1.
SecureDrop
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SecureDrop is an open-source software platform for secure communication between journalists and sources. It was originally designed and developed by Aaron Swartz and Kevin Poulsen under the name DeadDrop, after Aaron Swartzs death, the first instance of the platform was launched under the name Strongbox by staff at The New Yorker on 15 May 2013. SecureDrop uses the anonymity network Tor to facilitate communication between whistleblowers, journalists, and news organizations, SecureDrop sites are therefore only accessible as hidden services in the Tor network. After a user visits a SecureDrop website, they are given a randomly generated code name and this code name is used to send information to a particular author or editor via uploading. Investigative journalists can contact the whistleblower via SecureDrop messaging, therefore, the whistleblower must take note of their random code name. The system utilizes private, segregated servers that are in the possession of the news organization, journalists use two USB flash drives and two personal computers to access SecureDrop data. The first personal computer accesses SecureDrop via the Tor network, the journalist uses the first flash drive to download encrypted data from the Internet, the second personal computer does not connect to the Internet, and is wiped during each reboot. The second flash drive contains a decryption code, the first and second flash drives are inserted into the second personal computer, and the material becomes available to the journalist. The personal computer is shut down after each use, anonymity is not guaranteed, but the creators claim that the system is safer than electronic mail. The first audit was conducted by University of Washington security researchers, the second audit was conducted by Cure53, a German security firm. The Freedom of the Press Foundation now maintains a directory of SecureDrop instances. This is a partial list of instances at prominent news organizations, globaLeaks Wikileaks SecureDrop on GitHub Guardian launches SecureDrop system for whistleblowers to share files The Guardian
2.
Lock (security device)
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A lock is a mechanical or electronic fastening device that is released by a physical object, by supplying secret information, or by a combination thereof. The earliest known lock and key device was discovered in the ruins of Nineveh, Locks such as this were later developed into the Egyptian wooden pin lock, which consisted of a bolt, door fixture, and key. When the key was inserted, pins within the fixture were lifted out of drilled holes within the bolt, when the key was removed, the pins fell part-way into the bolt, preventing movement. The warded lock was also present from antiquity and remains the most recognizable lock, the first all-metal locks appeared between the years 870 and 900, and are attributed to the English craftsmen. It is also said that the key was invented by Theodore of Samos in the 6th century BC, affluent Romans often kept their valuables in secure boxes within their households, and wore the keys as rings on their fingers. The practice had two benefits, It kept the key handy at all times, while signaling that the wearer was wealthy and important enough to have money and jewelry worth securing. The lever tumbler lock, which uses a set of levers to prevent the bolt from moving in the lock, was perfected by Robert Barron in 1778. His double acting lever lock required the lever to be lifted to a height by having a slot cut in the lever. This type of lock is currently used today. The lever tumbler lock was improved by Jeremiah Chubb in 1818. A burglary in Portsmouth Dockyard prompted the British Government to announce a competition to produce a lock that could be opened only with its own key, Chubb was awarded £100 after a trained lock-picker failed to break the lock after 3 months. In 1820, Jeremiah joined his brother Charles in starting their own lock company, the Chubb brothers also received a patent for the first burglar-resisting safe and began production in 1835. The designs of Barron and Chubb were based on the use of levers, but Joseph Bramah. His lock used a key with precise notches along the surface. The lock was at the limits of the manufacturing capabilities of the time and was said by its inventor to be unpickable. Hobbs attempt required some 51 hours, spread over 16 days and this lock design used pins of varying lengths to prevent the lock from opening without the correct key. The modern Yale lock is essentially a developed version of the Egyptian lock. Despite some improvement in key design since, the majority of locks today are variants of the designs invented by Bramah, Chubb
3.
Theft
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In common usage, a theft is the illegal taking of another persons property or services without that persons permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. The word is used as an informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as burglary, embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, shoplifting, library theft. In some jurisdictions, theft is considered to be synonymous with larceny, in others, someone who carries out an act of or makes a career of theft is known as a thief. The act of theft is known by other terms such as stealing, thieving. Theft is the name of an offence in California, Canada, England and Wales, Hong Kong, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland. But if she realises the mistake when she gets home and could return the scarf to Y, note that there may be civil liability for the torts of trespass to chattels or conversion in either eventuality. Section 322 of the Criminal Code provides the definition for theft in Canada,322. Because of this, confidential information cannot be the subject of theft and it cannot be converted, not because it is an intangible, but because, save in very exceptional far‑fetched circumstances, the owner would never be deprived of it. However, the theft of trade secrets in certain circumstances does constitute part of the offence of economic espionage, which can be prosecuted under s.19 of the Security of Information Act. Where a motor vehicle is stolen, Section 333.1 provides for a punishment of 10 years for an indictable offence. Theft is a crime with related articles in the Wetboek van Strafrecht, Article 310 prohibits theft, which is defined as taking away any object that belongs to someone else, with the intention to appropriate it illegally. Maximum imprisonment is 4 years or a fine of the fifth category, Article 311 consists of the following, Part 1. Punishable with maximum imprisonment of 6 years or a fine of the category is,1. Theft during certain occasions,3. Theft during night in a residence by someone who is there without knowledge or permission of the owner,4, Theft by 2 or more organized people,5. Theft, where the thief got access by means of violence, climbing in, when theft if committed as in 3 with the situation of 4 and 5, the punishment is a maximum imprisonment of 9 nears or a fine of the fifth category. Article 312 consists of the following, Part 1 prohibits robbery, maximum imprisonment is 9 years or a fine with the fifth category Part 2 allows maximum imprisonment of 12 years or a fine of the fifth category when,1. Robbery was committed during night, in a residence, on the road or moving train,2
4.
Cuboid
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In geometry, a cuboid is a convex polyhedron bounded by six quadrilateral faces, whose polyhedral graph is the same as that of a cube. By Eulers formula the numbers of faces F, of vertices V, in the case of a cuboid this gives 6 +8 =12 +2, that is, like a cube, a cuboid has 6 faces,8 vertices, and 12 edges. Along with the rectangular cuboids, any parallelepiped is a cuboid of this type, in a rectangular cuboid, all angles are right angles, and opposite faces of a cuboid are equal. By definition this makes it a rectangular prism, and the terms rectangular parallelepiped or orthogonal parallelepiped are also used to designate this polyhedron. The terms rectangular prism and oblong prism, however, are ambiguous, the square cuboid, square box, or right square prism is a special case of the cuboid in which at least two faces are squares. It has Schläfli symbol ×, and its symmetry is doubled from to, the cube is a special case of the square cuboid in which all six faces are squares. It has Schläfli symbol, and its symmetry is raised from, to, if the dimensions of a rectangular cuboid are a, b and c, then its volume is abc and its surface area is 2. The length of the diagonal is d = a 2 + b 2 + c 2. Cuboid shapes are used for boxes, cupboards, rooms, buildings. Cuboids are among those solids that can tessellate 3-dimensional space, the shape is fairly versatile in being able to contain multiple smaller cuboids, e. g. sugar cubes in a box, boxes in a cupboard, cupboards in a room, and rooms in a building. A cuboid with integer edges as well as integer face diagonals is called an Euler brick, a perfect cuboid is an Euler brick whose space diagonal is also an integer. It is currently unknown whether a perfect cuboid actually exists, the number of different nets for a simple cube is 11, however this number increases significantly to 54 for a rectangular cuboid of 3 different lengths. Hyperrectangle Trapezohedron Weisstein, Eric W. Cuboid, rectangular prism and cuboid Paper models and pictures
5.
