1.
Neoclassical architecture
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Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form, it is a style derived from the architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles. In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro, Neoclassical architecture is still designed today, but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings. In Central and Eastern Europe, the style is referred to as Classicism. Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée, the many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullées ideas and Edmund Burkes conception of the sublime, the baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell, the book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book featured the work of Inigo Jones. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain, at the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic architect earl, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladios Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and this severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of Englands finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk, the main block of this house followed Palladios dictates quite closely, but Palladios low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. This classicising vein was also detectable, to a degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris. This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for S, by the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s, in France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden. A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire, in France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style, and the second in the styles called Directoire or Empire. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in St. Petersburg, indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved an audience in the 1760s
2.
Darband, Tehran
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Darband, formerly a village close to Tajrish, Shemiran, is a neighborhood inside Tehrans metropolitan limits. It is the beginning of a hiking trail into Mount Tochal. A chairlift is available for those not interested in hiking. The Persian term darband translates to door of the mountain, the initial start of the trail at Darband is about 250 metres long and is dotted with a number of small cafes and restaurants. These are quite popular and are busy in the evenings, as locals and tourists alike visit the many hooka lounges along the trail
3.
Zafaraniyeh
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Zafaraniyeh is an affluent neighbourhood in the north of Tehran, Iran. The names origin lies in the fact that it was the residence of many saffron traders long ago, the Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Languages branch is located at the beginning of Zafaraniyeh that teaches English, German, French, Spanish, and other foreign languages. The museum of Sadabad Palace is situated at the end of this street, there are plans to build a shopping center in Asef crossroad. The Moghaddas Ardebili Street connects Zafaraniyeh to Velenjak from east and to Valiasr Street, Zafaraniyeh is one of Teheran´s safest and most heavily guarded neighborhood due to the many Embassies, Ambassadorial residences and Iranian’s head of state who residence here. There is also a synagogue in this neighbourhood, the area is classed as being the best and most expensive area of Tehran, with many wealthy Iranians and non-Iranians living here. The area has many Billionaires and Millionaires and many of the residents live abroad. The area consists of all apartment blocks with only a few houses. It is near the longest city road in Asia, Vali-asr Street and this area of Vali-asr street has many boutiques that has shops such as Gucci, Rolex and Armani, Louis Vuitton etc. boutiques
4.
Tajrish
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Tajrish is a former village in Shemiranat County, Tehran Province, Iran, which has since been absorbed into Tehran. The Tajrish neighbourhood is located along the edge of Tehran. Tajrish is situated in the Shemiranat County, as of 2006, the neighborhood had 86,000 inhabitants. The name Tajrish is given from the language of Tat which was the language of Shemiran before choosing Tehran as the capital. Pahlavi tigr means arrow, in the family as Old Persian tigra- pointed, Modern Persian têz sharp because of its mountainous topography. Tigris in Mesopotamia has a name and etymology. Until the 1970s, Tajrish and neighboring Shemiranat were a collection of villages along Tehrans border. The area was disconnected from Tehrans urban with the exception of Old Shemiran Road. Tajrish has an old bazaar and a mausoleum called Imam Zadeh Saleh, Tajrish Square is currently one of the busiest parts of Tehran, with bus terminals, cab terminals, and shopping malls including the popular Tandis Center. The square is where Valiasr Street terminates, Valiasr is the longest and, along with Shariati Avenue, one of the most important streets in Tehran. It is also one of the busiest transportation hubs in Tehran, many other suburbs are accessible from this square. A major metro station, the terminus of line one is located here. Tajrish is the at the junction of streets that lead to Saad Abad Palace, Velenjak, Asad Abad, Zafaraniyeh, Elahieh, Tajrish Square is 1612 meters above sea level. The traditional bazaar of Tajrish neighborhood will be renovated over 18 months at an estimated cost of about 28 billion rials, Tajrish bazaar has been built according to architectural style which closely resembles the traditional bazaar located in downtown Tehran. Some of its arches have been destroyed due to construction of buildings and its traditional identity has been threatened by irregularity of window shops. ” The official further stated that the project will take 18 solar months, Tajrish bazaar includes a roofed passageway through which thousands of people pass en route to paying pilgrimage to Emamzadeh Saleh or to the Bazaar for purchasing goods
5.
