1.
Cirebon
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Cirebon is a port city on the north coast of the Indonesian island of Java. It is located in the province of West Java near the border with Central Java, approximately 297 km east of Jakarta, at 6°43′S 108°34′E.88 km2. The seat of a former Sultanate, the citys West and Central Java border location have seen its history influenced by both Sundanese and Javanese culture as well as Chinese. Being on the border of Sunda and Jawa, many of Cirebons residents speak a dialect that is a mix of Sundanese and Javanese. It is thought that the word derives from the Javanese word, caruban, meaning mixed, a reference to the citys mix of Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese. Alternatively, it could be derived from the Sundanese words of Ci, aside from fishery, its harbour, Tanjung Emas, on the Java Sea has been a major hub for timber from Borneo. A small landing site Penggung also serves the TNI-AU, the city lies on Jalur Pantura, a major road on the northern coast of Java that stretches from Anyer, passes through Jakarta, and ends at Surabaya. According to the manuscript Purwaka Caruban Nagari, in the 15th century Cirebon started as a fishing village named Muara Jati. At that time the port of Muara Jati already attracted foreign traders, the port master at that time was Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang, who was appointed by the king of Galuh kingdom, located inland in Kawali, Ciamis. Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang moved the port to Lemahwungkuk,5 kilometres southward, as the new settlement leader, Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang was bestowed the title Kuwu Cerbon. A prince from Pajajaran, Prince Walangsungsang, converted to Islam and was appointed as Adipati of Cirebon with the title Cakrabumi and he established the new kingdom of Cirebon and declared independence from Galuh. The establishment of the Cirebon sultanate marked the first Islamic rule in Western Java, Cirebon grew as one of the independent sultanates under the leadership of Sunan Gunungjati, in the early 16th century. The kingdoms of Banten and Mataram fought over Cirebon, which declared its allegiance to Sultan Agung of Mataram, but the later Mataram king ceded the city to the Dutch in the 1677. A treaty in 1705 saw Cirebon become a Dutch protectorate jointly administered by three sultans whose courts rivalled those of Central Java, the citys population was 298,224 at the Indonesia Census of 2010. As with other cities in Indonesia, a large population of ethnic Chinese has flocked into the city as a result of long-term Chinese immigration since the 17th century. Significant suburbs lie within densely populated Cirebon Regency, and the metropolitan area encompasses this entire regency as well as the city. Although surrounded by Sundanese-speaking areas in West Java, linguists have stated clearly that Cirebon are Javanese language areas, in addition, this is supported by the Cirebon people referring to themselves as wong Jawa, and to their language as basa Jawa. However, the Cirebon dialect is different from the dominant south central Javanese dialect that it is sometimes assumed to be non-Javanese by outsiders
2.
Central Java
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Central Java is a province of Indonesia. This province is located in the middle of Java, the province is 32,800.69 km2 in area, approximately a quarter of the total land area of Java. Its population was 33,753,023 at the 2015 Census, Central Java is also a cultural concept that includes the Special Region and city of Yogyakarta as well as the Province of Central Java. However, administratively the city and its surrounding regencies have formed a special region since Indonesian independence. Located in the middle of the island of Java, the Central Java province is bordered by West Java, a small portion of its south region is the Yogyakarta Special Region province, fully enclosed on the landward side by the Central Java province. To the north and the south, the Central Java province faces the Java Sea, Central Java includes offshore islands such as Karimun Jawa Islands in the north, and Nusakambangan in the southwest. Yogyakarta is historically and culturally part of the Central Java region, the average temperature in Central Java is between 18–28 degrees Celsius and the relative humidity varies between 73–94 percent. While a high level of humidity exists in most low-lying parts of the province, the highest average annual rainfall of 3,990 mm with 195 rainy days was recorded in Salatiga. The geography of Central Java is regular with small strips of lowlands near the northern and southern coast with mountain ranges in the centre of the region, to the west lies an active stratovolcano Mount Slamet, and further east is the Dieng Volcanic Complex on Dieng Plateau. Southeast of Dieng lies the Kedu Plain, which is bordered to the east side by the volcanoes of Mount Merapi. South of Semarang, lies Mount Ungaran, and to the north-east of the city lies Mount Muria on the most northern tip of Java, to the east near the border with East Java lies Mount Lawu, where its eastern slopes are in the East Java province. Due to its volcanic history, volcanic ash makes Central Java highly fertile agriculture land. Paddy fields are extensive, except in the southeastern Gunung Kidul region partly due to the concentration of limestone. The largest rivers are the Serayu in the west, which empties into the Indian Ocean, on the eve of the World War II in 1942, Central Java was subdivided into 7 residencies which corresponded more or less with the main regions of this area. These residencies were Banjoemas, Kedoe, Pekalongan, Semarang, and Djapara-Rembang plus the so-called Gouvernement Soerakarta, however, after the local elections in 1957 the role of these residencies were reduced until they finally disappeared. Nowadays Central Java is divided into 29 regencies and 6 cities and these contemporary regencies and cities can further be subdivided into 565 districts. These districts are subdivided into 7,804 rural communes or villages and 764 urban communes. Java has been inhabited by humans or their ancestors since prehistoric times, in Central Java and the adjacent territories in East Java remains known as Java Man were discovered in the 1890s by the Dutch anatomist and geologist Eugène Dubois
3.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
4.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
5.
