1.
Cirebon
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Cirebon is a port city on the north coast of the Indonesian island of Java. It is located in the province of West Java near the border with Central Java, approximately 297 km east of Jakarta, at 6°43′S 108°34′E.88 km2. The seat of a former Sultanate, the citys West and Central Java border location have seen its history influenced by both Sundanese and Javanese culture as well as Chinese. Being on the border of Sunda and Jawa, many of Cirebons residents speak a dialect that is a mix of Sundanese and Javanese. It is thought that the word derives from the Javanese word, caruban, meaning mixed, a reference to the citys mix of Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese. Alternatively, it could be derived from the Sundanese words of Ci, aside from fishery, its harbour, Tanjung Emas, on the Java Sea has been a major hub for timber from Borneo. A small landing site Penggung also serves the TNI-AU, the city lies on Jalur Pantura, a major road on the northern coast of Java that stretches from Anyer, passes through Jakarta, and ends at Surabaya. According to the manuscript Purwaka Caruban Nagari, in the 15th century Cirebon started as a fishing village named Muara Jati. At that time the port of Muara Jati already attracted foreign traders, the port master at that time was Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang, who was appointed by the king of Galuh kingdom, located inland in Kawali, Ciamis. Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang moved the port to Lemahwungkuk,5 kilometres southward, as the new settlement leader, Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang was bestowed the title Kuwu Cerbon. A prince from Pajajaran, Prince Walangsungsang, converted to Islam and was appointed as Adipati of Cirebon with the title Cakrabumi and he established the new kingdom of Cirebon and declared independence from Galuh. The establishment of the Cirebon sultanate marked the first Islamic rule in Western Java, Cirebon grew as one of the independent sultanates under the leadership of Sunan Gunungjati, in the early 16th century. The kingdoms of Banten and Mataram fought over Cirebon, which declared its allegiance to Sultan Agung of Mataram, but the later Mataram king ceded the city to the Dutch in the 1677. A treaty in 1705 saw Cirebon become a Dutch protectorate jointly administered by three sultans whose courts rivalled those of Central Java, the citys population was 298,224 at the Indonesia Census of 2010. As with other cities in Indonesia, a large population of ethnic Chinese has flocked into the city as a result of long-term Chinese immigration since the 17th century. Significant suburbs lie within densely populated Cirebon Regency, and the metropolitan area encompasses this entire regency as well as the city. Although surrounded by Sundanese-speaking areas in West Java, linguists have stated clearly that Cirebon are Javanese language areas, in addition, this is supported by the Cirebon people referring to themselves as wong Jawa, and to their language as basa Jawa. However, the Cirebon dialect is different from the dominant south central Javanese dialect that it is sometimes assumed to be non-Javanese by outsiders
2.
Central Java
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Central Java is a province of Indonesia. This province is located in the middle of Java, the province is 32,800.69 km2 in area, approximately a quarter of the total land area of Java. Its population was 33,753,023 at the 2015 Census, Central Java is also a cultural concept that includes the Special Region and city of Yogyakarta as well as the Province of Central Java. However, administratively the city and its surrounding regencies have formed a special region since Indonesian independence. Located in the middle of the island of Java, the Central Java province is bordered by West Java, a small portion of its south region is the Yogyakarta Special Region province, fully enclosed on the landward side by the Central Java province. To the north and the south, the Central Java province faces the Java Sea, Central Java includes offshore islands such as Karimun Jawa Islands in the north, and Nusakambangan in the southwest. Yogyakarta is historically and culturally part of the Central Java region, the average temperature in Central Java is between 18–28 degrees Celsius and the relative humidity varies between 73–94 percent. While a high level of humidity exists in most low-lying parts of the province, the highest average annual rainfall of 3,990 mm with 195 rainy days was recorded in Salatiga. The geography of Central Java is regular with small strips of lowlands near the northern and southern coast with mountain ranges in the centre of the region, to the west lies an active stratovolcano Mount Slamet, and further east is the Dieng Volcanic Complex on Dieng Plateau. Southeast of Dieng lies the Kedu Plain, which is bordered to the east side by the volcanoes of Mount Merapi. South of Semarang, lies Mount Ungaran, and to the north-east of the city lies Mount Muria on the most northern tip of Java, to the east near the border with East Java lies Mount Lawu, where its eastern slopes are in the East Java province. Due to its volcanic history, volcanic ash makes