Hinge
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A hinge is a mechanical bearing that connects two solid objects, typically allowing only a limited angle of rotation between them. Two objects connected by an ideal hinge rotate relative to each other about an axis of rotation. Hinges may be made of material or of moving components. In biology, many joints function as hinges like the elbow joint, there are many types of door hinges. The main types include, Spring hinge which is a hinge made to provide assistance in the closing or the opening of the hinge leaves. A spring is a component of a hinge, that force to secure a hinge closed or keep a hinge opened. Barrel hinge which is a sectional barrel secured by a pivot, pivot hinges which pivot in openings in the floor and the top of the door frame. Also referred to as a double-acting floor hinge and this type is found in ancient dry stone buildings and rarely in old wooden buildings. These are also called haar-hung doors and they are a low cost alternative for use light weight doors. Butt/Mortise hinges usually in threes or fours, which are inset into the door, most residential hinges found in the U. S. are made of steel, although mortise hinges for exterior doors are often made of brass or stainless steel to prevent corrosion. Case hinges Case hinges are similar to a butt hinge however usually more of a nature most commonly used in suitcases, briefcases. Continuous hinges, or piano hinges This type of hinge is also known as a piano hinge and it runs the entire length of the door, panel, or box. Continuous hinges are manufactured with or without holes and these hinges also come in various thicknesses, pin diameters, and knuckle lengths. Concealed hinges Used for furniture doors and they are made of two parts, One part is the hinge cup and the arm, the other part is the mounting plate. Also called cup hinge, or Euro hinge, as they were developed in Europe, most such concealed hinges offer the advantage of full in situ adjustability for standoff distance from the cabinet face as well as pitch and roll by means of two screws on each hinge. Butterfly hinges, or Parliament Hinges These were known as dovetail hinges from the 17th century onwards and can be found on old desks and cabinets from about 1670 until the 18th century. The form of these hinges varied slightly between manufacturers, and their size ranged from the large for heavy doors to the tiniest decorative hinge for use on jewellery boxes. Many hinges of this type were exported to America to support the home trades limited supply and they are still found to be both fairly cheap and decorative, especially on small items
6.
Door
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A door is a moving structure used to block off, and allow access to, an entrance to or within an enclosed space, such as a building or vehicle. Doors normally consist of a panel that swings on hinges on the edge, similar exterior structures to doors are called gates. Typically, doors have a side that faces the inside of a space. In many cases the interior side of a door mostly matches its exterior side, when open, doors admit people, animals, ventilation or light. The door is used to control the atmosphere within a space by enclosing the air drafts. Doors are significant in preventing the spread of fire and they also act as a barrier to noise. Many doors are equipped with locking mechanisms to allow entrance to certain people, as a form of courtesy and civility, people often knock before opening a door and entering a room. Doors are used to screen areas of a building for aesthetics, keeping formal, Doors also have an aesthetic role in creating an impression of what lies beyond. Doors are often endowed with ritual purposes, and the guarding or receiving of the keys to a door, or being granted access to a door can have special significance. Similarly, doors and doorways frequently appear in metaphorical or allegorical situations, literature, the earliest in records are those represented in the paintings of the Egyptian tombs, in which they are shown as single or double doors, each in a single piece of wood. Doors were once believed to be the doorway to the afterlife. The stiles were the boards, one of which, tenoned or hinged, is known as the hanging stile. The horizontal cross pieces are the top rail, bottom rail, the most ancient doors were made timber, such as those referred to in the Biblical depiction of King Solomons temple being in olive wood, which were carved and overlaid with gold. The doors dwelt upon in Homer would appear to have been cased in silver or brass, besides olive wood, elm, cedar, oak and cypress were used. A5, 000-year-old door has been found by archaeologists in Switzerland. All ancient doors were hung by pivots at the top and bottom of the hanging stile which worked in sockets in the lintel and sill and those found at Nippur by Dr. Hilprecht dating from 2000 B. C. were in dolerite. The tenons of the gates at Balawat were sheathed with bronze and these doors or gates were hung in two leaves, each about 8 ft 4 in wide and 27 ft. high, they were encased with bronze bands or strips,10 in. High, covered with decoration of figures, etc
7.
Casting (metalworking)
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In metalworking, casting means a process, in which liquid metal is poured into a mold, that contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and is then allowed to cool and solidify. The solidified part is known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods, Casting processes have been known for thousands of years, and widely used for sculpture, especially in bronze, jewellery in precious metals, and weapons and tools. Traditional techniques include casting, plaster mold casting and sand casting. The modern casting process is subdivided into two categories, expendable and non-expendable casting. It is further broken down by the material, such as sand or metal. Expendable mold casting is a classification that includes sand, plastic, shell, plaster. This method of mold casting involves the use of temporary, non-reusable molds, sand casting is one of the most popular and simplest types of casting, and has been used for centuries. Sand casting allows for smaller batches than permanent mold casting and at a reasonable cost. Not only does this method allow manufacturers to create products at a low cost, from castings that fit in the palm of your hand to train beds, it can all be done with sand casting. Sand casting also allows most metals to be cast depending on the type of sand used for the molds, sand casting requires a lead time of days, or even weeks sometimes, for production at high output rates and is unsurpassed for large-part production. Green sand has almost no weight limit, whereas dry sand has a practical part mass limit of 2. Minimum part weight ranges from 0. 075–0.1 kg, the sand is bonded together using clays, chemical binders, or polymerized oils. Sand can be recycled many times in most operations and requires little maintenance, plaster casting is similar to sand casting except that plaster of paris is substituted for sand as a mold material. Plaster casting is an alternative to other molding processes for complex parts due to the low cost of the plaster. The biggest disadvantage is that it can only be used with low melting point non-ferrous materials, such as aluminium, copper, magnesium, and zinc. Shell molding is similar to casting, but the molding cavity is formed by a hardened shell of sand instead of a flask filled with sand. The sand used is finer than sand casting sand and is mixed with a resin so that it can be heated by the pattern, because of the resin and finer sand, it gives a much finer surface finish
8.
Metal
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A metal is a material that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable—that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking—as well as fusible and ductile, about 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals, the others are nonmetals or metalloids. Some elements appear in both metallic and non-metallic forms, astrophysicists use the term metal to collectively describe all elements other than hydrogen and helium, the simplest two, in a star. The star fuses smaller atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium, to larger ones over its lifetime. In that sense, the metallicity of an object is the proportion of its matter made up of all chemical elements. Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified as metals become metallic under high pressures, the atoms of metallic substances are typically arranged in one of three common crystal structures, namely body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed. In bcc, each atom is positioned at the center of a cube of eight others, in fcc and hcp, each atom is surrounded by twelve others, but the stacking of the layers differs. Some metals adopt different structures depending on the temperature, atoms of metals readily lose their outer shell electrons, resulting in a free flowing cloud of electrons within their otherwise solid arrangement. This provides the ability of metallic substances to easily transmit heat, while this flow of electrons occurs, the solid characteristic of the metal is produced by electrostatic interactions between each atom and the electron cloud. This type of bond is called a metallic bond, Metals are usually inclined to form cations through electron loss, reacting with oxygen in the air to form oxides over various timescales. Examples,4 Na + O2 →2 Na2O2 Ca + O2 →2 CaO4 Al +3 O2 →2 Al2O3, the transition metals are slower to oxidize because they form a passivating layer of oxide that protects the interior. Others, like palladium, platinum and gold, do not react with the atmosphere at all, some metals form a barrier layer of oxide on their surface which cannot be penetrated by further oxygen molecules and thus retain their shiny appearance and good conductivity for many decades. The oxides of metals are generally basic, as opposed to those of nonmetals, exceptions are largely oxides with very high oxidation states such as CrO3, Mn2O7, and OsO4, which have strictly acidic reactions. Painting, anodizing or plating metals are good ways to prevent their corrosion, however, a more reactive metal in the electrochemical series must be chosen for coating, especially when chipping of the coating is expected. Water and the two form an electrochemical cell, and if the coating is less reactive than the coatee. Metals in general have high conductivity, high thermal conductivity. Typically they are malleable and ductile, deforming under stress without cleaving, in terms of optical properties, metals are shiny and lustrous. Sheets of metal beyond a few micrometres in thickness appear opaque, although most metals have higher densities than most nonmetals, there is wide variation in their densities, lithium being the least dense solid element and osmium the densest
9.
