1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
3.
Newtownards
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Newtownards is a large town, townland and civil parish in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies at the most northern tip of Strangford Lough,10 miles east of Belfast and it is situated in the civil parish of Newtownards and the historic baronies of Ards Lower and Castlereagh Lower. Newtownards is the largest town in the former Borough of Ards and it is known colloquially by locals as Ards. It had a population of 28,039 people in the 2011 Census, in 545 AD, St. Finian founded a monastery close to present-day Newtownards. He named it Movilla, which suggests that the land had previously been a pagan site. The monastery was destroyed by the Vikings sometime after AD824, the Normans, who arrived in Ireland after 1169, founded a town in the same place around 1226, named it Nove Ville de Blathewyc. A Dominican priory was built in 1244, dissolved in 1541, in 1605, Hugh Montgomery was granted the lands and set about rebuilding what was by then known as Newtown, later expanded to Newtownards. Official records show the town was established in 1606, Montgomery built a residence in the ruins of the old priory, the tower of which remains. Scottish settlers arrived in numbers and the town grew quickly. Due to the mud of Strangford Lough, Newtown never developed as a port. Instead, it became a town, with the Market House in Conway Square constructed in 1770. The market still today on a weekly basis. They were met with fire from the market house and were defeated. The early 19th century saw the reclamation of the south of the town. The Belfast and County Down Railway connected Newtownards to Belfast, via Comber and Dundonald, in 1850, by the same year the towns population had risen to 9,500. On 12 July 1867, despite the Party Processions Acts, the Orange Order paraded from Bangor to Newtownards, the parade was organised by William Johnston and about 30,000 took part. Newtownards population reached 13,100 in 1961 and had doubled to 27,800 by the end of the 20th century, during the Troubles, Newtownards was the scene of a car bomb attack on 5 July 1993, when Romas Bar in Regent Street was targeted. The pub was destroyed, but has since been rebuilt, the attack was carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army with a 700 kg device
4.
Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry
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Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry KG GCB GCH PC, born Charles William Stewart and raised to the peerage as Baron Stewart in 1814, was a British soldier, politician and nobleman. Charles Stewart was educated at Eton and was commissioned into the British army in 1794 and he saw active service in Flanders and Ireland before being elected a member of the Irish House of Commons. In 1803 he was aide-de-camp to King George III and four later became Under-Secretary of State for War. He fought in the Peninsula War under both Sir John Moore and Sir Arthur Wellesley, in 1810 Stewart was appointed Envoy Extraordinary to the Prussian Court in Berlin and remained in that position until end of the war in 1814. In 1815 he was appointed British Ambassador to Vienna, and was at the Congress of Vienna with his half brother Lord Castlereagh, Lord Stewart succeeded his half-brother as 3rd Marquess of Londonderry in 1822. The following year he was created Earl Vane and Viscount Seaham, from 1823 he was Governor of County Londonderry and was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Durham in 1842. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1853, born in Dublin, Charles Stewart was the only son of Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry, by his second wife Lady Frances, daughter of Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden. Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, was his half-brother, Charles Stewart was educated at Eton, and at the age of 16 was commissioned into the British Army as a lieutenant. He saw service in Flanders in 1794, and was lieutenant colonel of the 5th Royal Irish Dragoons by the time he helped put down the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Two years later he was elected to the Irish House of Commons as Tory representative for Thomastown, County Kilkenny and he sat for the latter constituency until the Act of Union in 1801, and then represented Londonderry in the British House of Commons until 1814. By the time of the Great Irish Famine in the 1840s and he owned land across Ulster in addition to property in Britain. In 1803 Stewart was appointed aide-de-camp to King George III, and four later became Under-Secretary of State for War. During the Corunna Campaign of 1808–1809 he commanded a brigade of cavalry and he received the thanks of Parliament in 1810, and on 20 November 1813 was made Colonel of the 25th Light Dragoons, becoming a Knight of the Bath that same year. Until the end of the war he was Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Berlin, the recipient of numerous foreign honours, Stewart was also, in 1814, ennobled as Baron Stewart, of Stewarts Court and Ballylawn in the County of Donegal. That same year he received degrees from Oxford and Cambridge, was admitted to the Privy Council. He was appointed GCH in 1816 and made colonel of the 10th Regiment of Dragoons on 3 February 1820. His first wife was Lady Catherine Bligh, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Darnley and she died during the night of 10–11 February 1812, of fever following a minor operation, while her husband was on active service in the Peninsula. Lord Stewart married his second wife Lady Frances Anne Vane-Tempest, daughter and heiress of Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, on 3 April 1819 at her mothers house on Bruton Street, Mayfair
5.
Napoleonic Wars
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The wars resulted from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the Revolutionary Wars, which had raged on for years before concluding with the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. Napoleon became the First Consul of France in 1799, then Emperor five years later, inheriting the political and military struggles of the Revolution, he created a state with stable finances, a strong central bureaucracy, and a well-trained army. The British frequently financed the European coalitions intended to thwart French ambitions, by 1805, they had managed to convince the Austrians and the Russians to wage another war against France. At sea, the Royal Navy destroyed a combined Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in October 1805, Prussian worries about increasing French power led to the formation of the Fourth Coalition in 1806. France then forced the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to sign the Treaties of Tilsit in July, although Tilsit signified the high watermark of the French Empire, it did not bring a lasting peace for Europe. Hoping to extend the Continental System and choke off British trade with the European mainland, Napoleon invaded Iberia, the Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, featured extensive guerrilla warfare, the Continental System caused recurring diplomatic conflicts between France and its client states, especially Russia. Unwilling to bear the consequences of reduced trade, the Russians routinely violated the Continental System. The French launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the collapse and retreat of the Grand Army along with the destruction of Russian lands. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France, a lengthy military campaign culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813. The Allies then invaded France and captured Paris in the spring of 1814 and he was exiled to the island of Elba near Rome and the Bourbons were restored to power. However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of France once again, the Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June. The Congress of Vienna, which started in 1814 and concluded in 1815, established the new borders of Europe and laid out the terms, Napoleon seized power in 1799, creating a de facto military dictatorship. The Napoleonic Wars began with the War of the Third Coalition, Kagan argues that Britain was irritated in particular by Napoleons assertion of control over Switzerland. Furthermore, Britons felt insulted when Napoleon stated that their country deserved no voice in European affairs, for its part, Russia decided that the intervention in Switzerland indicated that Napoleon was not looking toward a peaceful resolution of his differences with the other European powers. The British quickly enforced a blockade of France to starve it of resources. Napoleon responded with economic embargoes against Britain, and sought to eliminate Britains Continental allies to break the coalitions arrayed against him, the so-called Continental System formed a league of armed neutrality to disrupt the blockade and enforce free trade with France
6.
Frances Vane, Marchioness of Londonderry
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Frances Anne Vane, Marchioness of Londonderry was a wealthy English heiress and noblewoman. She was the daughter of Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, 2nd Baronet, through her daughter, Lady Frances Vane, wife of John Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, she was the great-grandmother of Sir Winston Churchill. Frances Anne inherited extensive lands from her father in north east England and her mother was Anne MacDonnell, 2nd Countess of Antrim. With her husband, she developed a coal mining operation that included coal mines, a railroad. She became an object of affection for the Tsar Alexander I of Russia after he saw her portrait and she sought to promote her eldest sons political career and was a patron of Benjamin Disraeli. George Henry Robert Charles William Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry Lady Frances Anne Emily Vane, married John Spencer-Churchill, Lady Alexandrina Octavia Maria Vane, godchild of Alexander I of Russia, married Henry Dawson-Damer, 3rd Earl of Portarlington. Lord Adolphus Frederick Charles William Vane-Tempest, politician, became insane, Lady Adelaide Emelina Caroline Vane, disgraced the family by eloping with her brothers tutor, Rev. Frederick Henry Law. Lord Ernest McDonnell Vane-Tempest, fell in with a press-gang and had to be bought a commission in the army, Frederick William Robert Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry was her stepson
7.
Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh
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Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, KG, GCH, PC, PC, usually known as Lord Castlereagh, was an Irish/British statesman. As British Foreign Secretary, from 1812 he was central to the management of the coalition that defeated Napoleon and was the principal British diplomat at the Congress of Vienna. Castlereagh was also leader of the British House of Commons in the Liverpool government from 1812 until his suicide in August 1822. Early in his career, as Chief Secretary for Ireland, he was involved in putting down the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and was instrumental in securing the passage of the Irish Act of Union of 1800. Castlereaghs challenge at the office was to organize and finance an alliance to destroy Napoleon. He successfully brought Napoleons enemies together at the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814, thereafter he worked with Europes leaders at the Congress of Vienna to provide a peace consistent with the conservative mood of the day. At Vienna he was successful in his primary goal of creating a peace settlement that would endure for years. He saw that a treaty based on vengeance and retaliation against France would fail. He employed his skills to block harsh terms. He held the Chaumont allies together, most notably in their determination to finally end Napoleons 100 Days in 1815 and he had a vision of long-term peace in Europe the united efforts of the great powers. At the same time he was watchful of Britains mercantile and imperial interests and he purchased the Cape Colony and Ceylon from the Netherlands. Frances colonies were returned, but France had to give up all its gains in Europe after 1791 and he also worked to abolish the international slave trade. He was unsuccessful in avoiding the War of 1812 with the United States, it ended in a stalemate in 1814, after 1815 Castlereagh was the leader in imposing repressive measures at home. He was hated for his attacks on liberty and reform. However, in 1919 diplomatic historians recommended his wise policies of 1814-1815 to the British delegation to the conferences that ended the First World War. Historian Charles Webster underscores the paradox, There probably never was a statesman whose ideas were so right, such disparity between the grasp of ends and the understanding of means amounts to a failure in statesmanship. Robert Stewart acquired the courtesy title Viscount Castlereagh in 1796 when his father was created Earl of Londonderry in the Irish peerage, upon his fathers death in 1821, he succeeded as 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, a title to which his father had been raised in 1816. His younger half-brother, the soldier, politician and diplomat Charles Stewart succeeded him as 3rd Marquess of Londonderry
8.
Mount Stewart
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Mount Stewart is an 19th-century house and garden in County Down, Northern Ireland, owned by the National Trust. Situated on the east shore of Strangford Lough, a few miles outside the town of Newtownards and near Greyabbey, it was the Irish seat of the Vane-Tempest-Stewart family, Marquesses of Londonderry. The house and its contents reflect the history of the Vane-Tempest-Stewart family, Mount Stewart was formed by the Stewart family, holders of the title Marquess of Londonderry since 1816. The family bought the estate in 1744 with money acquired by Alexander Stewart and this new wealth came from the sales of materials like linen. At the time, the house was known as Mount Pleasant, Alexander Stewarts son, Robert Stewart, became the first Marquess of Londonderry. In about 1800 he added a wing to the west. He died in 1821 leaving the house to his son, also Robert, better known as Viscount Castlereagh, Castlereagh lived in Mount Stewart during his childhood until he went to University in Cambridge. Lord Castlereagh inherited his fathers title only a year before his own death, the next owner of the house was his half-brother, Charles, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry. He married twice but it was his marriage which increased the familys finances greatly. His second wife was Lady Frances Anne Vane-Tempest and she was the greatest heiress of her time. This huge new wealth prompted the refurbishment and enlargement of the newly renamed Mount Stewart, controversially the Londonderrys, while spending £150,000 on the refurbishment only gave £30 to famine relief in Ireland in the 1840s. This remodelling created the present exterior of Mount Stewart, the small Georgian house and the small portico on the west wing were demolished and the house was increased to eleven bays. On the entrance front, a portico was added in the centre. The marriage also brought in much of the Vane-Tempest property, including land, Wynyard Park, County Durham was redesigned in the Neo-classical style. The couple bought Seaham Hall, also in County Durham, and this was later renamed Londonderry House. The 4th Marquess of Londonderry married the widow of Viscount Powerscourt and lived at her home, Powerscourt, the 5th Marquess lived at his wifes ancestral property, Plas Machynlleth in Wales, and his son, the 6th Marquess, lived at Wynyard. These long periods of neglect nearly destroyed Mount Stewart, the 7th Marquess, a well-known Ulster Unionist politician, and his wife brought a new lease of life to the house and its plain grounds. The Marchioness of Londonderrys ancestral home was Dunrobin Castle in Scotland and she also redesigned and redecorated much of the interior, for example, the huge drawing room, smoking room, the Castlereagh Room and many of the guest bedrooms
9.
Durham, England
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Durham is a historic city and the county town of County Durham in North East England. The city lies on the River Wear, to the west of Sunderland, south of Newcastle upon Tyne, founded over the final resting place of St Cuthbert, its Norman cathedral became a centre of pilgrimage in medieval England. The cathedral and adjacent 11th-century castle were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986, the castle has been the home of Durham University since 1832. HM Prison Durham is also located close to the city centre, the name Durham comes from the Celtic element dun, signifying a hill fort, and the Old Norse holme, which translates to island. The Lord Bishop of Durham takes a Latin variation of the name in his official signature. The city has been known by a number of names throughout history, the original Nordic Dun Holm was changed to Duresme by the Normans and was known in Latin as Dunelm. The modern form Durham came into use later in the citys history, archeological evidence suggests a history of settlement in the area since roughly 2000 BC. Local legend states that the city was founded in A. D.995 by divine intervention, Aldhun, Bishop of Chester-le-Street and leader of the order, decreed a holy fast of three days, accompanied by prayers to the saint. During the fast, Saint Cuthbert appeared to a monk named Eadmer. After Eadmers revelation, Aldhun found that he was able to move the bier, the legend of the Dun Cow, which is first documented in The Rites of Durham, an anonymous account about the Durham Cathedral, published in 1593, builds on Symeons account. According to this legend, by later that day, the monks came across a milkmaid at Mount Joy. She stated that she was seeking her lost dun cow, which she had last seen at Dun Holm, the monks, realising that this was a sign from the saint, followed her. They settled at a wooded hill-island – a high wooded rock surrounded on three sides by the River Wear, there they erected a shelter for the relics, on the spot where the Durham Cathedral would later stand. Symeon states that a modest wooden building erected there shortly later was the first building in the city, Bishop Aldhun subsequently had a stone church built, which was dedicated in September 998. It no longer remains, having been supplanted by the Norman structure, during the medieval period the city gained spiritual prominence as the final resting place of Saint Cuthbert and Saint Bede the Venerable. The shrine of Saint Cuthbert, situated behind the High Altar of Durham Cathedral, was the most important religious site in England until the martyrdom of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury in 1170, Saint Cuthbert became famous for two reasons. Firstly, the healing powers he had displayed in life continued after his death, with many stories of those visiting the saints shrine being cured of all manner of diseases. This led to him being known as the worker of England
10.