King Abdulaziz University
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King Abdulaziz University was founded in 1967 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Designed by English architect John Elliott, it had 2,000 faculty, in 2016, it was ranked the top Arab university by Times Higher Education. College departments, These programs are accredited by ABET as Substantially Equivalent Programs since 2003, according to U. S. News & World Report, KAU had more highly cited researchers citing it as an affiliated institution than almost any other university in the world. Allegedly, KAU boosted its rankings by aggressively recruiting top researchers, member of World Economic Forum and founder of Jeddah Economic Forum Nahed Taher, Saudi economist, chief executive officer of Gulf One Investment Bank
6.
Umm al-Qura University
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Umm Al-Qura University may also refer to a calendar of Saudi Arabia or the city of Mecca See Islamic calendar and Mecca. Umm Al-Qura University is a public university in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The university was established as the College of Sharia in 1949 before being joined by new colleges, UQU started primarily as an Islamic university offering degrees in Islamic Law and Arabic language studies. In 2015, the UQU annual budget hovered around SR3 billion, in 1949 King Abdulaziz Al Saud established the College of Sharia in Mecca, making it the first higher education institution in the country. It constituted the kernel of Umm Al-Qura University and it was followed by the establishment of the Teachers College in 1952. This continued until 1959 when the College of Sharia took the responsibility of teachers preparation and became the College of Sharia, in 1962 the College of Education was established as an independent college. In 1971 the Colleges of Sharia and Education became part of King Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah, currently, it has student exchange programs with Purdue University, Tufts University, and Kings College London. University offers degrees of Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, the grading system is the standard 0 to 4.0 scale with classes of, College of Da’wa and Usul-ud-Din The College of Dawa and Usul-ud-Din was established on 21/12/1401A. H. This college is considered as an extension of the two ancient colleges, College of Shariah and Islamic Studies and College of Education and it was renamed into the College of Dawa and Usul-ud-Din. By the beginning of the academic year 1402/1403 A. H, however, by the academic year 1404/1405 A. H, the Department of the Quran and Sunna was inaugurated by virtue of resolution No. 30/4/16/6827/1, issued on 22 Rajab,1404 A, the College has four departments, Department of Dawa and Usul-ud-Din, Department of Kitab and Sunna, Department of Aqidah, Department of Qeraat. The postgraduate studies in the specializations of the college started since it was supervised by the College of Shariah and Islamic Studies, before their separation is effected. In 1420 A. H, the deputy deanship of the College of Dawa, College of Arabic Language The Department of Arabic was established in 1962 as an independent department at the College of Education before it was joined to the College of Sharia in 1965. Graduate Studies were introduced to the department in 1973 and the College of Arabic Language was created by a decree in 1981. The College includes the departments,1. Department of Arabic Language and Grammar, Department of the Languages of Islamic Societies. The College offers the Bachelors, Masters, and Ph. D, degrees in all the above-mentioned disciplines, except for the Department of the Languages of Islamic Societies which offers the Bachelors degree only. The CoB has five departments offering teaching and learning in various business, the research is disseminated through publications in international journals and presentations at conferences, workshop, and symposia
7.
