1.
Newburgh (city), New York
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Newburgh /ˈnuːbərɡ/ is a city located in Orange County, New York, United States,60 miles north of New York City, and 90 miles south of Albany, on the Hudson River. Newburgh is a part of the New York metropolitan area, the Newburgh area was first settled in the early 18th century by the Germans and British. During the American Revolution, Newburgh served as the headquarters of the Continental Army, prior to its chartering in 1865, the city of Newburgh was part of the town of Newburgh, the town now borders the city to the north and west. East of the city is the Hudson River, the city of Beacon, New York across the river, the entire southern boundary of the city is with the town of New Windsor. Most of this boundary is formed by Quassaick Creek, in May 2016, the city requested help for its PFOS contaminated water supply under Superfund. At the time of European contact the area of Newburgh was occupied by the Waoranek, the area that became Newburgh was first explored by Europeans when Henry Hudson stopped by during his 1609 expedition up the river that now bears his name. Around 1683 provincial governor Thomas Dongan purchased the land from the Woaranek, the first settlement was made in the spring of 1709 by fifty-four Palatine refugees, sponsored by Queen Anne of Great Britain. The settlers named it the Palatine Parish by Quassic, in 1743 a ferry at the foot of First Street had been established between Newburgh and Fishkill Landing. In 1752 the land had been surveyed by Cadwallader Colden and named Newburgh after Newburgh in his native Scotland, shipyards were established and docks and warehouses lined the waterfront. Newburgh was the headquarters of the Continental Army from March,1782 until the part of 1783. While the army was camped at Newburgh, some of its senior officers began the Newburgh conspiracy to overthrow the government, General George Washington was able to persuade his officers to stay loyal to him. The army was disbanded here in 1783, Washington received the famous Newburgh letter from Lewis Nicola proposing that he become king here. It drew a rebuke from Washington. In honor of his refusal of that suggestion, Kings Highway, the year 1793 saw Newburghs first newspaper, The Newburgh Packet. The hamlet of Newburgh was incorporated as a village in 1800, at the time of its settlement it was in Ulster County and was that countys seat. When Rockland County was split from Orange County in 1798, Newburgh, Newburgh thus lost its status as the county seat to Goshen. The former Ulster County courthouse still stands as Newburghs old city courthouse building, by 1793 there were four sloop lines operating out of Newburgh. As new turnpikes opened trade extended into the interior, passenger coaches and farm wagons raveled as far west as Canandaigua
Newburgh (city), New York
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Downtown Newburgh from
Beacon, across the Hudson River
Newburgh (city), New York
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Woodcut of Newburgh skyline from Hudson in 1842, with
Dutch Reformed Church, then with its original dome and lantern.
Newburgh (city), New York
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Christopher Columbus Statue on Newburgh's Waterfront
Newburgh (city), New York
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View of Newburgh from the
Newburgh-Beacon Bridge
2.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
Hip hop music
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1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the Bronx, a venue used by Kool Herc that is often considered the birthplace of hip hop in 1973
Hip hop music
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DJ Kool Herc, recognized as one of the earliest hip hop artists
Hip hop music
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Grandmaster Flash
Hip hop music
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Afrika Bambaataa (left)
3.
Experimental hip hop
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Experimental hip hop, also known as abstract hip hop, is a genre of hip hop that employs structural elements typically considered unconventional in traditional hip hop music. Some notable experimental hip hop record labels include Definitive Jux, Anticon, Big Dada, while most experimental hip hop incorporates turntablism and is produced electronically, some artists have introduced acoustic elements to the music to facilitate it being performed live. As a relatively young musical style, hip hop during this period was about new ideas, fueled by themes of Afrocentricity and political militancy, coupled with experimental music and sampling techniques, led to great of number of stylistic innovations. Experimental hip-hop production is highly eclectic, drawing influences from a vast array musical genres, along with elements of electronic music and dub, artists drew from other styles including rock, soul, reggae, classical, and jazz. In general, experimental hip-hop production builds and expands on the sounds of early 1990s hip hop artists such as Wu-Tang Clan, A Tribe Called Quest and De La Soul, one influential pioneer of experimental hip-hop production is J Dilla or Jay Dee. J Dillas approach included an innovative use of sampling as well as non-quantized drum rhythms, J Dilla also rejected the hip hop convention of Quantization—or the mathematical gridding of precise rhythms via electronic means. J Dilla was also a pioneer for eschewing quantization. and instead performed rhythms by hand on the pads of an Akai Music Production Center and this technique gives his music more of a non-mechanical natural groove or swing, as a human behind a real drum kit might play. Some producers influenced by J Dillas approach include Madlib, Flying Lotus, Karriem Riggins, while some experimental hip-hop follows the traditional use quantized rhythms, the vast majority of it does not. Other producers often cited as influences on experimental hip hop include DJ Premier, 9th Wonder, Hi-Tek, Pete Rock, Ali Shaheed Muhammad of A Tribe Called Quest, and RZA. Left-field hip hop is a union of rap and electronica in which the emphasis is placed more on the producer than the rapper or emcee, left-field hip hop typically employs complex computerized equipment as well as incorporating live vocals and samples. Notable left-field albums include Kid Cudis Man on the Moon, cloud rap is a subgenre of experimental hip hop distinguished by ethereal, dreamlike beats, and abstract, sometimes deliberately absurd lyrics. Cloud rap producers often use unconventional samples that draw from ambient, indie, psychedelic hip hop is characterized by complex sample-based beats, often obscure material, and witty, abstract lyrics filled with unconventional far-out references. Early examples of style are some of the more sample-heavy late 1980s hip hop releases such as De la Souls 3 Feet High And Rising. A Tribe Called Quest Ab-Soul Aesop Rock Atmosphere A$AP Rocky Beastie Boys Beautiful Eulogy Big L Blu & Exile Capital Steez Chance the Rapper Childish Gambino Clams Casino clipping
Experimental hip hop
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J Dilla's Donuts Album Cover
Experimental hip hop
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Rap duo, The Underachievers, performing
4.
Poetry
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Poetry has a long history, dating back to the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh. Early poems evolved from folk songs such as the Chinese Shijing, or from a need to retell oral epics, as with the Sanskrit Vedas, Zoroastrian Gathas, and the Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Ancient attempts to define poetry, such as Aristotles Poetics, focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song and comedy. Later attempts concentrated on such as repetition, verse form and rhyme. From the mid-20th century, poetry has sometimes been more generally regarded as a creative act employing language. Poetry uses forms and conventions to suggest differential interpretation to words, devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhythm are sometimes used to achieve musical or incantatory effects. The use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony and other elements of poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations. Similarly figures of such as metaphor, simile and metonymy create a resonance between otherwise disparate images—a layering of meanings, forming connections previously not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance may exist, between verses, in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm. Some poetry types are specific to cultures and genres and respond to characteristics of the language in which the poet writes. Much modern poetry reflects a critique of poetic tradition, playing with and testing, among other things, in todays increasingly globalized world, poets often adapt forms, styles and techniques from diverse cultures and languages. Some scholars believe that the art of poetry may predate literacy, others, however, suggest that poetry did not necessarily predate writing. The oldest surviving poem, the Epic of Gilgamesh, comes from the 3rd millennium BCE in Sumer. An example of Egyptian epic poetry is The Story of Sinuhe, other forms of poetry developed directly from folk songs. The earliest entries in the oldest extant collection of Chinese poetry, the efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form, and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in poetics—the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as Chinas through her Shijing, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance, Classical thinkers employed classification as a way to define and assess the quality of poetry. Later aestheticians identified three major genres, epic poetry, lyric poetry, and dramatic poetry, treating comedy and tragedy as subgenres of dramatic poetry, Aristotles work was influential throughout the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age, as well as in Europe during the Renaissance. English Romantic poet John Keats termed this escape from logic Negative Capability and this romantic approach views form as a key element of successful poetry because form is abstract and distinct from the underlying notional logic
Poetry
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Aristotle
Poetry
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Literature
Poetry
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John Keats
Poetry
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Archibald MacLeish
5.
American Recordings (record label)
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American Recordings is a Los Angeles-based record label headed by record producer Rick Rubin. Formerly known as Def American Recordings, the label has been home to Slayer, the Black Crowes, ZZ Top, Danzig, Trouble, Tom Petty, Johnny Cash, The Mother Hips, American Recordings was founded after Rick Rubin left Def Jam Recordings in 1988. Rubin continued his association with music by signing artists such as the Geto Boys. American had its first major success with The Black Crowes 1990 debut album, Shake Your Money Maker, the group’s 1992 follow-up, The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion, gave American Recordings its first No.1 album. Emcee Sir Mix-a-Lot managed a hit with the song Baby Got Back as well as a platinum-selling album titled Mack Daddy. Heavy metal acts Slayer and Danzig also enjoyed commercial success, with Slayer in particular. Rubin produces many of the recordings on the label, as well as directing other related ventures, Rubin changed the name of the company to American Recordings in 1993 after seeing the word def in a dictionary. The company was renamed because he believed that finding the word in a source was against the anti-establishment image that he was trying to project for the company. A mock funeral presided over by the Reverend Al Sharpton was done for the name change. American had several sub-labels over the years, including Onion Records, Ill Labels, Wild West, Whte Lbls, the latter was a partnership with Henry Rollins that specialized in reissues of obscure albums. None of these made the distribution transition after American Recordings left Warner Bros. Records in 1997. The first-ever Def American release was Reign in Blood by Slayer, a Def Jam Recordings logo was also present on its follow-up album. Danzigs 1988 debut album was the first release to bear the Def American logo. Initially, the label was distributed by Geffen Records through Warner Bros, americans distribution has been handled through several labels over the years. Americans first incarnation was distributed by Geffen Records through Warner Bros. Records from 1988 to 1990, after a falling out with Geffen over the content of the Geto Boys only Def American release, Warner Bros. itself took over distribution duties from 1990 to 1997. However, sub-label Ill Labels was distributed by hip-hop specialist and former Warner Bros. subsidiary Tommy Boy Records as part of its deal, for a brief time during the 1990s, the label also distributed Too Pure Records in the USA. Rubin signed a deal with Columbia/SME Records in 1997, which distributed the labels titles until 2001. That year, Universal Music Group, through its Island Def Jam Music Group division, in 2005, with the exception of the recordings of Johnny Cash, the label returned to the aegis of Warner Bros
American Recordings (record label)
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American Recordings (record label)
6.
Wichita Recordings
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Wichita Recordings is an independent record label located in London, founded in 2000 by Mark Bowen and Dick Green. Its most notable signees include Bloc Party, The Cribs, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, Bright Eyes, My Morning Jacket, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Best Coast, Los Campesinos. and Peter Bjorn and John. The label signed Clap Your Hands Say Yeah for a UK distribution deal for the debut album. They also signed the UK producers Simian Mobile Disco for the UK, the labels first release was the Bright Eyes album, Fevers and Mirrors, released in 2000
Wichita Recordings
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Wichita Recordings 2015 logo
7.
Big Dada
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Big Dada is a British independent record label imprint distributed by Ninja Tune. It was started by reputed hip hop journalist Will Ashon in 1997, Big Dadas first release was Alpha Prhymes 12-inch single Misanthropic, a collaboration between Luke Vibert and Juice Aleem in 1997. In 2007, Big Dada released the compilation Well Deep to celebrate their tenth anniversary, NME said the label was not only a platform for the British urban underground but also attracts some of the most progressive wordsmiths and beat-scientists in the whole world. Big Dada are still pushing things forward, as the quote suggests, Big Dada is not exclusively a label for British acts. Their roster has featured contributions from American hip hop artists including Bigg Jus, Busdriver, Mike Ladd. On 8 September 2009, Big Dada artist Speech Debelle won the 2009 Barclaycard Mercury Prize for her debut album Speech Therapy produced by Wayne Lotek and it was the labels third nomination, after Roots Manuvas Run Come Save Me in 2002 and Tys Upwards in 2003. Roots Manuva, one of the labels best known artist, signed a new deal with the label in 2011, in the 2007 documentary for the label Well Deep, he said, Its been a lovely relationship over the years. Big Dadas unique and it always be unique because its a philosophy. Its unique because it dares to stick its neck out and its run by people who love music. Its not just a label, its a movement
Big Dada
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Big Dada logo (1997-2012)
8.