Valiasr Street
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Valiasr Street is a tree-lined street in Tehran, Iran, dividing the metropolis into western and eastern parts built in 1922 to 1927, considering the end of asphalt plan it ended in 1933. It is considered one of Tehrans main thoroughfares and commercial centres and it is also the longest street in the Middle East, and was reported as one of the longest in the world by former BBC journalist Rageh Omaar during the television documentary Welcome to Tehran. The street was built by Reza Shah Pahlavis order and called the Pahlavi Street, after the 1979 Islamic Revolution the streets name was changed initially to Mossadeq Street and later to Valiasr. Valiasr Street is the hub of different activities in Tehran and innumerable shops and restaurants as well a number of parks, highways. Valiasr Avenue is the main Shopping street in Tehran and whole Iran, Many foreign chain stores have branches on this street like Benetton Group, Reebok, Adidas, etc. Many important shopping centers of Tehran are located on the Valiasr street like the Tandis Center, the Safavieh Mall, Many luxury jewellery and accessories stores like Rolex, Tag Heuer, etc. are located on this street. Furthermore hundreds of local stores are located at Valiasr. Many Restaurants and hotels are located and distributed on this street, Tehran City Theatre Mellat Park and Saéi Park Many Cinemas Valiasr runs from the Tehrans railway station in the south of the city to the Tajrish square in the north. Valiasr runs for 12 miles, north to south, and is filled with traffic at all hours, the shops stay open late and the kiosks sell fresh fruit juice, coffee and newspapers. List of upscale shopping districts google earth Pictures of Tehran
6.
Tehran
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Tehran is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. It is ranked 29th in the world by the population of its metropolitan area, in the Classical era, part of the present-day city of Tehran was occupied by a Median city that in the Avesta occurs as Rhaga. It was destroyed by the Mongols in the early 13th century, the capital has been moved several times throughout the history, and Tehran is the 32nd national capital of Iran. The city was the seat of the Qajars and Pahlavis, the two last imperial dynasties of Iran. It is home to historical collections, such as the royal complexes of Golestan, Sadabad. Large scale demolition and rebuilding began in the 1920s, and Tehran has been a destination for the migrations from all over Iran since the 20th century. Tabiat Bridge, which was completed in 2014, is considered the third symbol of the city. There have been plans to relocate Irans capital from Tehran to another area, due mainly to air pollution, to date, no definitive plans have been approved. A2016 survey of 230 cities by consultant Mercer ranked Tehran 203rd for quality of living, according to the Global Destinations Cities Index in 2016, Tehran is among the top ten fastest growing destinations. The origin of the name Tehran is uncertain, the settlement of Tehran dates back over 7,000 years. The present-day city of Tehran was a suburb of an important Median city that was known as Rhaga in Old Persian, in the Avestas Videvdat, Rhaga is mentioned as the twelfth sacred place created by the Ohrmazd. In Old Persian inscriptions, Rhaga appears as a province and it was a major area for the Iranian tribes of Medes and Achaemenids. From Rhaga, Darius the Great sent reinforcements to his father Hystaspes, in some Middle Persian texts, Rhaga is given as the birthplace of Zoroaster, although modern historians generally place the birth of Zoroaster in Khorasan. Derived into Modern Persian as Rey, it now as a city located towards the southern end of the modern-day city of Tehran. Mount Damavand, the highest peak of Iran, which is located near Tehran, is an important location in Ferdowsis Shahname, the long Iranian epic poem that is based on the ancient epics of Iran. It appears in the epics as the birthplace of Manuchehr, the residence of Keyumars, the place where Freydun binds the dragon fiend Aži Dahāka, during the Sassanid era, in 641, Yazdgerd III issued his last appeal to the nation from Rey, before fleeing to Khorasan. Rey was dominated by the Parthian Mihran family, and Siyavakhsh—the son of Mihran the son of Bahram Chobin—who resisted the Muslim Invasion, because of this resistance, when the Arabs captured Rey, they ordered the town to be destroyed and ordered Farrukhzad to rebuild the town anew. In the 9th century, Tehran was a well known village, but less known than the city of Rey, the medieval writer Najm od Din Razi declared the population of Rey about 500,000 before the Mongol Invasion
7.
Iran
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Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East, with 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the worlds 17th-most-populous country. It is the country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The countrys central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran is the countrys capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is the site of to one of the worlds oldest civilizations, the area was first unified by the Iranian Medes in 625 BC, who became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, under the Sassanid Dynasty, Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world for the next four centuries. Beginning in 633 AD, Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Islam, Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a monarchy and the countrys first legislative body. Following a coup instigated by the U. K. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution, Irans rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Iran is a member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC. Its political system is based on the 1979 Constitution which combines elements of a democracy with a theocracy governed by Islamic jurists under the concept of a Supreme Leadership. A multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shia Muslims, the largest ethnic groups in Iran are the Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis, meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, however, Persis was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the end of the Zagros Mountains. In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably
8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
9.