Steel
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Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steels base metal is iron, which is able to take on two forms, body centered cubic and face centered cubic, depending on its temperature. It is the interaction of those allotropes with the elements, primarily carbon. In the body-centred cubic arrangement, there is an atom in the centre of each cube. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that otherwise occur in the lattices of iron atoms. The carbon in steel alloys may contribute up to 2. 1% of its weight. Steels strength compared to pure iron is possible at the expense of irons ductility. With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century and this was followed by Siemens-Martin process and then Gilchrist-Thomas process that refined the quality of steel. With their introductions, mild steel replaced wrought iron, further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking, largely replaced earlier methods by further lowering the cost of production and increasing the quality of the product. Today, steel is one of the most common materials in the world and it is a major component in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted standards organizations, the noun steel originates from the Proto-Germanic adjective stakhlijan, which is related to stakhla. The carbon content of steel is between 0. 002% and 2. 1% by weight for plain iron–carbon alloys and these values vary depending on alloying elements such as manganese, chromium, nickel, iron, tungsten, carbon and so on. Basically, steel is an alloy that does not undergo eutectic reaction. In contrast, cast iron does undergo eutectic reaction, too little carbon content leaves iron quite soft, ductile, and weak. Carbon contents higher than those of steel make an alloy, commonly called pig iron, while iron alloyed with carbon is called carbon steel, alloy steel is steel to which other alloying elements have been intentionally added to modify the characteristics of steel. Common alloying elements include, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, cobalt, and niobium. Additional elements are important in steel, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and traces of oxygen, nitrogen, and copper. Alloys with a higher than 2. 1% carbon content, depending on other element content, cast iron is not malleable even when hot, but it can be formed by casting as it has a lower melting point than steel and good castability properties
10.
Blow molding
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Blow molding is a manufacturing process by which hollow plastic parts are formed, It is also used for forming glass bottles. In general, there are three types of blow molding, extrusion blow molding, injection blow molding, and injection stretch blow molding. The blow molding process begins with melting down the plastic and forming it into a parison or in the case of injection and injection stretch blow moulding a preform, the parison is a tube-like piece of plastic with a hole in one end through which compressed air can pass. The parison is then clamped into a mold and air is blown into it, the air pressure then pushes the plastic out to match the mold. Once the plastic has cooled and hardened the mold opens up, the process principle comes from the idea of glassblowing. Someone produced a blow molding machine and sold it to Hartford Empire Company in 1938 and this was the beginning of the commercial blow molding process. During the 1940s the variety and number of products was very limited. Once the variety and production went up the number of products created followed soon afterwards. The technical mechanisms needed to produce hollow bodied workpieces using the technique were established very early on. Because glass is very breakable, after the introduction of plastic, plastic was being used to replace glass in some cases, the first mass production of plastic bottles was done in America in 1939. Germany started using this technology a little bit later, but is one of the leading manufacturers of blow molding machines. In the United States soft drink industry, the number of plastic containers went from zero in 1977 to ten pieces in 1999. Today, even a number of products are blown and it is expected to keep increasing. For amorphous metals, also known as metallic glasses, blow molding has been recently demonstrated under pressures and temperatures comparable to plastic blow molding. In Extrusion Blow Molding, plastic is melted and extruded into a hollow tube and this parison is then captured by closing it into a cooled metal mold. Air is then blown into the parison, inflating it into the shape of the bottle, container. After the plastic has cooled sufficiently, the mold is opened, Continuous and Intermittent are two variations of Extrusion Blow Molding. In Continuous Extrusion Blow Molding the parison is extruded continuously and the parts are cut off by a suitable knife
11.
Wolverhampton
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Wolverhampton is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 249,470, the demonym for people from the city is Wulfrunian. Historically part of Staffordshire, the city is named after Wulfrun, prior to the Norman Conquest, the areas name appears only as variants of Heantune or Hamtun, the prefix Wulfrun or similar appearing in 1070 and thereafter. Alternatively, the city may have earned its name from Wulfereēantūn after the Mercian King. The variation Wolveren Hampton is seen in records, e. g. in 1381. The city grew initially as a market town specialising in the woollen trade, in the Industrial Revolution, it became a major centre for coal mining, steel production, lock making and the manufacture of cars and motorcycles. The economy of the city is based on engineering, including a large aerospace industry. A local tradition states that King Wulfhere of Mercia founded an abbey of St Mary at Wolverhampton in 659, the Mercians and West Saxons claimed a decisive victory and the field of Woden is recognised by numerous place names in Wednesfield. In 985, King Ethelred the Unready granted lands at a place referred to as Heantun to Lady Wulfrun by royal charter and this became the site for the current St. Peters Church. A statue of Lady Wulfrun, sculpted by Sir Charles Wheeler, Wolverhampton is recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086 as being in the Hundred of Seisdon and the county of Staffordshire. The lords of the manor are listed as the canons of St Mary, with the tenant-in-chief being Samson, Wolverhampton at this date is a large settlement of fifty households. In 1179, there is mention of a market held in the town and this charter for a weekly market held on a Wednesday was eventually granted on 4 February 1258 by Henry III. From the 16th century onwards, Wolverhampton became home to a number of industries including lock and key making and iron. Wolverhampton suffered two Great Fires, the first in April 1590, and the second in September 1696, both fires started in todays Salop Street. The first fire lasted for five days and left nearly 700 people homeless and this second fire led to the purchase of the first fire engine within the city in September 1703. There is also evidence that Wolverhampton may have been the location of the first working Newcomen Steam Engine in 1712. In Victorian times, Wolverhampton grew to be a town mainly due to the huge amount of industry that occurred as a result of the abundance of coal. The remains of this wealth can be seen in houses such as Wightwick Manor and The Mount
12.
Chubb detector lock
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This alerts the owner to the fact that the lock has been tampered with. Any person who attempts to pick a detector lock must avoid triggering the automatic jamming mechanism, if the automatic jamming mechanism is accidentally triggered the lock-picker has the additional problem of resetting the detector mechanism before their next attempt to open the lock. The first detector lock was produced in 1818 by Jeremiah Chubb of Portsmouth, England and it remained unpicked until the Great Exhibition of 1851. Jeremiah Chubb, who was working with his brother, Charles, as an outfitter and ironmonger in Portsmouth. This security feature was known as a regulator, and was tripped when a lever was pushed past the position required to bring the lever in line to open the lock. As a result of innovation, Jeremiah was able to claim the £100 reward offered by the Government. A convict aboard one of the hulks in Portsmouth Docks was given the Chubb lock with a promise of a free pardon from the Government. The convict, who was a locksmith by trade and had picked every lock he had been presented with, was confident he could do the same with the detector lock. After two or three months of trying he was forced to admit defeat, in 1820, Jeremiah joined his brother Charles in starting their own lock company, Chubb. They moved from Portsmouth to Willenhall, which was the capital of Great Britain. In 1836 they moved to St James Square in the same town, a further move to the site of the old Workhouse in Railway Street followed in 1838. The Chubb lock reportedly became popular as a result of the interest generated when George IV accidentally sat on a Chubb lock that still had the key inserted, a number of improvements were made to the original design over the years but the basic principle behind its construction remained unchanged. In 1824, Charles patented a design that no longer required a special regulator key to reset the lock. The original lock used four levers, but by 1847 work by Jeremiah, Charles, his son John and others resulted in a six-lever version. A later innovation was the curtain, a disc that allowed the key to pass but narrowed the field of view, eventually, Chubb began to manufacture brass padlocks incorporating the detector mechanism. Competition in the business was fierce and there were various challenges issued in an attempt to prove the superiority of one type of lock over another. Joseph Bramah exhibited one of his locks in the window of his shop, in 1832, a Mr Hart, replying to a challenge by Chubb, failed to pick one of his detector locks. After a number of people tried and failed, the first person to pick the six-lever Chubb lock was Alfred Charles Hobbs, Chubb locks are mentioned twice in the Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle
13.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
14.
