1.
Neoclassical architecture
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Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form, it is a style derived from the architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles. In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro, Neoclassical architecture is still designed today, but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings. In Central and Eastern Europe, the style is referred to as Classicism. Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée, the many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullées ideas and Edmund Burkes conception of the sublime, the baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell, the book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book featured the work of Inigo Jones. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain, at the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic architect earl, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladios Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and this severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of Englands finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk, the main block of this house followed Palladios dictates quite closely, but Palladios low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. This classicising vein was also detectable, to a degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris. This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for S, by the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s, in France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden. A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire, in France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style, and the second in the styles called Directoire or Empire. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in St. Petersburg, indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved an audience in the 1760s
2.
Darband, Tehran
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Darband, formerly a village close to Tajrish, Shemiran, is a neighborhood inside Tehrans metropolitan limits. It is the beginning of a hiking trail into Mount Tochal. A chairlift is available for those not interested in hiking. The Persian term darband translates to door of the mountain, the initial start of the trail at Darband is about 250 metres long and is dotted with a number of small cafes and restaurants. These are quite popular and are busy in the evenings, as locals and tourists alike visit the many hooka lounges along the trail
3.
Zafaraniyeh
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Zafaraniyeh is an affluent neighbourhood in the north of Tehran, Iran. The names origin lies in the fact that it was the residence of many saffron traders long ago, the Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Languages branch is located at the beginning of Zafaraniyeh that teaches English, German, French, Spanish, and other foreign languages. The museum of Sadabad Palace is situated at the end of this street, there are plans to build a shopping center in Asef crossroad. The Moghaddas Ardebili Street connects Zafaraniyeh to Velenjak from east and to Valiasr Street, Zafaraniyeh is one of Teheran´s safest and most heavily guarded neighborhood due to the many Embassies, Ambassadorial residences and Iranian’s head of state who residence here. There is also a synagogue in this neighbourhood, the area is classed as being the best and most expensive area of Tehran, with many wealthy Iranians and non-Iranians living here. The area has many Billionaires and Millionaires and many of the residents live abroad. The area consists of all apartment blocks with only a few houses. It is near the longest city road in Asia, Vali-asr Street and this area of Vali-asr street has many boutiques that has shops such as Gucci, Rolex and Armani, Louis Vuitton etc. boutiques
4.
Tajrish
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Tajrish is a former village in Shemiranat County, Tehran Province, Iran, which has since been absorbed into Tehran. The Tajrish neighbourhood is located along the edge of Tehran. Tajrish is situated in the Shemiranat County, as of 2006, the neighborhood had 86,000 inhabitants. The name Tajrish is given from the language of Tat which was the language of Shemiran before choosing Tehran as the capital. Pahlavi tigr means arrow, in the family as Old Persian tigra- pointed, Modern Persian têz sharp because of its mountainous topography. Tigris in Mesopotamia has a name and etymology. Until the 1970s, Tajrish and neighboring Shemiranat were a collection of villages along Tehrans border. The area was disconnected from Tehrans urban with the exception of Old Shemiran Road. Tajrish has an old bazaar and a mausoleum called Imam Zadeh Saleh, Tajrish Square is currently one of the busiest parts of Tehran, with bus terminals, cab terminals, and shopping malls including the popular Tandis Center. The square is where Valiasr Street terminates, Valiasr is the longest and, along with Shariati Avenue, one of the most important streets in Tehran. It is also one of the busiest transportation hubs in Tehran, many other suburbs are accessible from this square. A major metro station, the terminus of line one is located here. Tajrish is the at the junction of streets that lead to Saad Abad Palace, Velenjak, Asad Abad, Zafaraniyeh, Elahieh, Tajrish Square is 1612 meters above sea level. The traditional bazaar of Tajrish neighborhood will be renovated over 18 months at an estimated cost of about 28 billion rials, Tajrish bazaar has been built according to architectural style which closely resembles the traditional bazaar located in downtown Tehran. Some of its arches have been destroyed due to construction of buildings and its traditional identity has been threatened by irregularity of window shops. ” The official further stated that the project will take 18 solar months, Tajrish bazaar includes a roofed passageway through which thousands of people pass en route to paying pilgrimage to Emamzadeh Saleh or to the Bazaar for purchasing goods
5.
Valiasr Street
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Valiasr Street is a tree-lined street in Tehran, Iran, dividing the metropolis into western and eastern parts built in 1922 to 1927, considering the end of asphalt plan it ended in 1933. It is considered one of Tehrans main thoroughfares and commercial centres and it is also the longest street in the Middle East, and was reported as one of the longest in the world by former BBC journalist Rageh Omaar during the television documentary Welcome to Tehran. The street was built by Reza Shah Pahlavis order and called the Pahlavi Street, after the 1979 Islamic Revolution the streets name was changed initially to Mossadeq Street and later to Valiasr. Valiasr Street is the hub of different activities in Tehran and innumerable shops and restaurants as well a number of parks, highways. Valiasr Avenue is the main Shopping street in Tehran and whole Iran, Many foreign chain stores have branches on this street like Benetton Group, Reebok, Adidas, etc. Many important shopping centers of Tehran are located on the Valiasr street like the Tandis Center, the Safavieh Mall, Many luxury jewellery and accessories stores like Rolex, Tag Heuer, etc. are located on this street. Furthermore hundreds of local stores are located at Valiasr. Many Restaurants and hotels are located and distributed on this street, Tehran City Theatre Mellat Park and Saéi Park Many Cinemas Valiasr runs from the Tehrans railway station in the south of the city to the Tajrish square in the north. Valiasr runs for 12 miles, north to south, and is filled with traffic at all hours, the shops stay open late and the kiosks sell fresh fruit juice, coffee and newspapers. List of upscale shopping districts google earth Pictures of Tehran
6.
Tehran
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Tehran is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. It is ranked 29th in the world by the population of its metropolitan area, in the Classical era, part of the present-day city of Tehran was occupied by a Median city that in the Avesta occurs as Rhaga. It was destroyed by the Mongols in the early 13th century, the capital has been moved several times throughout the history, and Tehran is the 32nd national capital of Iran. The city was the seat of the Qajars and Pahlavis, the two last imperial dynasties of Iran. It is home to historical collections, such as the royal complexes of Golestan, Sadabad. Large scale demolition and rebuilding began in the 1920s, and Tehran has been a destination for the migrations from all over Iran since the 20th century. Tabiat Bridge, which was completed in 2014, is considered the third symbol of the city. There have been plans to relocate Irans capital from Tehran to another area, due mainly to air pollution, to date, no definitive plans have been approved. A2016 survey of 230 cities by consultant Mercer ranked Tehran 203rd for quality of living, according to the Global Destinations Cities Index in 2016, Tehran is among the top ten fastest growing destinations. The origin of the name Tehran is uncertain, the settlement of Tehran dates back over 7,000 years. The present-day city of Tehran was a suburb of an important Median city that was known as Rhaga in Old Persian, in the Avestas Videvdat, Rhaga is mentioned as the twelfth sacred place created by the Ohrmazd. In Old Persian inscriptions, Rhaga appears as a province and it was a major area for the Iranian tribes of Medes and Achaemenids. From Rhaga, Darius the Great sent reinforcements to his father Hystaspes, in some Middle Persian texts, Rhaga is given as the birthplace of Zoroaster, although modern historians generally place the birth of Zoroaster in Khorasan. Derived into Modern Persian as Rey, it now as a city located towards the southern end of the modern-day city of Tehran. Mount Damavand, the highest peak of Iran, which is located near Tehran, is an important location in Ferdowsis Shahname, the long Iranian epic poem that is based on the ancient epics of Iran. It appears in the epics as the birthplace of Manuchehr, the residence of Keyumars, the place where Freydun binds the dragon fiend Aži Dahāka, during the Sassanid era, in 641, Yazdgerd III issued his last appeal to the nation from Rey, before fleeing to Khorasan. Rey was dominated by the Parthian Mihran family, and Siyavakhsh—the son of Mihran the son of Bahram Chobin—who resisted the Muslim Invasion, because of this resistance, when the Arabs captured Rey, they ordered the town to be destroyed and ordered Farrukhzad to rebuild the town anew. In the 9th century, Tehran was a well known village, but less known than the city of Rey, the medieval writer Najm od Din Razi declared the population of Rey about 500,000 before the Mongol Invasion
7.
Iran
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Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East, with 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the worlds 17th-most-populous country. It is the country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The countrys central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran is the countrys capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is the site of to one of the worlds oldest civilizations, the area was first unified by the Iranian Medes in 625 BC, who became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, under the Sassanid Dynasty, Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world for the next four centuries. Beginning in 633 AD, Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Islam, Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a monarchy and the countrys first legislative body. Following a coup instigated by the U. K. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution, Irans rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Iran is a member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC. Its political system is based on the 1979 Constitution which combines elements of a democracy with a theocracy governed by Islamic jurists under the concept of a Supreme Leadership. A multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shia Muslims, the largest ethnic groups in Iran are the Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis, meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, however, Persis was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the end of the Zagros Mountains. In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably
8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
9.
