1.
Public library
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A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are civil servants. There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries, Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and are often considered an essential part of having an educated and literate population. Public access to books is not new, romans made scrolls in dry rooms available to patrons of the baths, and tried with some success to establish libraries within the empire. In the middle of the 19th century, the push for public libraries, paid for by taxes. Public libraries were started with a donation, or were bequeathed to parishes, churches. These social and institutional libraries formed the base of many academic and public collections of today. The establishment of circulating libraries in the 18th century, by booksellers and publishers provided a means of gaining profit, the circulating libraries not only provided a place to sell books, but also a place to lend books for a price. These circulating libraries provided a variety of including the increasingly popular novels. Circulating libraries were not exclusively lending institutions and often provided a place for other forms of commercial activity and this was necessary because the circulating libraries did not generate enough funds through subscription fees collected from its borrowers. As a commerce venture, it was important to consider the factors such as other goods or services available to the subscribers. The Malatestiana Library, also known as the Malatesta Novello Library, is a public library dating from 1452 in Cesena, Emilia-Romagna and it was the first European civic library, i. e. belonging to the Commune and open to everybody. It was commissioned by the Lord of Cesena, Malatesta Novello, the works were directed by Matteo Nuti of Fano and lasted from 1447 to 1452. In the early years of the 17th century, many famous collegiate, norwich City library was established in 1608 and Chethams Library in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in 1653. Claude Sallier, the French philologist and churchman, operated an early form of library in the town of Saulieu from 1737 to 1750. He wished to make culture and learning accessible to all people, the Załuski Library was built in Warsaw 1747–1795 by Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, both Roman Catholic bishops. The library was open to the public and indeed was the first Polish public library, at the start of the 18th century, libraries were becoming increasingly public and were more frequently lending libraries. The 18th century saw the switch from closed parochial libraries to lending libraries, before this time, public libraries were parochial in nature and libraries frequently chained their books to desks
2.
San Antonio
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San Antonio, officially the City of San Antonio, is the seventh-most populated city in the United States and the second-most populous city in the state of Texas, with a population of 1,409,019. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010, the city straddles South Texas and Central Texas and is on the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion known as the Texas Triangle. San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County, recent annexations have extended the citys boundaries into Medina County and, though for only a very tiny area near the city of Garden Ridge, into Comal County. Due to its placement, the city has characteristics of other urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas. San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio–New Braunfels Metropolitan Statistical Area, growth along the Interstate 35 and Interstate 10 corridors to the north, west and east make it likely that the metropolitan area will continue to expand. San Antonio was named for Saint Anthony of Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, the city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions, including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, which were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2015. Other notable attractions include the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, the city is home to the five-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and hosts the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest such events in the country. The U. S. Kelly Air Force Base operated out of San Antonio until 2001, the remaining portions of the base were developed as Port San Antonio, an industrial/business park and aerospace complex. San Antonio is home to six Fortune 500 companies and the South Texas Medical Center, at the time of European encounter, Payaya Indians lived near the San Antonio River Valley in the San Pedro Springs area, calling the vicinity Yanaguana, meaning refreshing waters. In 1691, a group of Spanish Catholic explorers and missionaries came upon the river and Payaya settlement on June 13 and they named the place and river San Antonio in his honor. It was years before any Spanish settlement took place, father Antonio de Olivares visited the site in 1709, and he was determined to found a mission and civilian settlement there. He directed Martin de Alarcón, the governor of Coahuila and Texas, differences between Alarcón and Olivares resulted in delays, and construction did not start until 1718. The families who clustered around the presidio and mission formed the beginnings of Villa de Béjar, on May 1, the governor transferred ownership of the Mission San Antonio de Valero to Fray Antonio de Olivares. On May 5,1718 he commissioned the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar on the west side of the San Antonio River, one-fourth league from the mission. On February 14,1719, the Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo proposed to the king of Spain that 400 families be transported from the Canary Islands, Galicia, or Havana to populate the province of Texas. By June 1730,25 families had reached Cuba, and 10 families had sent to Veracruz before orders from Spain came to stop the re-settlement. Under the leadership of Juan Leal Goraz, the group marched overland from Veracruz to the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, due to marriages along the way, the party now included 15 families, a total of 56 persons. They joined the community established in 1718
3.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
4.
Downtown San Antonio
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Downtown San Antonio is the central business district of San Antonio, Texas, United States. It also serves as the core of Greater San Antonio. In addition to being encircled by Loops 1604 and 410, Downtown San Antonio is encircled by three Interstate freeways, I-35, I-37, and I-10. Together, the three create a rectangular route around the citys urban core, I-35 to the north and west, I-37 to the east. The rectangular loop has a circumference and is known as the Downtown Loop or Central Loop. The northwestern corner of Downtown is the Medical District, the Central Business District is home to the Shops at Rivercenter, anchored by a Macys, an IMAX theater, and formerly Dillards. The five-level Art Deco Dillards, at the corner of Alamo and Commerce streets, Joskes flagship store was 551,000 square feet in floor space until Dillards bought the Joskes chain in 1987. In August 2008, Dillards moved out of the building as a part of a redevelopment plan for Rivercenter Mall. The Rivercenter Mall was built around St. Joseph Catholic Church after the church refused to move, many people travel to visit the Alamo Plaza Historic District, which houses the famous Alamo. In the southeastern part of Downtown is the Alamodome, a 65, 000-seat arena that hosts many types of events, primarily conventions, the San Antonio Police Department serves Downtown from the Central Substation. The main SAPD headquarters are in Downtown, the San Antonio Fire Department, the citys fire protection and EMS service, is also based in Downtown. The Texas Fourth Court of Appeals is located in the Cadena-Reeves Justice Center in Downtown San Antonio, the San Antonio Post Office and Courthouse, located at 615 East Houston Street, functions as a United States Postal Service post office and as a regional office for federal agencies. In 2009, $61 million were allocated to renovate the Post Office, the six story, neoclassical, Beaux-Arts building opened in 1937. The Consulate-General of Mexico in San Antonio is located at 127 Navarro Street in Downtown, greyhound Lines operates the San Antonio Station at 500 North St. Marys Street. Both Centro Plaza and The Grand are located in the Cattleman Square District of Downtown, amtrak operates a train station in St. Pauls Square. Since Downtown is located at the Citys geographical center, Interstate Highways 10,35, and 37 combine to form a Downtown Circulator, iH35 borders Downtown S. A. to the north and west, IH10 to the south and west, and IH37 along the east end. Downtown is within the San Antonio Independent School District, which is headquartered in Downtown San Antonio, austin Academy, a PreK-8 school, is northwest of Downtown and serves parts of northern Downtown. Bonham Elementary School, a school which will become PreK-8 by 2009, is south of Downtown
5.