Chubb Locks
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Chubb Locks is a brand name of the Mul-T-Lock subsidiary of the Assa Abloy Group, which manufactures high security locking systems for residential, secure confinement and commercial applications. Chubb was started as a ships ironmonger by Charles Chubb in Winchester, England and then moved to Portsmouth, Chubb moved the company into the locksmith business in 1818 in Wolverhampton. The company worked out of a number of premises in Wolverhampton including the purpose built factory on Railway Street now still known as the Chubb Building and his brother Jeremiah Chubb then joined the company and they sold Jeremiahs patented detector lock. In 1823, the company was awarded a licence by George IV and later became the sole supplier of locks to the General Post Office. In 1835, they received a patent for a burglar-resisting safe, in 1851, they designed a special secure display case for the Koh-i-Noor diamond for its appearance at The Great Exhibition. In 1984, the company was purchased by Racal under the chairmanship of Sir Ernest Harrison OBE, after the group was floated out from Racal, in 1997 it was bought by Williams plc. In August 2000, they were sold to Assa Abloy, in 2006, Chubb was merged into the Mul-T-Lock group within Assa Abloy. The Chubb Electronic Security subsidiaries produce smoke detectors, fire alarms, burglar alarms, sherlock Holmes says in the Arthur Conan Doyle short story A Scandal in Bohemia that Irene Adler has a Chubb lock on her London villas door. Chubb Security Baron Hayter Glass break detector Yale Business Technology Association Westminster Group Security lighting Fire alarms Burglar alarms Official website
15.
Combination lock
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A combination lock is a type of locking device in which a sequence of numbers or symbols is used to open the lock. Types range from inexpensive three-digit luggage locks to high-security safes, unlike a regular padlock, combination locks do not use keys. The earliest known combination lock was excavated in a Roman period tomb on the Kerameikos, attached to a small box, it featured several dials instead of keyholes. In 1206, the Muslim engineer Al-Jazari documented a combination lock in his book al-Ilm Wal-Amal al-Nafi Fi Sinaat al-Hiyal, muhammad al-Astrulabi also made combination locks, two of which are kept in Copenhagen and Boston Museums. Gerolamo Cardano later described a combination lock in the 16th century, one of the simplest types of combination lock, often seen in low-security bicycle locks and in briefcases, uses several rotating discs with notches cut into them. The lock is secured by a pin with several teeth on it which hook into the rotating discs, when the notches in the discs align with the teeth on the pin, the lock can be opened. This lock is considered to be one of the least secure types of combination lock, opening one in this fashion depends on slight irregularities in the machining of the parts. Unless the lock is machined precisely, when the pin is pulled outward and this disc is then rotated until a slight click is heard, indicating that the tooth has settled into the notch. The procedure is repeated for the discs, resulting in an open lock. Combination locks found on padlocks, lockers, or safes may use a dial which interacts with several parallel discs or cams. Customarily, a lock of this type is opened by rotating the dial clockwise to the first numeral, counterclockwise to the second, and so on in an alternating fashion until the last numeral is reached. The cams typically have an indentation or notch, and when the combination is entered. Depending on the quality of the lock, some single-dial combination locks can also be defeated relatively easily, typical padlocks are manufactured with generous tolerances, allowing two, three or even more digits of play in the correct access sequence. Given a 60-number dial with three cams and three digits of play, the space is reduced from 60 ×60 ×60 to 20 ×20 ×20. Additionally, if testing the mechanism to open the lock does not modify the state of the lock, the first two digits are entered normally once, then, starting from the second digit, the dial is rotated sequentially through the digits, testing the lock on each. The reduced search time would be × 60², a reduction of nearly 82% from 360 hours to 65 hours and this strategy can be extended to the second digit as well, slightly reducing the search time further.78 hours. This is still significantly better security than multiple-dial locks and many keyed locks, inexpensive padlocks are often also susceptible to direct mechanical attacks, such as the use of a padlock shim which can release the shackle without entering a combination. This weakness reduces the number of possible combinations from 64,000 to a mere 100, in 1978 a combination lock which could be set by the user to a sequence of his own choosing was invented by Andrew Elliot Rae
16.
Time lock
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A time lock is a part of a locking mechanism commonly found in bank vaults and other high-security containers. The time lock is a designed to prevent the opening of the safe or vault until it reaches the preset time. Time locks are mounted on the inside of a safes or vaults door, usually there are three time locks on a door. The first one to reach 0 will allow access in to the vault, modern electronic time locks have some functions not available to mechanical time locks, like resettable timers and pre-set times to activate. American Genius, Nineteenth Century Bank Locks and Time Locks, Bank Vault Anatomy - A semi-technical guide to bank vaults built in the early 1900s Bank Vault Time Lock Collection - Mark Frank TMI Guide to Timelock Movements
17.
Electronic lock
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An electronic lock is a locking device which operates by means of electric current. Electric locks are sometimes stand-alone with an electronic control assembly mounted directly to the lock, electronic locks can also be remotely monitored and controlled, both to lock and unlock. Electric locks use magnets, solenoids, or motors to actuate the lock by either supplying or removing power, operating the lock can be as simple as using a switch, for example an apartment intercom door release, or as complex as a biometric based access control system. There are two types of locks, preventing mechanism or operation mechanism. The most basic type of lock is a magnetic lock. A large electro-magnet is mounted on the frame and a corresponding armature is mounted on the door. When the magnet is powered and the door is closed, the armature is held fast to the magnet, mag locks are simple to install and are very attack-resistant. One drawback is that improperly installed or maintained mag locks can fall on people and this has caused fire marshals to impose strict rules on the use of mag locks and access control practice in general. Additionally, NFPA101, as well as the ADA require no prior knowledge and this means that in an emergency, a person must be able to move to a door and immediately exit with one motion. Other problems include a lag time, because the magnetic field holding the door shut does not release instantaneously. This lag time can cause a user to collide with the still-locked door, finally, mag locks fail unlocked, in other words, if electrical power is removed they unlock. This could be a problem where security is a primary concern, additionally, power outages could affect mag locks installed on fire listed doors, which are required to remain latched at all times except when personnel are passing through. Most mag lock designs would not meet current fire codes as the means of securing a fire listed door to a frame. Because of this, many doors are moving over to stand-alone locks. The first mechanical recodable card lock was invented in 1976 by Tor Sørnes, the first card lock order was shipped in 1979 to Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, US. This product triggered the evolution of electronic locks for the hospitality industry, Electric strikes replace a standard strike mounted on the door frame and receive the latch and latch bolt. Installation of a strike into a fire listed door or the frame must be done under listing agency authority, Electric strikes can allow mechanical free egress, a departing person operates the lockset in the door, not the electric strike in the door frame. Electric strikes can also be either fail unlocked, or the more-secure fail locked design, Electric strikes are easier to attack than a mag lock
18.
Key (lock)
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A key is a device that is used to operate a lock. A key is usually intended to one specific lock or a small number of locks that are keyed alike. The key serves as a security token for access to the area, only persons having the correct key can open the lock. Keys provide an inexpensive, though imperfect, method of control for access to physical properties like buildings, vehicles. As such, keys are a feature of modern living. It is common for people to carry the set of keys they need for their activities around with them, often linked by a keyring. The earliest known lock and key device was discovered in the ruins of Nineveh, Locks such as this were later developed into the Egyptian wooden pin lock, which consisted of a bolt, door fixture, and key. When the key was inserted, pins within the fixture were lifted out drilled holes within the bolt, when the key was removed, the pins fell part-way into the bolt, preventing movement. The warded lock was also present from antiquity and remains the most recognizable lock, the first all-metal locks appeared between the years 870 and 900, and are attributed to the English craftsmen. It is also said that the key was invented by Theodore of Samos in the 6th century BC, affluent Romans often kept their valuables in secure boxes within their households, and wore the keys as rings on their fingers. The practice had two benefits, It kept the key handy at all times, while signaling that the wearer was wealthy and important enough to have money and jewelry worth securing. The lever tumbler lock, which uses a set of levers to prevent the bolt from moving in the lock, was perfected by Robert Barron in 1778. His double acting lever lock required the lever to be lifted to a height by having a slot cut in the lever. This type of lock is currently used today. The lever tumbler lock was improved by Jeremiah Chubb in 1818. A burglary in Portsmouth Dockyard prompted the British Government to announce a competition to produce a lock that could be opened only with its own key, Chubb was awarded £100 after a trained lock-picker failed to break the lock after 3 months. In 1820, Jeremiah joined his brother Charles in starting their own lock company, the Chubb brothers also received a patent for the first burglar-resisting safe and began production in 1835. The designs of Barron and Chubb were based on the use of levers, but Joseph Bramah
19.
