Isle of Wight
The Isle of Wight is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent; the island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, verdant landscape of fields and chines. The island has been home to the poets Swinburne and Tennyson and to Queen Victoria, who built her much-loved summer residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes, it has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat-building, sail-making, the manufacture of flying boats, the hovercraft, Britain's space rockets. The island hosts annual music festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival, which in 1970 was the largest rock music event held, it has well-conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe. The isle was earlier a kingdom in its own right. In common with the Crown dependencies The British Crown was represented on the island by the Governor of the Isle of Wight until 1995.
The island has played an important part in the defence of the ports of Southampton and Portsmouth, been near the front-line of conflicts through the ages, including the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Britain. Rural for most of its history, its Victorian fashionability and the growing affordability of holidays led to significant urban development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Part of Hampshire, the island became a separate administrative county in 1890, it continued to share the Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire until 1974, when it was made its own ceremonial county. Apart from a shared police force, there is now no administrative link with Hampshire, although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered, this is now unlikely to proceed; until 1995 the island had a governor. The quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea. During the last Ice Age, sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current day Poole Harbour towards mid-Channel.
As sea levels rose, the river valley became flooded, the chalk ridge line west of the Needles breached to form the island. The Isle of Wight is first mentioned in writing in Geography by Ptolemy. Bronze Age Britain had large reserves of tin in the areas of Cornwall and Devon and tin is necessary to smelt bronze. At that time the sea level was much lower and carts of tin were brought across the Solent at low tide for export on the Ferriby Boats. Anthony Snodgrass suggests that a shortage of tin, as a part of the Bronze Age Collapse and trade disruptions in the Mediterranean around 1300 BC, forced metalworkers to seek an alternative to bronze. During Iron Age Britain, the Late Iron Age, the Isle of Wight would appear to have been occupied by the Celtic tribe, the Durotriges - as attested by finds of their coins, for example, the South Wight Hoard, the Shalfleet Hoard. South eastern Britain experienced significant immigration, reflected in the genetic makeup of the current residents; as the Iron Age began the value of tin dropped and this greatly changed the economy of the Isle of Wight.
Trade however continued. Julius Caesar reported that the Belgae took the Isle of Wight in about 85 BC, recognised the culture of this general region as "Belgic", but made no reference to Vectis; the Roman historian Suetonius mentions. The Romans built no towns on the island, but the remains of at least seven Roman villas have been found, indicating the prosperity of local agriculture. First-century exports were principally hides, hunting dogs, cattle, silver and iron. Ferriby Boats and Blackfriars Ships were important to the local economy. During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the pagan kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald. In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla. In 686 Arwald was defeated and the island became the last part of English lands to be converted to Christianity, added to Wessex and becoming part of England under King Alfred the Great, included within the shire of Hampshire, it suffered from Viking raids, was used as a winter base by Viking raiders when they were unable to reach Normandy.
Both Earl Tostig and his brother Harold Godwinson held manors on the island. Starting in AD 449 the 5th and 6th centuries saw groups of Germanic speaking peoples from Northern Europe crossing the English Channel and setting up home. Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum identifies three separate groups of invaders: of these, the Jutes from Denmark settled the Isle of Wight and Kent. From onwards, there are indications that the island had wide trading links, with a port at Bouldnor, evidence of Bronze Age tin trading, finds of Late Iron Age coins; the Norman Conquest of 1066 created the position of Lord of the Isle of Wight. Carisbrooke Priory and the fort of Carisbrooke Castle were founded. Allegiance was sworn to FitzOsbern rather than the king. For nearly 200 years the island
Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)
Isle of Wight is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2017 by Bob Seely of the Conservative Party. Created by the Great Reform Act for the 1832 general election it covers the whole of the Isle of Wight, it has the largest electorate of a constituency, since 1983. The Isle of Wight has since 1832 been a single seat of the House of Commons, it covers the same land as the ceremonial county of the Isle of Wight and the area administered by the unitary authority, Isle of Wight Council: a diamond-shaped island with rounded oblique corners, measuring 22.5 miles by 13 miles, the Needles and similar small uninhabitable rocks of small square surface area. The island is linked by ferry crossings from four points to three points in Hampshire: Lymington and Portsmouth, its electorate of 110,924 is, by more than 30,000 electors, the largest in the UK, more than 50% above the English average: 71,537, five times the size of the smallest seat: Na h-Eileanan an Iar known as the Western Isles.