Trent Reznor
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Michael Trent Reznor, known professionally as Trent Reznor, is an American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and film score composer. As a vocalist and multi-instrumentalist, Reznor is best known as the founder and his first release under this pseudonym, the 1989 album Pretty Hate Machine, was a commercial and critical success. He has since released eight studio albums and he left Interscope Records in 2007 and was an independent recording artist until signing with Columbia Records in 2012. Reznor was associated with the bands Option 30, The Urge, The Innocent, outside of Nine Inch Nails, he has contributed to the albums of artists such as Marilyn Manson and Saul Williams. In 1997, Reznor appeared in Times list of the years most influential people, while Spin magazine has described him as the most vital artist in music, Reznor was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, the son of Nancy Lou and Michael Reznor. He has English, German, and Irish ancestry and he is a descendant of George Reznor, who founded the Reznor Company, a heating and air conditioning manufacturer, in 1888. Reznor grew up in Mercer, Pennsylvania, after his parents had divorced, he lived with his maternal grandparents, while his sister Tera lived with their mother. Reznor began playing the piano at the age of twelve and showed an aptitude for music. In a 1995 interview, his grandfather, Bill Clark, remarked, Music was his life and his former piano teacher Rita Beglin said that he always reminded me of Harry Connick, Jr. when he played. Reznor has acknowledged that his life in Pennsylvania left him feeling isolated from the outside world. In a 1994 interview with Rolling Stone, he referenced his choices in the industry, However. At Mercer Area Junior/Senior High School, he learned to play the tenor saxophone and he was a member of both the jazz and marching band. Former Mercer High School band director Dr. Hendley Hoge remembered Reznor as very upbeat, Reznor also became involved in theater while in high school. He was voted Best in Drama by classmates for his roles as Judas in Jesus Christ Superstar, Reznor graduated in 1983 and enrolled at Allegheny College, where he studied computer engineering. While he was a student at Mercer Area Junior/Senior High School, Reznor joined local band Option 30, after a year of college, Reznor dropped out and moved to Cleveland, Ohio, to pursue a career in music. His first band in Cleveland was the Urge, a cover band, in 1985, he joined The Innocent as a keyboardist, they released one album, Livin in the Street, but Reznor left the band after three months. In 1986, he joined local band Exotic Birds and appeared with them as a band called The Problems in the 1987 film Light of Day. Reznor also contributed on keyboards to the band Slam Bamboo during this time, Reznor got a job at Clevelands Right Track Studio as an assistant engineer and janitor
Trent Reznor
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Reznor performing in 2009.
Trent Reznor
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Reznor performing at the
Lollapalooza festival, 1991
Trent Reznor
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Trent Reznor and
Robin Finck, Santa Barbara, California 2009
9.
Nine Inch Nails
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Nine Inch Nails is an American industrial rock band founded in 1988 by Trent Reznor in Cleveland, Ohio. Despite this, the band has had feuds with the corporate side of the recording industry. Reznor returned to self-releasing material with the second Nine Inch Nails EP, as the bands main producer, singer, songwriter, and instrumentalist, Reznor is the only constant member of the group, and remains solely responsible for its direction. This changed however in 2016 when Atticus Ross was introduced as a permanent member of Nine Inch Nails alongside the announcement of Not the Actual Events, after recording a new album, Reznor usually assembles a live band to perform onstage with him. The touring band features a lineup that often rearranges songs to fit a live setting. On stage, Nine Inch Nails often employs visual elements to accompany performances, Nine Inch Nails has been nominated for thirteen Grammy Awards, and won twice for the songs Wish and Happiness in Slavery in 1992 and 1996, respectively. In 1997, Reznor appeared in Time magazines list of the years most influential people, in 2004, Rolling Stone placed Nine Inch Nails at 94 on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. In 2014, Nine Inch Nails was named as nominees for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in 2015, they were nominated a second time. Koster agreed and allowed Reznor to use it whenever it was empty, while completing the early recordings, Reznor was unable to find a band that could articulate the material as he desired. Instead, inspired by Prince, Reznor played all the instruments except drums himself and this role remains Reznors on most of the bands studio recordings, though he has occasionally involved other musicians and assistants. Nine Inch Nails debut was at the Phantasy Theater in Lakewood, in 1988, after playing its first shows supporting Skinny Puppy, Reznors ambition for Nine Inch Nails was to release one 12-inch single on a small European label. Several labels responded favorably to the material and Reznor signed with TVT Records. The overall sound on Purest Feeling is lighter than that of Pretty Hate Machine, several songs feature live drumming and guitar work throughout. Reznor coined the name Nine Inch Nails because it abbreviated easily, other rumored explanations have circulated, alleging that Reznor chose to reference Jesus crucifixion with nine-inch spikes, or Freddy Kruegers nine-inch fingernails. The English letters NIN are also noted for their resemblance to the modern Hebrew characters of the Tetragrammaton, the Nine Inch Nails logo, which consists of the letters set inside a border, was designed by Reznor and Gary Talpas. The logo first appeared on the video for Nine Inch Nails debut single, Down in It. Talpas, a native of Cleveland, would continue to design Nine Inch Nails packaging art until 1997, written, arranged, and performed by Reznor, Nine Inch Nails first album Pretty Hate Machine debuted in 1989. It marked his first collaboration with Adrian Sherwood and Mark Flood Ellis, Reznor asked Sean Beavan to mix the demos of Pretty Hate Machine, which had received multiple offers for record deals
Nine Inch Nails
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Nine Inch Nails in November 2013 at the
Staples Center. From left to right:
Pino Palladino,
Ilan Rubin,
Trent Reznor, and
Alessandro Cortini.
Nine Inch Nails
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Reznor during the 1991
Lollapalooza festival
Nine Inch Nails
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Reznor performing during the Self-Destruct tour, circa 1994–1995
Nine Inch Nails
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Live performance during the
Live: With Teeth tour in 2006
10.
The Mars Volta
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The Mars Volta was an American rock band from El Paso, Texas, formed in 2001. The bands final lineup consisted of Omar Rodríguez-López, Cedric Bixler-Zavala, Juan Alderete, Marcel Rodríguez-López, the band formed following the break-up of Rodríguez-López and Bixler-Zavalas previous band, At the Drive-In. They are known for their live shows and their concept albums. In 2009, the band won a Grammy Award in the Best Hard Rock Performance category for the song Wax Simulacra, in 2008, they were named Best Prog-Rock Band by Rolling Stone magazine. In September 2012 it was announced that the Mars Volta had entered a hiatus, with Rodríguez-López and Parks forming a new project, four months later, the band announced their breakup. Bixler-Zavala and Alderete subsequently formed a new band, Zavalaz, Rodríguez-López and Bixler-Zavala eventually reunited in 2014 for a new project, Antemasque. Yknow, changing of time and the changeover, and Mars, were just fascinated by science fiction so and its something that ultimately looked as in anything I write, its meaning is always up to the listener. The roots of the Mars Volta are found in the band At the Drive-In, ATDI imploded on the verge of breakthrough, partly due to boredom, partly to musical differences. Due to creative differences and discomfort with mainstream success and drug abuse, Rodríguez-López, the remaining members of the band formed Sparta. During 2001 Eva Gardner joined the members of De Facto on bass, the lineup for their first public show at Chain Reaction in Anaheim, California was Rodríguez-López, Bixler-Zavala, Owens, Gardner, Ward, and drummer Jon Theodore. This lineup recorded three tracks with Alex Newport, which became the EP Tremulant, released in early 2002 by Gold Standard Laboratories. After the demise of At the Drive-In, Rodríguez-López and Bixler-Zavala found themselves once again starting from the ground up, in their early years the Mars Volta were characterized by chaotic live shows and heavy drug use. Whereas Tremulant had no general theme De-Loused was a work of speculative fiction telling the first-person story of someone in a drug-induced coma. He died jumping from the Mesa Street overpass onto Interstate-10 in El Paso during afternoon rush-hour traffic, hes got this thing about representing the common mans ears—Id rather jab the common mans ears. If we dont, well never get to a place where future music exists, the Mars Volta had no official bassist during the recording session, but Flea played bass on nine of the albums ten songs, with Justin Meldal-Johnsen playing double bass on Televators. Fleas bandmate John Frusciante also contributed guitar, synthesizer and backing vocals to Cicatriz ESP. After several temporary replacements, a permanent bassist for the band was found in Juan Alderete, despite limited promotion, De-Loused earned strong reviews, and appeared on several year-end best-of lists. The album remains the Mars Voltas best-seller, with over 500,000 copies sold, Rolling Stone ranked a track from De-Loused, Drunkship of Lanterns, the 91st Best Guitar Song Ever
The Mars Volta
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The Mars Volta on stage at the Vegoose Festival.
The Mars Volta
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Live at
Paradiso –
Amsterdam October 16, 2005.
The Mars Volta
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Live at
Birmingham Academy November 30, 2005 with drummer
Jon Theodore.
The Mars Volta
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The Mars Volta playing with
John Frusciante in
Toronto on September 25, 2006.
11.
Rick Rubin
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Frederick Jay Rick Rubin is a Jewish-American record producer and former co-president of Columbia Records. Along with Russell Simmons, Rubin is the co-founder of Def Jam Records, with the Beastie Boys, LL Cool J, Public Enemy, and Run–D. M. C. Rubin helped popularize hip hop music, in 2007, MTV called him the most important producer of the last 20 years, and the same year Rubin appeared on Times 100 Most Influential People in the World. Frederick Jay Rubin was born in Long Beach, New York and grew up in Lido Beach and his father, Michael was a shoe wholesaler and his mother, Linda, a housewife. While a student at Long Beach High School he befriended the schools audiovisual department director Steve Freeman who gave him a few lessons in playing and songwriting. Their biggest claim to fame was being thrown off the stage at CBGB after two songs for brawling with the heckling audience and these hecklers were friends of the band instructed to instigate a confrontation so as to get the show shut down and create a buzz. Somewhat anecdotally, this story was confirmed in an interview with music journalist Zane Lowe. Although he had no authority in New York City, Rubins father traveled from Nassau County, New York, during his senior year, Rubin founded Def Jam Records using the schools four-track recorder. He moved on to form Hose, influenced by San Franciscos Flipper, in 1982, a Hose track became Def Jams first release, a 45 rpm 7 vinyl single in a brown paper bag, and no label. The band broke up in 1984 as Rubins passion moved towards the NYC hip hop scene, having befriended Zulu Nations DJ Jazzy Jay, Rubin began to learn about hip hop production. By 1983, the two men produced Its Yours for rapper T La Rock, and released it on their independent label, Producer Arthur Baker helped to distribute the record worldwide on Bakers Streetwise Records in 1984. Jazzy Jay introduced Rubin to concert promoter/artist manager Russell Simmons in a club, Simmons and Rubin edged out Jazzy Jay and the official Def Jam record label was founded while Rubin was attending New York University in 1984. Their first record released was LL Cool Js I Need a Beat, Rubin went on to find more hip-hop acts outside The Bronx, Brooklyn and Harlem including rappers from Queens, Staten Island and Long Island, which eventually led to Def Jams signing of Public Enemy. Rubin was instrumental in pointing the members of the Beastie Boys away from their roots and into rap. 1985s Rock Hard/Partys Gettin Rough/Beastie Groove EP by the Beastie Boys came out on the success of Rubins production work with breakthrough act Run–D. M. C, which previous recordings were produced by Russell Simmons and Orange Krushs musician Larry Smith. His productions were characterized by occasionally fusing rap with heavy rock, Rubin tapped Adam Dubin and Ric Menello to co-direct the music videos for the Beastie Boys Fight for Your Right and No Sleep till Brooklyn, effectively launching the bands mainstream hip hop careers. It was the idea of Rick Rubins friend Sue Cummings, an editor at Spin magazine, to have Run–D. M. C. and this 1986 production is often credited with both introducing rap hard rock to mainstream ears and revitalizing Aerosmith. In 1986, he worked with Aerosmith again on demos for their forthcoming album, in the same year, Rubin began his long musical partnership with Slayer, producing Reign in Blood, considered a classic of the heavy metal genre
Rick Rubin
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Rubin, September 14, 2006,
Abbey Road Studios, London, working with
U2
12.