President of Iran
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The President of Iran is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The President is the highest popularly elected official in Iran, although the President answers to the Supreme Leader of Iran, Khamenei also makes the final decisions on the amount of transparency in elections in Iran, and has fired and reinstated Presidential cabinet appointments. The President of Iran is elected for a term by the direct vote of the people. The current President of Iran is Hassan Rouhani, who assumed office on August 3,2013 and he succeeded Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who served 8 years in office from 2005 to 2013. After the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and referendum to create the Islamic Republic on March 29 and 30, ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, ordered an election for the Assembly of Experts, the body tasked with writing the constitution. The assembly presented the constitution on October 24,1979, and Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini, the 1979 Constitution designated the Supreme Leader of Iran as the head of state and the President and Prime Minister as the heads of government. The post of Prime Minister was abolished in 1989, the first Iranian presidential election was held on January 25,1980 and resulted in the election of Abulhassan Banisadr with 76% of the votes. Banisadr was impeached on June 22,1981 by Parliament, until the early election on July 24,1981, the duties of the President were undertaken by the Provisional Presidential Council. Mohammad-Ali Rajai was elected President on July 24,1981 and took office on August 2, Rajai was in office for less than one month because he and his prime minister were both assassinated. Once again a Provisional Presidential Council filled the office until October 13,1981 when Ali Khamenei was elected president, the election on August 3,2005 resulted in a victory for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Ali Khamenei, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Mohammad Khatami and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad were each elected president for two terms, the President of Iran is elected for a four-year term in a national election by universal adult suffrage for everyone of at least 18 years of age. Candidates for the presidency must be approved by the Council of Guardians, within these guidelines the Council vetoes candidates who are deemed unacceptable. The approval process is considered to be a check on the presidents power, in the 1997 election, for example, only four out of 238 presidential candidates were approved by the council. Western observers have criticized the approvals process as a way for the Council and Supreme Leader to ensure that only conservative. However, the council rejects the criticism, citing approval of reformists in previous elections, the council rejects most of the candidates stating that they are not a well-known political figure, a requirement by the current law. The President must be elected with a majority of the popular vote. If no candidate receives a majority in the first round, an election is held between the top two candidates. According to the Iranian constitution, when the President dies or is impeached, the President automatically becomes the Head of the Supreme National Security Council and the Head of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution
10.
Hossein Behzad
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Hossein Behzad was a prominent Iranian painter. His early work was in the styles of the old masters of Persian painting of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, born in Tehran, Iran in 1894 to Mirza Lotfollah Esfahani. His father was a pen-holder designer and he married Azizeh Khanam in 1921, who gave birth to their only child, Parviz. In 1934 he left Tehran for Paris and stayed for thirteen months, during this time which time he studied various Eastern and Western painting styles at the Louvre, Guimet museum and Palace of Versailles. It was during this trip developed a new style of miniature painting, combining aspects of traditional Persian painting with contemporary painting from the West. In 1968 Behzad was give an honorary professorship by the College of Ornamental Arts, to celebrate the millennium of Avicenna, in 1953 he held an exhibition at the Iran Bastan Museum. This caused a sensation and was seen by international visitors. The paintings on show, which ten years to complete, included the like of Ferdowsi. The exhibition became particularly important to scholars of oriental studies, in an article for the Vatan newspaper of Istanbul, Professor Soheil Anwar wrote, Behzad, this great artist does not belong only to Iran. He now belongs to the world, shortly after, and to much critical acclaim, Behzad held an exhibition, which was sponsored by the French government, at the Museum of Modern Art in Paris. The exhibition was opened by the French minister for culture on 18 May 1955, in 1956, fifty Behzad miniatures were put on display in the Library of Congress, Washington DC. As Behzad became a master, he held exhibitions across the world including London, Prague, New York, Boston and Brussels, as well as in India. By 1968 Behzad had become ill and was sent twice to Europe by the Ministry of Culture, despite this, Behzad died at 8, 48pm on 13 October 1968 at the age of 74. He was buried at the cemetery near Imamzadeh Abdollah in Shahr-i Ray, in honor of the artist, the Behzad Museum was founded in 1994, and is located in Tehrans Sadabad Complex and holds a large collection of his works
11.
Persian language
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Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi, is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and it is mostly written in the Persian alphabet, a modified variant of the Arabic script. Its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages, Persian gets its name from its origin at the capital of the Achaemenid Empire, Persis, hence the name Persian. A Persian-speaking person may be referred to as Persophone, there are approximately 110 million Persian speakers worldwide, with the language holding official status in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. For centuries, Persian has also been a cultural language in other regions of Western Asia, Central Asia. It also exerted influence on Arabic, particularly Bahrani Arabic. Persian is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-European family, other Western Iranian languages are the Kurdish languages, Gilaki, Mazanderani, Talysh, and Balochi. Persian is classified as a member of the Southwestern subgroup within Western Iranian along with Lari, Kumzari, in Persian, the language is known by several names, Western Persian, Parsi or Farsi has been the name used by all native speakers until the 20th century. Since the latter decades of the 20th century, for reasons, in English. Tajiki is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by the Tajiks, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Persian as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century. Native Iranian Persian speakers call it Fārsi, Farsi is the Arabicized form of Pārsi, subsequent to Muslim conquest of Persia, due to a lack of the phoneme /p/ in Standard Arabic. The origin of the name Farsi and the place of origin of the language which is Fars Province is the Arabicized form of Pārs, in English, this language has historically been known as Persian, though Farsi has also gained some currency. Farsi is encountered in some literature as a name for the language. In modern English the word Farsi refers to the language while Parsi describes Zoroastrians, some Persian language scholars such as Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, and University of Arizona professor Kamran Talattof, have also rejected the usage of Farsi in their articles. The international language-encoding standard ISO 639-1 uses the code fa, as its system is mostly based on the local names. The more detailed standard ISO 639-3 uses the name Persian for the dialect continuum spoken across Iran and Afghanistan and this consists of the individual languages Dari and Iranian Persian. Currently, Voice of America, BBC World Service, Deutsche Welle, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty also includes a Tajik service and an Afghan service. This is also the case for the American Association of Teachers of Persian, The Centre for Promotion of Persian Language and Literature, Persian is an Iranian language belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages
12.
Qajar dynasty
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The Qajar dynasty was an Iranian royal dynasty of Turkic origin, specifically from the Qajar tribe, which ruled Persia from 1785 to 1925. The state ruled by the dynasty was known as the Sublime State of Iran. The Qajar family took control of Iran in 1794, deposing Lotf Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty. In the Caucasus, the Qajar dynasty permanently lost many of Irans integral areas to the Russians over the course of the 19th century, comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. The Qajar rulers were members of the Karagöz or Black-Eye sect of the Qajars, Qajars first settled during the Mongol period in the vicinity of Armenia and were among the seven Qizilbash tribes that supported the Safavids. The Safavids left Arran to local Turkic khans, and, in 1554 Ganja was governed by Shahverdi Soltan Ziyadoglu Qajar, Qajars filled a number of diplomatic missions and governorships in the 16–17th centuries for the Safavids. The Qajars were resettled by Shah Abbas I throughout Iran, the great number of them also settled in Astarabad near the south-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea, and it would be this branch of Qajars that would rise to power. The immediate ancestor of the Qajar dynasty, Shah Qoli Khan of the Quvanlu of Ganja and his son, Fath Ali Khan was a renowned military commander during the rule of the Safavid shahs Sultan Husayn and Tahmasp II. He was killed on the orders of Shah Nader Shah in 1726, Fath Ali Khans son Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar was the father of Mohammad Khan Qajar and Hossein Qoli Khan, father of Baba Khan, the future Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. Mohammad Hasan Khan was killed on the orders of Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty, like virtually every dynasty that ruled Persia since the 11th century, the Qajars came to power with the backing of Turkic tribal forces, while using educated Persians in their bureaucracy. In 1779 following the death of Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty, Mohammad Khan Qajar, Mohammad Khan was known as one of the cruelest kings, even by the standards of 18th century Iran. In his quest for power, he razed cities, massacred entire populations, the Qajar armies at that time were mostly composed of Turkomans and Georgian slaves. By 1794, Mohammad Khan had eliminated all his rivals, including Lotf Ali Khan and he reestablished Persian control over the territories in the entire Caucasus. Agha Mohammad established his capital at Tehran, a village near the ruins of the ancient city of Rayy, in 1796, he was formally crowned as shah. In 1797, Mohammad Khan Qajar was assassinated in Shusha, the capital of Karabakh Khanate, between 1747 and 1795, Erekle was, therefore, by the turn of events in Iran following the ongoing turmoil there, able to maintain Georgias autonomy through the Zand period. In 1783, Heraclius placed his kingdom under the protection of the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Georgievsk. In the last few decades of the 18th century, Georgia had become an important element in Russo-Iranian relations than some provinces in northern mainland Persia. On top of that, having another port on the Georgian coast of the Black Sea would be ideal, the consequences of these events came a few years later, when a new Iranian dynasty under the Qajars, emerged victorious in the protracted power struggle in Persia
13.