The five national Boundary Commission Periodic Reports which have taken place since 1955 consulted locally on splitting the island into two seats but met an overall distaste by the independent commissioners and most consultees and consultation respondents who were not apathetic which accounted for the bulk. The consensus of varying panels of Boundary Commissioners, party-interested and neutral commentators was at the time of these five consultations, that the island would be best represented by one MP; the Commissioners did make mention perfunctorily of their duty by law to avoid such an extent of malapportionment but deemed that electoral scientific detail outweighed by the "human" socio-economic factors of the convenience of having one universally acknowledged representative of the island at the national legislature. One problem the independent body cited in 2008 was a difficulty of dividing the island in two in a way that would be acceptable to all major interests; the arbitrary division line problem is encountered in those city council areas which have no rural elements or natural divides and in peninsulars and resolves itself in dividing in alterate ways at different times to avoid any onset or perception of any bias.
In the 2018 review underway, dividing the island into two separate seats is a requirement by law to match the other island seats. The Commission's draft proposals divide the island into West seats. Newport would be in the West seat. Before the Reform Act 1832 the island had three Parliamentary boroughs: Newport and Yarmouth each electing two MPs. In 1654 a whole island constituency existed for the First Protectorate Parliament but the island reverted to the three constituencies. Otherwise, the island was part-represented by the two MPs for Hampshire; the Reform Act abolished Newtown and Yarmouth parliamentary boroughs, resurrected a county constituency for the whole island. The county electorate included freeholders, qualified by property, in the remaining parliamentary borough; the separate and overlapping Newport representation was abolished in 1885. The constituency has traditionally been a battleground between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats and their predecessors; the seat was held by a Liberal from 1974 until 1987, a Conservative until 1997, a Liberal Democrat until 2001, a Conservative since then.
At the 2015 election, the incumbent Conservative scored one of his party's largest reductions in vote in that year's election to the Liberal Democrat who finished in fifth place. In the 2017 general election, Nick Belfitt, the Liberal Democrat candidate, became the youngest candidate to stand for the seat at the age of 23. 1654: Lord Lisle. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected; the political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected. Caused by Simeon's death. Caused by Simeon's resignation after he converted from Anglicanism to Catholicism. Politics of the Isle of Wight List of Parliamentary constituencies in the South East List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies Politics Resources Electoral Calculus 2017 Election House Of Commons Library 2017 Election report A Vision Of Britain Through Time Notes References
South East England
South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It consists of Berkshire, East Sussex, the Isle of Wight, Oxfordshire and West Sussex; as with the other regions of England, apart from Greater London, the south east has no elected government. It is the third largest region of England, with an area of 19,096 km2, is the most populous with a total population of over eight and a half million; the headquarters of the region's governmental bodies are in Guildford, the region contains seven cities: Brighton and Hove, Chichester, Portsmouth and Winchester, though other major settlements include Reading and Milton Keynes. Its proximity to London and connections to several national motorways have led to South East England becoming an economic hub, with the largest economy in the country outside the capital, it is the location of Gatwick Airport, the UK's second-busiest airport, its coastline along the English Channel provides numerous ferry crossings to mainland Europe.
The region is known for its countryside, which includes the North Downs and the Chiltern Hills as well as two national parks: the New Forest and the South Downs. The River Thames flows through the region and its basin is known as the Thames Valley, it is the location of a number of internationally known places of interest, such as HMS Victory in Portsmouth, Cliveden in Buckinghamshire, Thorpe Park and RHS Wisley in Surrey, Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, Windsor Castle in Berkshire, Leeds Castle, the White Cliffs of Dover and Canterbury Cathedral in Kent, Brighton Pier and Hammerwood Park in East Sussex, Wakehurst Place in West Sussex. The region has many universities. South East England is host to various sporting events, including the annual Henley Royal Regatta, Royal Ascot and The Derby, sporting venues include Wentworth Golf Club and Brands Hatch; some of the events of the 2012 Summer Olympics were held in the south east, including the rowing at Eton Dorney and part of the cycling road race in the Surrey Hills.