Enchilada
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An enchilada is a corn tortilla rolled around a filling and covered with a chili pepper sauce. Enchiladas can be filled with a variety of ingredients, including meat, cheese, beans, the Real Academia Española defines the word enchilada, as used in Mexico, as a rolled maize tortilla stuffed with meat and covered with a tomato and chili sauce. Enchilada is the past participle of Spanish enchilar, to add pepper to. The idiomatic English phrase the whole enchilada means the whole thing, Enchiladas originated in Mexico, where the practice of rolling tortillas around other food dates back at least to Mayan times. The people living in the region of the Valley of Mexico traditionally ate corn tortillas folded or rolled around small fish. Writing at the time of the Spanish conquistadors, Bernal Díaz del Castillo documented a feast enjoyed by Europeans hosted by Hernán Cortés in Coyoacán, which included foods served in corn tortillas. The Nahuatl word for enchilada is chīllapītzalli which is formed of the Nahuatl word for chili, chīlli, kennedy goes on to heartily disagree with that characterization, likely brought on by culture shock. Another early mention, in English, is a 1914 recipe found in California Mexican-Spanish Cookbook, in their original form as Mexican street food, enchiladas were simply corn tortillas dipped in chili sauce and eaten without fillings. There are now many varieties, which are distinguished primarily by their sauces, fillings and, in one instance, various adjectives may be used to describe the recipe content or origin, e. g. enchilada tapatia would be a recipe from Jalisco. Enchiladas con mole, instead of sauce, are served with mole. Enchiladas placera are Michoacán plaza-style, made with vegetables and poultry, Enchiladas poblanas are soft corn tortillas filled with chicken and poblano peppers, topped with oaxaca cheese. Enchiladas potosinas originate from San Luis Potosi, Mexico and are made with cheese-filled, chili-spiced masa, Enchiladas San Miguel are San Miguel de Allende-style enchiladas flavored with guajillo chilies by searing the flavor into the tortillas in a frying pan. Enchiladas suizas are topped with a white, milk or cream-based sauce and this appellation is derived from Swiss immigrants to Mexico who established dairies to produce cream and cheese. Enfrijoladas are topped with refried beans rather than chili sauce, their name comes from frijol, entomatadas are made with tomato sauce instead of chile sauce. Ground beef or chicken can be added to the filling, the stack is often topped with a fried egg. Shredded lettuce and sliced black olives may be added as a garnish, fillings include meat or cheese, potatoes, vegetables, and any combination of these. Enchiladas are commonly topped or garnished with cheese, sour cream, lettuce, olives, chopped onions, chili peppers, salsa, Diccionario de Cocina o el Nuevo Cocinero Mexicano en Forma Diccionario. El Cocinero Mexicano o coleccion de los mejores recetas para guisar al estilo americano y de las mas selectas segun el metodo de los cocinas Espanola, Italiana, Mexico City, Imprenta de Galvan a cargo de Mariano Arevalo
6.
Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
7.
Mexicans
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Mexicans are the people of the United Mexican States, a multiethnic country in North America. Mexicans can also be those who identify with the Mexican cultural and/or national identity, the Mexica founded Mexico-Tenochtitlan in 1325 as an altepetl located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. It became the capital of the expanding Mexica Empire in the 15th century, at its peak, it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in the central part of Mexico City. In 2015,21. 5% of Mexicos population in Mexico self-identify as being indigenous, there are about 12 million Mexican nationals residing outside of Mexico, with about 11.7 million living in the United States. The larger Mexican diaspora can also include individuals that trace ancestry to Mexico, the Nahuatl language was a common tongue in the region of modern Central Mexico during the Aztec Empire, but after the arrival of Europeans the common language of the region became Spanish. Mexicano is derived from the word Mexico itself, in the principal model to create demonyms in Spanish, the suffix -ano is added to the name of the place of origin. Another hypothesis suggests that Mēxihco derives from the Nahuatl words for Moon and this meaning might then refer to Tenochtitlans position in the middle of Lake Texcoco. The system of interconnected lakes, of which Texcoco formed the center, had the form of a rabbit, still another hypothesis suggests that it is derived from Mēctli, the goddess of maguey. The term Mexicano as a word to describe the different peoples of the region of Mexico as a group emerged in the 16th century. In that time the term did not apply to a nationality nor to the limits of the modern Mexican Republic. The document stated, el venturoso descubrimiento que los Mexicanos han hecho, Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity on the concept of mestizaje. The word has somewhat pejorative connotations and most of the Mexican citizens who would be defined as mestizos in the sociological literature would probably self-identify primarily as Mexicans, in Chiapas the word Ladino is used instead of mestizo. White Mexicans are Mexican citizens of full European descent, another group in Mexico, the mestizos, also include people with varying amounts of European ancestry, with some having a European admixture superior to 90%. Because of this, the line between whites and mestizos has become rather blur, and the Mexican government decided to abandon racial classifications. Intermixing would produce a group which would become the majority by the time of Independence. However, at its height, the immigrant population in Mexico never exceeded twenty percent of the total. Many of these came with money to invest and/or ties to allow them to become prominent in business
8.
Ricardo Legorreta
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Ricardo Legorreta Vilchis was a Mexican architect. He was a designer of private houses, public buildings and master plans in Mexico. He was awarded the prestigious UIA Gold Medal in 1999, the AIA Gold Medal in 2000, ricardo Legorreta was born on May 7,1931, in Mexico City. He studied architecture at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, from where he graduated in 1953, after working for five years with José Villagrán García, he established his own office in 1963. Legorreta was a disciple of Luis Barragán and carried Barragans ideas to a wider realm, barragan, in the 1940s and 1950s amalgamated tradition and the modern movement in architecture yet his work is mostly limited to domestic architecture. Legorreta applied elements of Barragans architecture in his work including bright colors, play of light and shadow, one of the important contributions of Legorreta has been the use of these elements in other building types such as hotels, factories as well as in commercial and educational buildings. His most famous works are the Camino Real Hotel in Mexico City, the IBM Factory in Guadalajara,1964, Laboratorios Smith Kline & French, collaboration with Mathias Goeritz, today the Comisión de Derechos Humanos del Distrito Federal, Av. Revolución 1425, Tlacopac, San Ángel 1972, Restoration of the Palace of Iturbide, Historic Center 1976, Seguros América offices, today Tribunal Federal de Justicia, Av. Revolución 1508, San Ángel 1985, Kodak factory in Xochimilco 1993, Restoration of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso, justo Sierra street #16, Historic Center 1993, Papalote Museo del Niño, Bosque de Chapultepec 2nd Section 1994, Restoration of the Club de Banqueros, Av. Paseo de la Reforma at Lieja street,2010, División de Estudios de Posgrado y Especializaciones en Economía, UNAM
9.
Atrium (architecture)
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In architecture, an atrium is a large open air or skylight covered space surrounded by a building. Atria were a feature in Ancient Roman dwellings, providing light. Modern atria, as developed in the late 19th and 20th centuries, are several stories high and having a glazed roof or large windows. Atria are a design feature because they give their buildings a feeling of space. The atrium has become a key feature of buildings in recent years. Atria are popular with building users, building designers and building developers, users like atria because they create a dynamic and stimulating interior that provides shelter from the external environment while maintaining a visual link with that environment. Designers enjoy the opportunity to new types of spaces in buildings. Fire control is an important aspect of contemporary atrium design due to criticism that poorly designed atria could allow fire to spread to a buildings upper stories more quickly. The Latin word atrium referred to the central court from which enclosed rooms led off. The impluvium was a shallow pool sunken into the floor to catch rainwater from the roof, some surviving examples are beautifully decorated. The opening in the ceiling above the pool called for some means of support for the roof, as the centrepiece of the house, the atrium was the most lavishly-furnished room. Also, it contained the chapel to the ancestral spirits. The term was used for a variety of spaces in public and religious buildings, mostly forms of arcaded courtyards. Byzantine churches were often entered through such a space, the 19th century brought the industrial revolution with great advances in iron and glass manufacturing techniques. Courtyards could then have horizontal glazing overhead, eliminating some of the elements from the space. One of the public spaces at Federation Square, in Melbourne, Australia, is called The Atrium and is a street-like space, five storeys high with glazed walls. The structure and glazing pattern follow the system of fractals used to arrange the panels on the rest of the facades at Federation Square, as of 2016, the Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai, has the worlds tallest atrium at 590 feet. The Luxor Hotel, in Las Vegas, Nevada, has the largest atrium in the world at 29 million cubic feet, cavaedium Courtyard Quadrangle Roth, Leland M. Understanding Architecture, Its Elements History and Meaning
10.