Pahlavi dynasty
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The Pahlavi dynasty was the ruling house of Iran from 1925 until 1979, when the monarchy was overthrown and abolished as a result of the Iranian Revolution. He was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, at the death of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi on 27 July 1980, his son Reza Pahlavi became the head of the Pahlavi royal family. His successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, announced in 1959 that both Persia and Iran were acceptable and could be used interchangeably, Rezā Shāh tried to avoid involvement with Britain and the Soviet Union. Though many of his development projects required foreign expertise, he avoided awarding contracts to British. This created problems for Iran after 1939, when Germany and Britain became enemies in World War II, Rezā Shāh proclaimed Iran as a neutral country, but Britain insisted that German engineers and technicians in Iran were spies with missions to sabotage British oil facilities in southwestern Iran. Britain demanded that Iran expel all German citizens, but Rezā Shāh refused, on 13 September 1943 the Allies reassured the Iranians that all foreign troops would leave by 2 March 1946. At the time, the Tudeh Party of Iran, a communist party that was influential and had parliamentary representation, was becoming increasingly militant. This promoted actions from the side of the government, including attempts of the Iranian armed forces to order in the Northern provinces. While the Tudeh headquarters in Tehran were occupied and the Isfahan branch crushed, thus, by November 1945 Azerbaijan had become an autonomous state helped by the Tudeh party. This puppet government of the Soviet Union only lasted until November 1946, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi replaced his father on the throne on 16 September 1941. In 1951, the Majlis named Mohammad Mossadegh as new minister by a vote of 79–12. Mossadegh was opposed by the Shah who feared a resulting oil embargo imposed by the West would leave Iran in economic ruin, the Shah fled Iran but returned when the United Kingdom and United States staged a coup against Mossadegh in August 1953. Mossadegh was then arrested by pro-Shah army forces, the Shahs government suppressed its opponents with the help of Irans security and intelligence secret police, SAVAK. Such opponents included members of the Communist Tudeh party, by the mid-1970s, relying on increased oil revenues, Mohammad Reza began a series of even more ambitious and bolder plans for the progress of his country and the march toward the White Revolution. But his socioeconomic advances increasingly irritated the clergy, the Pahlavi regime collapsed following widespread uprisings in 1978 and 1979. The Islamic Revolution dissolved the SAVAK and replaced it with the SAVAMA, Mohammad Reza fled the country, seeking medical treatment in Egypt, Mexico, the United States, and Panama, and finally resettled with his family in Egypt as a guest of Anwar Sadat. On his death, his son Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi succeeded him in absentia as heir apparent to the Pahlavi dynasty, Reza Pahlavi and his wife live in the United States in Potomac, Maryland with three daughters. Under the Qajar dynasty the Persian character of Iran was not very explicit, the Pahlavi rule was instrumental in Irans nationalisation in line with Persian culture and language which, amongst other ways, was achieved through the official ban on the use of the Azeri language
14.
Shemiran
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Shemiran lies in the slopes of Alborz Mountain and enjoys a suitable mild climate. It has fine and well-kept parks and is home to the richest class of Iranian society, most of the foreign embassies and the Tehran International Fair are situated in Shemiran. Shemiran used to be the residence of the Qajar and Pahlavi Shahs who built several palace complexes. Some examples are the Sadabad Palace Complex and the Niavaran Palace Complex and it is also where Imam Zadeh Saleh is, and where the former home of Imam Khomeini was located. Among the neighborhoods of Shemiran are, Darakeh, Darband, Jamaran, and Niavaran on the far north, as well as Zafaraniyeh, Elahiyeh, Velenjak, Gheytarieh, and Farmanieh. The word Shemiran or Shemran is the form of the word Chamran consisted of two parts, cham + ran. In fact shemran means the place or the cold slope. Another example is the word zemestan consisted of two parts, zem + estan or istan, which sometimes can be seen in Persian Literature, the Pietro Della Valle Italian School, an Italian international school, is in the Farmanieh district
15.
Greater Tehran
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Greater Tehran is the metropolitan urban area in Tehran Province that covers the contiguous cities of Tehran, Ray, Shemiranat, and other areas. As of 2012, greater Tehran hosts a population of close to 14 million residents, greater Tehran was formed in 1973 to include the villages surrounding the city of Tajrish and the cities of Vanak and Rey to which “Kooye Siman” had been annexed during the years 1956 to 1966. At that time, the population of the conurbation was 4.5 million people, the rapid population growth, fueled by migration and fast population growth in Iran, has been slowing down since the 1990s. This can be attributed to the changes in Family planning
16.
Qanat
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A Qanāt or karez/kariz is a gently sloping underground channel to transport water from an aquifer or water well to surface for irrigation and drinking. The qanat technology is known to have developed in Iran by the Persian people sometime in the early 1st millennium BC. Qanat is the Arabic word for channel, Qanats in Persian called kārīz, kahan, Kahn, kahriz/kəhriz, khettara, Canal, falaj or foggara/fughara. Alternative terms for qanats in Asia and North Africa are kakuriz, chin-avulz, common variants of qanat in English include kanat, khanat, kunut, kona, konait, ghanat, ghundat. Qanats are constructed as a series of vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels. Qanats efficiently deliver large amounts of water to the surface without need for pumping. The water drains by gravity, typically from an upland aquifer, Qanats allow water to be transported over long distances in hot dry climates without much water loss to evaporation. The qanat should not be confused with the spring-flow tunnel typical to the area around Jerusalem. Although both are excavated tunnels designed to extract water by gravity flow, there are crucial differences, firstly, the origin of the qanat was a well that was turned into an artificial spring. In contrast, the origin of the tunnel was the development of a natural spring to renew or increase flow following a recession of the water table. Secondly, the shafts essential for the construction of qanats are not essential to spring-flow tunnels and it is very common for a qanat to start below the foothills of mountains, where the water table is closest to the surface. From this source, the tunnel slopes gently downward, slowly converging with the steeper slope of the land surface above. To connect a populated or agricultural area with an aquifer, qanats must often extend for long distances, Qanats are sometimes split into an underground distribution network of smaller canals called kariz. Like qanats, these canals are below ground to avoid contamination and evaporation. In some cases water from a qanat is stored in a reservoir, an ab anbar is an example of a traditional Persian qanat-fed reservoir for drinking water. The qanat system has the advantage of being resistant to disasters such as earthquakes and floods. Furthermore, it is almost insensitive to the levels of precipitation, from a sustainability perspective, qanats are powered only by gravity, and thus have low operation & maintenance costs once built. Qanats transfer freshwater from the plateau to the lower-lying plains with saltier soil
17.
Reza Shah
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Reza Shah Pahlavi, was the Shah of Iran from 15 December 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on 16 September 1941. Four years after conducting a coup against the government, the 1921 Persian coup détat. In 1925 Rezā Pahlavi was appointed as the monarch of Iran by decision of Irans constituent assembly. The assembly deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, Reza Shah was the first democratically elected monarch of Iran. He established a monarchy that lasted until overthrown in 1979 during the Iranian Revolution. Reza Shah introduced many social, economic, and political reforms during his reign and his legacy remains controversial to this day. Moreover, his insistence on ethnic nationalism and cultural unitarism along with forced detribalization and sedentarization resulted in suppression of several ethnic, Rezā Shah Pahlavi was born in the village of Alasht in Savadkuh County, Māzandarān Province, in 1878, to Major Abbas Ali Khan and Noushafarin Ayromlou. His father was commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856, Abbas Ali Khan died suddenly on 26 November 1878. Reza was barely 8 months old, upon his fathers death, Rezās mother moved with Reza to her brothers house in Tehran. She remarried in 1879 and left Rezā to the care of his uncle, in 1882, his uncle in turn sent Reza to a family friend, Vartan Gorguekoohi, an officer in the Persian army. When Rezā was sixteen years old, he joined the Persian Cossack Brigade, in 1903, he is reported to have been guard and servant to the Dutch consul general Frits Knobel. Reza was 25 years old then and he also served in the Iranian Army, where he gained the rank of gunnery sergeant under Qajar Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarmas command. In 1911, he gave an account of himself in later campaigns and was promoted to First Lieutenant. His proficiency in handling machine guns elevated him to the equivalent to Captain in 1912. By 1915 he was promoted to the rank of Colonel and his record of military service eventually led him to a commission as a Brigadier General in the Persian Cossack Brigade. He was also one of the last individuals to become an officer of the Neshan-e Aqdas prior to the collapse of the Qajar dynasty in 1925, throughout his lifetime, and even after his death, he was addressed with variety of titles. In his youth, based on his place of origin, he was addressed as Reza Savadkuhi, upon joining the military, he earned the name, Reza Maxim, due to his proficiency with using the Maxim gun. Yet, the most common name his comrades used to addressed him with was Reza Khan, in 1911, after rising to higher ranks within the hierarchy of Irans military, he earned the title of Reza Mirpanj, which was the equivalent of Arteshbod
18.