Napoleon III
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Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was the only President of the French Second Republic and, as Napoleon III, the Emperor of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I and he was the first President of France to be elected by a direct popular vote. He remains the longest-serving French head of state since the French Revolution, during the first years of the Empire, Napoleons government imposed censorship and harsh repressive measures against his opponents. Some six thousand were imprisoned or sent to penal colonies until 1859, thousands more went into voluntary exile abroad, including Victor Hugo. From 1862 onwards, he relaxed government censorship, and his came to be known as the Liberal Empire. Many of his opponents returned to France and became members of the National Assembly, Napoleon III is best known today for his grand reconstruction of Paris, carried out by his prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann. He launched similar public works projects in Marseille, Lyon, Napoleon III modernized the French banking system, greatly expanded and consolidated the French railway system, and made the French merchant marine the second largest in the world. He promoted the building of the Suez Canal and established modern agriculture, Napoleon III negotiated the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier free trade agreement with Britain and similar agreements with Frances other European trading partners. Social reforms included giving French workers the right to strike and the right to organize, womens education greatly expanded, as did the list of required subjects in public schools. In foreign policy, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and he was a supporter of popular sovereignty and of nationalism. In Europe, he allied with Britain and defeated Russia in the Crimean War and his regime assisted Italian unification and, in doing so, annexed Savoy and the County of Nice to France, at the same time, his forces defended the Papal States against annexation by Italy. Napoleon doubled the area of the French overseas empire in Asia, the Pacific, on the other hand, his armys intervention in Mexico which aimed to create a Second Mexican Empire under French protection ended in failure. Beginning in 1866, Napoleon had to face the power of Prussia. In July 1870, Napoleon entered the Franco-Prussian War without allies, the French army was rapidly defeated and Napoleon III was captured at the Battle of Sedan. The French Third Republic was proclaimed in Paris, and Napoleon went into exile in England, charles-Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, later known as Louis Napoleon and then Napoleon III, was born in Paris on the night of 20–21 April 1808. His presumed father was Louis Bonaparte, the brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. His mother was Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter by the first marriage of Napoleons wife Joséphine de Beauharnais, as empress, Joséphine proposed the marriage as a way to produce an heir for the Emperor, who agreed, as Joséphine was by then infertile. Louis married Hortense when he was twenty-four and she was nineteen and they had a difficult relationship, and only lived together for brief periods
11.
W. J. Barre
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William Joseph Barre was a prolific Irish architect who built many well known buildings in Belfast in a Gothic Revival style, but was always overshadowed by his great rival, Charles Lanyon. Barre had a history when it came to architectural competitions. By the time he was thirty he had numerous rivals to win the task of designing the Ulster Hall. His design for the Methodist Church on University Road took first place in a competition of 1864, but he had not been so lucky in the competition, a few years earlier, to design what is now known as Scrabo Tower, the landmark building overlooking Newtownards. Lanyon, notes Barres biographer, was County Surveyor at the time and this time, however, public outcry was sufficient to restore the original decision, leaving us with Belfasts best known, if somewhat skewed, clock tower. Barre built several monuments, perhaps the most unusual being that to the Banbridge-born arctic explorer Francis Crozier. Barre died of tuberculosis at the age of 37, having completed several major buildings, including private houses, schools, factories. Barres best known work is the Albert Memorial Clock, in the centre of Belfast and he also designed, Ulster Hall, Bedford Street, Belfast, 1859-62. University Road Methodist Church, Belfast,1864 Bryson House, Bedford Street, Belfast, former High Victorian linen warehouse in medieval Italian palazzo style. Georges Church, Belfast,1865 Dunlop, Durham, a Memoir of the Professional Life of William J. Barre, Esq. member of the Royal Institute of Architects, Ireland, With photographic illustrations selected from his works. Victorian Web Description of Clanwilliam House
12.
Charles Lanyon
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Sir Charles Lanyon DL, JP was an English architect of the 19th century. His work is most closely associated with Belfast, Northern Ireland, Lanyon was born in Eastbourne, Sussex in 1813. His father was John Jenkinson Lanyon, a purser in the Royal Navy, following his education, he became an apprentice civil engineer with Jacob Owen in Portsmouth. When Owen was made senior Engineer and Architect of the Irish Board of Works and moved to Dublin, in 1835 he married Owens daughter, Elizabeth Helen. They had ten children, including Sir William Owen Lanyon, an army officer, Charles Lanyon was County Surveyor in Kildare briefly, before moving on to Antrim in 1836. He remained County Surveyor of Antrim until 1860 when he resigned from the post to concentrate on private work, Lanyon was elected Mayor of Belfast in 1862, and Conservative MP for the city between 1865 and 1868. In 1868 he was knighted and served on the Select Committee on Scientific Instruction. He lost his seat in Westminster, but became a councillor in Belfast Town Council from 1861 to 1871, from 1862 to 1886 he was Belfast Harbour Commissioner. He served as Deputy Lieutenant for County Antrim and was appointed High Sheriff of Antrim in 1876 and he was also a Justice of the Peace for many years. His other business interests included being director of the Blackstaff Flax Spinning Company and he was made director of the Northern Counties Railway in 1870, but resigned in 1887 because of ill-health. Lanyon lived at The Abbey a grand house in Whiteabbey, which became a sanitorium during World War I and is now part of Whiteabbey Hospital. He died there on 31 May 1889 and is buried in Newtownbreda graveyard and his will is recorded in the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland,8 August 1889, LANYON, Sir Charles, Effects £53,785 1s 3d. The will of Sir Charles Lanyon, late of the Abbey, Whiteabbey, the north Antrim coast was difficult to reach for many years. The Irish Commissioners of Public Works promoted the construction of the Antrim Coast Road between 1832 and 1842 by civil engineer William Bald, Lanyon was the County Surveyor for part of this time and would have had a considerable supervisory role. The route runs from Larne up through Ballygalley, Glenarm, Carnlough and it involved removal of thousands of tonnes of rock using explosives, and building sea walls. Part of this included the Glendun Viaduct. This building one of Charles Lanyons earlier buildings was completed in 1838 and it cost £1,125, plus £40 for the bench and fitting up. It is made mostly of basalt blocks with brick dressings, the main doorway is surrounded by a thick stone frame
13.
William Henry Lynn
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William Henry Lynn was an Irish-born architect with a practice in Belfast and the north of England. He is noted for his Ruskinian Venetian Gothic public buildings, which include Chester Town Hall, in 1846 Lynn was articled to Sir Charles Lanyon in Belfast, under Lanyon he prepared the drawings for the original building housing Queens College, Belfast. He and Lanyon formed a partnership in 1854, in 1860, with Charles son John Lanyon as junior partner, they incorporated as Lanyon, Lynn, the partnership dissolved in 1872, when Lynn struck out on his own. Antrim, they designed the Romanesque Revival Church of St Patrick and, in England, in the 1860s a second Shanes Castle was designed with Charles Lanyon for 1st Lord ONeill, and in 1870 Castle Leslie was designed for Sir John Leslie, 1st Baronet. Among his other public commissions in Belfast were the Central Library, the Bank Buildings. One of his last designs was for the baptistry of Belfast Cathedral
14.