Mural
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A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall, ceiling or other permanent surface. A distinguishing characteristic of painting is that the architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously incorporated into the picture. Some wall paintings are painted on canvases, which are then attached to the wall. Whether these works can be accurately called murals is a subject of controversy in the art world. Murals of sorts date to Upper Paleolithic times such as the paintings in the Chauvet Cave in Ardèche department of southern France, many ancient murals have been found within ancient Egyptian tombs, the Minoan palaces and in Pompeii. During the Middle Ages murals were executed on dry plaster. The huge collection of Kerala mural painting dating from the 14th century are examples of fresco secco, in Italy, circa 1300, the technique of painting of frescos on wet plaster was reintroduced and led to a significant increase in the quality of mural painting. In modern times, the became more well-known with the Mexican muralism art movement. There are many different styles and techniques, the best-known is probably fresco, which uses water-soluble paints with a damp lime wash, a rapid use of the resulting mixture over a large surface, and often in parts. The colors lighten as they dry, the marouflage method has also been used for millennia. Murals today are painted in a variety of ways, using oil or water-based media, the styles can vary from abstract to trompe-lœil. Initiated by the works of artists like Graham Rust or Rainer Maria Latzke in the 1980s, trompe-loeil painting has experienced a renaissance in private. The buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a layer of wet, fresh. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster, after a number of hours. After this the painting stays for a time up to centuries in fresh. Fresco-secco painting is done on dry plaster, the pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg, glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall. By the end of the century this had largely displaced the buon fresco method. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of a secco work, in Greco-Roman times, mostly encaustic colors applied in a cold state were used
11.
Dale Chihuly
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Dale Chihuly is an American glass sculptor and entrepreneur. His works are considered unique to the field of blown glass, the technical difficulties of working with glass forms are considerable, yet Chihuly uses it as the primary medium for installations and environmental artwork. Chihuly was born in Tacoma, Washington, to George and Viola Magnuson Chihuly, in 1956, his older brother and only sibling, George, died in a Navy Air Force training accident in Pensacola, Florida. Two years later, in 1957, Chihulys father died of an attack at the age of 52. Initially, Chihuly had no interest in continuing his education after graduating from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1959. However, at his mothers urging, he enrolled at the College of Puget Sound, a year later, he transferred to the University of Washington in Seattle to study interior design. In 1961, he joined the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and that same year he learned how to melt and fuse glass. Chihuly became disillusioned with his studies, and in 1962 he dropped out of school to art in Florence. He later traveled to the Middle East and met architect Robert Landsman and their meeting and his time abroad spurred Chihuly to return to his studies. In 1963, he took a class where he incorporated glass shards into tapestries. He received an award for his work from the Seattle Weavers Guild in 1964, Chihuly graduated from the University of Washington in 1965 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in interior design. Chihuly began experimenting with glassblowing in 1965, and in 1966 he received a scholarship to attend the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He studied under Harvey Littleton, who had established the first glass program in the United States at the university, in 1967, Chihuly received a Master of Science degree in sculpture. After graduating, he enrolled at the Rhode Island School of Design, Chihuly earned a Master of Fine Arts degree in sculpture from the RISD in 1968. That same year, he was awarded a Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation grant for his work in glass and he traveled to Venice to work at the Venini factory on the island of Murano, where he first saw the team approach to blowing glass. After returning to the United States, Chihuly spent the first of four consecutive summers teaching at the Haystack Mountain School of Crafts in Deer Isle, in 1969, he traveled to Europe, in part to meet Erwin Eisch in Germany and Stanislav Libenský and Jaroslava Brychtová in Czechoslovakia. In 1971, with the support of John Hauberg and Anne Gould Hauberg, Chihuly cofounded the Pilchuck Glass School near Stanwood, Chihuly also founded the HillTop Artists program in Tacoma, Washington at Jason Lee Middle School and Wilson High School. In 1976, while Chihuly was in England, he was involved in a car accident during which he flew through the windshield
12.
San Antonio River Walk
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The San Antonio River Walk is a network of walkways along the banks of the San Antonio River, one story beneath the streets of San Antonio, Texas, USA. Lined by bars, shops, restaurants, nature, and public art, the River Walk is an important part of the urban fabric. The River Walk is a successful special-case pedestrian street, one level down from the automobile street, during the annual springtime Fiesta San Antonio, the River Parade features flowery floats that float down the river. In September 1921, a flood along the San Antonio River took 50 lives. Plans were then developed for control of the river. Among the plans was to build a dam and bypass a prominent bend of the river in the Downtown area, then to pave over the bend. Work began on the Olmos Dam and bypass channel in 1926, however, no major plans came into play until 1929, when San Antonio native and architect Robert Hugman submitted his plans for what would become the River Walk. 5-mile-long River Walk. The bend would then be surrounded by development, which he titled The Shops of Aragon. Hugman went as far as to maintain his architects office along the bend, Hugmans plan was initially not well-received – the area was noted for being dangerous. At one point, it was declared off-limits to military personnel, people were warned of the threat of being drowned like a rat should the river flood. Hugmans persistence paid off, he was named project architect and his plan would be put to the test in 1946, when another major flood threatened Downtown San Antonio, but the Olmos Dam and bypass channel minimized the area damage. Casa Rio, a landmark River Walk restaurant, became the first restaurant in the area in 1946, through the following decades the network has been improved and extended. The first major extension of the Riverwalk was constructed by the joint venture of two general contractors Darragh & Lyda Inc. and H. A. Lott Inc. to Tower of the Americas as part of HemisFair 68. That was also the year the Hilton Palacio del Rio was built, a subsequent major expansion opened in 1988 that extended a branch from the 1968 extension to create a lagoon at the new Rivercenter Mall and the Marriott Rivercenter Hotel. In 1981 the Hyatt Regency San Antonio opened with a new pedestrian connector that linked Alamo Plaza to the River Walk with concrete waterfalls, waterways and indigenous landscaping. Known as the Paseo del Alamo, this extension actually flows from Alamo Plaza into the San Antonio River through the atrium of the hotel. Many downtown buildings like the Casino Club Building have street entrances and this separates the automotive service grid and pedestrian traffic below, and creating an intricate network of bridges, walkways, and old staircases. The San Antonio Spurs had their five NBA Championship victory parades/cruises along the river, expansion plans are planned for areas of the river north and south of Downtown
13.
Institute of Museum and Library Services
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The Institute of Museum and Library Services is an independent agency of the United States federal government established in 1996. It is the source of federal support for libraries and museums within the United States, having the mission to create strong libraries and museums that connect people with information. Their vision is a society where communities and individuals thrive with broad public access to knowledge, cultural heritage. In fiscal year 2015, IMLS had a budget of $228 million, in addition to its other responsibilities, the IMLS annually awards the National Medal for Museum and Library Service, the nations highest award given for community service by libraries and museums. IMLS is located at 955 L’Enfant Plaza North, SW, Suite 4000, Washington, IMLS was established by the Museum and Library Services Act on September 30,1996, which includes the Library Services and Technology Act and the Museum Services Act. This act was reauthorized in 2003 and again in 2010, the law combined the Institute of Museum Services, which had been in existence since 1976, and the Library Programs Office, which had been part of the Department of Education since 1956. Lawmakers at that time saw “great potential in an Institute that is focused on the roles that libraries. Further, MLSA authorizes IMLS to carry out and publish analyses of the impact of museum, on September 25,2003, the president signed the Museum and Library Services Act of 2003. The act is reauthorized every 5 years, with the first reauthorization taking place in 2009, reauthorization updates the Museum Services Act and the Library Services and Technologies Act, and doubles the minimum allotment under the Grants to State Library Agencies program. Following a proposal by President George W, the consolidation took effect in early 2008. When Congress passed the Library Services and Technology Act in 1996, it moved library responsibilities out of the Department of Education, the act stipulated that the agency maintain a rotating directorship starting with the former director of the Institute of Museum Services for a four-year term. In the fifth year, the directorship would pass to a representative from the field of library, diane Frankel Prior to leading the agency through its transition to include federal library as well as museum programs, Frankel served as director of the Institute of Museum Services. Robert S. Martin Preceding his position at IMLS, Martin was a professor and interim director of the School of Library and he also served as Director and Librarian of the Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Susan H. Hildreth Began her career as a librarian at the Edison Township Library in New Jersey. She has also been the city librarian in Seattle and state librarian of California, in addition, Hildreth was deputy director of San Francisco Public Library. She was also director of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History. STEM – Libraries and museums are improving learning in science, technology, engineering and math, preservation, Conservation, and Care of Content and Collections – Libraries and museums care for collections that connect us to history, art, science and the natural world. National Digital Platform – The national digital platform is a way of thinking about and approaching the digital capability and capacity of libraries, community – Libraries and museums build the civic strength of their communities and providing opportunities for public engagement
14.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
15.