Slam (film)
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Slam is a 1998 independent film starring Saul Williams and Sonja Sohn. It tells the story of a young African-American man whose talent for poetry is hampered by his social background and it won the Grand Jury Prize for a Dramatic Film at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival. Raymond Ray Joshua is a man growing up in the Southeast, Washington, D. C. neighborhood of Dodge City. Despite his innate gift for poetry and his aspiration to be a rapper, he finds it difficult to escape the pressures of his surroundings, violence, while participating in a drug deal gone wrong, Rays close friend Big Mike is shot. Ray is caught by the police and sent to the District of Columbia Department of Corrections central detention facility and he is arraigned for possession of a controlled substance at the H. Carl Moultrie Courthouse and bail is set at $10,000. Ray takes no sides, unwilling to believe that his options are limited to the choices he is being presented with, in prison, he participates in the writing class of teacher Lauren Bell, whom he comes to respect and admire. She advises him to pay attention to his talents. He explains that the projects where they all live and die are a government experiment, on the outside, he also reunites with Bell, and is welcomed into her circle of friends at a poetry reading at her home. They wind up spending the night together, despite her reservations about the future. The next day, she urges him to settle his troubles by agreeing to serve a year or two of prison time, rather than fighting the charges and potentially being put away for much longer. They quarrel, because Ray feels that Bell doesnt understand his situation, when the crowd demands an encore, Ray tells Lauren he needs to get some air, then leaves again. He wanders the streets until he is drawn to the Washington Monument. C, mayor Marion Barry makes a cameo appearance as the judge at Joshuas arraignment. The film received positive reviews from critics. The film holds a 62% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a Certified Fresh rating based on reviews from 21 critics, a soundtrack containing hip hop music was released on October 13,1998 by Epic Records. It was produced by Paul D. Miller aka DJ Spooky and it peaked at 84 on the Billboard 200 and 24 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Slam at the Internet Movie Database
Slam (film)
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Slam
13.
Holler If Ya Hear Me (musical)
–
Holler If Ya Hear Me is a jukebox musical written by Todd Kreidler featuring the rap music of Tupac Shakur. The musical had a 5-week workshop in summer of 2013, the musical began previews on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on June 2,2014, and officially opened on June 19,2014. The musical closed on July 20,2014, after 17 previews and 38 performances, directed by Kenny Leon, the musical staging and choreography was by Wayne Cilento. One of the producers, Eric L. Gold, blamed the show’s closing on the financial burdens of Broadway. I was unable to sustain this production longer in order to give it time to bloom on Broadway. Mr. Gold also recently told Variety that he made a mistake by underestimating the amount of capital necessary to keep the $8 million show running. A cast album of musical was recorded but never released. Through the poetry of one of the 20th century’s most influential and culturally prominent voices, but the performers are so overly miked that the lyrics are almost unintelligible. The other major drawback is that the story told in Todd Kreidler’s book isn’t the story we want to hear. It’s not the life of Tupac Shakur, it’s the generic tale of a thug named John. David Rooney, writing in The Hollywood Reporter noted, Critical response to the show was lukewarm
Holler If Ya Hear Me (musical)
–
Broadway Playbill cover
14.
Tupac Shakur
–
Tupac Amaru Shakur, also known by his stage names 2Pac, Makaveli or just Pac, was an American rapper, record producer, actor, activist and poet. As of 2007, Shakur has sold over 75 million records worldwide and his double disc albums All Eyez on Me and his Greatest Hits are among the best-selling albums in the United States. He has been listed and ranked as one of the greatest artists of all time by publications, including Rolling Stone. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time, on April 7,2017, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Shakur began his career as a roadie, backup dancer, and MC for the hip hop group Digital Underground. The themes of most of Shakurs songs revolved around the violence and hardship in inner cities, racism, and other social problems. Both of his parents and several people in his family were members of the Black Panther Party, whose ideals were reflected in his songs. I. G. On September 7,1996, Shakur was fatally shot in a shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas. He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, Shakur was born on June 16,1971, in the East Harlem section of Manhattan in New York City. His mother Afeni Shakur and his father Billy Garland were active members of the Black Panther Party in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Lesane was born a month after his mother was acquitted of more than 150 charges of Conspiracy against the United States government, Many people in Shakurs life were involved with the Black Liberation Army, some were convicted of serious criminal offenses and imprisoned, including his mother. His godfather, Elmer Geronimo Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was convicted of murdering a school teacher during a 1968 robbery and his stepfather, Mutulu, spent four years at large on the FBIs Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list beginning in 1982. Mutulu was wanted for having helped his sister Assata Shakur, Tupacs godmother and she had been imprisoned since 1977 for killing a state trooper in 1973. She lived as a fugitive for years before gaining asylum in Cuba in 1985. Mutulu was caught in 1986, tried and convicted, and imprisoned for the robbery of a Brinks armored truck in two police officers and a guard were killed. Shakur had a stepbrother, Mopreme Komani Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa. His stepbrother Mopreme performed in many of his recordings, in 1986, his family moved to Baltimore, Maryland. After completing his year at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School
Tupac Shakur
–
Tupac Shakur
Tupac Shakur
Tupac Shakur
–
East Harlem neighborhood of New York City, where Shakur was born
Tupac Shakur
–
Shakur was rushed to Bellevue Hospital after a shooting in 1994
15.
Newburgh Free Academy
–
It traces its history back over two centuries, to the years prior to mandatory public education. The school traces its history back to the days of the United States. The Rev. George H. Spierin proposed to open an Academy in Newburgh, work began in 1796 under the direction of the trustees of the glebe. A portion of the first Academy was occupied in 1797, the building was 60 feet by 40 feet, two stories high, built of wood, and lined with brick. It was located on Liberty Street and cost around $2,500, the building was not finished until some years later when a court room was included. The building itself saw use as not only a school and court, the first record of a teacher employed was in 1799 when Samuel Nicholson was hired. The Academy had only one teacher during its first eight years of existence, in 1807 management of the school passed from the hands of the trustees of the Glebe to a regularly incorporated Board of Trustees. At that time rates for tuition were adopted, the charge per quarter was $2.50. This was for the study of writing and arithmetic, a scholar studying Greek, Latin or French was charged $5.00 per quarter. In 1807 Richard A. Thompson was employed as principal and he lived in the school rent free and was paid $100 at the end of the year. He also received all money arising from the tuition of scholars attending the Academy, a Female Department was established at the Academy in 1809. Reading, writing, sewing, and drawing were taught, on April 6,1852 the New York State Legislature authorized the establishment and organization of free schools in Newburgh. Within a month free education was introduced into what was then the village of Newburgh, the Academy then came under the control of Board of Education as the senior department of the Newburgh Public Schools. In 1871 a three-year course of study was arranged, at the completion of students were required to take a written examination. Those who passed the examination were granted diplomas as graduates, the first Commencement Exercises were held on April 28,1871, and included the participation of a Salutatorian and Valedictorian. Ten years after the first official Commencement Exercises the Academy had outgrown itself, a new Academy was built on Montgomery Street in 1886 for around $70,000. On September 2,1886201 students registered for classes at the new Academy, actual classes began on September 20. The Montgomery Street building consisted of twelve rooms, a large assembly room, a drawing room, a laboratory, an annex
Newburgh Free Academy
–
School viewed from northeast corner, 2007
16.
Morehouse College
–
Morehouse College is a private, all-male, liberal arts, historically African American college located in Atlanta, Georgia. The college is one of the few remaining traditional mens liberal arts colleges in the United States, Morehouse is the largest mens college in the United States with an enrollment over 2,000 students. In 1881, both Morehouse and Spelman students were studying in the basement of Atlantas Friendship Baptist Church. Just two years after the American Civil War, the Augusta Institute was founded by Rev. William Jefferson White, an Atlanta Baptist minister and cabinetmaker, with the support of the Rev. Richard C. Coulter, a slave from Atlanta, Georgia, and the Rev. Edmund Turney, organizer of the National Theological Institute for educating freedmen in Washington. The institution was founded to educate African American men in theology and education and was located in Springfield Baptist Church, the institution moved from Augusta, Georgia, to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1879. The school received sponsorship from the American Baptist Home Mission Society, the Institutes first president was Rev. Dr. Joseph T. Robert. An anti-slavery Baptist minister from South Carolina and 1828 graduate of Brown University, Robert raised funds, taught the classes, in 1879, the institute moved to its own location and changed its name to the Atlanta Baptist Seminary. It later acquired a 4-acre campus in downtown Atlanta, in 1885, Dr. Samuel T. Graves became the second president. That year the seminary moved to its present location, on donated by prominent Baptist and industrialist. In 1890, Dr. George Sale became the third president. In 1906 Dr. John Hope became the first African-American president and led the growth in enrollment. He envisioned an academically rigorous college that would be the antithesis to Booker T. Washingtons view of agricultural, in 1913, the college was renamed Morehouse College, in honor of Dr. Henry L. Morehouse, corresponding secretary of the American Baptist Home Mission Society. Morehouse entered into an agreement with Clark College and Spelman College in 1929. Dr. Samuel H. Archer became the president of the college in 1931 and selected the school colors, maroon and white, to reflect his own alma mater. Dr. Benjamin Elijah Mays became president in 1940, Mays, who would be a mentor to Martin Luther King, Jr. presided over the growth in international enrollment and reputation. During the 1960s, Morehouse students were involved in the civil rights movement in Atlanta. Mays’ speeches were instrumental in shaping the development of Morehouse students during his tenure
Morehouse College
–
A view of an entrance to the campus' courtyard.
Morehouse College
–
Morehouse College
Morehouse College
–
Graves Hall, Century Campus, and Mays' Tomb.
Morehouse College
–
Kilgore Campus Center.
17.
Bachelor of Arts
–
A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
Bachelor of Arts
–
A certificate or diploma evidencing the granting of a bachelor's degree
18.
New York University
–
New York University is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the worlds most influential research universities, University rankings compiled by Times Higher Education, U. S. News & World Report, and the Academic Ranking of World Universities all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village. Among its faculty and alumni are 37 Nobel Laureates, over 30 Pulitzer Prize winners, over 30 Academy Award winners, alumni include heads of state, royalty, eminent mathematicians, inventors, media figures, Olympic medalists, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and astronauts. NYU alumni are among the wealthiest in the world, according to The Princeton Review, NYU is consistently considered by students and parents as a Top Dream College. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, declared his intention to establish in this immense, a system of rational and practical education fitting and graciously opened to all. A three-day-long literary and scientific convention held in City Hall in 1830 and these New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather than birthright or social class. On April 18,1831, an institution was established, with the support of a group of prominent New York City residents from the merchants, bankers. Albert Gallatin was elected as the institutions first president, the university has been popularly known as New York University since its inception and was officially renamed New York University in 1896. In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms of four-story Clinton Hall, in 1835, the School of Law, NYUs first professional school, was established. American Chemical Society was founded in 1876 at NYU and it became one of the nations largest universities, with an enrollment of 9,300 in 1917. NYU had its Washington Square campus since its founding, the university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to follow New York Citys development further uptown, NYUs move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken. The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was, as a result, most of the universitys operations along with the undergraduate College of Arts and Science and School of Engineering were housed there. NYUs administrative operations were moved to the new campus, but the schools of the university remained at Washington Square. In 1914, Washington Square College was founded as the undergraduate college of NYU. In 1935, NYU opened the Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead and this extension would later become a fully independent Hofstra University. In 1950, NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, financial crisis gripped the New York City government and the troubles spread to the citys institutions, including NYU
New York University
–
Albert Gallatin
New York University
–
New York University
New York University
–
The University Heights campus, now home to
Bronx Community College
New York University
–
The
Silver Center c. 1900
19.