Baron Dufferin and Claneboye
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Not to be confused with Viscount Claneboye. Baron Dufferin and Claneboye, of Ballyleidy and Killyleagh in County Down, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland and it was created 31 July 1800 for Dame Dorcas Blackwood, widow of Sir John Blackwood, 2nd Baronet, Member of the Irish Parliament for Killyleagh and Bangor. The peerage had been intended for Sir John in return for his support for the Union with the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Baronetcy, of Killyleagh in the County of Down, was created in the Baronetage of Ireland in 1763 for Robert Blackwood and he was the son of John Blackwood and Ursula Hamilton, the daughter and co-heir of Robert Hamilton of Killyleagh, County Down. The Blackwood family, originally of Scottish descent, were prominent landowners in County Down and her great-grandfather James Hamilton had become the sole heir of Lord Claneboye when the first Viscounts grandson, Henry Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Clanbrassil and 3rd Viscount Claneboye, died in 1675. Lady Dufferin and Claneboye was succeeded by her son, the second Baron and he represented Killyleagh in the Irish House of Commons and Helston and Aldeburgh in the British House of Commons and was also an Irish Representative Peer from 1820 to 1836. He was childless and was succeeded by his brother, the third Baron. The latters grandson, the fifth Baron, was a prominent Liberal politician, diplomat and colonial administrator, and notably served as Governor General of Canada and Viceroy of India. In 1850, at the age of twenty-three, he was created Baron Clandeboye, of Clandeboye in the County of Down, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom and these titles were also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Lord Dufferin and Ava also assumed by Royal licence the surname of Hamilton in 1862. His eldest son and heir apparent Archibald Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Earl of Ava, was killed at the Siege of Ladysmith during the Second Boer War while serving as a war correspondent and he was unmarried and the Marquess was therefore succeeded by his second son, the second Marquess. On his death the titles passed to brother, the third Marquess. He was a soldier and also served as Speaker of the Senate of Northern Ireland, Lord Dufferin and Ava died in an air crash and was succeeded by his son, the fourth Marquess. He notably held office as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies in the government of Neville Chamberlain, after his death in the Second World War the titles were inherited by his six-year-old son, the fifth Marquess. He was a patron of arts. He was childless and on his death in 1988 the marquessate, earldoms, viscountcy, however, he was succeeded in the baronetcy and barony of Dufferin and Claneboye by his distant relative Sir Francis George Blackwood, 7th Baronet, of the Navy, who became the tenth Baron. As of 2017 the titles are held by the son, the eleventh Baron. Like his father he lives in Australia and he was a Vice-Admiral of the Blue in the Royal Navy and was the bearer of despatches announcing the victory of Trafalgar in 1805
15.
Helen's Tower
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Helens Tower is a 19th-century folly on the Clandeboye Estate in Bangor, Northern Ireland. The tower was commissioned by Lord Dufferin of Clandeboye, designed by Scottish architect William Burn, the tower was named in honour of Dufferins mother, Helen Selina Blackwood, the Lady Dufferin. The tower inspired a number of poems, which were inscribed within the building, Helens Tower was restored in the 1980s and is now a holiday let managed by the Landmark Trust. It is a grade A listed building, recognised as one of the two finest memorial towers in the country, frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood inherited the title of Baron Dufferin and Claneboye, along with the Clandeboye Estate, in 1841 while still a schoolboy. On reaching the age of majority in 1847, he began an improvement of the estate, which lies on the east coast of County Down, overlooking Belfast Lough. This style of architecture sought to revive the spirit of 16th-century Scottish buildings, a Scottish origin also suited Lord Dufferin, who was descended from the Blackwood family of Scotland. Burns drawings for the tower are dated 1848, and refer to the building as the gamekeepers tower. A site on ground in the southern part of the estate was selected. Helen, Lady Dufferin, came from a family and was herself a noted song-writer. Her sister Caroline Norton also found success as a writer, and their grandfather was Richard Brinsley Sheridan playwright, poet and owner of Londons Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. A number of poems were written in honour of Lady Dufferin, on the occasion of the inauguration in 1850. Several of these poems were published in the privately printed Book of Helens Tower, contributing poets included Robert Browning, Thomas Carlyle, Sir Edwin Arnold, Rudyard Kipling, Richard Garnett and Wilfrid Scawen Blunt. The best known of these poems is Alfred, Lord Tennysons Helens Tower, published in Tiresias, a close replica of Helens Tower, the Ulster Tower, was built at Thiepval in 1921 to honour the men of the 36th Division who fell at the Battle of the Somme. Clandeboye Estate was used for training by the 36th Division during the First World War. Helens Bay, Helens Tower and Lord Dufferins papers Helens Tower by Browning Helens Tower by Tennyson
16.
The Illustrated London News
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The Illustrated London News appeared first on Saturday 14 May 1842, as the worlds first illustrated weekly news magazine. Founded by Herbert Ingram, it appeared weekly until 1971, then less frequently thereafter, the company continues today as Illustrated London News Ltd, a publishing, content and digital agency in London, which holds the publication and business archives of the magazine. As a newsagent, Ingram was struck by the increase in newspaper sales when they featured pictures. Ingram began to plan a weekly newspaper that would contain pictures in every edition, Ingram rented an office, recruited artists and reporters, and employed as his editor Frederick William Naylor Bayley, formerly editor of the National Omnibus. The first issue of The Illustrated London News appeared on Saturday,14 May 1842, Ingram hired 200 men to carry placards through the streets of London promoting the first edition of his new newspaper. Costing sixpence, the first issue sold 26,000 copies, despite this initial success, sales of the second and subsequent editions were disappointing. Its circulation soon increased to 40,000 and by the end of its first year was 60,000, in 1851, after the newspaper published Joseph Paxtons designs for the Crystal Palace before even Prince Albert had seen them, the circulation rose to 130,000. Andrew Spottiswoodes Pictorial Times lost £20,000 before it was sold to Ingram by Henry Vizetelly, Ingram folded it into another purchase, The Ladys Newspaper, which became The Ladys Newspaper and Pictorial Times. Vitezelly was also behind a competitor, The Illustrated Times in 1855. Ingrams other early collaborators left the business in the 1850s, nathanial Cooke, his business partner and brother-in-law, found himself in a subordinate role in the business and parted on bad terms around 1854. 1858 saw the departure of William Little, who, in addition to providing a loan of £10,000, was printer and publisher of the paper for 15 years, littles relationship with Ingram deteriorated over Ingrams harassment of their mutual sister-in-law. By 1863, The Illustrated London News was selling more than 300,000 copies every week, the death of Herbert and his eldest son left the company without a director and manager. Control passed to Ingrams widow Ann, and his friend Sir Edward William Watkin, once Ingrams two younger sons, William and Charles, were old enough, they took over as managing directors, although it was William who took the lead. It was also a period of expansion and increased competition for the ILN, as reading habits and the illustrated news market changed, the ILN bought or established a number of new publications, evolving from a single newspaper to a larger-scale publishing business. As with Herbert Ingrams purchases in the 1850s, this expansion was also a way of managing competition, dominating markets. As too with the acquisitions of the 1850s, several similar illustrated publications were established in this period by former employees of The Illustrated London News. Serious competition for the ILN appeared in 1869, with the establishment of The Graphic, Thomas was a former wood engraver for The Illustrated London News, and brought his expertise in illustrated publishing to his new magazine. The Graphic was highly popular, particularly for its coverage of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, William Ingram became chief proprietor of The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, and The Ladys Pictorial, which may have been a later title of The Ladys Newspaper and Pictorial Times
17.
Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry
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Frederick William Robert Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry KP PC, styled Viscount Castlereagh between 1822 and 1854, was a British nobleman and Tory politician. He was briefly Vice-Chamberlain of the Household under Sir Robert Peel between December 1834 and April 1835 and his mother died when he was seven and while his father was serving in the army overseas, Stewart was looked after by his uncle and aunt, Lord and Lady Castlereagh. He went to Eton in 1814, where he stayed until 1820, after his father succeeded to the marquessate of Londonderry in 1822, Stewart became known by the courtesy title Viscount Castlereagh. Lord Castlereagh sat as Member of Parliament for County Down from 1826 to 1852 and he served under the Duke of Wellington as a Lord of the Admiralty from 1828 to 1830 and under Sir Robert Peel as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household from December 1834 to April 1835. On 23 February 1835 he was sworn of the Privy Council and he was one of the Members of Parliament for County Down from 1826 until 1852. By the latter year, he had fallen out with his father, from 1845 until 1864 he was Lord Lieutenant of Down. In 1856 he was made a Knight of the Order of St Patrick, Lord Castlereagh was wounded in the wrist, the Count was uninjured. After the duel, Grisi left her husband and began an affair with Lord Castlereagh and their son, George Frederick Ormsby, was born in November 1838 and brought up by his father. Lord Londonderry married Lady Elizabeth Frances Charlotte Jocelyn, widow of Viscount Powerscourt and daughter of Robert Jocelyn, 3rd Earl of Roden, there were no children from the marriage. He died at the White Rock Pavilion in Hastings in November 1872, aged 67, the Marchioness of Londonderry died on 2 September 1884, aged 70, and was buried with him in Newtownards. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Marquess of Londonderry
18.
Country park
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A country park is an area designated for people to visit and enjoy recreation in a countryside environment. In the United Kingdom the term country park has a special meaning, there are around 250 recognised Country Parks in England and Wales attracting some 57 million visitors a year. Most country parks were designated in the 1970s, under the Countryside Act 1968, in more recent times there has been no specific financial support for country parks directly, and fewer have been designated. Most are managed by authorities, although other organisations and private individuals can also run them. There is nothing to stop anyone opening a site and calling it a country park, indeed, there are quite a few such private parks in existence, some of which are very far from what one might normally expect a country park to be. The purpose of a park is to provide a place that has a natural, rural atmosphere for visitors who do not necessarily want to go out into the wider countryside. Visitors can enjoy an open space with an informal atmosphere. For this reason country parks are found close to or on the edge of built-up areas. A country park usually has more formal facilities, such as a car park, toilets, maybe a cafe or kiosk, paths and trails. Some have much more, with museums, visitor centres, educational facilities, historic buildings, farms, boating, fishing, many larger country parks organise entertainment for visitors, and are venues for firework displays, shows and fairs and other large, outdoor events. There is not necessarily any public right of access to country parks, some charge for car parking, some are free. These parks vary tremendously from one to another, and really have only their purpose in common, to easy access to the countryside for those living in the towns. They do not necessarily have any great nature conservation interest, although often this is the case, in Hong Kong a large part of the territorys countryside is officially designated as country parks. Most of these are reservoir watersheds, serving the purpose of providing recreational facilities
19.
Aircraft warning lights
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Aircraft warning lights are high-intensity lighting devices that are attached to tall structures and are used as collision avoidance measures. Such devices make structures more visible to passing aircraft and are used at night. These lights need to be of sufficient brightness in order to be visible for miles around the structure, the lights generally come in two forms, Red lamps that are either constantly illuminated or turn on and off slowly in a cycle of a few seconds. Both types were in use in the United Kingdom until recently, however, xenon flashers are therefore gradually being phased out. In order to improve the otherwise quite short lifespan, they are made with a design and are run below normal operating power. A recent development has been the use of arrays of high-power red LEDs in place of incandescent bulbs, lED-based lamps have a significantly longer lifespan than incandescent bulbs, thus reducing maintenance costs and increasing reliability. Several manufacturers have also developed medium-intensity white strobes based on LED technology to replace xenon, xenon flashers, whilst more visually impressive, tend to require frequent replacement and so have become a less favoured option. However, with the advent of LEDs, white strobes are still somewhat desired and it is common to find structures with white xenon flashers/white strobes during the daytime, and red lights at night. Red lights are found to be used in urban areas. White strobes may also be used in urban areas, in addition, residents near the lit structure will complain of light trespass. In rural areas, red beacons/strobes may also be used during nighttime, however, white strobes are preferred since they reduce the maintenance cost and there are no background lights that would blend with the strobes. There are a medium-intensity white strobe and a high-intensity white strobe, medium-intensity white strobes are usually used on structures that are between 200–500 feet. If a medium white strobe is used on a greater than 500 feet. The common medium white strobe flashes 40 times in a minute, at an intensity of 20,000 candelas for daytime/twilight, a high-intensity white strobe light is used on structures that are taller than 700 feet. These lights provide the highest visibility both day and night, unlike a medium strobe, a high-intensity strobe does not provide 360˚ coverage, this requires the use of at least 3 high strobes at each level. On the other hand, it reduces maintenance costs, if the structure has an antenna at the top that is greater than 40 feet, a medium-intensity white strobe light must be placed above it rather than below. The common high white strobe flashes 40 times in a minute, at an intensity of 270,000 candelas for daytime,20,000 candelas at twilight, and 2,000 candelas at nighttime. Dual lighting is a system in which a structure is equipped with white strobes for daytime use, in urban areas, these are commonly preferred since it usually exempts a structure from the requirement of having to be painted
20.
Scottish baronial architecture
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Scottish Baronial architecture is a style of architecture with its origins in the sixteenth century. Castle-like, the draws on the features of Medieval castles, tower houses. Buildings of the style frequently feature towers adorned by small turrets called bartizans, roof lines are uneven, their crenelated battlements often broken by stepped gables. While small lancet windows may appear in towers and gables, large bay windows of glass were not uncommon. Porches, porticos and porte-cocheres, were given the castle treatment. An imitation portcullis on the houses would occasionally be suspended above a front door, flanked by heraldic beasts. This architectural style was employed for public buildings, such as Aberdeen Grammar School. In the 19th century it became fashionable for private houses to be built with small turrets, in fact the architecture often had little in common with tower houses, which retained their defensive functions and were deficient with respect to 19th-century ideas of comfort. The 20th-century Scottish Baronial castles have had the reputation of architectural follies, among most patrons and architects the style became disfavoured along with the Gothic revival style during the early years of the 20th century. The unique style of great houses in Scotland, later known as Scots baronial. Particularly influential was the work of William Wallace, James VIs master mason from 1617 until his death in 1631. He worked on the rebuilding of the collapsed North Range of Linlithgow from 1618, Winton House for George Seton, 3rd Earl of Winton and began work on Heriots Hospital, Edinburgh. He adopted a style that applied elements of Scottish fortification. The Gothic revival in architecture has seen as an expression of Romanticism and according to Alvin Jackson. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746 with design input from William Adam displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. Important for the adoption of the style in the nineteenth century was Abbotsford House. Re-built for him from 1816, it became a model for the revival of the baronial style
21.
Batter (walls)
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Batter in construction is a receding slope of a wall, structure, or earthwork. A wall sloping in the direction is said to overhang. The term is used with buildings and non-building structures to identify when a wall is built with an inward slope. A battered corner is an architectural feature using batters, a batter is sometimes used in foundations, retaining walls, dry stone walls, dams, lighthouses, and fortifications. The batter angle is typically described as a ratio of the offset and height or a degree angle
22.