San Antonio Express-News
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The San Antonio Express-News is a daily newspaper of San Antonio, Texas. The Express-News is owned by the Hearst Corporation, the paper was first published in 1865 as a weekly tabloid-style newspaper under the name San Antonio Express. At that time, the city had already had a number of newspapers in a number of different languages. However, all the other went out of business, leaving only the Express to serve the city. In December 1866, the Express made the move from a paper to a daily newspaper. The early days of the Express was marked by several changes which almost doomed the paper, until a brand new company. The Express eventually became a morning newspaper in 1878. In January 1881 a new newspaper, the Evening Light, was first published by A. W. Gifford and J. P. Newcomb. The Evening Light was published as a paper, as opposed to the morning Express. At first, the editors of the Express chose to ignore the upstart paper, in 1906 the Daily Light was sold to E. B. Chandler, and in 1909 the Daily Light Publishing Company bought the San Antonio Gazette, from then until 1911 the paper was referred to as the Light and Gazette. Edward S. OReilly, known as Tex, was at one time managing editor, in 1911 Harrison L. Beach and Charles S. Diehl, veteran correspondents of national standing, moved to San Antonio and bought the Light and Gazette. Once again it was known as the Light, Diehl was a founder of the AP wire service. Beach and Diehl installed leased wire service and published the first full stock market reports in a San Antonio paper. The Light became liberal-Democratic in its political views, while Beach and Diehl ran the paper, circulation increased from 11,000 to 25,000 copies daily. In 1918, the Express ownership, now renamed Express Publishing Company, launched its own afternoon paper, soon thereafter, a rivalry developed between workers of the Express and the News. In fact, some News workers dubbed a new building as the News-Express building. In 1924, however, William Randolph Hearst bought the Light and instituted Hearst policies, the 1920s was marked by expansion by Express Publishing as the company started one of the citys first radio stations, WOAI, in 1922
16.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
17.
American Institute of Architects
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The American Institute of Architects is a professional organization for architects in the United States. The AIA also works with members of the design and construction team to help coordinate the building industry. The AIA is currently headed by Robert Ivy, FAIA as EVP/Chief Executive Officer and Thomas V. Vonier, wells, with Richard Upjohn serving as the first president. They met on February 23,1857 and decided to invite 16 other prominent architects to join them, including Alexander Jackson Davis, Thomas U. Prior to their establishment of the AIA, anyone could claim to be an architect and they drafted a constitution and bylaws by March 10,1857, under the name New York Society of Architects. Walter, of Philadelphia, later suggested the name be changed to American Institute of Architects, the members signed the new constitution on April 15,1857, having filed a certificate of incorporation two days earlier. As of 2008, AIA has more than 300 chapters, the AIA is headquartered at 1735 New York Avenue, NW in Washington, D. C. A design competition was held in the mid-1960s to select an architect for a new AIA headquarters in Washington, mitchell/Giurgola won the design competition but failed to get approval of the design concept from the United States Commission of Fine Arts. The firm resigned the commission and helped select The Architects Collaborative to redesign the building, the design, led by TAC principals Norman Fletcher and Howard Elkus, was ultimately approved in 1970 and completed in 1973. More than 90,000 licensed architects and associated professionals are members, AIA members adhere to a code of ethics and professional conduct intended to assure clients, the public, and colleagues of an architects dedication to the highest standards in professional practice. There are five levels of membership in the AIA, Architect members are licensed to practice architecture in the United States, international associate members hold an architecture license or the equivalent from a licensing authority outside the United States. Emeritus members have been AIA members for 15 successive years and are at least 65 years of age or are incapacitated, allied membership is a partnership with the AIA and the American Architectural Foundation. The AIA’s most prestigious honor is the designation of a member as a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects and this membership is awarded to members who have made contributions of national significance to the profession. Slightly more than 2,600, or 2% of all members, have elevated to the AIA College of Fellows. Foreign architects of prominence may be elected to the College as Honorary Fellows of the AIA, the AIA is governed by a Board of Directors and has a staff of over 200 full-time employees. Although the AIA functions as an organization, at its heart are some 300 local. The components are spread throughout the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, Japan, by speaking with a united voice, AIA architects influence government practices that affect the practice of the profession and the quality of American life. The AIA monitors legislative and regulatory actions and uses the power of its membership to participate in decisionmaking by federal, state
18.
Alamo Mission in San Antonio
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The Alamo Mission in San Antonio is commonly called The Alamo and was originally known as Misión San Antonio de Valero. It was founded in the 18th century as a Roman Catholic mission and fortress compound and it was the site of the Battle of the Alamo in 1836, and is now a museum in the Alamo Plaza Historic District. The compound was one of the early Spanish missions in Texas, the mission was secularized in 1793 and then abandoned. Ten years later, it became a housing the Second Flying Company of San Carlos de Parras military unit. During the Texas Revolution, Mexican General Martin Perfecto de Cos surrendered the fort to the Texian Army in December 1835, a relatively small number of Texian soldiers then occupied the compound for several months. They were wiped out at the Battle of the Alamo on March 6,1836, when the Mexican army retreated from Texas several months later, they tore down many of the Alamo walls and burned some of the buildings. For the next five years, the Alamo was periodically used to garrison soldiers, in 1849, several years after Texas was annexed to the United States, the U. S. Army began renting the facility for use as a quartermasters depot. The U. S. Army abandoned the mission in 1876 after nearby Fort Sam Houston was established, the Alamo chapel was sold to the state of Texas, which conducted occasional tours but made no effort to restore it. The remaining buildings were sold to a company which operated them as a wholesale grocery store. The Daughters of the Republic of Texas formed in 1895 and began trying to preserve the Alamo, Adina Emilia De Zavala and Clara Driscoll successfully convinced the state legislature in 1905 to purchase the remaining buildings and to name the DRT as the permanent custodian of the site. Over the next century, periodic attempts were made to control of the Alamo from the DRT. In early 2015, Texas Land Commissioner George P. Bush officially removed control of the Alamo to the Texas General Land Office, the Alamo and the four missions in the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites on July 5,2015. In 1716, the Spanish government established several Roman Catholic missions in East Texas, the isolation of the missions—the nearest Spanish settlement, San Juan Bautista, Coahuila was over 400 miles away—made it difficult to keep them adequately provisioned. To assist the missionaries, the new governor of Spanish Texas, Martín de Alarcón, in April 1718, Alarcón led an expedition to found a new community in Texas. On May 1, the group erected a temporary mud, brush, one mile north of the mission, Alarcón built a presidio, the Presidio San Antonio de Bexar. Close by, he founded the first civilian community in Texas, within a year, the mission moved to the western bank of the river, where it was less likely to flood. Over the next years, a chain of missions were established nearby. In 1724, after remants of a Gulf Coast hurricane destroyed the structures at Mission San Antonio de Valero
19.