Tisch School of the Arts
–
The New York University Tisch School of the Arts is a center of study in the performing and media arts. Founded on August 17,1965, Tisch is a ground for artists, scholars of the arts, filmmakers. The school merges the technical training of a school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines. It is located at 721 Broadway in Manhattan, New York City, NYU has the most alumni working at Broadway theatre. Tisch School of the Arts was founded in order to provide training in theatre and film. The school created additional departments such as dance, theatre design, in recognition of the generosity of the Tisch family, the school was renamed Tisch School of the Arts. Tisch also offers a selection of classes to NYU students not enrolled in any of its programs through the Open Arts curriculum, the Graduate Acting Program offers a three-year MFA that equips acting students with the skills of a working career in theatre and/or film. The Department of the Dance offers training on the graduate and undergraduate level to students preparing for careers as dancers or choreographers, while taking full advantage of the liberal arts resources of the New York University and the cultural resources of the New York City. The Graduate Musical Theater Writing Program is an MFA program specially designed for the major collaborators in the creation of new theater and opera, composers, lyricists. NYU Tisch School of the Arts Graduate Acting Program has gained a reputation for its selectivity. Zelda Fichandler became chair of the program in 1984 and stepped down in 2008, in May 2008, Mark Wing-Davey became chair. Graduate Acting alumni have gone on to achieve many acting accolades, faison Edi Gathegi Jordan Gelber,2000 Enver Gjokaj Matthew Gray Gubler Logan Marshall Green Christopher Guest,1971 Danai Gurira Michael C. Many of the faculty have their own independent of the dance department. The program strives to prepare students for the life of a dancer, preparing them by treating their third year students as a company. Students graduate in three years, hence the schedule which is accelerated in order for dancers to graduate earlier than their peers in other college dance programs. Because of brevity of the program, students attend a six-week summer course following their first. During these summer intensives, six different companies come in a week each and teach students their style of movement and this is an excellent way for students to be introduced to companies and have the chance to get noticed and get to know the different companies in an intimate setting. This is unique to the Tisch Dance Program, and is conducive to introducing dancers into the world of auditions
Tisch School of the Arts
–
Tisch School of the Arts
Tisch School of the Arts
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Undergraduate students perform in a main stage production of
Dancing at Lughnasa.
Tisch School of the Arts
–
Post-production center on the 11th floor of the Tisch building at 721 Broadway in New York
20.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
Brazil
–
Megaliths in the
Solstice Archaeological Park, in
Amapá, erected between 500 and 2000 years ago, probably to carry out
astronomical observations.
Brazil
–
Flag
Brazil
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Representation of the landing of
Pedro Álvares Cabral in
Porto Seguro, 1500.
Brazil
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Painting showing the arrest of
Tiradentes; he was sentenced to death for his involvement in the best known
movement for independence in Colonial Brazil.
21.
Exchange student
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A student exchange program is a program in which students from a secondary school or university study abroad at one of their institutions partner institutions. A student exchange program may involve international travel, but does not necessarily require the student to study outside of his or her home country, for example, the National Student Exchange program offers placements throughout the United States and Canada. Foreign exchange programs provides students with an opportunity to study in a different country and environment experiencing the history and culture of another country. The term exchange means that a partner institution accepts a student, Exchange students live with a host family or in a designated place such as a hostel, an apartment, or a student lodging. Costs for the program vary by the country and institution, participants fund their participation via scholarships, loans, or self-funding. Student exchanges also increased further after the end of the Cold War, an exchange student typically stays in the host country for a period of 6 to 10 months. International students or those on study abroad programs may stay in the host country for several years, some exchange programs also offer academic credit. More than 94,000 students have participated in the program since it was founded in 1968, NSE is designed for students who are looking for opportunities to study in a different state rather than a different country. NSE operates at member colleges and universities in the United States, Canada, Guam, Puerto Rico, nearly 200 universities and colleges are registered as NSE members. The application process, placement, and the process are coordinated by the home NSE coordinator. The student can choose to pay the tuition fees to their home campus or to the host campus. Students may only participate in the exchange for a total of one calendar year, defined as an academic year. A short-term exchange program is known as summer/intensive or cultural exchange program. These focus on homestays, language skills, community service, or cultural activities, high school and university students can apply for the programs through various government or non-governmental organizations that organize the programs. A short-term exchange lasts from one week to three months and doesn’t require the student to study in any school or institution. The students are exposed to a program that increases their understanding of other cultures, communities. A long-term exchange is one which lasts six to ten months or up to one full year, participants attend high school in their host countries, through a student visa. Typically, guest students coming to the United States are issued a J-1 cultural exchange visa or an F-1 foreign student visa, students are expected to integrate themselves into the host family, immersing themselves in the local community and surroundings
Exchange student
–
Enthusiastic welcome offered to the first Indian student to arrive to
Dresden,
Germany (1951)
22.
South by Southwest
–
South by Southwest is an annual conglomerate of film, interactive media, and music festivals and conferences that take place in mid-March in Austin, Texas, United States. It began in 1987, and has continued to grow in scope and size every year. In 2011, the conference lasted for 10 days with SXSW Interactive lasting for 5 days, Music for 6 days, SXSW is run by the company SXSW, LLC which organizes conferences, trade shows, festivals, and other events. SXSW Music is the largest music festival of its kind in the world, SXSW Music offers artist-provided music and video samples of featured artists at each festival via their official YouTube channel. The music event has grown from 700 registrants in 1987 to over 28,000 registrants, SXSW Film and SXSW Interactive events have grown every year, most recently bringing over 51,000 registrants to Austin every March. Bands must cover their own expenses for travel and lodging at the event, All performers are offered a cash payment or a wristband package that allows access to all music events. SXSW Film Conference spans five days of conference panels and sessions, programming consists of keynote speakers, panels, workshops, mentor sessions and more, with expert filmmakers and industry leaders. In 2015, the SXSW Film Conference programmed over 250 sessions with 735 speakers, the SXSW Film Festival runs nine days, simultaneously with the SXSW Film Conference, and celebrates raw innovation and emerging talent both behind and in front of the camera. The SXSW Film Awards, which occur on the last day of the Film Conference, honor films selected by the Feature, in 2015, the SXSW Film Festival programmed 150 feature films and 106 short films, selected from 7,361 submissions. Past notable world premieres include Furious 7, Neighbors, Chef,21 Jump Street, The Cabin in the Woods, Bridesmaids and Insidious, and the TV series Girls, Silicon Valley and Penny Dreadful. SXSW Interactive is focused on emerging technology, a focus which has earned the festival a reputation as a ground for new ideas. The festival includes a show, speakers, parties. According to a festival organizer Louis Black, SXSW Interactive has probably been the biggest of its kind in the world since 2007, Louis Meyers, a booking agent and musician, was also brought on board. Black came up with the name, as a play on the name of the Alfred Hitchcock film North by Northwest, the event was first held in March 1987. The organizers considered it an event and expected around 150 attendees to show up, but over 700 came. Meyers left Austin and the festival in the early 1990s, but Black, Barbaro, singer-songwriter Michelle Shocked was the keynote speaker at the 1992 South by Southwest. In 1993, SXSW moved into the Austin Convention Center, where it is still held, in 1994, SXSW added a component for film and other media, named the SXSW Film and Multimedia Conference. Johnny Cash was the keynote speaker and that year, the three brothers of the band Hanson were brought to SXSW by their father in order to perform impromptu auditions for music executives, in the hopes of getting industry attention
South by Southwest
–
A view of
6th Street in downtown Austin, Texas, during SXSW 2013
South by Southwest
–
The official logo for SXSW 2013
South by Southwest
–
Conan O'Brien promoting
Conan O'Brien Can't Stop at SXSW 2011
23.
Poetry slam
–
A poetry slam is a competition at which performance artists read or recite original work. The performances at poetry slam are judged by a panel of judges, typically five, the judges usually give each poem a score on a scale of 0–10. The highest and lowest scores are dropped and the three are kept. The highest score one can receive is a 30 and the lowest is a zero, American poet Marc Smith is credited with starting the poetry slam at the Get Me High Lounge in Chicago in November 1984. In July 1986, the original slam moved to its permanent home, in 1987 the Ann Arbor Poetry Slam was founded by Vince Keuter and eventually made its home at the Heidelberg. In August 1988, the first poetry slam held in New York City was hosted by Bob Holman at the Nuyorican Poets Cafe, in 1990, the first National Poetry Slam took place at Fort Mason, San Francisco. This slam included teams from Chicago and San Francisco, and a poet from New York. Soon afterward, poetry slam increased popularity allowed some poets to make careers in performance and competition, touring the United States. In 2001, the grounding of aircraft following the September 11 attacks left a number of performers stranded in cities they had been performing in. After the attacks, a new wave of poetry slam started within New York City with a community focus on coming together to speak about the terrorist attacks. As of 2014, the National Poetry Slam featured 72 certified teams, another notable venue, Da Poetry Lounge, was started in Hollywood, California, in 1998. Today, there are poetry slam competitions in a number of countries around the globe, the French National Poetry Slam hosts a World Cup of Poetry Slam. In a poetry slam, members of the audience are chosen by an emcee or host to act as judges for the event, in the national slam, there are five judges, but smaller slams generally have three. After each poet performs, each judge awards a score to that poem, scores generally range between zero and ten. The highest and lowest score are dropped, giving each performance a rating between zero and thirty points, before the competition begins, the host will often bring up a sacrificial poet, whom the judges will score in order to calibrate their judging. A single round at a standard slam consists of performances by all eligible poets, most slams last multiple rounds, and many involve the elimination of lower-scoring poets in successive rounds. An elimination rubric might run 8-4-2, eight poets in the first round, four in the second, some slams do not eliminate poets at all. The Green Mill usually runs its slams with 6 poets in the first round, at the end of the slam, the poet with the highest number of points earned is the winner
Poetry slam
–
Nuyorican Poets Cafe,
New York City
Poetry slam
–
Poetry slam in
Paide,
Estonia
Poetry slam
–
Bob Holman
24.
SlamNation
–
SlamNation is a documentary film by director Paul Devlin. The film follows the National Poetry Slam in Portland, Oregon and it follows the 1996 Nuyorican Poetry Slam team as they competed at the 1996 National Poetry Slam held in Portland, OR. The film also features performances by Marc Smith, Patricia Smith, Taylor Mali, Alexandra Oliver and Bob Holman, slamNation premiered at the 1998 SXSW Film Festival and was awarded Best Documentary at the 1998 Northampton Independent Film Festival. SlamNation was broadcast on Cinemax/HBO and Starz/Encore, 2000-2002, though it would only enjoy a limited theatrical run, the film was nonetheless critically well received. Roger Ebert wrote a review, calling the poetry slam a pop culture phenomenon
SlamNation
–
DVD cover
25.
Jessica Care Moore
–
Jessica Care Moore is an American poet. She is the CEO of Moore Black Press, executive producer of Black WOMEN Rock. an internationally renowned poet, playwright, performance artist and producer, she is the recipient of the 2013 Alain Locke Award from the Detroit Institute of Arts. Moore is the author of The Words Don’t Fit in My Mouth, The Alphabet Verses The Ghetto, God is Not an American, Sunlight Through Bullet Holes, and a memoir, Love is Not The Enemy. Her poetry has been heard on stages including Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center, born in Detroit, Michigan, Jessica Care Moore first came to national prominence when she won the It’s Showtime at the Apollo competition a record-breaking five times in a row. Her performance of the poem Black Statue of Liberty earned her several meetings with publishing companies. In 1997, she launched a company of her own. Her first book, The Words Don’t Fit In My Mouth, Moore’s work has been published in several literary collections, including 44 on 44, A Different Image, Abandon Automobile, Listen Up. Her multimedia show, God is Not an American, was produced by The Apollo Theater and she was the host, writer and co-executive producer of the poetry-driven television show Spoken, which was executive produced by and directed by Robert Townsend and aired on The Black Family Channel. Her work is featured at the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History, Moore’s poetry is featured on Nas’ Nastradamus album, Jeezys Church in These Streets, and Talib Kweli’s Attack The Block mix tape. She is a star of Russell Simmons’ HBO series Def Poetry Jam. She is also featured on the Silent Poets track This Is Not An Instrumental, Jessica Care Moore’s techno solo theater performance The Missing Project, Pieces of the D is a high-energy homage to Detroit. She continued to push the boundaries of the genre by producing her first conceptual art installation, NANOC, I Sing The Body Electric, which opened at the Dell Pryor Gallery in 2011. Her work is currently on exhibit at the American Jazz Museum in Kansas City and this musical focus has led her to create her first album, Black Tea, The Legend of Jessi James. The album is a personal and passionate piece of work. It is decades of Moore’s musicality shared with her audience in a new way, there was already music in her poetry, she has now brought it full circle. The album was produced by Moore and pianist Jon Dixon, features include Imani Uzuri, Roy Ayers, Talib Kweli, Jose James, One Belo and Ursula Rucker. It was released in fall of 2014 by Moore’s record company Words on Wax, as an artist and activist, Moore lent her powerful voice to the international fight against AIDS. Moore has also performed in front of thousands of people during AIDS WALK Opening Ceremonies in New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Florida, and Atlanta
Jessica Care Moore
–
Moore in 2015
26.
Portland, Oregon
–
Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
Portland, Oregon
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Clockwise: View of Portland with
Mount St. Helens in background; downtown cityscape;
Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall;
Pioneer Courthouse;
Mt. Tabor Reservoir; Skyline Memorial Gardens
Portland, Oregon
Portland, Oregon
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Pioneer Courthouse, 1886
Portland, Oregon
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Portland waterfront in 1898
27.