Safe-cracking
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Safe-cracking is the process of opening a safe without either the combination or key. Different procedures may be used to crack a safe, depending on its construction, different procedures are required to open different safes so safe-crackers need to be aware of the differences. The most surreptitious way of cracking a safe is to manipulate the lock in order to obtain the required to open the safe without actually damaging the safe. Some rotary combination locks can be manipulated by feel or sound in order to determine the required to open the safe. More sophisticated locks use wheels made from materials which reduces this vulnerability. Another anti-manipulation mechanism is serrated wheels that make tactile techniques much more difficult, another defence is a clutch-type driver wheel that prevents contact of the fence to the tumblers except in one position. These locks can be identified by a feeling in the dial or by a dial that is pushed in. There are also a number of tools on the market to assist safe engineers in manipulating a combination lock open and these generally fit directly on to the locks dial and assist in being able to accurately read the left and right contact points of the locks drive cam. Some combination padlocks can also be manipulated by pulling and applying leverage on the shackle while turning each dial to determine the required to unlock them. In the absence of any information regarding the safes combination. Many combination locks allow some slop in the settings of the dial, such slops may allow for a margin of error of plus or minus two digits, which means that trying multiples of five would be sufficient in this case. This drastically reduces the required to exhaust the number of meaningful combinations. Safes may be compromised surprisingly often by simply guessing the combination and this results from the fact that manufactured safes often come with a manufacturer-set combination. These combinations are designed to allow owners initial access to the safes so that they may set their own new combinations, sources exist which list manufacturers try-out combinations. Combinations are also compromised by the owners of the safes by having the locks set to easy-to-guess combinations such as a birthdate, street address. A number of companies and groups have developed autodialing machines to open safes, a good example of such a device is a project completed by two students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Kyle Vogt and Grant Jordan. Their machine, built to open a Sargent and Greenleaf 8400 lock on a Diebold Safe, lockmasters, Inc. markets two autodialing machines that work on a variety of 3-digit combination safe locks. There also exist computer-aided manipulation tools such as Mas Hamiltons SoftDrill and these tools are like autodialers except they listen to the lock and, with the aid of a computer, make logical decisions like a human manipulator would
20.
Heist film
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The heist film is a subgenre of the crime film. It focuses on the planning, execution, and aftermath of a theft, versions with dominant or prominent comic elements are often called caper movies. They could be described as the analogues of caper stories in film history, a typical film includes many plot twists, with the focus on the characters attempts to formulate a plan, carry it out, and escape with the goods. Often a nemesis must be thwarted, who might be either a figure of authority or else a former partner who turned on the group or one of its members, usually a heist film will contain a three-act plot. The second act is the heist itself, with rare exception, the heist will be successful, although some number of unexpected events will occur. The third act is the unraveling of the plot, the characters involved in the heist will be turned against one another or one of the characters will have made arrangements with some outside party, who will interfere. Touchez pas au grisbi and Reservoir Dogs, for example, both take place largely after the heist has occurred, examples of heist films that take place non-linearly, The Killing, Gambit, Reservoir Dogs. Throughout the 1930s, thievery and scams were present in films as Raffles, Outside the Law, The Unholy Garden. Even to contemporary Hollywood, the genre still remains promising, as the remakes of Oceans 11 and The Italian Job show
21.
Concealment device
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Concealment devices or diversion safes are used to hide things for the purpose of secrecy or security. They are made from a household object such as a book, a soda can, a candle. The idea is that such an object would not be expected to contain anything of worth. Examples in espionage include dead drop spikes for transferring items to other people, examples in smuggling include suitcases with false bottoms for hiding contraband. During World War II MI9 was responsible for creating many concealment devices for escape aids to assist prisoners of war to escape, the hiding place is very easy to prepare, the bullet is removed from the cartridge and the propellant powder poured away. A small piece of paper with writing on it can be stored inside, given that ammunition can be found everywhere in a combat zone, it is very easy to hide or discard such items because they blend in easily. Similarly, if a soldier is captured, the enemy expects that soldiers will have ammunition in their pockets, so little attention is paid, books are possibly the most common concealment devices in usage. They are easily made and can contain quite large objects and they are also very difficult for outsiders to spot but easy to recognize for those that are looking for a specific book on a shelf. A new type, the candle looks like a large scented candle but is mostly hollow. The bottom comes off and rolled papers or small objects can be placed, some of the most clever of these contraptions looked like large, ordinary black candles with a felt base concealing the opening. To open them, two needles are poked through the felt at certain points and an electric current passed through. Also a new form of concealment device, mock cans of various chemicals or food. A wide variety of commonly used personal care, household products and food containers with removable tops, valuables can be discreetly stored inside these lookalike containers and kept in their seemingly rightful places. Each of these diversion safes are indistinguishable from the product, and can thus avoid detection. A hollow container, fashioned to look like an Eisenhower dollar, is used today to hide. Because it resembles ordinary pocket change, it is virtually undetectable as a concealment device, if a hollow coin is suspected, it sometimes can be easily confirmed by weighing against a normal coin on a simple balance. However, more sophisticated hollow coins have had their weight adjusted to match an unaltered coin by including a ring of a metal such as lead inside the coin. Typically coins that have no gold or silver content are used so as to avoid suspicion
22.
Bank vault
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A bank vault is a secure space where money, valuables, records, and documents are stored. It is intended to protect their contents from theft, unauthorized use, fire, natural disasters, unlike safes, vaults are an integral part of the building within which they are built, using armored walls and a tightly fashioned door closed with a complex lock. Historically, strongrooms were built in the basement of a bank where the ceilings were vaulted, modern bank vaults typically contain many safe deposit boxes, as well as places for teller cash drawers, and other valuable assets of the bank or its customers. They are also common in buildings where valuables are kept such as post offices, grand hotels, rare book libraries. Vault technology developed in a type of race with bank robbers. As burglars came up with new ways to break into vaults, modern vaults may be armed with a wide array of alarms and anti-theft devices. Some nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century vaults were built so well that today they are almost impossible to destroy and these older vaults were typically made with steel-reinforced concrete. The walls were usually at least 1 ft thick, and the door itself was typically 3.5 ft thick, total weight ran into the hundreds of tons. Today vaults are made thinner, lighter materials that, while still secure, are easier to dismantle than their earlier counterparts. The need for secure storage stretches far back in time, the earliest known locks were made by the Egyptians. Ancient Romans used a sophisticated locking system, called warded locks. Warded locks had special notches and grooves that made picking them more difficult, Lock technology advanced independently in ancient India, Russia, and China, where the combination lock is thought to have originated. In the United States, most banks relied on small iron safes fitted with a key lock up until the middle of the nineteenth century, after the Gold Rush of 1849, unsuccessful prospectors turned to robbing banks. The prospectors would often break into the bank using a pickax, the safe was usually small enough that the thief could get it out a window, and take it to a secluded spot to break it open. Banks demanded more protection and safe makers responded by designing larger, heavier safes, Safes with a key lock were still vulnerable through the key hole, and bank robbers soon learned to blast off the door by pouring explosives in this opening. In 1861, inventor Linus Yale Jr. introduced the combination lock. Bankers quickly adopted Yales lock for their safes, but bank robbers came up with ways to get past the new invention. It was possible to use force to punch the combination lock through the door, other experienced burglars learned to drill holes into the lock case and use mirrors to view the slots in the combination wheels inside the mechanism
23.
HVAC
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Heating, ventilation and air conditioning is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, Refrigeration is sometimes added to the fields abbreviation as HVAC&R or HVACR, or ventilating is dropped as in HACR. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings, methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types. HVAC systems can be used in domestic and commercial environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, reduce air infiltration, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces, the means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as room air distribution. In modern buildings the design, installation, and control systems of functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally estimate the capacity, engineer, for larger buildings, building service designers, mechanical engineers, or building services engineers analyze, design, and specify the HVAC systems. Specialty mechanical contractors then fabricate and commission the systems, Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the installations are normally required for all sizes of building. HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by Nikolay Lvov, Michael Faraday, Willis Carrier, Edwin Ruud, Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankine, Sadi Carnot, heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat for the building. This can be done via central heating, such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a large building. The heat can be transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation, heaters exist for various types of fuel, including solid fuels, liquids, and gases. Another type of source is electricity, normally heating ribbons composed of high resistance wire. This principle is used for baseboard heaters and portable heaters. Electrical heaters are used as backup or supplemental heat for heat pump systems. The heat pump gained popularity in the 1950s in Japan and the United States, heat pumps can extract heat from various sources, such as environmental air, exhaust air from a building, or from the ground. In the case of heated water or steam, piping is used to transport the heat to the rooms, most modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot water through the distribution system
24.