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, known as Mohammad Reza Shah, was the Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. Mohammad Reza Shah took the title Shāhanshāh on 26 October 1967 and he was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi of the Iranian monarchy. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held several titles, including that of Āryāmehr. His dream of the Great Civilization in Iran led to an industrial and military expansion as well as economic. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi came to power during World War II after an Anglo-Soviet invasion forced the abdication of his father, various additional controversial policies were enacted, including the banning of the communist Tudeh Party, and a general suppression of political dissent by Irans intelligence agency, SAVAK. According to official statistics, Iran had as many as 2,200 political prisoners in 1978, by 1979, political unrest had transformed into a revolution which, on 17 January, forced him to leave Iran. Soon thereafter, the Iranian monarchy was abolished, and Iran was declared an Islamic republic led by Ruhollah Khomeini. Facing likely execution should he return to Iran, he died in exile in Egypt, whose President, due to his status as the last de facto Shah of Iran, he is often known as simply the Shah. Born in Tehran to Reza Pahlavi and his wife, Tadj ol-Molouk, Mohammad Reza was the eldest son of the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty, Reza Shah. He was born with a sister, Ashraf Pahlavi. However, Shams, Mohammad Reza, Ashraf, Ali Reza, nevertheless, Reza Shah was always convinced that his sudden quirk of good fortune had commenced in 1919 with the birth of his son who was dubbed khoshghadam. Mohammad Reza described his father in his book Mission for My Country as one of the most frightening men he had ever known, depicting Reza Khan as a dominating man with a violent temper. Reza Khan often impressed on his son his belief that history was made by men such as himself. From women, and apparently from women alone that the future Shah received whatever psychological nourishment he was able to get as a child, traditionally, male children were considered more preferable than females, and as a boy, Mohammed Reza was often spoiled by his mother and sisters. Mohammed Reza was very close to his twin sister Ashraf as she noted, It was this twinship, no matter how I would reach out in the years to come-sometimes even desperately-to find an identity and a purpose of my own, I would remain inextricably tied to my brother. Always, the center of my existence was, and is, in 1973, Mohammad Reza told the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci, A king who does not need to account to anyone for what he says and does is unavoidably doomed to loneliness. However, I am not entirely alone, because a force others cant perceive accompanies me, I have lived with God besides me since I was 5 years old. Since, that is, God sent me those visions, in his 1961 book Mission for My Country, Mohammad Reza wrote, From the time I was six or seven, I have felt that perhaps there is a supreme being, who is guiding me
19.
Iranian Revolution
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Demonstrations against the Shah commenced in October 1977, developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included both secular and religious elements and which intensified in January 1978. Between August and December 1978 strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country, the Shah left Iran for exile on 16 January 1979, as the last Persian monarch, leaving his duties to a regency council and an opposition-based prime minister. Ayatollah Khomeini was invited back to Iran by the government, the royal reign collapsed shortly after on 11 February when guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting, bringing Khomeini to official power. It was a relatively non-violent revolution, and helped to redefine the meaning, the Shahs regime became increasingly oppressive, brutal, corrupt, and extravagant. It also suffered from basic functional failures that brought economic bottlenecks, shortages, the Shah was perceived by many as beholden to – if not a puppet of – a non-Muslim Western power whose culture was affecting that of Iran. The Shia clergy had a significant influence on Iranian society, the clergy first showed itself to be a powerful political force in opposition to the monarchy with the 1891 Tobacco Protest. On 20 March 1890, Nasir al-Din Shah granted a concession to Major G. F. Talbot for a monopoly over the production, sale. The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive because of Mirza Hasan Shirazis fatwa, finally Nasir al-Din Shah found himself powerless to stop the popular movement and cancelled the concession. The Tobacco Protest was the first significant Iranians resistance against the Shah and foreign interests, and revealed the power of the people, the growing discontent continued until the Constitutional Revolution. The revolution led to the establishment of a Parliament and approval of the first constitution, although the constitutional revolution was successful in weakening the autocracy of the Qajar regime, it failed to provide a powerful alternative government. Consequently, within the following the establishment of the new parliament. Many of these events can be viewed as a continuation of the struggle between the constitutionalists and the Shahs of Persia, many of whom were backed by foreign powers against the parliament. He established a monarchy, deposing the last of the Qajar shah in 1925 and introduced many social, economic. A number of reforms led to public discontent which provides circumstances for an Iranian revolution. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavis father, Reza Shah, replaced Islamic laws with Western ones, police forcibly removed and tore chadors off women who resisted his ban on the public hijab. In 1935, dozens were killed and hundreds injured in the Goharshad Mosque rebellion, on the other hand, in the early rise of Reza Shah, Abdul-Karim Haeri Yazdi founded the Qom Seminary and created important changes in seminaries. However, he would avoid entering into political issues, as did other leaders who followed him. Hence, no widespread anti-government attempts were organized by clergy during the Reza Shah Rule, however, the future Ayatollah Khomeini was a student of Sheikh Abdul Karim Ha’eri
20.
Museum
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Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia
21.
Persian mythology
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Persian mythology are traditional tales and stories of ancient origin, all involving extraordinary or supernatural beings. Myths play a part in Iranian culture and our understanding of them is increased when we consider them within the context of Iranian history. The geography of this region, with its mountain ranges. This pottery, light grey to black in colour, appeared around 1400 BC and it is called Early Grey Ware or Iron I, the latter name indicating the beginning of the Iron Age in this area. The central collection of Persian mythology is the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, the characters of Persian mythology almost always fall into one of two camps. They are either good, or they are evil, the most famous legendary character in the Persian epics and mythology is Rostam. On the other side of the fence is Zahhak, a symbol of despotism who was, finally, Zahhak was guarded by two vipers which grew out from both of his shoulders. No matter how many times they were beheaded, new heads grew on them to guard him. The snake, like in other mythologies, was a symbol of evil, but many other animals and birds appear in Iranian mythology, and, especially. Most famous of these is Simorgh, a beautiful and powerful bird, and Homa. Published by Echo of Iran, Tehran 1965, Iranian Mythology by Albert J. Carnoy Indo-Iranian Mythology Iran Almanac 2006
22.
Arash
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Arash the Archer is a heroic archer-figure of Iranian mythology. Both reach an agreement that whatever land falls within the range of a bow-shot shall be returned to the Manuchehr and the Iranians, and the rest should then fall to Afrasiab and the Aniranians. An angel instructs Manuchehr to construct a special bow and arrow, Arash then fires the specially-prepared arrow at dawn, which then traveled a great distance before finally landing and so marking the future border between the Iranians and the Aniranians. In Talebi and Balami, Arash is destroyed by the shot, in al-Tabari, he is exalted by the people, is appointed commander of the archers and lives out his life in great honor. The distance the arrow travels varies, in one it is thousand leagues, in several, the arrow traveled from dawn to noon, in others from dawn until sunset. A few sources specify a date for the event. The location from which Arash fired his arrow varies as well, in the Avesta, it is Airyo. khshaotha, a not-further identified location in the Middle Clime. Islamic-era sources typically place the location of the shot somewhere just south of the Caspian Sea, variously in Tabaristan, a mountain-top in Ruyan, Amol fortress, Mount Damavand or Sari. The place the arrow landed is variously identified as Mount Khvanvant in the Avesta, a river in Balkh, east of Balkh, Bactria/Tokharistan, according to al-Biruni, it hit a Walnut Tree between Fargana and Tabaristan in the furthest reaches of Khorasan. The name Arash remains a name among Iranians. As is typical for names from oral tradition, there are variations of Arash. In the Avesta the name appears as Erekhsha of the swift arrow and this Avestan language form continues in Zoroastrian Middle Persian as Erash, from which the anglicized Eruch derives. Names with a stock epithet representing the Avestan swift arrow include al-Tabaris Aarashshebatir, a surname form includes Arash/Aarash kaman-gir Arash, bow-expert. Then appears Bahram Bayzai’s Āraš in 1977
23.