At Eartham Pit, Boxgrove near Halnaker in West Sussex in December 1993, the oldest human remains in the UK – a tibia bone and a pair of lower incisor teeth – were found. An Acheulean hand axe was found. Bones of a Megalosaurus were found at a slate quarry at Stonesfield in Oxfordshire and named in 1824: it is now at Oxford University Museum of Natural History. In 1822 an Iguanodon was found at Whitemans Green near West Sussex; the Meonhill Vineyard, near Old Winchester Hill in east Hampshire on the South Downs south of West Meon on the A32, was the site of where the Romano-British grew Roman grapes. The Ridgeway runs through Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire and is Britain's oldest road; the post office at Shipton-under-Wychwood in Oxfordshire, in the Cotswolds, is the oldest still in use in England, built in 1845. The first British Grand Prix was held in 1926 at Brooklands, the world's first purpose-built motor circuit built in 1907 by Sir Hugh F. Locke-King, the land owner. Much of the Battle of Britain was fought in this region in Kent.
RAF Bomber Command was based at High Wycombe. RAF Medmenham at Danesfield House, west of Marlow in Buckinghamshire, was important for aerial reconnaissance. Operation Corona, based at RAF Kingsdown, was implemented to confuse German night fighters with native German-speakers, coordinated by the RAF Y Service. Bletchley Park in north Buckinghamshire was the principal Allied centre for codebreaking; the Colossus computer, arguably the world's first, began working on Lorentz codes on 5 February 1944, with Colossus 2 working from June 1944. The site was chosen, among other reasons, because it is at the junction of the Varsity Line and the West Coast Main Line; the Harwell computer, now at the National Museum of Computing at Bletchley, was built in 1949 and is believed to be the oldest working digital computer in the world. John Wallis of Kent, introduced the symbol for infinity, the standard notation for powers of numbers in 1656. Thomas Bayes was an important statistician from Tunbridge Wells. Sir David N. Payne at the University of Southampton's Optoelectronics Research Centre invented the erbium-doped fibre amplifier, a type of optical amplifier, in the mid-1980s, which became essential for the internet.
Henry Moseley at Oxford in 1913 discovered his Moseley's law of X-ray spectra of chemical elements that enabled him to be the first to assign the correct atomic number to elements in periodic table. Carbon fibre was invented in 1963 at the RAE in Farnborough by a team led by William Watt; the Apollo LCG space-suit cooling system originated from work done at RAE Farnborough in the early 1960s. Donald Watts Davies, who went to grammar school in Portsmouth, took over from Alan Turing in developing Britain's early computers, invented packet switching in the late 1960s at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington. Packet-switching was taken up by the Americans to form the ARPANET. The
Southsea
Southsea is a seaside resort and geographic area, located in Portsmouth at the southern end of Portsea Island, England. Southsea is located to the east of Old Portsmouth, it developed as a fashionable Victorian seaside resort in the 19th century named Croxton Town, but borrowed the name of nearby Southsea Castle to promote itself and grew into a dense residential suburb and large distinct commercial and entertainment area, separate from the centre of Portsmouth. The'Southsea' name of the area originates from Southsea Castle; the areas surrounding Albert Road, Palmerston Road and Osborne Road comprise numerous bars and independent shops. Palmerston Road is the main High Street of Southsea and contains two national department stores, as well as the local library. Albert Road is a distinct street containing shopping and cultural venues, which includes the Kings Theatre, a regional theatre built in 1907; the history of Southsea is part of the history of Portsmouth, as Southsea started with the growth of Portsmouth dockyard and of the city, with the expansion of British maritime power during the British Empire.