Fire
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Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Slower oxidative processes like rusting or digestion are not included by this definition, at a certain point in the combustion reaction, called the ignition point, flames are produced. The flame is the portion of the fire. Flames consist primarily of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen and nitrogen, if hot enough, the gases may become ionized to produce plasma. Depending on the substances alight, and any impurities outside, the color of the flame, Fire in its most common form can result in conflagration, which has the potential to cause physical damage through burning. Fire is an important process that affects ecological systems around the globe, the positive effects of fire include stimulating growth and maintaining various ecological systems. The negative effects of fire hazard to life and property, atmospheric pollution. If fire removes protective vegetation, heavy rainfall may lead to an increase in soil erosion by water and this is commonly called the fire tetrahedron. Fire cannot exist without all of elements in place and in the right proportions. For example, a liquid will start burning only if the fuel. Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that is not consumed, when added, in any chemical reaction during combustion, but which enables the reactants to combust more readily. Without gravity, a fire rapidly surrounds itself with its own products and non-oxidizing gases from the air. Because of this, the risk of fire in a spacecraft is small when it is coasting in inertial flight, of course, this does not apply if oxygen is supplied to the fire by some process other than thermal convection. Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the elements of the fire tetrahedron, consider a natural gas flame, such as from a stovetop burner. In contrast, fire is intensified by increasing the rate of combustion. In many cases, such as the burning of organic matter, for wood, or the incomplete combustion of gas. This light has a continuous spectrum, complete combustion of gas has a dim blue color due to the emission of single-wavelength radiation from various electron transitions in the excited molecules formed in the flame. Usually oxygen is involved, but hydrogen burning in chlorine produces a flame
25.
UL (safety organization)
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UL is an American safety consulting and certification company headquartered in Northbrook, Illinois. It maintains offices in 46 countries, UL is one of several companies approved to perform safety testing by the US federal agency Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA maintains a list of approved testing laboratories, which are known as Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. was founded in 1894 by William Henry Merrill. Early in his career as an engineer in Boston, a 25-year-old Merrill was sent to investigate the World Fair’s Palace of Electricity. Upon seeing a potential in his field, Merrill stayed in Chicago to found Underwriters Laboratories. Merrill soon went to work developing standards, launching tests, designing equipment, aside from his work at UL, Merrill served as the National Fire Protection Association’s secretary-treasurer and president and was an active member of the Chicago Board and Union Committee. In 1916, Merrill became UL’s first president, UL published its first standard, “Tin Clad Fire Doors”, in 1903. The following year, the UL Mark made its debut with the labeling of a fire extinguisher, in 1905, UL established a Label Service for certain product categories that require more frequent inspections. UL inspectors conducted the first factory inspections on labeled products at manufacturers’ facilities—a practice that remains a hallmark of UL’s testing, UL has expanded into an organization with 64 Laboratories, testing and certification facilities serving customers in 104 countries. In 2012, UL transformed from a company into a for-profit corporation. It is placed on components which are intended to be part of a UL listed product, the general public does not ordinarily come across it, as it is borne on components which make up finished products. Baseefa — a similar organization in the United Kingdom Canadian Standards Association — a similar organization in Canada, IAPMO R&T — a competing certification body, based in Ontario, California, U. S. A. MET Laboratories, Inc. — a competing testing laboratory based in Baltimore, Maryland, NTA Inc — a competing certification agency based in Nappanee, Indiana, U. S. A. S. A
26.
Jewelry
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Jewellery or jewelry consists of small decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets. Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes, for many centuries metal, often combined with gemstones, has been the normal material for jewellery, but other materials such as shells and other plant materials may be used. It is one of the oldest type of archaeological artefact – with 100, historically, the most widespread influence on jewellery in terms of design and style have come from Asia. Jewellery may be made from a range of materials. Gemstones and similar such as amber and coral, precious metals, beads, and shells have been widely used. In most cultures jewellery can be understood as a symbol, for its material properties, its patterns. Jewellery has been made to nearly every body part, from hairpins to toe rings. The word jewellery itself is derived from the jewel, which was anglicised from the Old French jouel. In British English, Indian English, New Zealand English, Hiberno-English, Australian English, both are used in Canadian English, though jewelry prevails by a two to one margin. Numerous cultures store wedding dowries in the form of jewellery or make jewellery as a means to store or display coins, alternatively, jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good, an example being the use of slave beads. Many items of jewellery, such as brooches and buckles, originated as functional items. Jewellery can also symbolise group membership or status, wearing of amulets and devotional medals to provide protection or ward off evil is common in some cultures. These may take the form of symbols, stones, plants, animals, body parts, in creating jewellery, gemstones, coins, or other precious items are often used, and they are typically set into precious metals. Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in jewellery, bronze, for example, was common in Roman times. Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold, white gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, most contemporary gold jewellery is made of an alloy of gold, the purity of which is stated in karats, indicated by a number followed by the letter K. American gold jewellery must be of at least 10K purity, many whimsical fashions were introduced in the extravagant eighteenth century. Cameos that were used in connection with jewellery were the attractive trinkets along with many of the objects such as brooches, ear-rings. Some of the necklets were made of pieces joined with the gold chains were in and bracelets were also made sometimes to match the necklet
27.
Gun safe
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A gun safe is a secure and protective storage container for one or more firearms, and, or ammunition for those guns. Access prevention is required by law in many places, necessitating a gun lock, metal gun cabinet, Gun safes may include additional security features such as fire or water protection, combination lock, digital lock, and fingerprint identification. Electronic locks as well as mechanical locks are available on models of safes. The highest reliability exists for mechanical locks, although they are more time consuming to open than electronic locks. Some safes use live locking bolt technology and pry resistant metal to ensure the protection of its contents against forced entry. Vault doors are available for creating walk-in gun safes or vaults in a room or gun armory in ones home. Such rooms are sometimes used as a dual-use gun safe or panic room. Gun safes with a carved wood exterior serve a decorative purpose. Design characteristics may include wood veneer and very thick tempered glass, some gun safes are designed to be hidden from obvious view. In most states, the law states that the ammunition, must be stored either in a safe or in a separate locked section of the safe. It is a requirement that the safe is bolted to the wall or floor. In addition, shooters in Western Australia must have double locks on their safes if the edge of the door is greater than 500 mm. Additional locks are required for safes with a swinging edge greater than 1500 mm, police may inspect the storage facility before issuing a licence, and will make random checks to ensure that legislation is being complied with. The Sporting Shooters Association of Australia endorses this policy with its Secure your gun, Secure your sport campaign to increase firearm safety, requirements vary when transporting firearms in vehicles in different states. Most require that the gun is hidden from view, and locked so that it is not easily reached by an unauthorised person, Firearms must be unloaded and the ammunition transported in another section of the car. Any person applying for or renewing their gun licence in Ireland must have a gun installed in their home. This was made law under the Firearms Regulations 2009, safes must be tested to the British Standard BS7558. Additional requirements including monitored alarms are necessary for those more than 3 guns
28.