Ahmad Shah Qajar
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Ahmad Shāh Qājār was Shah of Persia from 16 July 1909, to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty. It is alleged that Ahmad Shah was one of the most selfish kings of Iran while others regard him as a strong ruler, after removing Muhammad Ali Shah from power, the Grand Majles placed Ahmad Shah on the throne. The Grand Majles consisted of 500 delegate members who came from different backgrounds and they held a special tribunal in order to punish all those who participated in the civil war, among those hanged was Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri. They also brought in new reforms that were not seen in Persia before, not much is known about Ahmads early life prior to his ascendancy to the throne. He was very attached to his father, after his father left, Ahmad felt isolated and bitter. Due to his age, a regent, his uncle Ali Reza Khan Azod al-Molk. However, his lavish lifestyle did not gain him any favors with the Persian people, Ahmad Shah inherited a kingdom in turmoil, and a constituency frustrated with British and Russian imperialism and the absolute rule of his father. Ahmad Shah attempted to fix the damage done by his father by appointing the best ministers he could find and he was, however, an ineffective ruler who was faced with internal unrest and foreign intrusions, particularly by the British and Russian Empires. Russian and British troops fought against the Ottoman forces in Persia during World War I, the War led to outcries across the country because the people of Persia were not happy that they were being used as a battleground. Thus, leading to movement across the country that tried to challenge the power of Ahmad Shah Qajar. The Second Majles convened on November 1910 and just like the First Majlis, the Majles was rendered ineffective because the central government was weak and did not have enough influence to reign in the changes that it had proposed. It is alleged that the Second Majles did not get along with Ahmad Shah, in 1917, Britain used Persia as the springboard for an attack into Russia in an unsuccessful attempt to reverse the Russian Revolution of 1917. The newly born Soviet Union responded by annexing portions of northern Persia as buffer states much like its Tsarist predecessor, marching on Tehran, the Soviets extracted ever more humiliating concessions from the Qajar government – whose ministers Ahmad Shah was often unable to control. By 1920, the government had virtually lost all power outside its capital, the Anglo-Persian Agreement, along with new political parties, furtherimmobilized the country. The Moderates and Democrats often clashed, particularly when it came to minority rights, the debates between the two political parties led to violence and even assassinations. The weak economic state of Persia put Ahmad Shah and his government at the mercy of foreign influence, furthermore, under the agreement, only a small fraction of the income generated by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company was received by Persia. On the other hand, the Red Army along with rebels, during the coup, Reza Khan used three thousand men and only eighteen machine guns, a very bloodless coup that moved forward quickly. Reza Khan was a man who climbed his way up through the military ranks
24.
Ahmad Shahi Pavilion
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Ahmad Shahi Pavilion is in Niavaran Palace, in the Niavaran complex in north of Tehran, Iran. Ahmad Shahi Pavilion is beside Mohammad Reza Pahlavis dwelling, Niavaran Palace, the Pavilion was built at the end of the Qajar era as Ahmad Shahs dwelling among Niavaran garden. Ahmad Shahi Pavilion was constructed as a two building in the surrounds of 800 m2 of land. The Ahmad Shahi pavilion, after refurbishment and interior additions, was utilized as the house, the first floor of the pavilion includes of a hallway with a pond made of marble stone in the middle with six rooms and two corridors around. Ornamental items made of silver, bronze, ivory, wood and souvenirs from different countries such as India, paintings, medals, also other items plus decorative mineral stones, a stone from Moon, different plant and animal fossils are kept in this pavilion. The 2nd floor of this building includes of a middle hallway, all around the major hall, which was used as the song room, wooden shelves have been set. Surrounding the veranda, shelter is provided by six brick columns and 26 round gypsum columns. The gypsum work pattern of lion and sun can be visible on the wall of the veranda. Ahmad Shahi Pavilion is open to public visitors, Niavaran Palace Website A short video of the Niavaran Palace Complex, YouTube
25.
Niavaran Complex
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The Niavaran Complex is a historical complex situated in Shemiran, Tehran, Iran. It consists of buildings and monuments built in the Qajar. The complex traces its origin to a garden in Niavaran region, a pavilion was built in the garden by the order of Naser ed Din Shah of the same dynasty, which was originally referred to as Niavaran House, and was later renamed Saheb Qaranie House. The pavilion of Ahmad Shah Qajar was built in the late Qajar period, during the reign of the Pahlavi Dynasty, a modern built mansion named Niavaran House was built for the imperial family of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In the Pahlavi period, the Ahmad Shahi Pavilion served as an area for the presents from world leaders to the Iranian monarchs. Private library of the Niavaran Complex Golestan Palace Sadabad Complex Tehran Architecture of Iran Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran Niavaran Cultural Historic Complex
26.
Farah Pahlavi
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Farah Pahlavi is the widow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the former Shahbanu of Iran. Farah Diba was born on 14 October 1938 in the Iranian capital Tehran, born as Farah Diba, she was the only child of Captain Sohrab Diba and his wife, Farideh Ghotbi. Pahlavis fathers family is of Iranian Azerbaijani origin, in her memoir, the former Shahbanu writes that her fathers family were natives of Iranian Azerbaijan while her mothers family were from Lahijan on the Iranian coast of the Caspian Sea. Through her father, Farah came from an affluent background. In the late 19th century her grandfather had been a diplomat, serving as the Iranian Ambassador to the Romanov Court in St. Petersburg. Her own father was an officer in the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces, Farah enjoyed an extremely close bond with her father and his unexpected death in 1948 deeply affected her. This situation furthermore left the family in a difficult financial state. In these reduced circumstances, they were forced to move from their family villa in northern Tehran into a shared apartment with one of Farideh Ghotbis brothers. The young Farah Diba began her education at Tehrans Italian School, then moved to the French Jeanne dArc School until to age of sixteen and she was an accomplished athlete in her youth and became captain of her schools basketball team. Upon finishing her studies at the Lycée Razi, she pursued an interest in architecture at the École Spéciale dArchitecture in Paris, many Iranian students who were studying abroad at this time were dependent on State sponsorship. Therefore, when the Shah, as head of state, made visits to foreign countries. It was during such a meeting in 1959 at the Iranian Embassy in Paris that Farah Diba was first presented to Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. After returning to Tehran in the summer of 1959, the Shah and Farah Diba began a carefully choreographed courtship, the couple announced their engagement on 23 November 1959. Farah Diba married Shah Mohammed Reza on 20 December 1959, aged 21, the young Queen of Iran was the object of much curiosity and her wedding received worldwide press attention. Her gown was by Yves Saint Laurent, then a designer at the house of Dior, after the pomp and celebrations associated with the Imperial wedding, the success of this union became contingent upon the Queen’s ability to produce a male heir. Although he had married twice before, the Shah’s previous marriages had given him only a daughter who, under agnatic primogeniture. The pressure for the young Queen was acute, the Shah himself was deeply anxious to have a male heir as were the members of his government. Furthermore, it was known that the dissolution of the Shahs previous marriage to Queen Soraya had been due to her infertility, within the Imperial Household, her public function was secondary to the far more pressing matter of assuring the succession
27.
Shams Pahlavi
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Princess Shams Pahlavi was the elder sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran. During her brothers reign she was the president of the Red Lion, Princess Shams was born in Tehran on 28 October 1917. She is the daughter of Rezā Shāh and Tadj ol-Molouk. She was deprived of her ranks and titles for a period of time after her second marriage to Mehrdad Pahlbod. Later, a reconciliation with the court was achieved and the returned to Tehran only to leave again during the upheavals of the Abadan Crisis. She converted to Roman Catholicism in the 1940s, Princess Shams was persuaded to convert to Catholicism by Ernest Perron, the best friend of the Shah. Her husband and children adopted Catholicism after her, in the late 1960s she commissioned the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation architects to build her the Morvarid Palace in Mehrshahr near Karaj, and Villa Mehrafarin in Chalous, Mazandaran. She left Iran for the United States after the Islamic Revolution, Order of the Pleiades, 2nd Class, Order of Aryamehr, 2nd Class, Genealogy of the Pahlavi Dynasty Picture of a young Princess Shams Pahlavi
28.