Central Java highly fertile agriculture land. Paddy fields are extensive, except in the southeastern Gunung Kidul region partly due to the concentration of limestone. The largest rivers are the Serayu in the west, which empties into the Indian Ocean, on the eve of the World War II in 1942, Central Java was subdivided into 7 residencies which corresponded more or less with the main regions of this area. These residencies were Banjoemas, Kedoe, Pekalongan, Semarang, and Djapara-Rembang plus the so-called Gouvernement Soerakarta, however, after the local elections in 1957 the role of these residencies were reduced until they finally disappeared. Nowadays Central Java is divided into 29 regencies and 6 cities and these contemporary regencies and cities can further be subdivided into 565 districts. These districts are subdivided into 7,804 rural communes or villages and 764 urban communes. Java has been inhabited by humans or their ancestors since prehistoric times, in Central Java and the adjacent territories in East Java remains known as Java Man were discovered in the 1890s by the Dutch anatomist and geologist Eugène Dubois
3.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
4.
King Abdulaziz University
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King Abdulaziz University was founded in 1967 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Designed by English architect John Elliott, it had 2,000 faculty, in 2016, it was ranked the top Arab university by Times Higher Education. College departments, These programs are accredited by ABET as Substantially Equivalent Programs since 2003, according to U. S. News & World Report, KAU had more highly cited researchers citing it as an affiliated institution than almost any other university in the world. Allegedly, KAU boosted its rankings by aggressively recruiting top researchers, member of World Economic Forum and founder of Jeddah Economic Forum Nahed Taher, Saudi economist, chief executive officer of Gulf One Investment Bank
5.
The 500 Most Influential Muslims
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The 500 Most Influential Muslims is an annual publication first published in 2009, which ranks the most influential Muslims in the world. The publication is compiled by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre in Amman, Jordan, the report is issued annually in cooperation with Prince Al-Waleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at Georgetown University in the United States. The publication highlights people who are influential as Muslims and that is people whose influence is derived from their practice of Islam or from the fact that they are Muslim. Influential for the purposes of the book is defined as any person who has the power to make a change that will have a significant impact on the Muslim World, the book starts with an overall top 50, ranked the most influential Muslims in the world. Each year the biographies are updated, the publication also gives an insight into the different ways that Muslims impact the world and also shows the diversity of how people are living as Muslims today. In 2009, the book was edited by Professors John L. Esposito, the 500 most influential Muslims were chosen largely in terms of their overt influence. The top 50 is dominated by religious scholars and either heads of state, lineage is a significant factor – it has its own category – and the predisposition to include children of important people reveals a mindset that indicates achievement is an optional extra. The book has given the first place to King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia, second place went to Ayatollah Syed Ali Khamenei, the spiritual leader of Iran. King Mohammed VI of Morocco found third place and King Abdullah II Al-Hussain of Jordan occupied fourth place, fifth place went to Turkeys Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The first solely religious leader is Iraqs Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani in seventh place, the heads of Hezbollah, Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah listed 17th and Hamas Khaled Mashaal listed 34th. The highest-ranking American at 38th place was Sheikh Hamza Yusuf Hanson, founder of the Zaytuna Institute in Berkeley, right after him comes the highest-ranking European, Sheikh Mustafa Cerić, grand mufti of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In total 72 Americans are among the 500, a strong showing. The women featured had a section from the men. There were only three listed in the top 50. The listing also includes an extensive Arts and Culture Section, all the Qāriʾs listed in the book are from Saudi Arabia. Foreign Policy magazines Marc Lynch stated, Esposito and Kalins methodology seems strange, any list in which the Sultan of Oman outranks, say, Turkish preacher Fethullah Gülen or the Aga Khan seems odd to this observer. In 2010, Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz topped the list as the most influential Muslim in the world for the second consecutive year, Ayatollah Syed Ali Khamenei maintained second place. Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan moved into third place, jordanian King Abdullah II was placed fourth above Moroccan King Mohammed VI who moved down to fifth place
6.