Sundance Festival
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The Sundance Film Festival, a program of the Sundance Institute, is an American film festival that takes place annually in Park City, Utah. With 46,660 attendees in 2016, it is the largest independent film festival in the United States. Held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, and Ogden, as well as at the Sundance Resort, the 2017 Sundance Film Festival took place from January 19 to January 29,2017. Sundance began in Salt Lake City in August 1978, as the Utah/US Film Festival in an effort to more filmmakers to Utah. It was founded by Sterling Van Wagenen, John Earle, the 1978 festival featured films such as Deliverance, A Streetcar Named Desire, Midnight Cowboy, Mean Streets, and The Sweet Smell of Success. The festival also highlighted the work of filmmakers who worked outside the Hollywood system. The jury of the 1978 festival was headed by Gary Allison, and included Verna Fields, Linwood G. Dunn, Katharine Ross, Charles E. Sellier Jr. Mark Rydell, and Anthea Sylbert. More than 60 films were screened at the festival that year, also that year, the first Frank Capra Award went to Jimmy Stewart. The festival also made a profit for the first time, in 1980, Catania left the festival to pursue a production career in Hollywood. Several factors helped propel the growth of Utah/US Film Festival, first was the involvement of actor and Utah resident Robert Redford, who became the festivals inaugural chairman. By having Redfords name associated with the festival, it received great attention, secondly, the country was hungry for more venues that would celebrate American-made films as the only other festival doing so at the time was the USA Film Festival in Dallas. Response in Hollywood was unprecedented as major studios did all they could to contribute their resources, in 1981, the festival moved to Park City, Utah, and changed the dates from September to January. It was called the US Film and Video Festival, in 1984, the now well-established Sundance Institute, headed by Sterling Van Wagenen, took over management of the US Film Festival. The branding and marketing transition from the US Film Festival to the Sundance Film Festival was managed under the direction of Colleen Allen, Allen Advertising Inc. by appointment of Robert Redford. In 1991 the festival was renamed the Sundance Film Festival, after Redfords character The Sundance Kid from the film Butch Cassidy. The majority of the screenings, including the festivals premieres. The 2013 Sundance London Festival was held April 25–28,2013, Sundance London 2014 took place on April 25–27,2014 at the O2 arena. The Sundance London 2015 Festival was cancelled in an announcement on January 16,2015, Sundance London will return to London in 2016 from June 10–12 at Picturehouse Cinema in Londons West End
Sundance Festival
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Sundance Film Festival
28.
Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
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Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
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Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.
Cannes Film Festival
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Palme d'Or awarded to
Apocalypse Now at the
1979 Cannes Film Festival
29.
Nas
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Nasir Bin Olu Dara Jones, better known by his stage name Nas /ˈnɑːz/, is an American rapper, record producer, actor and entrepreneur. The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, Nas has released eight consecutive platinum and multi-platinum albums and has sold over 25 million records worldwide. He is also an entrepreneur through his own label, he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and is the owner of a Fila sneaker store. He is currently signed to Mass Appeal Records and his musical career began in 1991 as featured artist on Main Sources Live at the Barbeque. His debut album Illmatic received universal acclaim from critics and the hip hop community and is frequently ranked as one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time. Nas follow-up It Was Written debuted at one on the Billboard 200, stayed on top for four consecutive weeks. From 2001 to 2005, Nas was involved in a publicized feud with rapper Jay Z. Nas signed to Def Jam in 2006. In 2010, he released Distant Relatives, an album with reggae artist Damian Marley. His eleventh studio album, Life Is Good was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Nas is often named as one of the greatest hip hop artists. MTV ranked him at number 5 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time, in 2012, The Source ranked him number two on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time. In 2013, Nas was ranked fourth on MTVs Hottest MCs in the Game list. About. com ranked him first on their list of the 50 Greatest MCs of All Time in 2014, nasir bin Olu Dara Jones was born September 14,1973, in Brooklyn, New York. His father, Olu Dara, is a jazz and blues musician and his mother, Fannie Ann Jones, was a Postal Service worker from North Carolina. He has one sibling, a brother named Jabari Fret who is best known as Jungle and his father took his name Olu Dara from the Yoruba people. His African DNA indicates he has roots in countries with high Yoruba populations Nigeria, Benin, Togo and Ghana – as well as Mali, the Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Congo, and Senegal. His matrilineal DNA haplogroup is of African origin, found among the Yoruba and he also found that his Y-DNA traces directly back to Scandinavia, through which he is a descendant of the Vikings. As a young child, Nas and his family relocated to the Queensbridge Houses in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens and his neighbor, Willy Ill Will Graham, influenced Nass interest in hip hop by playing him records. His parents divorced in 1985, and he dropped out of school after the eighth grade and he educated himself about African culture through the Five Percent Nation and the Nuwaubian Nation
Nas
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Nas performing in
Paris in 2014.
Nas
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NAS performing at the 2015 Sugar Mountain festival, Melbourne, Australia
Nas
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Nas in 1998.
Nas
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Nas performing in 2003.
30.
Blackalicious
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Blackalicious is an American hip-hop duo from Sacramento, California, made up of rapper Gift of Gab and DJ/producer Chief Xcel. They are noted for Gift of Gabs often tongue-twisting, multisyllabic, complex rhymes, the duo have released four full-length albums. At the time, Gift of Gab was known as Gabby T, after graduating from Kennedy High in 1989, the two went their separate ways. In 1992, during a time when Xcel was attending the University of California, Davis, Gift of Gab joined him in Davis, California to form Blackalicious. At UC Davis, Xcel had been working with a group named Solesides, whose members included DJ Shadow, Lateef the Truthspeaker. In 1995, Blackalicious released an EP titled Melodica under Solesides Records, by 1997, Solesides Records had transformed into the now acclaimed Quannum Projects, and under this label, the group released an EP titled A2G in 1999. Later that year, the group released its debut full-length debut album Nia, the album was released in Europe by Mo Wax on August 30,1999 and later re-released in the United States by Quannum Projects on February 29,2000 with a slightly altered track list. In 2000, the signed a major label deal with MCA Records. In 2002, Quannum/MCA released Blazing Arrow, which boasted guest appearances including Zack de la Rocha, Questlove, Blazing Arrow contains the song Make You Feel That Way, which became a fixture on radio stations. Following a promotional tour, both Xcel and Gab began working on separate projects, in 2004, Gift of Gab released his first solo album, 4th Dimensional Rocketships Going Up. The pair returned in 2005 for their third album The Craft, released under ANTI-, for this album, the group worked with Grammy Award-winning engineer Russell Elevado. The album contained more live instrumentation compared to previous Blackalicious albums, following the release of The Craft, Gift of Gab joined a supergroup called The Mighty Underdogs, which released an album Droppin Science Fiction in 2008. Gift of Gab then went on to two additional solo albums. On October 28,2014, actor Daniel Radcliffe recited the lyrics to the Blackalicious song Alphabet Aerobics after being challenged by host Jimmy Fallon on The Tonight Show. Upon challenging Radcliffe, Fallon had stated, Thats one of the trickiest, fastest songs I know, since then, the lyrics to Alphabet Aerobics have been recited throughout media outlets in various contexts. Blackalicious also reworked the song with sports-themed lyrics for Bleacher Report, in 2015, after ten years since releasing a project together, Gift of Gab and Chief Xcel announced the fourth Blackalicious album Imani Vol.1. The group partnered up with PledgeMusic to give dedicated fans the opportunity to purchase the album and other special items, Imani Vol.1 was released on September 18,2015, and was well received by critics. Gift of Gab has stated that Imani Vol.1 will be the first in a series to be released over the next two years
Blackalicious
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Blackalicious duo Chief Xcel (left) and Gift of Gab performing at the Paid Dues hip hop festival in 2008
31.
Erykah Badu
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Erica Erykah Abi Wright, better known as Erykah Badu, is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, disc jockey, activist, and actress. Badus career began after opening a show for DAngelo in 1994 in her hometown, record label executive Kedar Massenburg was highly impressed with her performance and her first album, Baduizm, was released on February 11,1997. It spawned three singles, On & On, Next Lifetime and Otherside of the Game, the album was certified triple Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Badus first live album, Live, was released on November 18,1997 and was certified double Platinum by the RIAA, Badus second studio album, Mamas Gun, was released on October 31,2000. It spawned three singles, Bag Lady, which became her first top 10 single on the Billboard Hot 100 peaking at #6, Didnt Cha Know. the album was certified Platinum by the RIAA. Badus third album, Worldwide Underground, was released on September 16,2003 and it generated three singles, Love of My Life, Danger and Back in the Day with Love becoming her second song to reach the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #9. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA, Badus fourth album, New Amerykah Part One, was released on February 26,2008. It spawned two singles, Honey and Soldier, New Amerykah Part Two was released in 2010 and fared well both critically and commercially. It contained the lead single Window Seat, which led to controversy. Influenced by R&B, 1970s soul, and 1980s hip hop and her work has often been compared to jazz great Billie Holiday. Early in her career, Badu was recognizable for her eccentric style and she was a core member of the Soulquarians. As an actress, she has played a range of supporting roles in movies including Blues Brothers 2000, The Cider House Rules. She also speaks at length in the documentaries Before the Music Dies, Erykah Badu was born Erica Abi Wright in Dallas, Texas on February 26,1971. Her mother raised her, her brother Eevin, and her sister Nayrok alone after their father, to provide for her family, the childrens paternal grandmother often helped to look after them while Badus mother, Kolleen Maria Wright, worked as an actress in theatrical productions. Influenced by her mother, Badu had her first taste of business at the age of four. By the age of 14, Badu was free-styling for a radio station alongside such talent as Roy Hargrove. In her youth, she had decided to change the spelling of her first name from Erica to Erykah, the term kah signifies the inner self. She adopted the surname Badu because it is her favorite jazz scat sound, also, among the Akan people in Ghana, it is the term for the 10th-born child
Erykah Badu
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Erykah Badu
Erykah Badu
Erykah Badu
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Badu backstage in Hamburg, Germany in 2002.
Erykah Badu
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Badu in 2005.
32.
KRS-One
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Lawrence Parker, better known by his stage names KRS-One, and Teacha, is an American rapper and occasional producer from The Bronx, New York City, New York. KRS-One rose to prominence as part of the group Boogie Down Productions, following the release of the groups debut album, Criminal Minded, La Rock was shot dead, but KRS-One continued the group, effectively as a solo project. He began releasing records under his own name in 1993, KRS-One is politically active, having started the Stop the Violence Movement, after the death of Scott La Rock. Lawrence Parker was born in The Bronx, New York in 1965, by the time he met youth counselor Scott Sterling, he was also writing graffiti as KRS-One. DJ Scott La Rock, created Boogie Down Productions, releasing their album, Criminal Minded. KRS-One began his career as one third of the hip hop group Boogie Down Productions, or BDP. After being rejected by radio DJs Mr. Magic and Marley Marl, still, KRS-One dissed the song with the BDP record South Bronx. Next, a round of volleys would ensue with Shans Kill That Noise. KRS-One, demonstrating his nickname The Blastmaster, gave a performance against MC Shan. Many believe this live performance to be the first MC battle where rappers attack each other, Parker and Sterling decided to form a rap group together, initially calling themselves Scott La Rock and the Celebrity Three. That was short-lived, however, as the two peripheral members quit, leaving Parker and Sterling and they then decided to call themselves Boogie Down Productions. Success is the Word, a 12-inch single produced by David Kenneth Eng and Kenny Beck, was released on indie Fresh/Sleeping Bag Records, Boogie Down Productions released their debut album Criminal Minded in 1987. The album, whose cover pictured BDP draped in ammunition and brandishing guns, is credited with setting the template for the burgeoning genres of hardcore. Scott La Rock was killed in a shooting later that year, following the fatal shooting of Scott La Rock in 1987, KRS was determined to continue Boogie Down Productions through the tragedy, releasing the album By All Means Necessary in 1988. He was joined by beatboxer D-Nice, rapper Ramona Ms. Melodie Parker, KRS-One was the primary initiator behind the H. E. A. L. Compilation and the Stop the Violence Movement, for the latter he would attract many prominent emcees to appear on the 12-inch single Self Destruction, after five largely solo albums under the name Boogie Down Productions, KRS-One decided to set out on his own. On his first solo album, 1993s Return of the Boom Bap, Parker worked together with producers DJ Premier, Kid Capri and Showbiz and his second album, 1995s KRS-One, featured Channel Live on Free Mumia, a song in which they criticize Black Civil Rights Activist C. Other prominent guest stars on KRS-One included Mad Lion, Busta Rhymes, Das EFX, in 1991, KRS-One appeared on the alternative rock group R. E. M. s single Radio Song, which appeared on the bands album Out of Time, released the same year
KRS-One
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KRS-One
KRS-One
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KRS-One performing in
Belgium in May 2006.