Before the 16th century Southsea was principally composed of small farms, open grassland and undrained marshland, outside the main naval base and the city itself. However the growing expectation of a possible French attack on the naval base led to Henry VIII ordering the building of Southsea Castle in 1544, adjacent to the channel approaches to Portsmouth Harbour. "Southsea" was first recorded as a place name in a Royal plan in 1577. It was during this period that Henry VIII attended the castle and in 1545 witnessed, from the castle, the sinking of the warship Mary Rose in the Solent; the first references to the development of the suburb appear in the Portsea Poor Rate returns of 1790 and describe small areas of building and farming plots. However most of the land was as yet to be developed, open grass and marshland still dominated the area. In the early 19th century, development continued on land owned by Thomas Croxton, the community became known as Croxton Town; the first houses were built by 1809 for skilled workers in.
Around 1810, streets such as Hampshire Terrace, Landport Terrace, King's Terrace, Wish Street, Jubilee Terrace and Bellevue Terrace were built adjacent to the old walls of the city. Although the streets still exist, many of them were among the most bombed areas of Portsmouth in the Second World War, like much of Southsea they experienced significant redevelopment in Postwar Britain; the development of Southsea continued during the Napoleonic era and as the dockyard continued to grow, new homes were required for the increasing personnel, many houses and apartments were built. The architect and builder Thomas Ellis Owen created many of these, the surviving buildings retain a coherent late Georgian and early Victorian style, form a conservation area today, with many of the buildings having listed status. Owen built properties in Kent Road, Queen's Terrace, Sussex Terrace, Elm Grove, Beach Road, Grove Road South, Clarendon Road, Osborne Road and Portland Terrace; the area between Castle Road and Victoria Road South was built up between 1835 and 1860.
During the same period, Southsea grew as a bathing destination. In 1816 a pump room and baths were erected near the present day Clarence Pier, by 1820 a large complex was developed including vapour baths and card playing and assembly rooms; the remaining marshland was drained, leading to the creation of Southsea Common, some 480 acres of open grassland. Because of the military requirements for clear lines of fire adjacent to Southsea Castle, the area was not built on and remains today as a park and garden. Apartments and hotels were constructed towards the Common and waterfront, along Southsea Terrace, Western Parade and Clarence Parade; the first large hotel was the Portland Hotel near Kent Road. Others soon followed, including Pier Hotel and Beach Mansions Hotel. In 1852 the Clarence Esplanade and a memorial were erected by public subscription, development of the resort led in 1861 to Clarence Pier being constructed as a promenade pier and landing place for steamers. Other piers were built, including the Victoria and Albert Piers, but the construction of South Parade Pier in 1879 marked the culmination of seafront development in the Victorian period.
By the 1860s the suburb of Southsea had grown along Clarendon Road as far as Granada Road. In 1857 Southsea gained its own Improvement Commissioners responsible for paving, street cleaning and public lighting; the Southsea Railway came in 1885 and brought further development to the area, although it was to be financially unsuccessful and closed in 1914. By the mid- to late-Victorian era Southsea had become recognised as a middle-class neighbourhood, with many naval officers and other professionals taking up residence. During this time the writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle lived in Portsmouth, moving to Southsea in June 1882 with less than £10 to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Southsea. Areas of Southsea suffered from the rapid development of the suburb; the works of the commission helped bring about some improvements and led to the setting up of the Southsea Improvement Association. Southsea contin
Civil parish
In England, a civil parish is a type of administrative parish used for local government, they are a territorial designation, the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties, or their combined form, the unitary authority. Civil parishes can trace their origin to the ancient system of ecclesiastical parishes which played a role in both civil and ecclesiastical administration; the unit rolled out across England in the 1860s. A civil parish can range in size from a large town with a population of about 75,000 to a single village with fewer than a hundred inhabitants. Eight parishes have city status. A civil parish may be known as and confirmed as a town, neighbourhood or community by resolution of its parish council, a right reserved not conferred on other units of English local government. 35% of the English population live in a civil parish. As of 31 December 2015 there were 10,449 parishes in England; the most populous is Weston super Mare and those with cathedral city status are Chichester, Hereford, Ripon, Salisbury and Wells.
