futurist Manifesto, which was written and published in 1909. Emilio Angelo Carlo Marinetti spent the first years of his life in Alexandria, Egypt, enrico was a lawyer from Piedmont, and his mother was the daughter of a literary professor from Milan. They had come to Egypt in 1865, at the invitation of Khedive Ismail Pasha and his love for literature developed during the school years. His mother was a reader of poetry, and introduced the young Marinetti to the Italian and European classics. At age seventeen he started his first school magazine, Papyrus and he first studied in Egypt then in Paris, obtaining a baccalauréat degree in 1894 at the Sorbonne, and in Italy, graduating in law at the University of Pavia in 1899. He decided not to be a lawyer but to develop a literary career and he experimented with every type of literature, signing everything Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The Abbaye de Créteil was a community founded in the autumn of 1906 by the painter Albert Gleizes. The movement drew its inspiration from the Abbaye de Thélème, a creation by Rabelais in his novel Gargantua. It was closed down by its members early in 1908, Marinetti is known best as the author of the Futurist Manifesto, which he wrote in 1909. It was published in French on the front page of the most prestigious French daily newspaper, Le Figaro, in The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism, Marinetti declared that Art, in fact, can be nothing but violence, cruelty, and injustice. Georges Sorel, who influenced the political spectrum from anarchism to Fascism. Futurism had both anarchist and Fascist elements, Marinetti later became a supporter of Benito Mussolini. Marinetti, who admired speed, had a car accident outside Milan in 1908 when he veered into a ditch to avoid two cyclists. He referred to the accident in the Futurist Manifesto, the Marinetti who was helped out of the ditch was a new man, determined to end the pretense and decadence of the prevailing Liberty style. Together, he wrote, We will glorify war—the worlds only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for. The Futurist Manifesto was read and debated all across Europe, in April, the opening night of his drama Le Roi bombance, written in 1905, was interrupted by loud, derisive whistling by the audience. And by Marinetti himself, who thus introduced another element of Futurism, Marinetti did, however, fight a duel with a critic he considered too harsh
12.
Sergei Eisenstein
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Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein was a Soviet film director and film theorist, a pioneer in the theory and practice of montage. He is noted in particular for his silent films Strike, Battleship Potemkin and October, as well as the historical epics Alexander Nevsky and Ivan the Terrible. Eisenstein was born to a family in Riga, Latvia. His father, Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein was born to a German Jewish father who had converted to Christianity, Osip Eisenstein, and his mother, Julia Ivanovna Konetskaya, was from a Russian Orthodox family. According to other sources, both of his grandparents were of Baltic German descent. His father was an architect and his mother was the daughter of a prosperous merchant, Julia left Riga the same year as the Russian Revolution of 1905, taking Sergei with her to St. Petersburg. Her son would return at times to see his father, who joined them around 1910, divorce followed and Julia left the family to live in France. Eisenstein was raised as an Orthodox Christian, but became an atheist later on, at the Petrograd Institute of Civil Engineering, Sergei studied architecture and engineering, the profession of his father. In 1918 Sergei left school and joined the Red Army to serve the Bolshevik Revolution and this brought his father to Germany after the defeat of the Tsarist government, and Sergei to Petrograd, Vologda, and Dvinsk. In 1920, Sergei was transferred to a position in Minsk. At this time, he was exposed to Kabuki theatre and studied Japanese, learning some 300 kanji characters and these studies would lead him to travel to Japan. In 1920 Eisenstein moved to Moscow, and began his career in working for Proletkult. His productions there were entitled Gas Masks, Listen Moscow, Eisenstein would then work as a designer for Vsevolod Meyerhold. In 1923 Eisenstein began his career as a theorist, by writing The Montage of Attractions for LEF, Eisensteins first film, Glumovs Diary, was also made in that same year with Dziga Vertov hired initially as an instructor. Strike was Eisensteins first full-length feature film, the Battleship Potemkin was acclaimed critically worldwide. Officially, the trip was supposed to allow Eisenstein and company to learn about sound motion pictures, for Eisenstein, however, it was also an opportunity to see landscapes and cultures outside those found within the Soviet Union. He spent the two years touring and lecturing in Berlin, Zürich, London, and Paris. In 1929, in Switzerland, Eisenstein supervised an educational documentary about abortion directed by Tissé entitled Frauennot - Frauenglück, in late April 1930, Jesse L. Lasky, on behalf of Paramount Pictures, offered Eisenstein the opportunity to make a film in the United States
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