Abdurrahman Wahid
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Abdurrahman Wahid, born Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil, colloquially known as Gus Dur, was an Indonesian Muslim religious and political leader who served as the President of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001. The long-time president of the Nahdlatul Ulama and the founder of the National Awakening Party and his popular nickname Gus Dur, is derived from Gus, a common honorific for a son of kyai, from short-form of bagus, and Dur, short-form of his name, Abdurrahman. Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil Wahid was born on the day of the eighth month of the Islamic calendar in 1940 in Jombang, East Java to Abdul Wahid Hasyim. This led to a belief that he was born on 4 August, instead, using the Islamic calendar to mark his birth date meant that he was born on 4 Shaaban. He was named after Abd ar-Rahman I of the Umayyad Caliphate who brought Islam to Spain and was thus nicknamed ad-Dakhil and his name is stylized in the traditional Arabic naming system as Abdurrahman, son of Wahid. His family is Javanese of mixed Chinese-Arabic origins with some native blood and he was the oldest of his five siblings, and was born into a very prestigious family in the East Java Muslim community. His paternal grandfather, Hasyim Asyari was the founder of Nahdlatul Ulama while his maternal grandfather, Wahids father, Wahid Hasyim, was involved in the nationalist movement and would go on to be Indonesias first Minister of Religious Affairs. At the end of the war in 1949, Wahid moved to Jakarta as his father had been appointed Minister of Religious Affairs and he was educated in Jakarta, going to KRIS Primary School before moving to Matraman Perwari Primary School. Wahid was also encouraged to read books, magazines. He stayed in Jakarta with his family even after his fathers removal as Minister of Religious Affairs in 1952, in April 1953, Wahids father died after being involved in a car crash. In 1954, Wahid began Junior High School and that year, he failed to graduate to the next year and was forced to repeat. His mother then made the decision to him to Yogyakarta to continue his education. In 1957, after graduating from Junior High School, he moved to Magelang to begin Muslim Education at Tegalrejo Pesantren and he completed the pesantren course in two years instead of the usual four. In 1959, he moved back to Jombang to Pesantren Tambakberas, there, while continuing his own education, Wahid also received his first job as a teacher and later on as headmaster of a madrasah affiliated with the pesantren. Wahid also found employment as a journalist for such as Horizon. In 1963, Wahid received a scholarship from the Ministry of Religious Affairs to study at Al Azhar University in Cairo and he left for Egypt in November 1963. Instead of attending classes, Wahid spent 1964 enjoying life in Egypt, Wahid was also involved with the Association of Indonesian Students and became a journalist for the associations magazine. In Egypt, Wahid found employment with the Indonesian Embassy and it was during his stint with the embassy that coup attempt was launched by the 30 September Movement, which the Communist Party of Indonesia was accused of leading
7.