Staircase tower
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A staircase tower is a tower-like wing of a building with a circular or polygonal plan that contains a stairwell, usually a helical staircase. Since the Renaissance period, staircase towers were more decorative and representative of status. Stairs were now rarely hidden or built externally, but there were both artistically designed, curved and straight-running staircases inside the building with ornate ceilings and railings, with the increasing construction of straight staircases with intermediate landings separate staircase towers became gradually rarer
23.
Machicolation
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The word derives from the Old French word machecol, mentioned in Medieval Latin as machecollum, probably from Old French machier crush, wound and col neck. Machicolate is only recorded in the 18th century in English, but a verb machicollāre is attested in Anglo-Latin, the Spanish word denoting this structure, matacán, is similarly composed from matar canes meaning roughly killing dogs, the latter being a reference to infidels. The design of a machicoulis, commonly known as drop box, in Arab fortifications they are usually found on defensive walls. The original Arab design was small, and similar to the domestic wooden balcony known as Mashrabiya. However, different from the balcony, for defense purposes it prominently features a wide opening at the bottom. The opening allows the dropping of hot water or oil and other material intended to harm to the enemy below. The feature of a closed balcony also allows to cover while making use. A hoarding is a structure made of wood, usually temporarily constructed in the event of a siege. Advantages of machicolations over wooden hoardings include the strength and fire resistance of stone. Machicolations were more common in French castles than English, where they were restricted to the gateway. One of the first examples of machicolation that still exists in northern France is Château de Farcheville built in 1291 outside Paris, similar to a machicolation is a smaller version which opens as a balcony, generally from a tower rather than a larger structure. Machicolations were a feature in many towers and rural buildings in Malta until the 18th century. Buildings with machicolations include Cavalier Tower, Gauci Tower, the Captains Tower, machicolation was later used for decorative effect with spaces between the corbels but without the openings, and subsequently became a characteristic of many non-military buildings. Bretèche Arrow slit Hoarding Murder hole Media related to Machicolations at Wikimedia Commons Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture, machicolation
24.
Battlement
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These gaps are termed crenels, and the act of adding crenels to a previously unbroken parapet is termed crenellation. The solid widths between the crenels are called merlons, a wall with battlements is said to be crenelated or embattled. Battlements on walls have protected walkways behind them, on tower or building tops, the roof is used as the protected fighting platform. The term originated in about the 14th century from the Old French word batailler, the word crenel derives from the ancient French cren, Latin crena, meaning a notch, mortice or other gap cut out often to receive another element or fixing, see also crenation. In medieval England a licence to crenellate granted the permission to fortify their property. The castles in England vastly outnumber the licences to crenellate, royal pardons were obtainable, on the payment of an arbitrarily determined fine, by a person who had fortified without licence. The surviving records of such licences, generally issued by letters patent, there has been academic debate over the purpose of licensing. The view of military-focused historians is that licensing restricted the number of fortifications that could be used against a royal army and they indicated to the observer that the grantee had obtained royal recognition, acknowledgment and compliment. The crown usually did not charge for the granting of such licences, battlements have been used for thousands of years, the earliest known example is in the fortress at Buhen in Egypt. Battlements were used in the walls surrounding Assyrian towns, as shown on bas reliefs from Nimrud, traces of them remain at Mycenae in Greece, and some ancient Greek vases suggest the existence of battlements. The Great Wall of China has battlements, late merlons permitted fire from the first firearms. From the 13th century, the merlons could be connected with wooden shutters that provided added protection when closed, the shutters were designed to be opened to allow shooters to fire against the attackers, and closed during reloading. The Romans used low wooden pinnacles for their first aggeres, in the battlements of Pompeii, additional protection derived from small internal buttresses or spur walls, against which the defender might stand so as to gain complete protection on one side. Loop-holes were frequent in Italian battlements, where the merlon has much greater height, Italian military architects used the so-called Ghibelline or swallowtail battlement, with V-shaped notches in the tops of the merlon, giving a horn-like effect. This would allow the defender to be protected whilst shooting standing fully upright, the normal rectangular merlons were later nicknamed Guelph. In Muslim and African fortifications, the merlons often were rounded, the battlements of the Arabs had a more decorative and varied character, and were continued from the 13th century onwards not so much for defensive purposes as for a crowning feature to the walls. They serve a similar to the cresting found in the Spanish Renaissance. European architects persistently used battlements as a decorative feature throughout the Decorated
25.
Post-nominal
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An individual may use several different sets of post-nominal letters, but in some contexts it may be customary to limit the number of sets to one or just a few. The order in which post-nominals are listed after a name is based on rules of precedence, post-nominal letters are one of the main types of name suffix. In contrast, pre-nominal letters precede the name rather than following it, active duty services personnel do not use any post-nominals other than, if applicable, Staff Corps affiliation followed by a comma and then their branch of service. Names are bracketed by the appropriate pre-nominal and post-nominal, e. g. LCDR John Q. Public, MC, USN. in the listing, Bt/Bart or Esq, Note that in the UK, Esq. may be used to refer to any gentleman in place of the pre-nominal Mr, British Orders and decorations, Appointments, i. e. In addition, British citizens who have received honours from Commonwealth countries with permission from the Queen are usually allowed to use the postnominals of that honour, Loughborough University gives a very similar ordering, but with Appointments replacing item 3 and Higher Education awards replacing items 4–6. This restores the Appointments section from the civil list omitted by Oxford and Nottingham, Nottingham Trent University gives essentially the same ordering as Oxford and Nottingham, but without specifying the order in which degrees should be given. Nottingham Trent, Oxford and Loughborough recommend degree abbreviations be given in mixed case without stops between the letters, as does Cambridge, imperial College London, however, uses all small caps for post-nominals. Where all degrees are shown, as in university calendars, most universities will give these in ascending order, degrees at the same level are ordered alphabetically by awarding institution and multiple degrees from the same institution are grouped, with position determined by the lowest degree in the grouping. Certificates and diplomas are listed after degrees, the examples given do not include institution names. The word Zirkel became a synonym in the late Middle Ages representing the group of close brothers. An example was Schillers use of the sentence Schließt then heilgen Zirkel dichter in the version of the Ode to the Joy. In general, however, it is normal to only list those relevant to the circumstance, the Gregg Reference Manual recommends placing periods between the letters of post-nominals, however The Chicago Manual of Style recommends writing degrees without periods. If post-nominals are given, the name should be used. In the UK, it is usual to list only doctorates, degrees in medicine, in particular, when a person has letters indicating Crown honours or decorations, only the principal degree would normally be given. The University of Oxford Style Guide advises writers, Remember that you do not need to list all awards, degrees, memberships etc held by an individual – only those items relevant to your writing. In an academic context, or in lists, all degrees may be listed in ascending order of academic status. The Oxford style is to list qualifications by their starting with bachelors degrees, then masters degrees
26.