Oxy-fuel welding and cutting
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Oxy-fuel welding and oxy-fuel cutting are processes that use fuel gases and oxygen to weld and cut metals, respectively. French engineers Edmond Fouché and Charles Picard became the first to develop oxygen-acetylene welding in 1903, pure oxygen, instead of air, is used to increase the flame temperature to allow localized melting of the workpiece material in a room environment. In recent decades it has been obsolesced in almost all industrial uses due to various arc welding methods offering more consistent mechanical weld properties, gas welding is still used for metal-based artwork and in smaller home based shops, as well as situations where accessing electricity would present difficulties. In oxy-fuel welding, a torch is used to weld metals. Welding metal results when two pieces are heated to a temperature that produces a shared pool of molten metal, the molten pool is generally supplied with additional metal called filler. Filler material depends upon the metals to be welded, in oxy-fuel cutting, a torch is used to heat metal to its kindling temperature. A stream of oxygen is then trained on the metal, burning it into an oxide that flows out of the kerf as slag. Torches that do not mix fuel with oxygen are not considered oxy-fuel torches, most metals cannot be melted with a single-tank torch. Consequently, single-tank torches are typically suitable for soldering and brazing, oxy-gas torches are or have been used for, Welding metal, see below. Depositing metal to build up a surface, as in hardfacing, also, oxy-hydrogen flames are used, in stone working for flaming where the stone is heated and a top layer crackles and breaks. A steel circular brush is attached to a grinder and used to remove the first layer leaving behind a bumpy surface similar to hammered bronze. In the glass industry for fire polishing, in jewelry production for water welding using a water torch. in automotive repair, removing a seized bolt. Formerly, to heat lumps of quicklime to obtain a white light called limelight. Formerly, in works, as platinum is fusible only in the oxyhydrogen flame. The apparatus used in gas welding consists basically of an oxygen source and this sort of torch can also be used for soldering and brazing. The cylinders are carried in a special wheeled trolley. There have been examples of oxyhydrogen cutting sets with small gas cylinders worn on the back in a backpack harness, for rescue work. There are also examples of pressurized liquid fuel cutting torches, usually using gasoline and these are used for their increased portability
29.
European Committee for Standardization
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The CEN was founded in 1961. More than 60,000 technical experts as well as business federations, CEN is the officially recognized standardisation representative for sectors other than electrotechnical and telecommunications. On 12 February 1999 the European Parliament noted in a resolution that CEN, CENELEC and ETSI co-operate smoothly, an example of mandatory standards are those for materials and products used in construction and listed under the Construction Products Directive. The CE mark is a declaration by the manufacturer that a product complies with the respective EU directive, CEN owns the Keymark, a voluntary quality mark for products and services. A product bearing the Keymark demonstrates conformity to European Standards, the current CEN Members are, all member states of the European Union, three of the EFTA members, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and other states, Macedonia, Turkey. The current affiliates are Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Serbia, Tunisia, the current partner standardisation bodies are Australia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan. The Vienna Agreement was signed by CEN and the International Organization for Standardization in 1991 and its primary aim is to avoid duplication of standards between CEN and ISO. In the last decade CEN has adopted a number of ISO standards which replaced the corresponding CEN standards, CENELEC is the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization. Com, EN Standards The list of all EN published standards. NORMAPME The European Office of Crafts, Trades and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises for Standardisation Sample of certifications for Playground equipment safety
30.
Suomenlinna
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Suomenlinna or Sveaborg, until 1918 Viapori, is an inhabited sea fortress built on six islands and which now forms part of the city of Helsinki, the capital of Finland. Suomenlinna is a UNESCO World Heritage site and popular with tourists and locals, the Swedish crown commenced the construction of the fortress in 1748 as protection against Russian expansionism. The general responsibility for the work was given to Augustin Ehrensvärd. In addition to the fortress itself, seafacing fortifications on the mainland would ensure that an enemy would not acquire a beach-head from which to stage attacks. The plan was also to stock munitions for the whole Finnish contingent of the Swedish Army, in the Finnish War the fortress surrendered to Russia on May 3,1808, paving the way for the occupation of Finland by Russian forces in 1809. Early on in the Great Northern War, Russia used the Swedish weakness in the Ingermanland and captured the area near river Neva as well as the Swedish forts, Nyen and Nöteborg, built to protect it. In 1703 Peter the Great had founded his new capital, Saint Petersburg, in the approach to it he built the fortified naval base of Kronstadt. Russia soon became a power and a force to be reckoned with in the Baltic Sea. The situation posed a threat to Sweden, which until that time had been the dominant power in the Baltic and this was visibly demonstrated by the use of naval forces in the Russian capture of Viborg in 1710. Lack of coastal defenses was keenly felt with Russian landings on spring of 1713 to Helsingfors, a Russian naval campaign against Swedish coast towards the end of the Great Northern War further outlined the need of developing Finnish coastal defenses. Immediately after the war had ended first plans were set into motion in Sweden to construct an archipelago fleet, however, nothing with regard to Sveaborg took until place until the end of Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743. Fortifications were left unfinished at Hamina and at Lappeenranta while Hämeenlinna was being built into a supply base. Lack of funds, unwillingness to devote funds for defending Finland, in the following Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 which quickly turned from Swedish attack into Russian occupation of Finland again underlined the importance of developing fortifications to Finland. Lack of base of operations for naval forces made it difficult for the Swedish navy to operate in the area, other European states were also concerned about developments, especially France, with which Sweden had concluded a military alliance. After lengthy debate the Swedish parliament decided in 1747 to fortify the Russian frontier, the frontier fortifications were established in Svartholm near the small town of Lovisa. Sweden started building the fortress in 1748, when Finland was still a part of the Swedish kingdom, Augustin Ehrensvärd and his gigantic fortification work on the islands off the town of Helsinki brought the district a new and unexpected importance. The fortification of Helsinki and its islands began in January 1748, fortifications were also built on the Russian side of the new border during the 18th century and some of the Swedish ones were added to. There were two aspects to Ehrensvärds design for the fortress, a series of independent fortifications on each of the linked islands and, at the very heart of the complex
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Access control
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Security, access control is the selective restriction of access to a place or other resource. The act of accessing may mean consuming, entering, or using, permission to access a resource is called authorization. Locks and login credentials are two mechanisms of access control. Geographical access control may be enforced by personnel, or with a such as a turnstile. There may be fences to avoid circumventing this access control, an alternative of access control in the strict sense is a system of checking authorized presence, see e. g. Ticket controller. A variant is exit control, e. g. of a shop or a country, the term access control refers to the practice of restricting entrance to a property, a building, or a room to authorized persons. Physical access control can be achieved by a human, through means such as locks and keys. Within these environments, physical key management may also be employed as a means of managing and monitoring access to mechanically keyed areas or access to certain small assets. Physical access control is a matter of who, where, an access control system determines who is allowed to enter or exit, where they are allowed to exit or enter, and when they are allowed to enter or exit. Historically, this was accomplished through keys and locks. When a door is locked, only someone with a key can enter through the door, mechanical locks and keys do not allow restriction of the key holder to specific times or dates. Mechanical locks and keys do not provide records of the key used on any specific door, when a mechanical key is lost or the key holder is no longer authorized to use the protected area, the locks must be re-keyed. Electronic access control uses computers to solve the limitations of mechanical locks, a wide range of credentials can be used to replace mechanical keys. The electronic access control system grants access based on the credential presented, when access is granted, the door is unlocked for a predetermined time and the transaction is recorded. When access is refused, the door locked and the attempted access is recorded. The system will monitor the door and alarm if the door is forced open or held open too long after being unlocked. When a credential is presented to a reader, the reader sends the information, usually a number, to a control panel. The control panel compares the number to an access control list, grants or denies the presented request
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Physical security