President of Iran
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The President of Iran is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The President is the highest popularly elected official in Iran, although the President answers to the Supreme Leader of Iran, Khamenei also makes the final decisions on the amount of transparency in elections in Iran, and has fired and reinstated Presidential cabinet appointments. The President of Iran is elected for a term by the direct vote of the people. The current President of Iran is Hassan Rouhani, who assumed office on August 3,2013 and he succeeded Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who served 8 years in office from 2005 to 2013. After the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and referendum to create the Islamic Republic on March 29 and 30, ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, ordered an election for the Assembly of Experts, the body tasked with writing the constitution. The assembly presented the constitution on October 24,1979, and Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini, the 1979 Constitution designated the Supreme Leader of Iran as the head of state and the President and Prime Minister as the heads of government. The post of Prime Minister was abolished in 1989, the first Iranian presidential election was held on January 25,1980 and resulted in the election of Abulhassan Banisadr with 76% of the votes. Banisadr was impeached on June 22,1981 by Parliament, until the early election on July 24,1981, the duties of the President were undertaken by the Provisional Presidential Council. Mohammad-Ali Rajai was elected President on July 24,1981 and took office on August 2, Rajai was in office for less than one month because he and his prime minister were both assassinated. Once again a Provisional Presidential Council filled the office until October 13,1981 when Ali Khamenei was elected president, the election on August 3,2005 resulted in a victory for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Ali Khamenei, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Mohammad Khatami and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad were each elected president for two terms, the President of Iran is elected for a four-year term in a national election by universal adult suffrage for everyone of at least 18 years of age. Candidates for the presidency must be approved by the Council of Guardians, within these guidelines the Council vetoes candidates who are deemed unacceptable. The approval process is considered to be a check on the presidents power, in the 1997 election, for example, only four out of 238 presidential candidates were approved by the council. Western observers have criticized the approvals process as a way for the Council and Supreme Leader to ensure that only conservative. However, the council rejects the criticism, citing approval of reformists in previous elections, the council rejects most of the candidates stating that they are not a well-known political figure, a requirement by the current law. The President must be elected with a majority of the popular vote. If no candidate receives a majority in the first round, an election is held between the top two candidates. According to the Iranian constitution, when the President dies or is impeached, the President automatically becomes the Head of the Supreme National Security Council and the Head of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution
10.
Hossein Behzad
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Hossein Behzad was a prominent Iranian painter. His early work was in the styles of the old masters of Persian painting of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, born in Tehran, Iran in 1894 to Mirza Lotfollah Esfahani. His father was a pen-holder designer and he married Azizeh Khanam in 1921, who gave birth to their only child, Parviz. In 1934 he left Tehran for Paris and stayed for thirteen months, during this time which time he studied various Eastern and Western painting styles at the Louvre, Guimet museum and Palace of Versailles. It was during this trip developed a new style of miniature painting, combining aspects of traditional Persian painting with contemporary painting from the West. In 1968 Behzad was give an honorary professorship by the College of Ornamental Arts, to celebrate the millennium of Avicenna, in 1953 he held an exhibition at the Iran Bastan Museum. This caused a sensation and was seen by international visitors. The paintings on show, which ten years to complete, included the like of Ferdowsi. The exhibition became particularly important to scholars of oriental studies, in an article for the Vatan newspaper of Istanbul, Professor Soheil Anwar wrote, Behzad, this great artist does not belong only to Iran. He now belongs to the world, shortly after, and to much critical acclaim, Behzad held an exhibition, which was sponsored by the French government, at the Museum of Modern Art in Paris. The exhibition was opened by the French minister for culture on 18 May 1955, in 1956, fifty Behzad miniatures were put on display in the Library of Congress, Washington DC. As Behzad became a master, he held exhibitions across the world including London, Prague, New York, Boston and Brussels, as well as in India. By 1968 Behzad had become ill and was sent twice to Europe by the Ministry of Culture, despite this, Behzad died at 8, 48pm on 13 October 1968 at the age of 74. He was buried at the cemetery near Imamzadeh Abdollah in Shahr-i Ray, in honor of the artist, the Behzad Museum was founded in 1994, and is located in Tehrans Sadabad Complex and holds a large collection of his works
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