Islam in Indonesia
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Indonesia is constitutionally a secular state, with Islam being the dominant religion in the country. Indonesia also has a larger Muslim population than any country in the world. Based on demographic statistics, 99% of Indonesian Muslims mainly follow the Shafii school of Sunni jurisprudence, although when asked, there are around one million Shias, who are concentrated around Jakarta, and about 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims. There is evidence of Arab Muslim traders entering Indonesia as early as the 8th century, Indonesias historical inhabitants were animists, Hindus and Buddhists. However, it was not until the end of the 13th century that the spread of Islam began, the spread of Islam continued as Muslim traders married the local women, with some of the wealthier traders marrying into the families of the ruling elite. In general, traders and the royalty of major kingdoms were the first to adopt the new religion, dominant kingdoms included Samudra Pasai in northern Sumatra, Demak Sultanate and Mataram in Central Java, and the sultanates of Ternate and Tidore in the Maluku Islands to the east. Through assimilation related to trade, royal conversion, and conquest, Islam had supplanted Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion of Java, the eastern islands remained largely animist until adopting Islam and Christianity in the 17th and 18th centuries, whereas Bali still retains a Hindu majority. During this process cultural influences from the Hindu-Buddhist era were mostly tolerated or incorporated into Islamic rituals and this evidence cannot explain more complicated matters such as how lifestyles were affected by the new religion or how deeply it affected societies. By the late century, the Majapahit Empire in Java had begun its decline. Islam in Java then began to spread formally, building on the influences of the Wali Songo. The Dutch entered the region in the 17th century due to its lucrative wealth established through the natural resources. The Maluku Islands in the Indonesian archipelago were known as the spice islands, the countrys natural spices, including nutmeg, pepper, clove, were highly prized. Other popular trade items of the area include sandalwood, rubber, the movement built schools that combined an Islamic and secular curriculum and was unique in that it trained women as preachers for women. The activities of the reformers and the reactions of their opponents, the Minangkabau ulema played an important role in the early reform movement. In 1906, Tahir bin Jalaluddin published al-Iman, the Malay newspaper in Singapore, five years later followed publication of al-Munir newspaper in Padang. In the first 20th century, Muslim modernist school arose in West Sumatra, such as Adabiah, Diniyah Putri, later, Islamic movement also developed in Java with the birth of the NU and Muhammadiyah. Today about 88% of Indonesias 235 million people is Muslim, upon independence there was significant controversy surrounding the role of Islam in politics, this caused enormous tensions. Eventually, Indonesia adopted a civil code instead of an Islamic one, in the New Order years, there was an intensification of religious belief amongst Muslims
8.
Priyayi
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Priyayi was the Dutch era class of the nobles of the Robe, as opposed to royal nobility or bangsawan or ningrat, in Java, Indonesias most populous island. Initially court officials in pre-colonial kingdoms, the moved into the colonial civil service. Named para yayi, nobles, officials, administrators, and chiefs were integrated in a patron-client relationship with the Sultan to preside over the peripheries of the kingdom, the homeland of priyayi culture is attributed to Mataram’s center, namely the Javanese-speaking middle and eastern parts of Java. After the arrival of the Dutch East India Company and the collapse of Mataram, although Dutch political influence severely limited their autonomy throughout the colonial period, the two kingdoms continued to serve as symbols of Javanese courtly culture. A bupati is responsible for a kabupaten, often a polity with a semi-autonomous history, the position of a bupati was often inherited from father to son, a practice allowed under the 1854 Dutch Constitutions, and families of the bupati often formed a local aristocratic class. The bupati is subordinate to, and usually has a correspondence with. Other colonial government employees considered to be of priyayi stature included tax officials, prosecutors, by 1931, Europeans accounted only for 10 percent of the entire state apparatus in the Dutch East Indies, and over 250,000 native officials were on state payroll. In Java, a class distinction existed between priyagung, a well connected to the aristocratic elite in Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Nonetheless, the distance separating the priyayi from the peasantry is much greater than that separating the priyagung from the priyayi cilik. In 1901, the Dutch East Indies government established the so-called Ethische Politiek as an official policy, among the Javanese, priyayi men were the first to be educated at Western-style institutions before entering the colonial civil service. Nationalistic sentiments among Javanese elites who received Dutch education were formative in the era of the Indonesian National Awakening, the Boedi Oetomo, the first indigenous political society in the Dutch East Indies, was established by a group of priyayi doctors and medical students in 1908. Although the group was confined to a Javanese, male priyayi following, the recognition of the Republic of Indonesia in 1949 by Dutch authorities resulted in the integration of bureaucratic institutions from Dutch-controlled federal states into the new Republic. The number of servants in Indonesia thus grew from 115,000 in the late 1920s to 400,000 in the early 1950s. However, the top echelons were dominated by an elite group of 100,000 Dutch-trained senior officials. The priyayi class used elaborate title system and these title were hereditary in some extents, a son will inherit a title one level lower than his parent, unless it is already of the lowest rank. The honorific Raden is related to the Malagasy noble titles of Randriana or Andriana, as a feudalistic subculture in Javanese society distinct from the peasantry, priyayi culture emphasizes the alus over the kasar, and the batin over the lahir. Within Javanese Islam, Geertz identified three alirans, or cultural streams, the abangan, the santri, and the priyayi. Members of the stream are more likely to be urban dwellers, and tend to be oriented to the mosque, the Quran
9.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
10.