On 1 April 2014, Queen's Park became the first civil parish in Greater London. Before 2008 their creation was not permitted within a London borough. Wales was divided into civil parishes until 1974, when they were replaced by communities, which are similar to English parishes in the way they operate. Civil parishes in Scotland were abolished for local government purposes by the Local Government Act 1929, the Scottish equivalent of English civil parishes are community council areas, which were established by the Local Government Act 1973; the Parish system in Europe was established between the 8th and 12th centuries and in England was old by the time of the Conquest. These areas were based on the territory of one or more manors, areas which in some cases derived their bounds from Roman or Iron Age estates. Parish boundaries were conservative, changing little, after 1180'froze' so that boundaries could no longer be changed at all, despite changes to manorial landholdings - though there were some examples of sub-division.
The consistency of these boundaries, up until the 19th century is useful to historians, is of cultural significance in terms of shaping local identities, a factor reinforced by the adoption of parish boundaries unchanged, by successor local government units. There was huge variation in size between parishes, for instance Writtle in Essex was 13,568 acres while neighbouring Shellow Bowells was just 469 acres, Chignall Smealy 476 acres; until the break with Rome, parishes managed ecclesiastical matters, while the manor was the principal unit of local administration and justice. The church replaced the manor court as the rural administrative centre, levied a local tax on produce known as a tithe. In the medieval period, responsibilities such as relief of the poor passed from the Lord of the Manor to the parish's rector, who in practice would delegate tasks among his vestry or the monasteries. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the power to levy a rate to fund relief of the poor was conferred on the parish authorities by the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601.
Both before and after this optional social change, local charities are well-documented. The parish authorities were consisted of all the ratepayers of the parish; as the number of ratepayers of some parishes grew, it became difficult to convene meetings as an open vestry. In some built up, areas the select vestry took over responsibility from the entire body of ratepayers; this innovation allowed governance by a self-perpetuating elite. The administration of the parish system relied on the monopoly of the established English Church, which for a few years after Henry VIII alternated between the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England, before settling on the latter on the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558. By the 18th century, religious membership was becoming more fractured in some places, due for instance to the progress of Methodism; the legitimacy of the parish vestry came into question and the perceived inefficiency and corruption inherent in the system became a source for concern in some places.
For this reason, during the early 19th century the parish progressively lost its powers to ad hoc boards and other organisations, for example the loss of responsibility for poor relief through the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834. Sanitary districts covered England in Ireland three years later; the replacement boards were each entitled to levy their own rate in the parish. The church rate ceased to be levied in many parishes and became voluntary from 1868; the ancient parishes diverged into two distinct, nearly overlapping, systems of parishes during the 19th century. The Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 declared all areas that levied a separate rate: C of E ecclesiastical parishes, extra-parochial areas and their analogue, chapelries, to be "civil parishes". To have collected rates this means these beforehand had their own vestries, boards or equivalent bodies; the Church of England parishes, which cover more than 99% of England, became termed "ecclesiastical parishes" and the boundaries of these soon diverged from those of the Ancient Parishes in order to reflect modern circumstances.
After 1921 each ecclesiastical parish has been the responsibility of the parochial church councils. In the late 19th century, most of the ancient irregularities inheri
Hampshire Constabulary
Hampshire Constabulary is the territorial police force responsible for policing the counties of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight in South East England. The force area includes Southampton, the largest city in South East England, the naval city of Portsmouth, it covers the New Forest National Park, sections of the South Downs National Park, large towns such as Basingstoke, Andover and Aldershot, the historic city of Winchester. The constabulary, as it is constituted, dates from 1967, but modern policing in Hampshire can be traced back to 1832. In late 2015, the force moved its strategic headquarters to Eastleigh, into a building shared with Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service. At the same time, the force moved its Operational Headquarters to Mottisfont Court in Winchester; the Support & Training Headquarters and control room are located in Netley, near Southampton, in buildings of the former Netley Hospital. The first constituted police force formed in Hampshire was the Winchester City Police, founded in 1832.