Nahdlatul Ulama
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Nahdlatul Ulama is a traditionalist Sunni Islam movement in Indonesia following the Shafii school of jurisprudence. NU was established on January 31,1926 in Surabaya as a response to the rise of Wahabism in Saudi Arabia, the NU is the largest independent Islamic organization in the world with membership of 40 million in 2003. NU also as a charitable body funding schools and hospitals as well as organizing communities to alleviate poverty. Nahdatul Ulama follows the ideology of Ahl as-Sunna Wa al-Jamaah, which takes the middle sect between extreme aqli with the extreme naqli, because it is a source of ideas for not only the Quran, the Sunnah, but also the ability of the mind coupled with empirical reality. It referred to this way of thinking of earlier thinkers, such as Abu al-Hasan al-Ashari, then in the following four schools of jurisprudence, Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii, and Hanbali. While in the field of Sufism, it follows path of Al-Ghazali and it has been described by the media as a progressive, liberal and pluralistic Islamic movement. The Nahdlatul Ulama was established in 1926 as an organization for orthodox Muslims opposed to the modernist policies of the Muhammadiyah organization, the organization was established after The Committee of Hijaz had fulfilled its duty and about to be dissolved. The organization was established by Hasjim Asjari, the head of an Islamic religious school in East Java, the organization expanded, but the base of its support remained in East Java. By 1928, the NU was using the Javanese language in its sermons, in 1937, despite poor relations between the NU and Muhammidayah, the two organizations established the Supreme Islamic Council of Indonesia as a discussion forum. They were joined by most of the other Islamic organizations in existence at the time, in 1942, the Japanese occupied Indonesia and in September a conference of Islamic leaders was held in Jakarta. Just over a year later, the MIAI was dissolved and replaced by the Japanese-sponsored Masyumi, Hasjim Asjari was the notional chairman, but in practice the new organization was led by his son, Wahid Hasyim. Other NU and Muhammadiyah figures held leadership positions, in 1945, Sukarno and Hatta declared Indonesian independence. During the Indonesian war of independence, the NU declared that the fight against the Dutch colonial forces was a holy war, among the guerrilla groups fighting for independence were Hizbullah and Sabillilah, which were led by the NU. Following the recognition of Indonesian independence, a new party called Masyumi was established with the NU as a component of it. The NU leadership at the time had no skills, and was awarded few influential cabinet positions, with the exception of chairman Wahid Hasyim. Two years later, a dispute over the organization of the Haj pilgrimage led to Prime Minister Natsirs opposition to the reappointment of Hasyim as religious affairs minister in the next cabinet. In the ensuing crisis, the NU made a series of demands, including the retention of Hasyim. On 5 April 1952, a few days after the announcement of a new cabinet without Hasyim, the NU decided in principle to leave Masyumi
8.
The 500 Most Influential Muslims
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The 500 Most Influential Muslims is an annual publication first published in 2009, which ranks the most influential Muslims in the world. The publication is compiled by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre in Amman, Jordan, the report is issued annually in cooperation with Prince Al-Waleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at Georgetown University in the United States. The publication highlights people who are influential as Muslims and that is people whose influence is derived from their practice of Islam or from the fact that they are Muslim. Influential for the purposes of the book is defined as any person who has the power to make a change that will have a significant impact on the Muslim World, the book starts with an overall top 50, ranked the most influential Muslims in the world. Each year the biographies are updated, the publication also gives an insight into the different ways that Muslims impact the world and also shows the diversity of how people are living as Muslims today. In 2009, the book was edited by Professors John L. Esposito, the 500 most influential Muslims were chosen largely in terms of their overt influence. The top 50 is dominated by religious scholars and either heads of state, lineage is a significant factor – it has its own category – and the predisposition to include children of important people reveals a mindset that indicates achievement is an optional extra. The book has given the first place to King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia, second place went to Ayatollah Syed Ali Khamenei, the spiritual leader of Iran. King Mohammed VI of Morocco found third place and King Abdullah II Al-Hussain of Jordan occupied fourth place, fifth place went to Turkeys Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The first solely religious leader is Iraqs Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani in seventh place, the heads of Hezbollah, Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah listed 17th and Hamas Khaled Mashaal listed 34th. The highest-ranking American at 38th place was Sheikh Hamza Yusuf Hanson, founder of the Zaytuna Institute in Berkeley, right after him comes the highest-ranking European, Sheikh Mustafa Cerić, grand mufti of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In total 72 Americans are among the 500, a strong showing. The women featured had a section from the men. There were only three listed in the top 50. The listing also includes an extensive Arts and Culture Section, all the Qāriʾs listed in the book are from Saudi Arabia. Foreign Policy magazines Marc Lynch stated, Esposito and Kalins methodology seems strange, any list in which the Sultan of Oman outranks, say, Turkish preacher Fethullah Gülen or the Aga Khan seems odd to this observer. In 2010, Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz topped the list as the most influential Muslim in the world for the second consecutive year, Ayatollah Syed Ali Khamenei maintained second place. Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan moved into third place, jordanian King Abdullah II was placed fourth above Moroccan King Mohammed VI who moved down to fifth place