Alamo Cenotaph
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The Alamo Cenotaph, also known as the Spirit of Sacrifice, is a monument in San Antonio, Texas, United States, commemorating the Battle of the Alamo, which was fought at the adjacent Alamo Mission. The monument was erected in celebration of the centenary of the battle, although there had been previous plans for Alamo monuments, starting in the late 1800s, the Alamo Cenotaph was the first such erected in San Antonio. During the 1936 Texas Centennial celebration, the state of Texas provided $100,000 for the monument, San Antonio mayor Maury Maverick held a dedication ceremony on November 11,1940. The shaft rises sixty feet from its base and is forty feet long, the monument was erected in grey Georgia marble and pink Texas granite. It was entitled The Spirit of Sacrifice and incorporates images of the Alamo garrison leaders and 187 names of known Alamo defenders, later research has shown some listed on the cenotaph were not there, and the total of Alamo combatants has risen with newer research. The marker on the cenotaph reads, Erected in memory of the heroes who sacrificed their lives at the Alamo, March 6,1836, in the defense of Texas. Texian leader Sam Houston, believing that San Antonio could not be defended against an effort by the regular Mexican army. The defenders of the Alamo thus included both Anglo and Hispanic Texans who fought side by side under a banner that was the flag of Mexico with the numerals 1824 superimposed. This was meant to indicate that the defenders were fighting for their rights to democratic government under the Mexican constitution of that year and it was only during the siege that the Texas Congress declared an independent Republic of Texas. The Battle of the Alamo took place from February 23 to March 6,1836, at first the battle was primarily a siege marked by artillery duels and small skirmishes. After twelve days Santa Anna, tired of waiting for his artillery and eager for a glorious victory to enhance his reputation. Before dawn on March 6, he launched his troops against the walls of the Alamo in three separate attacks, the third attack overwhelmed the defenses of the weak north wall. The defenders retreated to the now famous Long Barracks and the Chapel, most historians agree that a few of the defenders were captured but were executed as rebels on the specific orders of Santa Anna. The deaths of these Martyrs to Texas Independence inspired greater resistance to Santa Annas regime, and the cry Remember the Alamo became the rallying point of the Texas Revolution. In 1982, Ozzy Osbourne, while wearing his wifes dress because she had hidden his clothes, drunkenly urinated on the Alamo Cenotaph. A police officer arrested him, and Osbourne was subsequently banned from San Antonio for a decade
20.
La Antorcha de la Amistad
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La Antorcha de la Amistad is a monumental abstract sculpture that stands in Downtown San Antonio, Texas, United States of America. The artist of the sculpture is world-renowned Mexican sculptor, Sebastián, the sculpture was presented as a gift from the Mexican government to the City of San Antonio in 2002. It was unveiled on June 28,2002, by the artist, Mayor Edward D. Garza, the sculpture stands at nearly 65 ft, and weighs more than 45 tons. It is located in the middle of a traffic rotary in Downtown San Antonio, a known by international tourists for the Paseo del Rio, or River Walk. The sculpture has two posts that rise at non-parallel angles, the posts appear to rise straightly until they individually curl and twist before meeting at the highest point of the sculpture. The sculpture is lit constantly, and with varying colors and light patterns at different periods of the year, the sculpture is geometric but does not seem to form any strictly right angles. From each angle surrounding the sculpture, the shape at the top appears to be from a different sculpture. Interestingly enough due to the location, the one perspective that is often inaccessible is that right under the sculpture, sometimes it is harmonious, he said. But the two countries are close and always with a complex friendship. Thats what I am trying to express with this combination of forms, the comments of the artist and the chief organizer of the commissioning of this work, Alejandro Quiroz, make the meaning of the sculpture as a symbol of international bi-lateral relations complex. In an interview with Quiroz conducted by one of the authors of this article and that oversaw the political project to get the sculpture to its current site initially searched for a location in HemisFair Park, a public green space built during the HemisFair world fair of 1968. The park is surrounded by a convention center, the Tower of the Americas, the Federal Building. The Asociación de Empresarios Mexicanos chose the island that was previously empty at the intersection of Losoya, Alamo. Quiroz inquired about the history and found that according to many it was where the prisoners captured during the Battle of the Alamo were executed. The site was chosen, but was not settled without some debate. Though many of the public sculptures by Sebastián provoke mixed reactions, as he claims. Public art and architecture in Downtown San Antonio are strictly controlled, at the time of its erection in San Antonio, citizens made complaints to the City Council about its clash with the surrounding features. Nearby the site are the Alamo, the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center in modern brick, the City Council sneaked by approval of the site within a week before the dedication
21.
Cathedral of San Fernando
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San Fernando Cathedral is a cathedral of the Roman Catholic Church located in downtown San Antonio, Texas, USA, facing the citys Main Plaza. It is the church of the Archdiocese of San Antonio. Its dome serves as the city of San Antonios cultural and geographical center, the cathedral is also known as the Church of Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria y Guadalupe and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is notable as one of the oldest cathedrals in the United States, the original church of San Fernando was built between 1738 and 1750. The walls of church today form the sanctuary of the cathedral. The church was named for Ferdinand III of Castile, who ruled in the 13th century, the baptismal font, believed to be a gift from Charles III, who became King of Spain from 1759, is the oldest piece of liturgical furnishing in the cathedral. The cathedral was built by settlers from the Canary Islands, for this reason the interior is a picture of the Virgin of Candelaria, in 1831, Jim Bowie married Ursula de Veramendi in San Fernando. In 1868, under the director of architect Francois P. Giraud, the cathedral was enlarged in the Gothic style. The carved stone Stations of the Cross were added in 1874, the striking stained glass windows were added in 1920. On September 13,1987, Pope John Paul II visited the cathedral during the papal visit to Texas. Phase Three - construction of a community centre to house community and social services, meeting rooms, a hall, church offices, the cathedral remains at the heart of Catholic religious life of San Antonio, and this includes involvement in annual events such as the Fiesta Week. Over 5,000 participate at weekend Masses each week of the year, in February 2006, the cathedral began a year-long celebration recognizing San Antonio’s 275th Anniversary. Donations from parishioners and outside donors in the amount of $150,000 funded the 2011 project, as part of the dedication, the archbishop placed three relics in the altar. Two are relics of St. com San Fernando Cathedral at the Handbook of Texas Online
22.
HemisFair '68
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HemisFair 68 was the official 1968 Worlds Fair held in San Antonio, Texas, from April 6 through October 6,1968. The theme of the fair was The Confluence of Civilizations in the Americas, the fair was held in 1968 to coincide with the 250th anniversary of the founding of San Antonio in 1718. More than thirty nations and fifteen corporations hosted pavilions at the fair, the Bureau International des Expositions which oversees Worlds Fairs and Expositions, awarded HemisFair 68 with official Fair status on November 17,1965. The theme character of the fair was a dragon named Luther created by Sid and Marty Krofft, the main premise of the show was taken from their production for the Coca-Cola pavilion at the fair. The venture, which had an announced cost of million, was financed by a combination of public. Public funding included $12.2 million from the U. S, although HemisFair 68 attracted 6.3 million visitors and brought international attention to San Antonio and Texas, attendance never matched predictions, and the fair lost $7.5 million. The fair was built on a 96. 2-acre site on the edge of Downtown San Antonio. The site was acquired mainly through eminent domain, many structures in what was considered a blighted area were demolished and moved to make room for the fair. The project was developed with federal urban renewal funds. Overall, only 24 structures were saved, in addition, as a part of the overall HemisFair project, the city extended its River Walk one-quarter of a mile into the site in order to link the River Walk and the HemisFair grounds in 1968. In 2001, the River Walk was extended again under the new Convention Center Expansion and is now connected to a small lagoon inside HemisFair Park. HemisFair began on April 6,1968, with the opening at 9, 00am and official ceremonies beginning at 10. However, with the opening just two days after Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated, VIPs including U. S, first Lady Lady Bird Johnson and Texas Governor John Connally, both of whom received death threats, were escorted around the site under heavy security. Just like the United States the year before at Expo 67 in Montreal, Japan had the privilege of promoting the next BIE sanctioned event Expo 70 held in Osaka. Other pavilions at the included, the LDS Church, the Southern Baptist pavilion. A monorail, named Mini-Monorail, connected pavilions together, the monorail was manufactured by Universal Design Limited and constructed by H. C. P. After HemisFair, much of the ownership was transferred to the State of Texas. Today, the City of San Antonio owns approximately 50 acres of the site,30 of which the Convention Center occupies, many of the improvements were concentrated near the base of the Tower of the Americas
23.