Gholamreza Pahlavi
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Shahpur Gholamreza Pahlavi is the son of Rezā Shāh and half-brother of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. He is a member of the Pahlavi dynasty, following the death of his half-sister Ashraf Pahlavi on 7 January 2016, Gholamreza became the only living child of Reza Pahlavi. He is now settled in Paris with his family, Pahlavi was born on 15 May 1923. He is the child and third son of Reza Shah. His mother, Turan Amir Soleimani, was related to the ancient Qajar dynasty deposed in 1925 in favor of Reza Shah, more specifically, she was the daughter of a Qajar dignitary, Issa Majd al Saltaneh. She was also the granddaughter of Mehdi Qoli Majde Dowleh, Naser al Din Shahs maternal uncle, gholamrezas parents were married in 1922 and divorced shortly after his birth in 1923. He received primary education in Iran and then went to Switzerland for secondary education, in 1936, he returned to Iran and attended the military school. He accompanied his father, Reza Shah, in his exile in Mauritius when he was forced to abdicate in September 1941 and it, however, also did not work. Upon returning to Iran, he attended officers training college. Pahlavi began his career in the Irans armed forces and he served as inspector general of the armed forces. After holding different positions in the army he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in 1973, in 1955, he became a member of the International Olympic Committee. He also served as president of the Iranian National Olympic Committee and he was a member of the Royal Council which ruled Iran during the international visits of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Between 5 and 13 December 1973 he and his wife officially visited China just before the first Iranian ambassador, Abbas Aram, Pahlavi, as the president of the Iranian national olympic committee, supported Chinas objection of Taiwans participation in the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games. However, he was not very active in political life. During the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, he owned lands in Iran and was the holder of shares in six firms. Pahlavi first married Homa Aalam on 4 April 1947 in Tehran and they had a daughter, Mehrnaz, and a son, Bahman. They divorced in 1956 and he married to Manijeh Jahanbani in Tehran on 6 March 1962 and they have two daughters and a son. Pahlavi left Iran before the 1979 revolution together with other relatives, Pahlavi published a book, Mon père, mon frère, les Shahs dIran, in 2005, dealing with both his experience and thoughts about the future of Iran
29.
Ashraf Pahlavi
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Princess Ashraf ol-Molouk Pahlavi was the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, and a member of the Pahlavi Dynasty. She was considered the power behind her brother and was instrumental in the 1953 coup which led to him taking the throne and she served her brother as a palace adviser and was a strong advocate for womens rights. Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, she lived in exile in France, New York, Paris and Monte Carlo, Ashraf Pahlavi was born in Tehran on 27 October,1919, five hours after her brother Mohammad Reza. Her parents were Reza Pahlavi, a commander, who would become the Shah of Persia, and Tadj ol-Molouk. She had 10 siblings and half-siblings, in the early 1930s, Ashraf Pahlavi, her older sister Shams, and their mother were among the first significant Iranian women to cease wearing the traditional veil. Ashraf Pahlavi was not permitted to attend university and instead was married in 1937, at the age of 18, to Mirza Khan Ghavam, whose family was politically allied with her father. In 1953, Ashraf Pahlavi played an important role in Operation Ajax as the one who changed Mohammad Reza Shahs mind in giving consent to the CIA, the Shah had originally opposed the operation and for a while resisted accepting it. In early 1953, she met with CIA agents who asked her to talk to her brother since she was the one who was able to influence him. He found her reluctant, so the day a delegation of American. The leader of the delegation, a senior British operative named Norman Darbyshire, had the foresight to bring a mink coat, when Ashraf saw these emoluments, Darbyshire later recalled, her eyes lit up and her resistance crumbled. By her own account, Pahlavi was offered a check if she agreed to return to Iran from her exile in France. Some historians argue that the coup would have occurred with or without Ashraf Pahlavis persuasion of her brother, Ashraf Pahlavi was a strong supporter of womens rights in Iran and the world during her brothers reign. In 1967, Pahlavi worked with the United Nations as the Iranian delegate to the Commission on Human Rights as well as the Economic, in 1975, she was heavily involved with the International Womens Year, and addressed the United Nations. By her own account, she was a supporter of the rights of women to basic life necessities such as “food, education. She cited “chronic apathy” from many governments as the issue that prevented women’s rights reforms from being implemented around the world. Ashraf Pahlavi’s women’s rights stance was called into question after the publication of her 1976 New York Times op-ed piece, additionally, Pahlavi worked as an activist for human rights and equality. She was an advocate for the spread of literacy, especially in Iran. She served as a member on the International Consultative Liaison Committee for Literacy and her Lady-in-waiting was killed but Pahlavi left the scene unharmed
30.
Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran
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Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran was the last heir apparent to the defunct throne of the Imperial State of Iran and is the current head of the House of Pahlavi. He is the son of the late Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. A resident of the United States, he is the heir to the former Persian throne, Reza Pahlavi is the founder and leader of National Council of Iran, a government in exile of Iran. As Crown Prince of Iran, Reza Pahlavi left Iran at the age of 17 for air training at Reese Air Force Base near Lubbock, Texas. In 2011, Reza Pahlavi was named Irans Person Of The Year by a poll conducted by Radio Farda that included thousands of Iranian respondents inside and outside Iran. In November 2014, Reza Pahlavi founded his own television and radio network called OfoghIran, Reza Pahlavi was born in Tehran, Iran, the eldest legitimate son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran and Farah Pahlavi, the Shahbanu of Iran. Reza Pahlavis siblings include his sister Princess Farahnaz Pahlavi, brother Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi, accepted into the Imperial Iranian Air Force as a junior officer following secondary schooling, he left Iran in 1977 at the age of 17 for air force flight training in the United States. He spent a year at Williams College in the United States, with the monarchy overthrown and an Islamic Republic established, Reza Pahlavi did not return to Iran. He obtained a BSc degree in science by correspondence from the University of Southern California. The Crown Prince successfully completed the United States Air Forces Undergraduate Pilot Training Program at the former Reese Air Force Base in Lubbock, on the death of his father on 27 July 1980, Reza Pahlavi became the Head of the House of Pahlavi. According to Afshin Ellian, an Iranian-born philosopher of law and expert in law, in Iran. The first name is Khamenei and the one is Reza Pahlavi. Following in a line of Persian dynasties stretching back 3,000 years, the 1979 revolution replaced the monarchy with an Islamic republic. After the death of his father, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, he declared himself Shāhanshāh at the age of 21. He remains crown prince according to the former Constitution of 1906 and his press releases refer to him as either Reza Pahlavi or the former Crown Prince of Iran. On his website, Reza Pahlavi has said that the state of Iran should become democratic and secular, whether the form of government would be that of a constitutional monarchy or a republic is something that he would like to leave up to the people of Iran. Reza Pahlavi II has used his profile as an Iranian abroad to campaign for human rights, democracy and unity among Iranians in. On his website he calls for a separation of religion and state in Iran and for free and fair elections for all freedom-loving individuals and he exhorts all groups dedicated to a democratic agenda to work together for a democratic and secular Iranian government
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Farahnaz Pahlavi
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Princess Farahnaz Pahlavi is the eldest daughter of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi by his third wife, Farah Pahlavi. She was born Princess Yasmin Farahnaz Pahlavi, as per official dynastic usage and she lives a very anonymous and discreet life in New York City. She studied at the Niavaran Special School in Tehran, the Ethel Walker School in Simsbury, Connecticut, United States, from 1981 to 1982, she attended Bennington College in Bennington, Vermont. She received a Bachelor of Arts in social work from Columbia University in 1986, thomas, Notes on People, Pahlevis Inquire About New England School, The New York Times,16 November 1981, page B5 Krebs, Albin and Robert McG
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Ali-Reza Pahlavi
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Prince Alireza Pahlavi Persian, شاهزاده علیرضا پهلوی) was a member of the Pahlavi Imperial Family of Iran. He was the son of the former Shah of Iran. He was second in order of succession to the Iranian throne before the Iranian Revolution, Prince Alireza Pahlavi was born on 28 April 1966. He attended the Niavaran Palace primary school in Iran but left Iran alongside his family after the Iranian revolution and he moved to the U. S. where he attended Saint Davids School in New York City and Mt Greylock Regional High School in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He was engaged in 2001 to Sarah Tabatabai, but it seems that the relationship ended some time afterwards and he was once voted as one of the worlds most eligible princes. On 4 January 2011, news reported that Alireza Pahlavi had committed suicide in his South End Boston apartment after a long period of depression. Boston police said that he died from a gunshot wound. Police said officers responding to a 911 call found Pahlavi dead in his home shortly after 2 a. m. The official statement on the website of his brother Prince Reza Pahlavi read, alirezas sister, Princess Leila Pahlavi also had committed suicide—in June 2001. Close family friends say that Alireza became very depressed after the death of his sister to whom he was very close. He is survived by his mother, Farah Pahlavi, his older brother Reza, his sister Farahnaz, half-sister Shahnaz and daughter Iryana Leila Pahlavi, who was born after his death. At a press conference in Boston, his brother Reza said that Alireza Pahlavi had left his final wishes including his wish to be cremated, the news of his death spread quickly on social-networking sites and sparked different reactions. On 23 January 2011, a memorial was held in The Music Center at Strathmore in Bethesda. The memorial was attended by the Iranian imperial family and thousands of Iranians, Empress Farah Pahlavi confirmed that Iryana Leila is a full member of the Imperial house and a Princess of Iran. Shahs Son Killed himself BBC Pahlavi Dynastys Website Empress Farah Pahlavi Official Web Site Britannica Online - Pahlavi Dynasty Devoted to Aryamehr