KRS-One
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KRS-One performing in 2007.
33.
Zack De La Rocha
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Zacharias Manuel Zack de la Rocha is an American musician, poet, rapper, and activist. He is best known as the vocalist and lyricist of rap metal band Rage Against the Machine from 1991–2000 and he left Rage Against the Machine in October 2000 and embarked on a solo career. With former Mars Volta drummer Jon Theodore, de la Rocha also co-founded One Day as a Lion in 2008 and his father played an integral part in his cultural upbringing. Beto was a muralist and a member of Los Four, the first Chicano art collective to be exhibited at a museum. De la Rocha later described Irvine as one of the most racist cities imaginable and said if you were a Mexican in Irvine. De la Rocha became a vegetarian as a teenager, de la Rocha met Tim Commerford in elementary school, and in junior high school, they both played guitar in a band called Juvenile Expression. De la Rochas interest in rock bands like The Clash, The Misfits, Sex Pistols, and Bad Religion turned into an appreciation for other bands like Minor Threat, Bad Brains. In high school, he joined the straight edge band Hardstance, the band released a single record, No Spiritual Surrender, on Revelation Records in 1990 before breaking up. I channeled all my anger out through that band, the band was named for an unreleased Inside Out song, Rage Against the Machine. Rage Against the Machine was on the stage at Lollapalooza in 1993 and was one of the most politically charged bands ever to receive extensive airplay from radio. Rages second and third albums peaked at one in the United States. He became increasingly restless and undertook collaborations with such as KRS-One, Chuck D. The other members of the band sought out separate management and secured the release of Renegades. After searching for a replacement for de la Rocha, the members of Rage joined Chris Cornell of Soundgarden to form Audioslave. The album never came to fruition, and de la Rocha started a new collaboration with Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, in which around 20 tracks were produced. Reznor thought the work was excellent, but said the songs will never be released as de la Rocha was not ready to make a record at that time. A new collaboration between de la Rocha and DJ Shadow, the song March of Death was released for online in 2003 in protest against the imminent invasion of Iraq. This album also contained No One Left, the recording by former Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello as The Nightwatchman
Zack De La Rocha
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De la Rocha performing with
Rage Against the Machine in
Indio, California on April 29, 2007
Zack De La Rocha
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De la Rocha performing live
Zack De La Rocha
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Zack de la Rocha on stage with
Rage Against the Machine in 2007
Zack De La Rocha
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De la Rocha performing with Rage Against the Machine at Coachella 2007
34.
De La Soul
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De La Soul is an American hip hop trio formed in 1987 on Long Island, New York. The group is best known for their eclectic sampling, quirky lyrics, the members are Posdnuos, Dave and Maseo. The three formed the group in school and caught the attention of producer Prince Paul with a demo tape of the song Plug Tunin. With its playful wordplay, innovative sampling, and witty skits and it is the bands biggest commercial success to date, with their subsequent albums selling progressively less, despite receiving high praise from critics. They were influential in the stages of rapper/actor Mos Defs career. They are the second longest standing Native Tongues Posse group, after the Jungle Brothers, in 2006, the group won a Grammy for their collaboration with Gorillaz on the single Feel Good Inc. In early 2015, they announced plans to release a Kickstarter-funded upcoming 9th studio album And the Anonymous Nobody in September 2015, the album tracks are said to be the result of multiple improvised jam sessions. The album also features guest appearances from such as Damon Albarn, Little Dragon. De La Souls debut album,3 Feet High and Rising and they quickly became prominent members of the Native Tongues Posse along with A Tribe Called Quest, Black Sheep, Queen Latifah, the Jungle Brothers and others. The single Me Myself and I became a hit, further cementing the groups popularity. Lyrically, much of 3 Feet High and Rising focused on striving for peace,3 Feet High and Rising also introduced De La Souls concept of the D. A. I. S. Y. As a result, audiences were quick to peg the members of De La Soul as hippies and this stereotype greatly agitated the groups members, as they always envisioned their career as a constantly changing style, this frustration would influence their next recording sessions. In the press kit for 3 Feet High and Rising, the members explained their stage names, Trugoy when reversed spells yogurt, because he likes yogurt, and Posdnuos spelled backwards is sound sop. The album artwork was designed by radical British artist collective the Grey Organisation De La Souls second album, De La Soul Is Dead was a much more mature album. It featured a wealth of material that criticized the violent, careless direction that hip hop was heading in at the time, though it managed to maintain a light. The cover of the features a broken daisy flower pot. Age and the imagery that went along with it, the album also more prominently featured Vincent Mason as a rapper, providing verses of his own on Bitties in the BK Lounge, Afro Connections at a Hi-5, and Ring Ring Ring. Though it received mixed reviews and did not sell as well as 3 Feet High, the Source magazine listed the album as one of their top 100 hip hop albums of all time, stating that its true genius is rarely understood
De La Soul
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De La Soul
De La Soul
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De La Soul at the Marsatac Festival in 2008
35.
Allen Ginsberg
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Irwin Allen Ginsberg was an American poet of Jewish origin, and one of the leading figures of both the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the counterculture that soon would follow. He was one of many influential American writers of his known as the Beat Generation. Ginsberg is best known for his poem Howl, in which he denounced what he saw as the forces of capitalism. In 1956, Howl was seized by San Francisco police and US Customs. S, Howl reflected Ginsbergs own homosexuality and his relationships with a number of men, including Peter Orlovsky, his lifelong partner. Judge Clayton W. Horn ruled that Howl was not obscene, adding, Ginsberg was a practicing Buddhist who studied Eastern religious disciplines extensively. He lived modestly, buying his clothing in stores and residing in downscale apartments in New York’s East Village. One of his most influential teachers was the Tibetan Buddhist the Venerable Chögyam Trungpa, at Trungpas urging, Ginsberg and poet Anne Waldman started The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics there in 1974. Ginsberg took part in decades of non-violent political protest against everything from the Vietnam War to the War on Drugs and his collection The Fall of America shared the annual U. S. National Book Award for Poetry in 1974. In 1979 he received the National Arts Club gold medal and was inducted into the American Academy and Institute of Arts, Ginsberg was a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 1995 for his book Cosmopolitan Greetings, Poems 1986–1992. Ginsberg was born into a Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey, as a young teenager, Ginsberg began to write letters to The New York Times about political issues, such as World War II and workers rights. While in high school, Ginsberg began reading Walt Whitman, inspired by his teachers passionate reading, in 1945, he joined the Merchant Marines to earn money to continue his education at Columbia. Ginsberg has stated that he considered the required freshman seminar to be his favorite course while at Columbia University and its subject was The Great Books and was taught by Lionel Trilling. According to The Poetry Foundation, Ginsberg spent several months in an institution after he pleaded insanity during a hearing. He was allegedly being prosecuted for harboring stolen goods in his dorm room and it was noted that the stolen property was not his, but belonged to an acquaintance. Ginsberg referred to his parents, in a 1985 interview, as old-fashioned delicatessen philosophers and his father Louis Ginsberg was a published poet and a high school teacher. Ginsbergs mother, Naomi Livergant Ginsberg, was affected by an illness that was never properly diagnosed. She was also a member of the Communist Party and took Ginsberg. Ginsberg later said that his mother made up stories that all went something like, The good king rode forth from his castle, saw the suffering workers
Allen Ginsberg
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Allen Ginsberg in 1979
Allen Ginsberg
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Ginsberg with his partner, poet
Peter Orlovsky. Photo taken in 1978
Allen Ginsberg
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Portrait with
Bob Dylan, taken in 1975
Allen Ginsberg
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Allen Ginsberg's greeting
Bhaktivedanta Swami at the
San Francisco Airport. January 17, 1967
36.
Sonia Sanchez
–
Sonia Sanchez is an African-American poet most often associated with the Black Arts Movement. She has authored over a dozen books of poetry, as well as stories, critical essays, plays. She was a recipient of 1993 Pew Fellowships in the Arts, in 2001, Sanchez was the recipient of the Robert Frost Medal for her poetry and has been influential to other African-American female poets, including Krista Franklin. Sanchez was born in Birmingham, Alabama, on September 9,1934 and her mother died when Sanchez was only two years old, so she spent several years being shuttled back and forth among relatives. One of those was her grandmother, who died when Sanchez was six, in 1943, she moved to Harlem to live with her father, her sister, and her stepmother, who was her fathers third wife. In 1955, Sanchez received a B. A. in Political Science from Hunter College, later, she completed postgraduate work at New York University, where she studied poetry with Louise Bogan. The death of her grandmother proved to be a time in her life. Though only six, Sanchez suffered from losing her loved one, however, her stutter only caused her to read more and more and pay close attention to language and its sounds. When in Harlem, she overcame her stutter and exceled in school, Sanchez focuses on the sound of her poetry, admitting to always reading her poetry aloud. She is known for her range and dynamic public readings. She now terms herself an “ordained stutterer, although her first marriage to Albert Sanchez did not last, Sonia Sanchez would retain her professional name. She did not have children with Albert but with her second husband Etheridge Knight, so together, they had three children, a daughter, Anita, and twin sons, Moran Neuse and Mungu Neuse. Motherhood heavily influenced the motifs of her poetry in the 70s and she taught 5th Grade in NYC at the Downtown Community School, until 1967. Sanchez has taught as a professor at eight universities and has lectured at over 500 college campuses across the US, in 1966, while teaching at San Francisco State University she introduced Black Studies courses. Sanchez was the first Presidential Fellow at Temple University, where she began working in 1977, there, she held the Laura Carnell chair until her retirement in 1999. She is currently a poet-in-residence at Temple University and she has read her poetry in Africa, the Caribbean, China, Australia, Europe, Nicaragua, Canada, and Cuba. Sanchez supports the National Black United Front, Sanchez was a very influential part of the Civil Rights Movement and the Black Arts Movement. In the early 1960s, Sanchez became a member of CORE, though she was originally an integrationist in her thinking, after hearing Malcolm X speak Sanchez became more separatist in her thinking and focused more on her black heritage and identity
Sonia Sanchez
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Sonia Sanchez, 2013
37.
LP album
–
The LP is an analog sound storage medium, a vinyl record format characterized by a speed of 33 1⁄3 rpm, a 12 or 10 inch diameter, and use of the microgroove groove specification. Introduced by Columbia in 1948, it was adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry. Apart from a few relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound, the new product was a 12- or 10-inch fine-grooved disc made of vinyl and played with a smaller-tipped microgroove stylus at a speed of 33 1⁄3 rpm. Each side of a 12-inch LP could play for more than 20 minutes, although the LP was suited to classical music because of its extended continuous playing time, it also allowed a collection of ten or more pop music recordings to be put on a single disc. The use of the word album persisted for the one-disc LP equivalent, the prototype of the LP was the soundtrack disc used by the Vitaphone motion picture sound system, developed by Western Electric and introduced in 1926. For soundtrack purposes, the less than five minutes of playing time of side of a conventional 12-inch 78 rpm disc was not acceptable. The sound had to play continuously for at least 11 minutes, long enough to accompany a full 1, the disc diameter was increased to 16 inches and the speed was reduced to 33 1⁄3 revolutions per minute. Unlike their smaller LP descendants, they were made with the same large standard groove used by 78s, unlike conventional records, the groove started at the inside of the recorded area near the label and proceeded outward toward the edge. Like 78s, early soundtrack discs were pressed in an abrasive shellac compound, syndicated radio programming was distributed on 78 rpm discs beginning in 1928. The desirability of a longer continuous playing time soon led to the adoption of the Vitaphone soundtrack disc format, 16-inch 33 1⁄3 rpm discs playing about 15 minutes per side were used for most of these electrical transcriptions beginning about 1930. Transcriptions were variously recorded inside out like soundtrack discs or with an outside start, some transcriptions were recorded with a vertically modulated hill and dale groove. This was found to allow deeper bass and also an extension of the frequency response. Neither of these was necessarily an advantage in practice because of the limitations of AM broadcasting. Today we can enjoy the benefits of those higher-fidelity recordings, even if the radio audiences could not. Initially, transcription discs were pressed only in shellac, but by 1932 pressings in RCA Victors vinyl-based Victrolac were appearing, by the late 1930s, vinyl was standard for nearly all kinds of pressed discs except ordinary commercial 78s, which continued to be made of shellac. Use of the LPs microgroove standard began in the late 1950s, the King Biscuit Flower Hour is a late example, as are Westwood Ones The Beatle Years and Doctor Demento programs, which were sent to stations on LP at least through 1992. RCA Victor introduced a version of a long-playing record for home use in September 1931. These Program Transcription discs, as Victor called them, played at 33 1⁄3 rpm and used a somewhat finer and they were to be played with a special Chromium Orange chrome-plated steel needle
LP album
–
At top, format logo used on early issues. Below, a typical LP, showing its central spindle hole and label surrounded by the grooved area. Three separate "tracks" are visible, but all are parts of one continuous spiral groove.