Tuanku Imam Bonjol
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Tuanku Imam Bonjol, also known as Muhammad Syahab, Peto Syarif, and Malim Basa, was one of the most popular leaders of the Padri movement in Central Sumatra. He was declared a National Hero of Indonesia, tuanku Imam Bonjol was born in Bonjol, Pasaman, West Sumatra. His family came from Sungai Rimbang, Suliki, Limapuluh Koto and his parents name were Bayanuddin and Hamatun. He was immersed in Islamic studies as he grew up, studying first from his father and later various other Muslim theologians. After founding the state of Bonjol, Syarif became involved in the Adat-Paderi controversy as a Paderi leader and it also opposed the powerful role of women in the matrilineal Minangkabau culture. The Adat, or traditionalist, position was that local custom that pre-dated the arrival of Islam should also be respected and followed, feeling their leadership position threatened, the traditionalists appealed to the Dutch for help in their struggle against the Paderis. At first, the Dutch were not able to win militarily against the Paderis because their resources were stretched thin by the Diponegoro resistance in Java, in 1824, the Dutch signed the Masang Agreement ending hostilities with the state of Bonjol. Subsequently, however, once the Diponegoro resistance was suppressed, the Dutch attacked the state of Pandai Sikat in an effort to gain control of West Sumatra. Despite valiant fighting by the Indonesians, the power of the Dutch military eventually prevailed. Syarif was captured in 1832 but escaped after three months to continue the struggle from his fortress in Bonjol. After three years of siege, the Dutch finally managed to sack Bonjol on 16 August 1837, through a negotiation ruse, the Dutch again captured Syarif and exiled him, first to Cianjur in West Java, then to Ambon, and later to Manado in Sulawesi. He died on 6 November 1864, at the age of 92 and is buried in Sulawesi, the site of his grave is marked by a Minangkabau house. History of Indonesia Padri War Bio Imam Bonjol at Ensiklopedi Tokoh Indonesia http, //www. minahasa. net/en/history-imambonjol. html
11.
Ahmad Dahlan
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Kyai Haji Ahmad Dahlan, born Muhammad Darwis, was an Indonesian Islamic revivalist who established Muhammadiyah in 1912. Muhammad Darwis, commonly known as Ahmad Dahlan, was born in the Muslim quarter of Yogyakarta behind the Yogyakarta Sultans Great Mosque and his father was the Imam of the mosque, and Dahlan learned that language from his father. He was the 12th generation descendant of Maulana Malik Ibrahim with lineage traces back to Muhammad. It is Muslim belief that one should recite the Koran in its language, but very few Indonesians at this time knew Arabic. Dahlan was sent to an Islamic boarding school or pesantren, as one of his five obligations as a Muslim, he went on a pilgrimage to Mecca where he studied with Ahmad Khatib, the renowned religious teacher. It was during this pilgrimage Dahlan changed his name from Muhammad Darwis to Ahmad Dahlan and this latter name was given by the syaikh of Shafii school of law, Sayyid Bakri Shatta. After returning to Java around 1888, he married the daughter of the head of the Great Mosque in Yogyakarta, the efforts of Western Christian missionaries also concerned him. He joined Budi Utomo in 1909, hoping to reform to its members. He created Muhammadiyah in 1912 as an organisation as a means of realising his reformist ideals. It was quickly joined by traders and craftsmen, in 1917 added a womens section named Aisyiyah, which played a significant role in modernising the life of Indonesian women. Spreading to the Outer Islands, Muhammadiyah established a base in Sulawesi only a decade later after it was founded. Today, with 20 million members, Muhammadiyah is the second largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia after Nahdlatul Ulama, Ahmad Dahlan died, aged 54, in Yogyakarta. Islam in Indonesia Muhammadiyah Winai Dahlan the Founder Director of the Halal Science Center, Chulalongkorn University, a History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd ed. Stanford, Stanford University Press,1994