San Antonio Zoo
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The San Antonio Zoo is an Association of Zoos and Aquariums-accredited zoo in Midtown San Antonio, Texas, United States. It is located in the citys Brackenridge Park, the 35-acre zoo has a collection of over 3,500 animals representing 750 species. The zoos annual attendance exceeds 1,000,000 and it also runs non-animal attractions, such as the 2 ft narrow gauge San Antonio Zoo Eagle train ride, which first opened in 1956 and utilizes three Chance Rides C. P. The Richard Friedrich Aquarium was opened in 1948 and it was the only aquarium in the city until SeaWorld San Antonio was opened in 1988. The land became Brackenridge Park and Golf Course, the San Antonio Zoo opened two of the first cageless exhibits in the United States in November 1929 that offered visitors views of the animals not available in caged exhibits. The Richard Friedrich Aquarium was dedicated in 1948, and the Hixon Bird House, the zoos bird collection is now one of the worlds largest. The San Antonio Zoo housed the first herd of addra gazelle in captivity in 1969, due to the former hoofstock quarantine point in San Antonio, the San Antonio Zoo has historically had a wide variety of hoofstock species. The zoo opened Phase II of Africa Live in 2010, Phase I, which opened in 2007, brought a new exhibit for hippos with underwater viewing area and one for new Nile crocodiles as well as many other smaller animals. Phase II contains Angolan colobus monkeys, okapi, African hunting dogs, rock hyrax, on June 18,2013, a two-headed turtle, along with three one-headed turtles hatched. The two-headed turtle was later named Thelma and Louise after the 1991 film, Thelma and Louise later died on July 29,2014, from unknown causes. Africa Live. is the San Antonio Zoos newest exhibit, consisting of three phases, Africa Live. Gives guests a chance to experience Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi, guests can observe the hippopotamus, Nile crocodile, and African cichlids through underwater viewing windows. Also found in Africa Live. are Angola colobus, okapi, African wild dog, rock hyrax, Wolfs mona monkey, Phase III of Africa Live will consist of new or remodeled exhibits for African elephants, zebra, giraffes, and rhinoceros. In November 2015, the zoo opened a remodeled Giraffe exhibit with a station and other animals like zebras. African Plains takes visitors through a rocky, arid expanse, backed by natural limestone walls, African Plains hosts a number of animals including zebra, ostrich, topi, marabou stork, and various antelope. Amazonia houses the zoos South American plants and animals, the zoos main waterway makes up a large portion of Amazonia. The open flight deck allows guests to enter the exhibit and observe scarlet ibis, among birds, the family of spider monkeys, giant anteaters. Several cats, including the jaguar and ocelot are located within Amazonia, the exhibit is also home to New World monkeys including tamarins, marmosets, capuchin monkeys, and sakis
24.
Tower of the Americas
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The Tower of the Americas is a 750-foot observation tower-restaurant located in the Hemisfair district on the southeastern portion of Downtown San Antonio, Texas. The tower was designed by San Antonio architect ONeil Ford and was built as the structure of the 1968 Worlds Fair, HemisFair 68. It was the tallest observation tower in the United States from 1968 until 1996 and it is the tallest building in San Antonio, and the 27th tallest building in Texas. The tower is located in the middle of HemisFair Park and has a deck that is accessible by elevator for a fee. There is also a lounge and revolving restaurant at the top of the tower provides panoramic views of the city. The fastest recorded time up the towers 952 steps is 5 minutes 18 seconds on January 29,1981. Construction of the tower began on August 9,1966 and was completed in approximately 18 months, the tophouse of the building was constructed at ground level and hoisted to the top of the poured concrete shaft. As the tophouse was being hoisted into place, on October 30,1967 some of the used to hoist it snapped, leaving it resting on. Eventually, oil field pipes were used in lieu of cables to complete the job, in 2004, Landrys Restaurants, Inc. won the bid for a 15-year lease to manage and operate the property for its owner, the City of San Antonio. Additionally, Landrys spent another $4 million to add approximately 200% more space for ground level attractions such as a gift shop and cafe. Renovations were completed and the tower re-opened with the new Eyes Over Texas Restaurant, Bar 601, the restaurant rotates slowly, and observation deck entry is included in the cost of a tower ticket. In September 2007, Landrys converted the Eyes Over Texas Restaurant into one of its Chart House outlets, prior to Landrys, Frontier Enterprises operated the Tower of the Americas restaurant for more than three decades. 750 ft to top of the antenna,579 ft to indoor observation deck. 560 ft to outdoor observation deck,550 ft to restaurant and stationary level. Since 1970 the roof has hosted a 30 meter tall tapered steel mast, in 2007, the three individual antennas were replaced by a 16-Bay master antenna that radiates all three FM signals including the HD signal for KQXT. Clear Channel Radio and Electronics Research Inc. headed up the project along with their contractors and involved the City of San Antonio, the new antenna system improved coverage for all three radio stations. An option existed for years to add facilities for a move in signal on 97.7 to share the site. This was organized by Bret Huggins and David Stewart of Rawhide Radio, transmitters are located between the public areas of the observation deck and the revolving restaurant in equipment bays along with air conditioners and plumbing
25.
Tower Life Building
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The Tower Life Building is a landmark and historic building in Downtown San Antonio, Texas, USA. Construction of the began in 1927 and the building rises 403 feet and has 30 floors. The building, which opened in 1929, was named the Smith-Young Tower and is the central component of a partially completed development called the Bowen Island Skyscrapers. The eight sided, neo-gothic brick and terra-cotta tower was designed by noted architectural firm Ayres & Ayres. The building also housed San Antonios first Sears, Roebuck and Company store in its lowest 6 levels, the other completed building in the development is the former Plaza Hotel, which opened in 1927. The property became the outlet of Hilton Hotels in 1956 and was converted into the Granada Apartments in 1966. Subsequent structures in the development were never built as a result of the Stock Market Crash of 1929. In the 1940s the building was renamed the Transit Tower for the San Antonio Transit Company, in 1953 a television transmission tower was added to the structure. Renovations in 2010 removed the obsolete television mast in favor of the original design. The building is now named for its current owner, Tower Life Insurance Company, in 1991 the building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Tower of the Americas Menger Hotel Emily D, west National Register nomination, Smith Young Tower, prepared by Stephanie Hetos Cocke,1991. Stephanie Hetos Cocke, Atlee B. and Robert M. Ayres, Texas Architect, November–December 1989
26.
Artpace
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Artpace is a non-profit contemporary art gallery located in San Antonio, Texas, United States, founded by Linda Pace. Artpace opened its doors in 1995, and focuses on the artistic process, occupying the space of a former Hudson automobile dealership, Artpace uses its industrial space as the setting for its programs and events. The International Artist-in-Residence artists are chosen by a guest curator and the program invites nine artists per year to live, for a full list of artists that have participated in the International Artist-in-Residence program see below. The Window Works exhibition space at Artpace is visible from N, main Avenue, which means that the space is accessible to the community. The Hudson Room is a space that often exhibits international artists. The room is named for the function of Artpaces building. Artpaces education programs are designed to expose the youth of San Antonio to think critically about art Each program aims to educate, engage, the education department at Artpace has K-12 programs, community Programs, U of Artpace, and Adult Programs. Chalk It Up is an annual citywide family-friendly event that promotes the importance of art education, Each year, Houston Street in downtown San Antonio is filled with chalk drawings, music, and original murals by artists in San Antonio. The event facilitates interactions between the community and contemporary artists and this year Chalk It Up will take place on October 11,2014 from 10AM-4PM. Artpace partners with other organizations in San Antonio, and hosts an annual Family Day in the spring to host an art-themed day designed for younger children
27.