Marquess of Londonderry
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Marquess of Londonderry, of the County of Londonderry, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. The title was created in 1816 for Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Londonderry and he had earlier represented County Down in the Irish House of Commons. Stewart had already been created Baron Londonderry in 1789, Viscount Castlereagh, of Castlereagh in the County of Down, in 1795 and Earl of Londonderry, of the County of Londonderry and these titles are also in the Peerage of Ireland. He was the son of Alexander Stewart, who had married Mary Cowan, sister and heiress of Robert Cowan, who gained great wealth as Governor of Bombay from 1729 to 1737. Alexander was from Ballylawn, a townland at the south-west corner of Inishowen in the north of County Donegal, however, much of the Stewart family wealth was based on the estates which came into the family through this marriage. The 1st Marquess was one of the few people to become a Marquess without inheriting any titles prior to the creation and he sat in the British House of Lords as one of the twenty-eight original Irish Representative Peers from 1800 to 1821. He was succeeded by his son from his first marriage to Lady Sarah Seymour, the 2nd Marquess, better known as Lord Castlereagh, was a noted statesman and diplomat. Castlereagh is best remembered for his tenure as Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom from 1812 to 1822 and he committed suicide in 1822, one year after succeeding his father in the marquessate. The 2nd Marquess did not follow his father as a Representative Peer into the House of Lords, Castlereagh was succeeded by his half-brother, the 3rd Marquess. He was the son from the 1st Marquesss second marriage to Lady Frances Pratt, daughter of Charles Pratt. He was a General in the Army and like his elder half-brother a prominent politician, Lord Londonderry served as Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from 1807 to 1809, fought in the Napoleonic Wars and was Ambassador to Austria from 1814 to 1823. In 1814 he was created Baron Stewart, of Stewarts Court and Ballylawn in County Donegal and these titles are in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He died childless in 1872 and was succeeded by his half-brother, the 5th Marquess and he represented Durham North in the House of Commons and served as Lord-Lieutenant of County Durham. In 1851 the 5th Marquess assumed by Royal licence the surname of Tempest. On his death the titles passed to his eldest son, the 6th Marquess, in 1885 he assumed by Royal licence the additional and principal surname of Stewart. He was succeeded by his son, the 7th Marquess, who was also a Conservative politician and he had a career in both Irish and British politics but is best known for his role as Secretary of State for Air from 1931 to 1935. Lord Londonderry subsequently gained notoriety for his diplomatic contacts with senior members of the German government. He made six visits to Nazi Germany between January 1936 and September 1938 meeting Adolf Hitler on a number of occasions and sympathising with some of his viewpoints and his wife Edith Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry, was an influential society hostess remembered for her close friendship with Ramsay Macdonald
27.
Relief
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Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise, to create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane. What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a surface of stone or wood is a lowering of the field. The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster stucco, ceramics or papier-mâché the form can be just added to or raised up from the background, and monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting. There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the form from the field. There is also sunk relief, which was restricted to Ancient Egypt. However the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only used to discuss most work. Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms, works in the technique are described as in relief, and, especially in monumental sculpture, the work itself is a relief. Reliefs are common throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of settings. Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with figures and very active poses, such as battles. Most ancient architectural reliefs were painted, which helped to define forms in low relief. Rock reliefs are carved into solid rock in the open air. This type is found in cultures, in particular those of the Ancient Near East and Buddhist countries. A stele is a standing stone, many of these carry reliefs. The distinction between high and low relief is somewhat subjective, and the two are often combined in a single work. In particular, most later high reliefs contain sections in low relief, a low relief or bas-relief is a projecting image with a shallow overall depth, for example used on coins, on which all images are in low relief. Other versions distort depth much less and it is a technique which requires less work, and is therefore cheaper to produce, as less of the background needs to be removed in a carving, or less modelling is required
28.
Groin vault
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A groin vault or groined vault is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults. The word groin refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults, sometimes the arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round. In comparison with a vault, a groin vault provides good economies of material. The thrust is concentrated along the groins or arrises, so the vault need only be abutted at its four corners and it was superseded by the more flexible rib vaults of Gothic architecture in the later Middle Ages. Difficult to construct neatly because of the geometry of the cross groins, the construction method was particularly common on the basement level, such as at Myres Castle in Scotland, or at the ground floor level for the storerooms as at Muchalls Castle in Scotland. The first groin vault in Europe was, however, constructed in Delphi by King Attalos I of Pergamon some time between 241 and 197 BC, quite possibly in 223 BC. Their application of groin vaults to vast halls like the frigidaria in the Baths of Caracalla, a seminal modern design is the largest European train station, Hauptbahnhof in Berlin, which features an entrance building with a glass-spanned groin vault design. The construction of a groin vault can be understood most simply by visualising two barrel vault sections at right angles merging to form a squarish unit, the resulting four ribs convey the stress loading to the four corners, or piers. A common association of vaulting in cathedrals of the Middle Ages involves a nave of barrel vault design with transepts of groined vaulting, rib vaults resemble groin vaults but introduce structural ribs running along the angles which carry much of the weight, making possible much greater variations of proportion. Baths of Caracalla, Rome, Italy, early 3rd century AD32, basilica Minore de San Sebastián in Quiapo, Manila, Philippines. Tower house Architectural vault types Steinmetz solid Groined Vaulting
29.
Triassic
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The Triassic is a geologic period and system which spans 50.9 million years from the end of the Permian Period 252.17 million years ago, to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.3 Mya. The Triassic is the first period of the Mesozoic Era, both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events. Therapsids and archosaurs were the terrestrial vertebrates during this time. A specialized subgroup of archosaurs, called dinosaurs, first appeared in the Late Triassic, the vast supercontinent of Pangaea existed until the mid-Triassic, after which it began to gradually rift into two separate landmasses, Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south. The global climate during the Triassic was mostly hot and dry, however, the climate shifted and became more humid as Pangaea began to drift apart. The end of the period was marked by yet another mass extinction, the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event. The Triassic is usually separated into Early, Middle, and Late Triassic Epochs, from the east, along the equator, the Tethys sea penetrated Pangaea, causing the Paleo-Tethys Ocean to be closed. Later in the mid-Triassic a similar sea penetrated along the equator from the west, the remaining shores were surrounded by the world-ocean known as Panthalassa. All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates, thus, the supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in that period—but had not yet separated. In North America, for example, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west, thus Triassic stratigraphy is mostly based on organisms that lived in lagoons and hypersaline environments, such as Estheria crustaceans. At the beginning of the Mesozoic Era, Africa was joined with Earths other continents in Pangaea, Africa shared the supercontinents relatively uniform fauna which was dominated by theropods, prosauropods and primitive ornithischians by the close of the Triassic period. Late Triassic fossils are found throughout Africa, but are common in the south than north. The time boundary separating the Permian and Triassic marks the advent of an event with global impact. At Paleorrota geopark, located in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in these formations, one of the earliest dinosaurs, Staurikosaurus, as well as the mammal ancestors Brasilitherium and Brasilodon have been discovered. The Triassic continental interior climate was hot and dry, so that typical deposits are red bed sandstones and evaporites. Pangaeas large size limited the effect of the global ocean, its continental climate was highly seasonal, with very hot summers. The strong contrast between the Pangea supercontinent and the global ocean triggered intense cross-equatorial monsoons, the best studied of such episodes of humid climate, and probably the most intense and widespread, was the Carnian Pluvial Event. On land, the vascular plants included the lycophytes, the dominant cycadophytes, ginkgophyta, ferns, horsetails
30.