The Hampshire County Constabulary was established seven years in December 1839 as a result of the passing of the County Police Act that year. The force had a chief constable and two superintendents: one was based in Winchester, the second based on the Isle of Wight; the first separate police force on the island was formed in 1837 when the Newport Borough Police was established. A separate Isle of Wight Constabulary was not formed until 1890 when the island was the granted administrative county status. During the 19th century, Hampshire County Constabulary absorbed various borough forces including Basingstoke Borough Police, Romsey Borough Police, Lymington Borough Police and Andover Borough Police; the Isle of Wight Constabulary absorbed the borough forces of Newport and Ryde. Winchester and Portsmouth continued to have independent police forces. In 1914 the Special Constabulary started to perform regular duties'for the continuous preservation of order during the war'. Prior to this Special Constables were only called up to assist at major riots.
In 1943, as part of the Defence Regulations 1942, Hampshire County Constabulary was amalgamated with the Isle of Wight and Winchester City Police forces to form the Hampshire Joint Police Force. The two city forces, Southampton City Police and Portsmouth City Police, remained independent. Although this arrangement was intended only as a wartime measure, it continued after hostilities ended. In 1948, the merger was made permanent, with Hampshire Joint Police Force being renamed Hampshire Constabulary; the name was changed once again to Hampshire and Isle of Wight Constabulary. The Police Act 1964 led to the amalgamation of the city forces into the Hampshire force; this created the present-day Hampshire Constabulary. The last major changes to the police area were in 1974, when the Local Government Act changed a number of local government areas, the responsibility for policing Christchurch was transferred to Dorset Police; the names of forces that have policed the counties of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight since the nineteenth century are illustrated below: In 1965, the force had an establishment of 1,346 and an actual strength of 1,137.
The headquarters moved to their current locations in Eastleigh and Winchester in 2015. The previous facility in Winchester, close to Winchester Prison sat on the site of the first county headquarters, built in 1847. Between 2013 and 2017, a number of police stations were closed and sold, while others had their public facilities closed; the need to reduce costs led to the formation of a Joint Operations Unit with Thames Valley Police which, during the course of 2012, saw the amalgamation of Roads Policing Units, Training and Dog Units of the two forces. The IT departments of the forces merged in early 2011. In April 2015, Hampshire Constabulary announced a "new-look policing model", beginning a major reorganisation. 1840 - 14 Superintendents appointed, each to head a'Division'. 1893 - Chief Constable Peregrine Fellowes, a former Assistant Adjutant General of Australia, in office for less than two years, is fatally injured in Romsey Road, Winchester - outside police headquarters - when, together with other officers, he attempts to stop a runaway horse and trap.
Crushed against a wall he dies several days from his injuries and is buried in the Fellowes family plot at Westhill Cemetery, Winchester. 1914 - In Andover, the imprisonment of a mother and daughter sparks rioting involving crowds of up to two thousand people. Local officers seek the assistance of the fire brigade who are pelted with stones and retreat to their station; the arrival of mounted officers from Basingstoke fails to quell the disturbances and only after three days do extra officers drafted in from other stations bring the disorder to an end. 1915 - Southampton Police appoint two women police - they were not served in uniform. Miss Annette Tate was one of them 1929 - Hampshire Constabulary acquires its first motorised patrol vehicle - a BSA motorcycle combination. 1943 - Winchester City Police and Isle of Wight Constabulary forced to amalgamate with Hampshire as a war time measure. The amalgamation became permanent in 1947. 1944 - Women Inspector appointed: Miss P Yates. 1957 - On 1 April the name of the force changed from Hampshire Constabulary to Hampshire and Isle of Wight Constabulary 1967 - Southampton Police and Portsmouth Police amalgamated with the Hampshire County Force 1970 - The Isle of Wight Festival takes place at Afton Down attracting huge crowds, estimates varying from five to six hu
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