Blue Star Contemporary
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Blue Star Contemporary is a non-profit contemporary art institution located in San Antonio, Texas. Blue Star Contemporary is the longest running non-profit contemporary art space in the city, Blue Star Contemporary, also known as BSC, is run by Executive Director Mary Heathcott. Open calls for artists from Texas, the United States, the Blue Star Arts Complex is a stop on the VIA Metropolitan Transit VIVA Culture bus route. BSC is a part of the King Williams Cultural Arts District in the Southtown neighborhood and is located along the San Antonio River Walk, Blue Star Contemporary is credited as being a revitalizing force for the arts district and surrounding neighborhoods. Contemporary Art Month, San Antonios monthlong celebration of contemporary art in July. Blue Star Contemporary partnered with BiblioTech, Bexar Countys digital library, Art in the Garden is an ongoing partnership between Blue Star Contemporary and the San Antonio Botanical Garden. Each year, an artist is selected and commissioned to create a work in the garden. The work is described on the BSC website as a public art installation by Dallas-based artist Gabriel Dawe. Plexus c18 is composed of more than 19 colors--creating a prism-like effect that represents the spectrum of visible light. The art installation will be on view for three years beginning October 2016
28.
Casa Navarro State Historic Site
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Casa Navarro is a historic site in San Antonio, Bexar County, in the U. S. state of Texas. Navarro first bought the property, about 1.5 acres, the limestone, caliche block, and adobe structures were built c. 1832–1855, and Navarro moved onto the property soon after, the site is situated in the heart of old San Antonio, in what used to be a thriving Tejano neighborhood known as Laredito. The structures were acquired and restored by the San Antonio Conservation Society between 1960 and 1964, and the site was opened to the public in October 1964. The site was designated a Texas State Historic Landmark in 1962, on January 1,2008, the house was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Historical Commission. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2016, there is also a two-story square store and office building, noted for its bold quoins, which anchor the edges of the building’s walls. The detached adobe and caliche block kitchen is typical of early Texas architecture with front, List of Texas state historic sites List of National Historic Landmarks in Texas Casa Navarro State Historic Site website
29.
Guinness World Records
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The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time. As of the 2017 edition, it is now in its 63rd year of publication, the international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums. On 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the director of the Guinness Breweries, went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford. After missing a shot at a golden plover, he involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe. That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europes fastest game bird. Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad and he realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful. Beavers idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter, the twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954. A thousand copies were printed and given away, after the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas. The following year, it launched in the US, and sold 70,000 copies, since then, Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records. Because the book became a hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October. The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years, Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975. Following Ross assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot, Guinness Superlatives Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades, and, under their management, the group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002, with offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US. Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors, many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, being Maurizio Giuliano. Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database, as well as new records. The majority of records are no longer listed in the book or on the website. For those unable to wait the 4–6 weeks for a reply, the Guinness Book of Records is the worlds most sold copyrighted book, earning it an entry within its own pages
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Institute of Texan Cultures
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The University of Texas at San Antonio Institute of Texan Cultures is a museum and library located in HemisFair Park in Downtown San Antonio, Texas. It has been yearly since 1972. The facility, established by the Texas Legislature on May 27,1965, UTSA assumed administrative control of the museum in 1973. In 1986, the System designated the Institute as a campus of the University of Texas at San Antonio, now, it is part of UTSAs HemisFair Campus. It is located near the Alamo and the River Walk, the Institute of Texan Cultures, through its research, collections, exhibits and programs, serves as the forum for the understanding and appreciation of Texas and Texans. The 182, 000-square-foot complex has 65, 000-square-foot of interactive exhibits, the library on the third floor contains manuscripts, rare books, personal papers, over 3 million historical photos and over 700 oral histories. Major support is provided by the museums Development Board, there are displays in the museum representing many cultures and their impact on the history and development of Texas. The Institute plays a role in UTSAs community engagement initiatives by developing quality, accessible resources for educators, a special artists series, the Texas Contemporary Artists Series, focuses on the work of contemporary artists who call Texas home. The selected artists cover a spectrum of artistic styles and mediums. Common to all of their work, however, is the bold vision, in early 2010, ITC became an affiliate as part of the Smithsonian Affiliates program. The Affiliation agreement marks a new era for the institute, a series of upgrades are planned to revitalize main exhibit floor. As UTSA strives to achieve national research university status, the Universitys museum strives to become an institution of equal caliber. A Guide to the Institute of Texan Cultures Library Collection of HemisFair 68 Materials, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections
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McNay Art Museum
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The McNay Art Museum, founded in 1954 in San Antonio, is the first modern art museum in the U. S. State of Texas. McNay was an American painter and art teacher who inherited a substantial oil fortune upon the death of her father, the museum was named after her, and has been expanded to include galleries of medieval and Renaissance artwork and a larger collection of 20th-century European and American modernist work. She built a home in 1927 designed by Atlee Ayres and his son Robert M. Ayres, upon her death, the house was bequeathed to the City of San Antonio to house the museum. The collection today consists of over 20,000 objects and is one of the finest collections of Contemporary Art and Sculpture in the Southwestern United States. The museum also is home to the Tobin Collection of Theatre Arts, which is one of the collections of its kind in the U. S. More recently, the McNay Art Museum recently added the Stieren Center, built by renowned architect Jean-Paul Viguier
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O. Henry House Museum (San Antonio)
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The O. Henry House Museum is a historic house museum located in San Antonio, Texas. It is named for the American writer, William Sydney Porter, better known as O. Henry who lived in the house in 1885, the O. Henry House museum was initially built by John Kush, a German settler in 1855. The house, built in brick, was originally located at 904 South Presa street. In the early 1880s, William Sydney Porter, better known as O. Henry moved to San Antonio, Porter lived here from 1885 to 1886. In 1959, the San Antonio Conservation Society, working both the Lone Star Brewing Company and the descendants of John Kush, the original owner. This included the responsibility of moving the home within 60 days to save it from demolition and it was moved to the location of the Lone Star Brewing Company where it was part of the Buckhorn museum collection until the breweries closure in 1997. In 1998, David Carter and the MLP partnership moved the house once more and it re-opened as a museum in 1999. While living here, Porter wrote several stories set in San Antonio. These included Fog in Santone, The Higher Abdication, and Hygeia at the Solito, William Sidney Porter House List of museums in Central Texas O. Henry House Museum Site History of the Home and Porters Time in San Antonio
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Ripley's Believe It or Not!