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Leila Pahlavi
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Princess Leila Pahlavi was the youngest daughter of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, and his third wife, Farah Pahlavi. Leila was born on 27 March 1970 in Tehran and she was the fourth and youngest child of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the Empress Farah Pahlavi. She has descended from a line of Kings like Cyrus the Great who descended from Noah and she was nine years old when her family was forced into exile as a result of the Iranian Revolution. Following her fathers death in Egypt from non-Hodgkins lymphoma in 1980 and she graduated from Rye Country Day School in 1988 and went on to attend a state school in Massachusetts before going on to study at Brown University, graduating in 1992. She spent most of her time commuting between her home in Greenwich, Connecticut, and Paris, where her mother was living, a onetime model for the designer Valentino, she suffered from anorexia nervosa, chronic low self-esteem, severe depression and chronic fatigue syndrome. On Sunday 10 June 2001, Leila was found dead in her room in the Leonard Hotel in London just before 19,30 BST by her doctor. She was found to have more than five times the dose of Seconal, a barbiturate. She was found in bed, her body emaciated by years of anorexia, bulimia, on 17 June 2001, she was buried near her maternal grandmother, Farideh Ghotbi Diba, in the Cimetière de Passy, Paris, France. On 4 January 2011, her brother Ali-Reza Pahlavi was found dead at his home in Boston, leilas Memorial site by her mother Iranian. com editorial about Pahlavis death Guardian article about results of Pahlavi death inquest
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Iranian architecture
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Iranian architecture or Persian architecture is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Its history dates back to at least 5,000 BCE with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Turkey and Iraq to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and from the Caucasus to Zanzibar. Persian buildings vary from peasant huts to tea houses and garden, in addition to historic gates, palaces, and mosques, the rapid growth of cities such as the capital, Tehran has brought about a wave of demolition and new construction. Iranian architecture displays great variety, both structural and aesthetic, from a variety of traditions and experience, without sudden innovations, and despite the repeated trauma of invasions and cultural shocks, it has achieved an individuality distinct from that of other Muslim countries. Traditionally, the guiding formative motif of Iranian architecture has been its cosmic symbolism by which man is brought into communication and participation with the powers of heaven. This theme has not only given unity and continuity to the architecture of Persia, according to Persian historian and archaeologist Arthur Pope, the supreme Iranian art, in the proper meaning of the word, has always been its architecture. The supremacy of architecture applies to both pre- and post-Islamic periods, traditional Persian architecture has maintained a continuity that, although temporarily distracted by internal political conflicts or foreign invasion, nonetheless has achieved an unmistakable style. In this architecture, there are no buildings, even garden pavilions have nobility and dignity. In expressiveness and communicativity, most Persian buildings are lucid - even eloquent, the combination of intensity and simplicity of form provides immediacy, while ornament and, often, subtle proportions reward sustained observation. g. g. Anahita Temple, Khorheh, Parthian era e. g. Hatra, the compounds at Nysa, Sassanid era e. g. Ghaleh Dokhtar. Chehelsotoon, Ali Qapu, Agha Bozorg Mosque, Kashan, Shah Mosque, available building materials dictate major forms in traditional Iranian architecture. This technique, used in Iran from ancient times, has never completely abandoned. The abundance of heavy plastic earth, in conjunction with a lime mortar, also facilitated the development. Certain design elements of Persian architecture have persisted throughout the history of Iran, the most striking are a marked feeling for scale and a discerning use of simple and massive forms. The consistency of decorative preferences, the high-arched portal set within a recess, columns with bracket capitals, through the ages these elements have recurred in completely different types of buildings, constructed for various programs and under the patronage of a long succession of rulers. Similarly, the dome on four arches, so characteristic of Sassanid times, is a still to be found in many cemeteries, the pre-Islamic styles draw on 3000 to 4000 years of architectural development from various civilizations of the Iranian plateau. Iran is recognized by UNESCO as being one of the cradles of civilization, each of the periods of Elamites, Achaemenids, Parthians and Sassanids were creators of great architecture that, over the ages, spread far and wide far to other cultures. Although Iran has suffered its share of destruction, including Alexander The Greats decision to burn Persepolis, the Achaemenids built on a grand scale
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Achaemenid architecture
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Achaemenid architecture is academically classified under Parsian Architecture in terms of its style and design. With the advent of the second Persian Empire, the Sassanid dynasty, revived Achaemenid tradition by construction of dedicated to fire. Persepolis, would take 100 years to complete and would finally be ransacked, despite having ruled over much of the ancient world, Cyrus the Great would design a tomb that depicts extreme simplicity and modesty when compared to those of other ancient kings and rulers. After his death, Cyrus the Greats remains were interred in his city of Pasargadae. The roof of the edifice and indeed the structure, is an elongated limestone pediment, the inside of the edifice is occupied by a small chamber a few feet in width and height, and around ten feet deep. It was inside this chamber where the bed and coffin of Cyrus the Great would have been situated, the edifice has a pediment roof possessing the same length and width dimensions as the edifice itself. Around the tomb were a series of columns, the structure which they supported is no longer present. There was originally a golden coffin inside the mausoleum, resting on a table with golden supports, the magi were a group of on-site Zoroastrian observers, located in their separate but attached structure possibly a caravanserai, paid and cared for by the Achaemenid state. The magi were placed in charge of maintenance and also prevention of theft, when Alexander reached the tomb, he was horrified by the manner in which the tomb was treated, and questioned the Magi and put them to court. Regardless, Alexander the Great ordered Aristobulus of Cassandreia to improve the tombs condition, the tomb was originally ornamented with an inscription that, according to Strabo, stated, O man. I am Cyrus the Great, who gave the Persians an empire and was the king of Asia, grudge me not therefore this monument. The edifice has survived the test of time for some 2,500 years, the Persians renamed the tomb, and presented it to the invading army as the tomb of King Solomons mother. It is likely that the inscription was lost at this time, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last official monarch of Persia, during his 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire paid significant homage to the Achaemenid kings and specially Cyrus the Great. Just as Alexander the Great before him, the Shah of Iran wanted to appeal to Cyruss legacy to legitimize his own rule by extension, Shah of Iran however was generally interested in protection of imperial historical artifacts. There are allegations of the tomb being in danger of damage from the construction of the Sivand Dam on river Polvar and water related damage, united Nations recognizes the tomb of Cyrus the Great and Pasargadae as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Persepolis is the Latinized version of the Old Persian name, Parsa literally meaning the city of Persians, another spectacular achievement of the Achaemenids, Persepolis became one of the four capitals of the empire. Initiated by Darius the Great around 518 B. C. E, persepoliss prestige and grand riches were well known in the ancient world, and it was best described by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus as the richest city under the sun. Today the archaeological remnants of this opulent city are about 70 kilometers northeast of the modern Iranian city of Shiraz, in the Pars province
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Pre-Parsian style
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The Pre-Parsian style is a sub-style of architecture when categorizing the history of Persian/Iranian architectural development. This style of architecture flourished in the Iranian Plateau until the eighth century B. C. E. during the era of the Median Empire and it is often classified as a subcategory of Parsian Architecture. The oldest remains of the landmarks in this style are the Teppe Zagheh. Other extant examples of style are Chogha zanbil, Sialk, Shahr-i Sokhta. Elamite and proto-Elamite buildings among others, are covered within this stylistic subcategory as well
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Parthian style
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The Parthian style is a style of historical Iranian architecture. This style of architecture includes designs from the Seleucid, Parthian, examples of this style are Ghaleh Dokhtar, the royal compounds at Nysa, Anahita Temple, Khorheh, Hatra, the Ctesiphon vault of Kasra, Bishapur, and the Palace of Ardashir in Ardeshir Khwarreh. Hellenistic architecture Ancient Greek architecture Pīrniyā, Muammah Karīm, kawami, T. Keall, E. J. Huff, D. et al. New York, Routledge & Kegan Paul
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Sasanian architecture