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Physical security describes security measures that are designed to deny unauthorized access to facilities, equipment and resources, and to protect personnel and property from damage or harm. Physical security systems for protected facilities are intended to, deter potential intruders, detect intrusions and monitor/record intruders. Physical access security measures that are appropriate for a security prison or a military site may be inappropriate in an office. The goal of deterrence methods is to convince potential attackers that an attack is unlikely due to strong defenses. The initial layer of security for a campus, building, office, physical barriers such as fences, walls, and vehicle barriers act as the outermost layer of security. They serve to prevent, or at least delay, attacks, tall fencing, topped with barbed wire, razor wire or metal spikes are often emplaced on the perimeter of a property, generally with some type of signage that warns people not to attempt to enter. Security lighting is another form of deterrence. Intruders are less likely to enter well-lit areas for fear of being seen, doors, gates, and other entrances, in particular, should be well lit to allow close observation of people entering and exiting. Alarm systems can be installed to alert security personnel when unauthorized access is attempted, alarm systems work in tandem with physical barriers, mechanical systems, and security guards, serving to trigger a response when these other forms of security have been breached. They consist of sensors including motion sensors, contact sensors, however, alarms are only useful if there is a prompt response when they are triggered. In the reconnaissance phase prior to an attack, some intruders will test the response time of security personnel to a deliberately tripped alarm system. By measuring the length of time it takes for a security team to arrive, loud audible alarms can also act as a psychological deterrent, by notifying intruders that their presence has been detected. In some jurisdictions, law enforcement will not respond to alarms from intrusion detection systems unless the activation has been verified by an eyewitness or video, policies like this one have been created to combat the 94–99 percent rate of false alarm activation in the United States. Surveillance cameras can be a deterrent when placed in visible locations. For example, if alarms are being generated and there is a camera in place, in instances when an attack has already occurred and a camera is in place at the point of attack, the recorded video can be reviewed. Video monitoring does not necessarily guarantee that a response is made to an intrusion. A human must be monitoring the situation in time in order to respond in a timely manner. Otherwise, video monitoring is simply a means to gather evidence to be analyzed at a later time, however, advances in information technology are reducing the amount of work required for video monitoring, through automated video analytics
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Safe deposit box
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Safe deposit redirects here, not to be confused with Safedeposits in Scotland. A safe deposit box, sometimes known erroneously as a safety box, is an individually secured container. Safe deposit boxes are located in banks, post offices or other institutions. In the United States, neither banks nor the FDIC insure the contents, an individual should purchase insurance for the safe deposit box in order to cover theft, fire, flooding, terrorist attacks and other natural disasters and catastrophes. Many hotels, resorts and cruise ships also offer safe deposit boxes or small safes to their patrons and these facilities may be located behind the reception desk, or securely anchored within private guest rooms for privacy. The contents of safe deposit boxes may be seized under the theory of abandoned property. Banking in Switzerland Numbered bank account
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Security
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Security is the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm. It applies to any vulnerable and/or valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community, item, nation, or organization. As noted by the Institute for Security and Open Methodologies in the OSSTMM3 and these separations are generically called controls, and sometimes include changes to the asset or the threat. Security is said to have two dialogues, negative dialogue is about danger, risk, threat, etc. Positive dialogue is about opportunities, interests, profits, etc, negative dialogue needs military equipment, armies, or police. Positive dialogue needs social capital, education, or social interaction, perception of security may be poorly mapped to measurable objective security. For example, the fear of earthquakes has been reported to be more common than the fear of slipping on the floor although the latter kills many more people than the former. Similarly, the effectiveness of security measures is sometimes different from the actual security provided by those measures. The presence of security protections may even be taken for the safety itself, for example, two computer security programs could be interfering with each other and even canceling each others effect, while the owner believes they are getting double the protection. Security theater is a term for deployment of measures primarily aimed at raising subjective security without a genuine or commensurate concern for the effects of that action on real safety. Since some intruders will decide not to attempt to break into such areas or vehicles, without such advertisement, an intruder might, for example, approach a car, break the window, and then flee in response to an alarm being triggered. Either way, perhaps the car itself and the objects inside arent stolen, there is an immense literature on the analysis and categorization of security. Part of the reason for this is that, in most security systems, the situation is asymmetric since the defender must cover all points of attack while the attacker need only identify a single weak point upon which to concentrate. It includes physical security to prevent theft of equipment and information security to protect the data on that equipment, today there is a greater recognition of the interconnected nature of security requirements, an approach variously known as holistic security, all hazards management, and other terms. Inciting factors in the convergence of security include the development of digital video surveillance technologies. In 2007 the International Organisation for Standardization released ISO28000 - Security Management Systems for the supply chain, ISO28000 is the foremost risk based security system and is suitable for managing both public and private regulatory security, customs and industry based security schemes and requirements
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Safe room
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Safe rooms usually contain communications equipment, so that law enforcement authorities can be contacted. Sometimes, the ceiling is reinforced, or gated, to prevent easy access from the attic or from an overhead crawl space, more expensive safe rooms have walls and a door reinforced with sheets of steel, Kevlar, or bullet-resistant fiberglass. The hinges and strike plate are often reinforced with long screws, some safe rooms may also have externally vented ventilation systems and a separate telephone connection. They might also connect to an escape shaft, the U. S. State Department often uses steel grillwork much like a jail to seal off parts of a home used by U. S. Foreign Service members overseas when they are living in cities with a high crime threat, in some cities, the entire upstairs area is grilled off, as well as every window and door to the home. Other homes have steel doors to one or more bedrooms that can be bolted closed to provide time for security forces to arrive. For strong storms or tornadoes, a safe room must be built to withstand high winds and flying debris. Specific concerns include, The safe room should be anchored to the foundation to resist overturning. The walls, ceiling, and door of the shelter should withstand wind pressure, the connections between all parts of the safe room should be strong enough to resist separation by wind. Safe rooms may contain communications equipment, such as a telephone, land-line telephone or an amateur radio transceiver. There may also be a monitor for external security cameras and an alarm system, in basic safe rooms, a peephole in the door may be used for a similar purpose. Safe rooms can be hidden behind many household features, such as mirrors, wardrobes, bookcases, sliding bookcases, warships with CBRN protection generally have a central citadel, with a degree of armour protection as well as a filtered air system. Safe rooms on civilian ships, sometimes called citadels, are increasingly being installed as a countermeasure against piracy, when attacked, the crew can retreat into the safe room and call for help. Safe rooms sometimes have facilities to allow the crew to remotely disable the engines and electronic systems. The retreat of the crew to a safe room could encourage the pirates to leave the ship of their own volition, safe rooms have been used as a defensive measure in ships threatened by piracy in Somalia. In 2010,4,185 seafarers had been attacked and 1,090 taken hostage, blast shelter Bomb shelter Fallout shelter Merkhav Mugan Panic Room Retreat Storm cellar The Secure Home, Joel Skousen, Swift Learning Resources, 3rd ed,1999
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Strongroom
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A bank vault is a secure space where money, valuables, records, and documents are stored. It is intended to protect their contents from theft, unauthorized use, fire, natural disasters, unlike safes, vaults are an integral part of the building within which they are built, using armored walls and a tightly fashioned door closed with a complex lock. Historically, strongrooms were built in the basement of a bank where the ceilings were vaulted, modern bank vaults typically contain many safe deposit boxes, as well as places for teller cash drawers, and other valuable assets of the bank or its customers. They are also common in buildings where valuables are kept such as post offices, grand hotels, rare book libraries. Vault technology developed in a type of race with bank robbers. As burglars came up with new ways to break into vaults, modern vaults may be armed with a wide array of alarms and anti-theft devices. Some nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century vaults were built so well that today they are almost impossible to destroy and these older vaults were typically made with steel-reinforced concrete. The walls were usually at least 1 ft thick, and the door itself was typically 3.5 ft thick, total weight ran into the hundreds of tons. Today vaults are made thinner, lighter materials that, while still secure, are easier to dismantle than their earlier counterparts. The need for secure storage stretches far back in time, the earliest known locks were made by the Egyptians. Ancient Romans used a sophisticated locking system, called warded locks. Warded locks had special notches and grooves that made picking them more difficult, Lock technology advanced independently in ancient India, Russia, and China, where the combination lock is thought to have originated. In the United States, most banks relied on small iron safes fitted with a key lock up until the middle of the nineteenth century, after the Gold Rush of 1849, unsuccessful prospectors turned to robbing banks. The prospectors would often break into the bank using a pickax, the safe was usually small enough that the thief could get it out a window, and take it to a secluded spot to break it open. Banks demanded more protection and safe makers responded by designing larger, heavier safes, Safes with a key lock were still vulnerable through the key hole, and bank robbers soon learned to blast off the door by pouring explosives in this opening. In 1861, inventor Linus Yale Jr. introduced the combination lock. Bankers quickly adopted Yales lock for their safes, but bank robbers came up with ways to get past the new invention. It was possible to use force to punch the combination lock through the door, other experienced burglars learned to drill holes into the lock case and use mirrors to view the slots in the combination wheels inside the mechanism
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