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Ripleys Believe It or Not. is an American franchise, founded by Robert Ripley, which deals in bizarre events and items so strange and unusual that readers might question the claims. The Believe It or Not panel proved popular and was adapted into a wide variety of formats, including radio, television, comic books, a chain of museums. The Ripley collection includes 20,000 photographs,30,000 artifacts, with 80-plus attractions, the Orlando-based Ripley Entertainment, Inc. a division of the Jim Pattison Group, is a global company with an annual attendance of more than 12 million guests. Ripley Entertainments publishing and broadcast divisions oversee numerous projects, including the syndicated TV series, the cartoon panel, books, posters. Ripley first called his cartoon feature, originally involving sports feats, Champs and Chumps, Ripley began adding items unrelated to sports, and in October 1919, he changed the title to Believe It or Not. When the Globe folded in 1923, Ripley moved to the New York Evening Post, other writers and researchers included Lester Byck. In 1930, Ripley moved to the New York American and picked up by the King Features Syndicate, paul Frehm won the National Cartoonists Societys Newspaper Panel Cartoon Award for 1976 for his work on the series. Clarke later created parodies of Believe It or Not. for Mad, as did Wally Wood and Ernie Kovacs, the current artist is John Graziano and current researcher is Sabrina Sieck. Dozens of paperback editions reprinting the newspaper panels have been published over the decades, other strips and books borrowed the Ripley design and format, such as Ralph Graczaks Our Own Oddities, John Hixs Strange as it Seems, and Gordon Johnstons It Happened in Canada. Recent Ripleys Believe It or Not, books containing new material have supplemented illustrations with photographs. Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulzs first publication of artwork was published by Ripley and it was a cartoon claiming his dog was a hunting dog who eats pins, tacks, screws, nails and razor blades. Schulzs dog Spike later became the model for Peanuts Snoopy, some notable books, Believe it or not. In 2004 Ripley Entertainment founded Ripley Publishing Ltd, based in the United Kingdom, the company produces the New York Times bestselling Ripleys Believe It or Not. Annuals, the children’s fiction series Ripley’s RBI, a series called the Ripley’s Twists. Special Edition in conjunction with Scholastic USA and a number of other titles, the people whose items are featured in such books as Strikingly True, have what Edward Meyer, Vice President of Exhibits and Archives at Ripley Entertainment Inc. describes as an obsession. “Whatever it is theyre after, it is so important to them all the rest of the world can go on without them. They want to make something that makes them immortal, makes them a different than you. To be included in Ripleys Believe It or Not books, museums, or television shows, items must undergo scrutiny from Ripleys staff and be 100% authenticated
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San Antonio Museum of Art
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The San Antonio Museum of Art is an art museum in downtown San Antonio, Texas, USA. The Museum was funded through grants from the Economic Development Administration of San Antonio, the Museum is situated on the northern section of the San Antonio Riverwalk. With the opening of the Gloria Galt River Landing in 2009, when the Museum opened it specialized in art of the Americas including pre-Columbian, Spanish Colonial, and Latin American folk art. It also included eighteenth-, nineteenth- and twentieth-century American and European paintings, photography, sculpture, in 1985, the Museum received collections of Latin American Folk Art formed by former Vice President Nelson A. Rockefeller and Robert K. Winn. In 1998, the Nelson A. Rockefeller Center for Latin American Art, the Egyptian collection hold objects from the Pre-dynastic through the late Roman and Byzantine periods. The Museum also houses an important and rare collection of Greek and Roman sculpture that encompasses portraits, funerary sculpture, and mythological subject. Asian Art The Asian art collection is housed in the Lenora and Walter F. Brown Asian Art Wing, Latin American The San Antonio Museum of Art has one of the most comprehensive collections of Latin American art in the United States. The collection is housed in the Nelson A. Rockefeller Center for Latin American Art, Contemporary A significant portion of the Museum’s Contemporary collection is devoted to post-World War II American painting and sculpture, including an emphasis on modernist abstraction. In addition, the Museum has always been committed to the collection of Contemporary Texas Art, the collection includes two sculptures by San Antonio-born Bonnie MacLeary. General Admission Pricing Members, Free Adult, $10 Seniors, $7 Students and Military, $5 Children under 12, general admission is free to the public Tuesdays from 4–9 p. m. and Sundays from 10 a. m. –12 p. m. The all-yellow car operated on a section of Texas Transportation Company tracks behind the museum. TXTC was a railroad, operating trains powered from overhead trolley wires. Streetcar service in San Antonio ended in 1933, but car 300 was preserved at that time by the San Antonio Museums Association, in 1981, volunteers restored car 300 to operating condition as a historical attraction. Public operation began in October 1982, the car ran twice a day Tuesday through Friday and six times a day on weekends, but budget cuts led to the services being discontinued at the end of 1985
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Spanish Governor's Palace
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The Spanish Governors Palace is a historic adobe from the Spanish Texas period ( building located in the Downtown San Antonio district of San Antonio, Texas. The National Geographic Society has named the landmark the most beautiful building in San Antonio, the building was constructed in the early 18th century, planned as early as 1722 and completed in 1849. It was The keystone above the front entrance is marked with the coat-of-arms of Spanish King Ferdinand VI, the building was the residence and working offices of the local presidio captain at first. Later, it became the home of the Spanish governors who lived in San Antonio, the building later became the capitol building of the Tejas region of Spanish Texas in 1722. The one-story masonry and stucco structure features ten rooms, a courtyard and a fountain. The palace is located in between Market Square and the San Antonio River Walk near the current city hall, the address is 105 Military Plaza, San Antonio. Spanish Governors Palace – official web page of the Center City Development & Operations Dept, Spanish Governors Palace – Handbook of Texas Online
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Edward Steves Homestead
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The Edward Steves Homestead is located in the Bexar County city of San Antonio in the U. S. state of Texas. It was designed by architect Alfred Giles and designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, the main house was donated to the San Antonio Conservation Society in 1952. The organization completely restored the house as a museum and now conducts daily tours. The complete homestead property consists of four structures, the main house museum, the carriage house, the river house. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bexar County, Alfred Giles, as an employ of John H. Kampmann, is credited with designing the main house. Locally quarried limestone was used in construction of the four-bedroom house and it was completed in 1877 for $15,000. In 1970, the house was listed as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, the house features a mansard roof and 13-inch-thick exterior walls. It was fairly modern for its time, with a telephone line, the parlor doors in the house featured American-made etched glass panels. The main house at the homestead was deeded to the San Antonio Conservation Society in 1952 by the granddaughter of Edward Steves, Edna Steves Vaughan, SACS maintains the home as a museum and conducts daily tours. When SACS first approached Vaughan about purchasing the house, Vaughan offered to donate the house with the stipulation that the then-current residents be retained as caretakers, the grounds, exterior and interior of the French Second Empire style house were restored in 1954 as a museum with period furniture. With much of the furniture gone, the Steves family donated many of their own pieces for the restoration. Among the pieces added in the restoration was a table featuring St. Peters Square in Vatican City. When SACS did the restoration, Yale University donated an antique 1857 Chickering, the property contains three buildings in addition to the main house. The carriage house predated the main house and all structures on the property. Built in 1875, the frame and stone house was restored in 1976–77. The servants quarters was erected in 1877 and restored in 1983–84, the one-story brick structure known as the river house once contained San Antonios first natatorium. When SACS restored the properties, they covered the river house pool with flooring. Edward Steves was a San Antonio city alderman who had relocated to Texas from his native Germany and he and his wife Johanna maintained a family home on rural acreage in Kendall County
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Texas Transportation Museum
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The Texas Transportation Museum is a transportation museum located near San Antonio, Texas, USA. It was created in 1964 to help preserve artifacts and information about San Antonios transportation history, TTM operates as much of its collection as possible, including many railroad vehicles on its own heritage railroad, the Longhorn and Western Railroad. The museum was located at the Pearl Brewing Company in Downtown San Antonio and had used the tracks of the Texas Transportation Company. TTM operates artifacts on the L&W as well as several model train layouts, TTM provides an educational and entertaining experience which interprets how developments in transportation technology shaped and continue to impact daily life. TTM experienced a 55% growth in attendance between 2002 and 2006, from 8,370 to 13,013 persons annually, the museum hosts two major events annually, Spook-Track-Ula in October for Halloween, and Santas Railroad Wonderland in December for Christmas
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United States Army Medical Department Museum
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The U. S. Army Medical Department Museum — or AMEDD Museum — at Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, originated as part of the Armys Field Service School at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. It moved to Fort Sam Houston in 1946 and it is currently a component of the U. S. Army Medical Department Center and School. The museum features the history of the Army Medical Department from 1775 to the present, as well as contributions of the Army during times of peace. General areas covered are significant historical events, scientific and technological advances, development of the field service and contributions of key officers. Audio-visual presentations introduce the history of the Department, two large galleries house the medical equipment, uniforms, medals, insignia and artwork that make up the museums exhibits. Museum holdings include material on medical personnel, POWs in World War IIs Pacific Theater, unit insignia and archival documents, the museum has been chosen to preserve historic artifacts from Naval Hospital Corps School Great Lakes. BRAC2005 resulted in transferred of Corps School from Chicago to the Medical Education and Training Campus, specific displays of interest include, Dr. A Medical Combat Memorial honors the Armys combat medics, list of ships of the United States Army#Hospital ships United States Army Medical Department Museum official website AMEDD Museum - old website