LP album
–
LP
LP album
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Neumann SX-24 Record Cutting Machine
LP album
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LPs
pressed in multicolored vinyl (Sotano Beat: A Todo Color, a various-artists compilation) and clear yellow vinyl - (Rock On Elvis by Tulsa McLean) both from Argentina.
38.
Lollapalooza
–
Lollapalooza /ˌlɒləpəˈluːzə/ is an annual music festival featuring popular alternative rock, heavy metal, punk rock, hip hop, and EDM bands and artists, dance and comedy performances and craft booths. It has also provided a platform for non-profit and political groups, conceived and created in 1991 by Janes Addiction singer Perry Farrell as a farewell tour for his band, Lollapalooza ran annually until 1997, and was revived in 2003. From its inception through 1997 and its revival in 2003, the festival toured North America, in 2004, the festival organizers decided to expand the dates to two days per city, but poor ticket sales forced the 2004 tour to be cancelled. In 2011, the company Geo Events confirmed the Brazilian version of the event, the music festival hosts more than 160,000 people over a two or three day period. Lollapalooza is broadcast live and globally on Red Bull TV and its earliest known use was in 1896. In time the term came to refer to a large lollipop. Farrell, searching for a name for his festival, liked the euphonious quality of the term upon hearing it in a Three Stooges short film. Paying homage to the double meaning, a character in the festivals original logo holds one of the lollipops. The word has caused a slang suffix to appear in event-planning circles as well as in news and opinion shows that is used synonymously with other suffixes like a-go-go, o-rama. The suffix palooza is often used to imply that an event or crowd was made over that term, e. g. Parks-apalooza, Nipple-apalooza. Another key concept behind Lollapalooza was the inclusion of non-musical features, performers like the Jim Rose Circus Side Show, an alternative freak show, and the Shaolin monks stretched the boundaries of traditional rock culture. There was a tent for display of art pieces, virtual reality games and it was at Lollapalooza where Farrell coined the term Alternative Nation. Punk rock standbys like mosh pits and crowd surfing became part of the canon of the concerts, after 1991, the festival included a second stage for up-and-coming bands or local acts. Attendee complaints of the festival included high ticket prices as well as the high cost for food, grunge band Nirvana was scheduled to headline at the festival in 1994, but the band officially dropped out of the festival on April 7,1994. Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobains body was discovered in Seattle the next day, Cobains widow, Courtney Love, made guest appearances at several shows, including the Philadelphia show at FDR Park, speaking to the crowds about the loss, then singing a minimum of two songs. In 1996, Farrell, who had been the soul of the festival, decided to focus his energy to produce his new project, ENIT. Moreover, festival cofounder Farrell felt that Metallicas macho image violated his peaceful vision for the festival, Farrell quit the tour in protest. Responding to the controversial Metallica tour, Lollapalooza made efforts to revive its relevance to audiences, the festival booked eclectic acts such as country superstar Waylon Jennings in 1996, and emphasized heavily electronica groups such as The Orb and The Prodigy in 1997
Lollapalooza
–
Lollapalooza 2011.
Lollapalooza
–
Nine Inch Nails frontman
Trent Reznor during the 1991 Lollapalooza festival.
Lollapalooza
–
Lady Gaga performed first at the festival in 2007 with
Lady Starlight before she was famous. (left) She returned three years later in 2010 with the
Semi Precious Weapons as an internationally known singer. (right)
Lollapalooza
–
Features and attractions
39.
Year Zero (album)
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Year Zero is the fifth studio album by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, released on April 17,2007 by Interscope Records. Frontman Trent Reznor wrote the music and lyrics while touring in support of the bands previous album With Teeth. The album is part of a larger Year Zero project which includes an album, an alternate reality game. The Year Zero alternate reality game expanded upon the fictional storyline by using media such as websites, pre-recorded phone messages. Disputes arose between Reznor and Universal Music Group, the parent company of Interscope Records, over overseas pricing of the album. Upon its release in April 2007, Year Zero sold over 187,000 copies in its first week, the album also received generally positive reviews, many of which were also favorable toward the accompanying alternate reality game. Year Zero spawned the singles Survivalism and Capital G, in a 2005 interview with Kerrang. Trent Reznor expressed his intentions to write material for a new release while on tour promoting With Teeth and he reportedly began work on the new album by September 2006. Reznor devised much of the musical direction on his laptop. The limitations of devising the albums musical direction on a tour bus forced Reznor to work differently from usual, Reznor said, I didnt have guitars around because it was too much hassle. If I were in my studio, I would have done things the way I normally do them, but not having the ability to do that forced me into trying some things that were fun to do. By the end of the tour, Reznor began work on the lyrical concepts. Reznor drew inspiration from his concern at the state of affairs in the United States and at what he envisioned as the political, spiritual. Year Zero was mixed in January 2007, and Reznor stated on his blog that the album was finished as of February 5, a song cut from the album included vocal work by Queens of the Stone Ages Josh Homme. The same year, Reznor contributed vocals to their song Era Vulgaris, the albums music has been described as incorporating industrial rock, electronic music, noise rock and digital hardcore. Reznor called Year Zero a shift in direction in that it doesnt sound like With Teeth and he also said that when he finishes a new album, he has to go into battle with the people whose job it is to figure out how to sell the record. The only time that didnt happen was With Teeth and this time, however, expecting an epic struggle. Is not a particularly friendly record and it doesnt sound like anything else out there right now
Year Zero (album)
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Year Zero
Year Zero (album)
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An
Art is Resistance flier from the
Year Zero alternate reality game
Year Zero (album)
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Nine Inch Nails during the Performance 2007 tour
Year Zero (album)
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The two states of the Year Zero disc: black when cooled, white when heated
40.
FLAC
–
FLAC is an audio coding format for lossless compression of digital audio, and is also the name of the reference codec implementation. Digital audio compressed by FLACs algorithm can typically be reduced to 50–60% of its original size, FLAC is an open format with royalty-free licensing and a reference implementation which is free software. FLAC has support for metadata tagging, album art. Development was started in 2000 by Josh Coalson, the bit-stream format was frozen when FLAC entered beta stage with the release of version 0.5 of the reference implementation on 15 January 2001. Version 1.0 was released on 20 July 2001, on 29 January 2003, the Xiph. Org Foundation and the FLAC project announced the incorporation of FLAC under the Xiph. org banner. Xiph. org is behind other free compression formats such as Vorbis, Theora, Speex and Opus. Version 1.3.0 was released on 26 May 2013, at which point development was moved to the Xiph. org git repository. flac files, the reference implementation is free software. The source code for libFLAC and libFLAC++ is available under the BSD license, and the sources for flac, metaflac, in its stated goals, the FLAC project encourages its developers not to implement copy prevention features of any kind. FLAC supports only fixed-point samples, not floating-point and it can handle any PCM bit resolution from 4 to 32 bits per sample, any sampling rate from 1 Hz to 655,350 Hz in 1 Hz increments, and any number of channels from 1 to 8. Channels can be grouped in some cases, for stereo and 5.1 channel surround. FLAC uses CRC checksums for identifying corrupted frames when used in a streaming protocol, FLAC allows for a Rice parameter between 0 and 16. FLAC uses linear prediction to convert the audio samples, there are two steps, the predictor and the error coding. The predictor can be one of four types, the difference between the predictor and the actual sample data is calculated and is known as the residual. The residual is stored efficiently using Golomb-Rice coding and it also uses run-length encoding for blocks of identical samples, such as silent passages. For tagging, FLAC uses the system as Vorbis comments. The libFLAC API is organized into streams, seekable streams, most FLAC applications will generally restrict themselves to encoding/decoding using libFLAC at the file level interface. LibFLAC uses a compression level parameter that varies from 0 to 8, the compressed files are always perfect, lossless representations of the original data. Although the compression process involves a tradeoff between speed and size, the process is always quite fast and not very dependent on the level of compression
FLAC
–
Free Lossless Audio Codec
41.
Nike, Inc.
–
The company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, in the Portland metropolitan area. It is one of the worlds largest suppliers of athletic shoes and apparel, as of 2012, it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide. In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $19 billion, making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses. The company was founded on January 25,1964, as Blue Ribbon Sports, by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight, the company takes its name from Nike, the Greek goddess of victory. Nike also owned Bauer Hockey between 1995 and 2008, and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro, in addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of Just Do It, Nike, originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports, was founded by University of Oregon track athlete Phil Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964. The company initially operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger, says Davis, I told Tom Brokaw that I was the first. I dont care all the billionaires say. Bill Bowerman made the first pair of shoes for me, in fact, I didnt like the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight, but I saw Bowerman make them from the waffle iron, and they were mine. In 1964, in its first year in business, BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese running shoes grossing $8,000, by 1965 the fledgling company had acquired a full-time employee, and sales had reached $20,000. In 1967, due to increasing sales, BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East Coast, in Wellesley. By 1971, the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger was nearing an end, BRS prepared to launch its own line of footwear, which would bear the Swoosh newly designed by Carolyn Davidson. The Swoosh was first used by Nike on June 18,1971, patent and Trademark Office on January 22,1974. In 1976, the company hired John Brown and Partners, based in Seattle, the following year, the agency created the first brand ad for Nike, called There is no finish line, in which no Nike product was shown. By 1980, Nike had attained a 50% market share in the U. S. athletic shoe market, together, Nike and Wieden+Kennedy have created many print and television advertisements, and Wieden+Kennedy remains Nikes primary ad agency. Walt Stack was featured in Nikes first Just Do It advertisement, wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to Lets do it, the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore before he was executed. Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its line to encompass many sports
Nike, Inc.
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Old logo of Nike, Inc., still used on some retro products with red boxes
Nike, Inc.
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Nike, Inc.
Nike, Inc.
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A Nike Factory Store
Nike, Inc.
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A pair of Nike Air Jordan I basketball shoes
42.
Volcanic Sunlight
–
Volcanic Sunlight is the fourth studio album by Saul Williams. It features a different approach than his previous albums, embracing a dance-pop direction, with influences from funk, disco, 60s garage rock, new wave. The song Dance includes a sample from the song Disco 82 original soundtrack of the Bollywood film Khud-Daar, the song was composed by Rajesh Roshan, with lyrics by Majrooh Sultanpuri, and performed by Kishore Kumar. All songs written and composed by Saul Williams, except Girls Have More Fun, composed by Williams and CX KiDTRONiK
Volcanic Sunlight
–
Volcanic Sunlight
43.