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Sasanian architecture refers to the Persian architectural style that reached a peak in its development during the Sasanian era. In many ways the Sasanian Empire period witnessed the highest achievement of Persian civilization, in fact much of what later became known as Muslim culture, architecture, writing and other skills, were taken from the Persians into the wider Muslim world. The Sasanian dynasty, like the Achaemenid Empire, originated in the province of Persis and they saw themselves as successors to the Achaemenians, after the Hellenistic and Parthian dynasty interlude, and perceived it as their role to restore the greatness of Persia. In reviving the glories of the Achaemenian past, the Sasanians were no mere imitators, the art of this period reveals an astonishing virility. In certain respects it anticipates features later developed during the Islamic period, the conquest of Persia by Alexander II had inaugurated the spread of Hellenistic art into Western Asia, but if the East accepted the outward form of this art, it never really assimilated its spirit. Already in the Parthian period Hellenistic art was being interpreted freely by the peoples of the Near East, Sasanian art revived forms and traditions native to Persia, and in the Islamic period these reached the shores of the Mediterranean. The splendour in which the Sasanian monarchs lived is well illustrated by their surviving palaces, such as those at Firouzabad and Bishapur in Fars, in addition to local traditions, Parthian dynastic architecture must have been responsible for a great many of the Sasanian architectural characteristics. All are characterised by the barrel-vaulted iwans introduced in the Parthian period, the arch of the great vaulted hall at Ctesiphon attributed to the reign of Shapur I has a span of more than 80 ft, and reaches a height of 118 ft. from the ground. This magnificent structure fascinated architects in the centuries that followed and has always considered as one of the most important pieces of Persian architecture. Many of the palaces contain an audience hall which consists, as at Firuzabad. The Persians solved the problem of constructing a circular dome on a building by the squinch. This is an arch built across each corner of the square, the dome chamber in the palace of Firouzabad is the earliest surviving example of the use of the squinch and so there is good reason for regarding Persia as its place of invention. The early palaces of the Sassanid have ceased to exist, but these residences have almost wholly disappeared. Its main features are simple, and are uniform from first to last, the oblong square is variously proportioned. The depth may be a more than the breadth, or it may be nearly twice as much. In either case, the front occupies one of the shorter sides, the outer wall is sometimes pierced by one entrance only, but, more commonly, entrances are multiplied beyondthe limit commonly observed in modern buildings. The great entrance is in the centre of the front. From the outer air, we look, as it were, straight into the heart of the edifice, in one instance to the depth of 115 feet, a distance equal to the length of Henry VII. s Chapel at Westminster
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Azeri style
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The Azerbaijani style or Azeri style is a style of architecture when categorizing Iranian architecture development in Iranian Azerbaijan history. Landmarks of this style of architecture span from the late 13th century to the appearance of the Safavid Dynasty in the 16th century CE, Iranian architecture Azerbaijani architecture Multiple Authors
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Isfahani style
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The Esfahani or Isfahani style is a style of architecture when categorizing Iranian architecture development in history. Landmarks of this style span through the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, the Isfahani style is the last style of traditional Persian—Iranian architecture. The Safavid dynasty were instrumental in the emergence of this style of architecture. Examples of the Isfahani style include, Chehelsotoon Ali Qapu Agha Bozorg Mosque, Isfahan Iranian architecture List of the historical structures in the Isfahan province Encyclopedia Iranica on ancient Iranian architecture Stucco decorations in Iranian architecture
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Bazaar
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A bazaar is a permanently enclosed marketplace or street where goods and services are exchanged or sold. The term originates from the Persian word bāzār, from Middle Persian wāzār, from Old Persian vāčar, Souq is another word used in the Middle East for an open-air marketplace or commercial quarter. The term bazaar is also used to refer to the network of merchants, bankers. Although the current meaning of the word is believed to have originated in native Zoroastrian Persia, its use has spread, the rise of large bazaars and stock trading centers in the Muslim World allowed the creation of new capitals and eventually new empires. New and wealthy cities such as Isfahan, Golconda, Samarkand, Cairo, Baghdad, street markets is the European and North American equivalents. The origin of the word Bazaar comes from Persian language, many languages have names for this concept, including Arabic and Urdu, بازار, Kurdish language has the same word bazaar meaning a marketplace. In South Korea, the word 바자회, composed of 바자 + 회 is used to describe the sort of rummage sale described above. Although Turkey contains many famous markets known as bazaars in English, English place names usually translate çarşı as bazaar when they refer to an area with covered streets or passages. For example, the Turkish name for the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul is Kapalıçarşı, the Armenian one does not include Bazaar of its own. Covered Market, Oxford, England Gold Souq, a market trading in gold, shopping mall Souq Tabriz Bazaar, Tabriz, Iran, the largest covered bazaar in the world. Wet market, sells fresh meat, fish, and produce, the Persian Bazaar, Veiled Space of Desire by Mehdi Khansari The Morphology of the Persian Bazaar by Azita Rajabi. COMPARATIVE SUSTAINABILITY OF BAZAAR IN IRANIAN TRADITIONAL CITIES, CASE STUDIES IN ISFAHAN AND TABRIZ, international Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering. Iran Chamber Society on Architecture of the Bazaar at Isfahan 1911 Britannica article Bazaar
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Caravanserai
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A caravanserai (/kærəˈvænsəri/, was a roadside inn where travelers could rest and recover from the days journey. Caravanserais supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the network of routes covering Asia, North Africa. Major urban caravanserais were built along the Grand Trunk Road in the Indian subcontinent. The word is rendered as caravansary, caravansaray, caravanseray. The Persian word کاروانسرای kārvānsarāy is a word combining kārvān caravan with sarāy palace, building with enclosed courts. Here caravan means a group of traders, pilgrims, or other travelers, the word serai is sometimes used with the implication of caravanserai. The Persian caravanserai was built as a road station, outside of towns. An inn built inside a town would be smaller and was known in Persian as a khan, in the Middle-East the term khan covers both meanings, of roadside inn as well as of inner-town inn. In Turkish the word is rendered as han, the same word was used in Bosnian, having arrived through Ottoman conquest. Welcoming all, thus meaning inn, led to funduq in Arabic, pundak in Hebrew, fundaco in Venice, fondaco in Genoa and alhóndiga in Spanish. Guards were stationed at every gate to ensure that taxes for these goods be paid in full, most typically a caravanserai was a building with a square or rectangular walled exterior, with a single portal wide enough to permit large or heavily laden beasts such as camels to enter. Caravanserais provided water for human and animal consumption, washing, and ritual purification such as wudu and they also kept fodder for animals and had shops for travelers where they could acquire new supplies. In addition, some shops bought goods from the traveling merchants, turkishhan. org, The Seljuk Han in Anatolia. Encyclopædia Iranica, p. 798-802 Erdmann, Kurt, Erdmann, berlin, Mann,1976, ISBN 3-7861-2241-5 Hillenbrand, Robert. Islamic Architecture, Form, function and meaning, reprinted from, Traditions Architecturales en Iran, Tehran, No.2 &3,1976. Caravanserai, Traces, Places, Dialogue in the Middle East, milan,5 Continents Editions, ISBN 978-88-7439-604-7 Yavuz, Aysil Tükel. The Concepts that Shape Anatolian Seljuq Caravansara, muqarnas XIV, An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World. Shah Abbasi Caravanserai, Tishineh Caravansara Pictures Consideratcaravanserai. net, Texts and photos on research on caravanserais and travel journeys in Middle East, caravanserais in Turkey The Seljuk Han in Anatolia
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Khanqah
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In the past, and to a lesser extent nowadays, they often served as hospices for saliks, Murids and talibs. Khanqahs are very often found adjoined to dargahs, mosques and madrasas, in the Arab world, especially North Africa, the khanqah is known as a zāwiyah. In Turkey, Iran and formerly Ottoman areas like Albania and Bosnia, in South Asia, the words khanqah and dargah are used interchangeably for Sufi shrines. In addition there exist lodges in Central and South Asia often referred to as Qalander Khane that serve as rest houses for the unaffiliated malang, derwishes, khanqahs later spread across the Islamic world, from Morocco to Indonesia. All khanqahs, regardless of size, feature a central hall. The daily ritual prayers incumbent on all Muslims, salat, are held in hall, as are the specifically Sufi forms of dhikr. Large khanqahs often grew up around the dargah of a founder or of a Sufi saint. Some khanqahs include dwellings for the Sufi sheikh or pir, and his family, or cells for Sufis who wish to pursue their dhikr in quiet and they may also include lodgings for traveling Sufis and pilgrims and premises for charities such as hospitals. Sufi movements have been banned in some Muslim-majority countries such as Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, in these countries, khanqahs have been converted to other purposes, turned into museums or mosques. In other countries, Sufism survives and the old khanqahs are still in use, some Aspects of Khānqah Life in Medieval India. The Evolution of a Sufi Institution in Mamluk Egypt, The Khanqah, hattstein, M. and P. Delius -- Islam, Art and Architecture,2000, ISBN 3-8290-2558-0 Berkey, Jonathan -- The Formation of Islam, Cambridge University Press,2003, ISBN 0-521-58813-8 ḴĀNAQĀH. Khanaqah article in Oxford Islamic Studies Online
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