Hoxton
–
Hoxton is a district in the East End of London, England, immediately north of the financial district of the City of London. Hoxton forms the part of Shoreditch, being part of the ancient parish. The area of Hoxton is bordered by Regents Canal on the side, Wharf Road and City Road to the west, Old Street to the south. Hoxton is also a ward, electing three councillors to Hackney London Borough Council and it forms part of the Hackney South and Shoreditch constituency. Hogesdon is first recorded in the Domesday Book, meaning an Anglo-Saxon farm belonging to Hoch, little is recorded of the origins of the settlement, though there was Roman activity around Ermine Street, which ran to the east of the area from the 1st century. In medieval times, Hoxton formed a part of Shoreditch parish. The Worshipful Company of Haberdashers remains Patron of the advowson of the parish of St Johns, the residents responded by harassing walkers to protect their fields. A century later, the hedges and ditches were destroyed, by order of the City, by Tudor times many moated manor houses existed to provide ambassadors and courtiers country air nearby the City. This included many Catholics, attracted by the house of the Portuguese Ambassador, one such resident was Sir Thomas Tresham, who was imprisoned here by Elizabeth I of England for harbouring Catholic priests. Jonson was able to prove his literacy, thereby claiming benefit of clergy to escape a hanging. Hoxtons public gardens were a popular resort from the overcrowded City streets, and it is reputed that the name of Pimlico came from the publican, Ben Pimlico, have at thee, then, my merrie boyes, and beg for old Ben Pimlico’s nut-brown ale. The gardens appear to have been situated near Hoxton Street, known at that time, the modern area of Pimlico derives its name from its former use in Hoxton. The letter may have been sent by his brother-in-law Francis Tresham, or he may have written it himself, the letter was read aloud at supper, before prominent Catholics, and then he delivered it personally to Robert Cecil at Whitehall. While the conspirators were alerted, by the reading, to the existence of the letter they persevered with their plot as their gunpowder remained undiscovered. William Parker accompanied Thomas Howard, the Lord Chamberlain, at his visit to the undercroft of Parliament, most of the conspirators fled on the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot, but Francis Tresham was arrested a few days later at his house in Hoxton. A commemorative plaque is attached to modern flats at the site of Parkers house in Hoxton Street, by the end of the 17th century the nobilitys estates began to be broken up. Many of these houses became to be used as schools, hospitals or mad houses. Askes Almshouses were built on Pitfield Street in 1689 from Robert Askes endowment for 20 poor haberdashers, Hoxton House, was established as a private asylum in 1695
Hoxton
–
Hoxton Hall, still an active community resource
Hoxton
–
LBH heritage plaque, now attached to modern flats
Hoxton
–
Hoxton Square. The White Cube Gallery is in the background to the right. (January 2006)
44.
Alex Templeton-Ward
–
Alex Templeton-Ward is an English artist and musician. He was a one member of Paul Hawkins & Thee Awkward Silences where he provided vocals, bass, sampling. His illustration and design work has been used by notable companies. The artist originally comes from Cumbria in Northern England, the Beat Maras released The Huaraz EP on 14 April 2008, through Jezus Factory Records. Room Thirteen said the EP Sounds like Morrissey and Elvis Costello jamming at Elliott Smiths wake, both these releases were produced by Ian Button. Templeton-Wards work with Paul Hawkins saw him contribute towards six singles, Templeton-Wards poetry has been performed in support of members from bands such as Ian Dury and the Noisettes. Templeton-Ward has appeared on numerous times including a BBC Radio 1 live session with Huw Stephens. Templeton-Ward began a new band, Black Coral Groove, in 2013, the songs are co-written with Ruari Meehan, the pair met on a European tour supporting Kasabian. All their music has produced by Ian Button and the band. Templeton-Ward has interviewed many artists including Sunn O))), Beirut. Nosaj Thing, James P Honey, CREEP, Yoni Wolf, Band of Skulls, as a practising fine artist Templeton-Wards work involves multi-media, and the appliance of computer software to create imaginative landscapes. The artists painting focusses on the relationship between alchemy, M-Theory and Jungian archetypes and his work has featured as part of the Seventeen collections. Templeton-Ward is set to release debut graphic novel The Infinite Cat in 2015 and it comes in conjunction with a series of artworks of the same name, both take their title from the novels protagonist. The plot follows a talented scientist who freezes his head in the hope of future resurrection, dr Badge – as he is named – eventually recovers consciousness in the 88th giga-year. Greeting him upon re-animation is an unexpected character – a 600-foot tall, after a brief introduction, the creature dramatically plots its life history beginning with prehistoric metallurgists and the dawn of shamanism/magic. The paintings allow parallel ideas and innumerable characters to get involved in the plot, the Beat Maras, The Huaraz E. P
Alex Templeton-Ward
–
Alex Templeton-Ward
45.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
–
First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
46.
Esquire (magazine)
–
Esquire is an American mens magazine, published by the Hearst Corporation in the United States. Founded in 1933, it flourished during the Great Depression under the guidance of founders Arnold Gingrich, Esquire was first issued in October 1933. The magazine was first headquartered in Chicago and then, in New York City and it was founded and edited by David A. Smart, Henry L. Jackson and Arnold Gingrich. Jackson died in the crash of United Airlines Flight 624 in 1948, Smart died in 1952, although he left Esquire in 1936 to found a different magazine, Coronet. Additionally, Jacksons Republican political viewpoints contrasted with the liberal Democratic views of Smart, the administration alleged that Esquire had used the US Postal Service to promote lewd images. Esquire started in 1933 as a press run of a hundred thousand copies. It cost fifty cents per copy and it later transformed itself into a more refined periodical with an emphasis on mens fashion and contributions by Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Alberto Moravia, André Gide, and Julian Huxley. In the 1940s, the popularity of the Petty Girls and Vargas Girls provided a circulation boost. In the 1960s, Esquire helped pioneer the trend of New Journalism by publishing such writers as Norman Mailer, Tim OBrien, John Sack, Gay Talese, Tom Wolfe, and Terry Southern. In August 1969, Esquire published Normand Poiriers piece, An American Atrocity, under Harold Hayes, who ran it from 1961 to 1973, it became as distinctive as its oversized pages. The magazine shrank to the conventional 8½×11 inches in 1971, the magazine was sold by the original owners to Clay Felker in 1977, who reinvented the magazine as a fortnightly in 1978, under the title of Esquire Fortnightly. However, the experiment proved to be a failure, and by the end of that year. Felker sold Esquire in 1979 to the 13-30 Corporation, a Tennessee publisher, during this time, New York Woman magazine was launched as something of a spinoff version of Esquire aimed at female audience. 13-30 split up in 1986, and Esquire was sold to Hearst at the end of the year, David M. Granger was named editor-in-chief of the magazine in June 1997. Since his arrival, the magazine has received awards, including multiple National Magazine Awards—the industrys highest honor. Prior to becoming editor-in-chief at Esquire, Granger was the editor at GQ for nearly six years. Its award-winning staff writers include Tom Chiarella, Scott Raab, Mike Sager, Chris Jones, John H. Richardson, Cal Fussman, Lisa Taddeo, famous photographers have also worked for the magazine, among which fashion photographer Gleb Derujinsky, and Richard Avedon. In January 2009 Esquire launched a new blog—the Daily Endorsement Blog, each morning the editors of the magazine recommend one thing for readers immediate enjoyment, not a political candidate or position or party, but a breakthrough idea or product or Web site
Esquire (magazine)
–
The cover of the January 2013 issue featuring
Sean Penn
47.
Bomb Magazine
–
Bomb is a quarterly magazine edited by artists and writers. It is composed, primarily, of interviews between creative people working in a variety of disciplines — visual art, literature, music, film, theater and architecture. In addition to interviews, Bomb issues feature new fiction and poetry, several 500-word Artist on Artist essays, Bomb is published by New Art Publications, Inc. a 501 non-profit organization. The name Bomb is a reference to both Wyndham Lewiss Blast and the fact that the original editors expected the publication to bomb after one or two issues. Shortly after its founding, Bomb formed a 501 non-profit organization, New Art Publications, in 2005, the Bomb offices moved from the SoHo neighborhood of New York City, New York, to Fort Greene, Brooklyn. By June 2007, Bomb had published 100 issues, chris Abani Kathy Acker Martin Amis John Ashbery Matthew Barney Roberto Bolaño Edwidge Danticat Arthur C. Participants include Edward_Clark_, Kara Walker & Larry Walker, Wangechi Mutu, Gerald Jackson, Adger Cowans, Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe, Melvin Edwards, Terry Adkins, Eldzier Cortor, list of literary magazines Caterina Verde, contributing artist Official website JSTOR archive. BOMB, The Author Interviews published by Soho Press
Bomb Magazine
–
Spring 2009 cover
Bomb Magazine
–
Bomb senior editor Monica de la Torre, contributor
John Reed and
editor-in-chief Betsy Sussler
48.
Megabytes
–
The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol is MB, but sometimes MByte is used, the unit prefix mega is a multiplier of 1000000 in the International System of Units. Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes of information and this definition has been incorporated into the International System of Quantities. However, in the computer and information fields, several other definitions are used that arose for historical reasons of convenience. A common usage has been to one megabyte as 1048576bytes. However, most standards bodies have deprecated this usage in favor of a set of binary prefixes, less common is a convention that used the megabyte to mean 1000×1024 bytes. The megabyte is commonly used to measure either 10002 bytes or 10242 bytes, the interpretation of using base 1024 originated as a compromise technical jargon for the byte multiples that needed to be expressed by the powers of 2 but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 approximates 1000, roughly corresponding to the SI prefix kilo-, in 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission proposed standards for binary prefixes requiring the use of megabyte to strictly denote 10002 bytes and mebibyte to denote 10242 bytes. By the end of 2009, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, ISO, the Mac OS X10.6 file manager is a notable example of this usage in software. Since Snow Leopard, file sizes are reported in decimal units, base 21 MB =1048576 bytes is the definition used by Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory, such as RAM. This definition is synonymous with the binary prefix mebibyte. Mixed 1 MB =1024000 bytes is the used to describe the formatted capacity of the 1.44 MB3. 5inch HD floppy disk. Semiconductor memory doubles in size for each address lane added to an integrated circuit package, the capacity of a disk drive is the product of the sector size, number of sectors per track, number of tracks per side, and the number of disk platters in the drive. Changes in any of these factors would not usually double the size, sector sizes were set as powers of two for convenience in processing. It was an extension to give the capacity of a disk drive in multiples of the sector size, giving a mix of decimal. Depending on compression methods and file format, a megabyte of data can roughly be, a 4 megapixel JPEG image with normal compression. Approximately 1 minute of 128 kbit/s MP3 compressed music,6 seconds of uncompressed CD audio. A typical English book volume in plain text format, the human genome consists of DNA representing 800 MB of data
Megabytes
–
1.44 MB
floppy disks can store 1,474,560 bytes of data. MB in this context means 1,000×1,024 bytes.
49.
Zack de la Rocha
–
Zacharias Manuel Zack de la Rocha is an American musician, poet, rapper, and activist. He is best known as the vocalist and lyricist of rap metal band Rage Against the Machine from 1991–2000 and he left Rage Against the Machine in October 2000 and embarked on a solo career. With former Mars Volta drummer Jon Theodore, de la Rocha also co-founded One Day as a Lion in 2008 and his father played an integral part in his cultural upbringing. Beto was a muralist and a member of Los Four, the first Chicano art collective to be exhibited at a museum. De la Rocha later described Irvine as one of the most racist cities imaginable and said if you were a Mexican in Irvine. De la Rocha became a vegetarian as a teenager, de la Rocha met Tim Commerford in elementary school, and in junior high school, they both played guitar in a band called Juvenile Expression. De la Rochas interest in rock bands like The Clash, The Misfits, Sex Pistols, and Bad Religion turned into an appreciation for other bands like Minor Threat, Bad Brains. In high school, he joined the straight edge band Hardstance, the band released a single record, No Spiritual Surrender, on Revelation Records in 1990 before breaking up. I channeled all my anger out through that band, the band was named for an unreleased Inside Out song, Rage Against the Machine. Rage Against the Machine was on the stage at Lollapalooza in 1993 and was one of the most politically charged bands ever to receive extensive airplay from radio. Rages second and third albums peaked at one in the United States. He became increasingly restless and undertook collaborations with such as KRS-One, Chuck D. The other members of the band sought out separate management and secured the release of Renegades. After searching for a replacement for de la Rocha, the members of Rage joined Chris Cornell of Soundgarden to form Audioslave. The album never came to fruition, and de la Rocha started a new collaboration with Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, in which around 20 tracks were produced. Reznor thought the work was excellent, but said the songs will never be released as de la Rocha was not ready to make a record at that time. A new collaboration between de la Rocha and DJ Shadow, the song March of Death was released for online in 2003 in protest against the imminent invasion of Iraq. This album also contained No One Left, the recording by former Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello as The Nightwatchman
Zack de la Rocha
–
De la Rocha performing with
Rage Against the Machine in
Indio, California on April 29, 2007
Zack de la Rocha
–
De la Rocha performing live
Zack de la Rocha
–
Zack de la Rocha on stage with
Rage Against the Machine in 2007
Zack de la Rocha
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De la Rocha performing with Rage Against the Machine at Coachella 2007