Dolerite
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Diabase or dolerite or microgabbro is a mafic, holocrystalline, subvolcanic rock equivalent to volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro. Diabase dikes and sills are typically shallow intrusive bodies and often exhibit fine grained to aphanitic chilled margins which may contain tachylite. Diabase normally has a fine, but visible texture of euhedral lath-shaped plagioclase crystals set in a matrix of clinopyroxene, typically augite, with minor olivine, magnetite. Accessory and alteration minerals include hornblende, biotite, apatite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, serpentine, chlorite, the texture is termed diabasic and is typical of diabases. This diabasic texture is also termed interstitial, the feldspar is high in anorthite, the calcium endmember of the plagioclase anorthite-albite solid solution series, most commonly labradorite. Diabase is usually found in relatively shallow intrusive bodies such as dikes. Diabase dikes occur in regions of crustal extension and often occur in swarms of hundreds of individual dikes or sills radiating from a single volcanic center. The Palisades Sill which makes up the New Jersey Palisades on the Hudson River, parts of the Deccan Traps of India, formed at the end of the Cretaceous also includes dolerite. It is also abundant in parts of Curaçao, an island off the coast of Venezuela. West of the Norseman–Wiluna Belt is the Yalgoo–Singleton Belt, where complex dolerite dike swarms obscure the volcaniclastic sediments, large dolerite sills such as the Golden Mile Dolerite can exhibit course grained texture, and show a large diversity in petrography and geochemistry across the width of the sill. The vast areas of mafic volcanism/plutonism associated with the Jurassic breakup of Gondwanaland in the Southern Hemisphere include many large diabase/dolerite sills and dike swarms. These include the Karoo dolerites of South Africa, the Ferrar Dolerites of Antarctica, in Tasmania dolerite dominates much of the landscape, particularly alpine areas. Ring dikes are large, near vertical dikes showing above ground as circular outcrops up to 30 km in diameter, thicker dikes are made up of plutonic rocks, rather than hypabyssal and are centred on deep intrusions. Diabase is crushed and used as an aggregate for road beds, buildings, railroad beds. Diabase can also be cut for use as as ornamental stone for countertops, facing stone on buildings, a form of dolerite, known as bluestone, is one of the materials used as in the construction of Stonehenge. In Tasmania, being one of the most common rocks found, it has used as a building stone, for landscaping. List of rock types Collection of dikes in the Fish River Canyon, Namibia
31.
Quoin
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Quoins are masonry blocks at the corner of a wall. Stone quoins are used on stone or brick buildings, brick quoins may appear on brick buildings that extrude from the facing brickwork in such a way as to give the appearance of uniformly cut blocks of stone larger than the bricks. Where quoins are used for decoration and not for load-bearing, they may be made from a variety of materials beyond brick, stone or concrete, extending to timber. This forms a long-side, short-side alternate pattern, which by using the same size blocks alternates when the viewer passes the corner and this can be called the alternate, horizontal quoining technique. The long and short quoining method instead places long stone blocks with their lengths oriented vertically and this load bearing quoining is common in Anglo-Saxon buildings such as that of St Benets Church in Cambridge, England
32.
Basalt
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Basalt is a common extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava exposed at or very near the surface of a planet or moon. Flood basalt describes the formation in a series of basalt flows. By definition, basalt is an igneous rock with generally 45-55% silica and less than 10% feldspathoid by volume. Basalt commonly features a very fine-grained or glassy matrix interspersed with visible mineral grains, the average density is 3.0 gm/cm3. Basalt is defined by its content and texture, and physical descriptions without mineralogical context may be unreliable in some circumstances. Basalt is usually grey to black in colour, but rapidly weathers to brown or rust-red due to oxidation of its mafic minerals into hematite, although usually characterized as dark, basaltic rocks exhibit a wide range of shading due to regional geochemical processes. Due to weathering or high concentrations of plagioclase, some basalts can be quite light-coloured and these phenocrysts usually are of olivine or a calcium-rich plagioclase, which have the highest melting temperatures of the typical minerals that can crystallize from the melt. Basalt with a texture is called vesicular basalt, when the bulk of the rock is mostly solid. Gabbro is often marketed commercially as black granite and these ultramafic volcanic rocks, with silica contents below 45% are usually classified as komatiites. Agricola applied basalt to the black rock of the Schloßberg at Stolpen. Tholeiitic basalt is relatively rich in silica and poor in sodium, included in this category are most basalts of the ocean floor, most large oceanic islands, and continental flood basalts such as the Columbia River Plateau. Basalt rocks are in some cases classified after their content in High-Ti and Low-Ti varieties. High-Ti and Low-Ti basalts have been distinguished in the Paraná and Etendeka traps and it has greater than 17% alumina and is intermediate in composition between tholeiite and alkali basalt, the relatively alumina-rich composition is based on rocks without phenocrysts of plagioclase. Alkali basalt is relatively poor in silica and rich in sodium and it is silica-undersaturated and may contain feldspathoids, alkali feldspar and phlogopite. Boninite is a form of basalt that is erupted generally in back-arc basins. Ocean island basalt Lunar basalt On Earth, most basalt magmas have formed by melting of the mantle. Basalt commonly erupts on Io, the third largest moon of Jupiter, and has formed on the Moon, Mars, Venus. The crustal portions of oceanic tectonic plates are composed predominantly of basalt, produced from upwelling mantle below, the mineralogy of basalt is characterized by a preponderance of calcic plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene
33.
Rustication (architecture)
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The visible face of each individual block is cut back around the edges to make its size and placing very clear. In addition the central part of the face of each block may be given a rough or patterned surface. Rusticated masonry is usually dressed, or squared off neatly, on all sides of the stones except the face that will be visible when the stone is put in place. This is given wide joints that emphasize the edges of block, by angling the edges. The main part of the face may worked flat and smooth or left or worked with a more or less rough or patterned surface. Rustication is often used to give weight to the ground floor in contrast to smooth ashlar above. Though intended to convey a rustic simplicity, the finish is highly artificial, and it remains in use in some modern architecture. Rough finishes on stone are very common in architecture outside the European tradition. For example, the bases of Japanese castles and other fortifications usually use rough stone, probably the earliest and most influential example is the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, built between 1444 and 1484, with two contrasting rusticated finishes. The ground floor has an irregular and genuinely rugged appearance, with a variation in the degree to which parts of the faces of blocks project from the wall that is rarely equalled later. Above, the rustication is merely to emphasize the blocks. Also in Florence, Palazzo Strozzi, begun 1489, with large oblong rounded cushions, and these facades only used the classical orders in mullions and aedicules, with arched forms in rustication the main relief from the massive flat walls. The Palazzo Rucellai, probably of the 1460s, begins to classicize such facades, using smooth-faced rustication throughout, in Rome, Donato Bramantes Palazzo Caprini provided a standard model for the integration of rustication with the orders. The first major Renaissance building in Spain, the Palace of Charles V in Granada, had a deeply rusticated ground floor facade with regular rounded cushions, the technique was enthusiatically taken up by the next generation of Mannerist architects, with Giulio Romano in the lead. Most early examples of rustic style are therefore built for sophisticated patrons in the leading centres of taste. The Mannerist architectural writer Sebastiano Serlio and others of his generation enjoyed the play between rusticated and finished architectural elements, the Italians brought in to expand the Palace of Fontainebleau introduced the technique to France. Its spread to Germany and England took longer, but by about the end of the 16th century it had reached all parts of Europe. In his Banqueting House in London, Inigo Jones gave a lightly rusticated surface texture to emphasize the blocks on both storeys, and to them behind his orders of pilasters and columns
34.
Strangford Lough
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Strangford Lough is a large sea loch or inlet in County Down, in the east of Northern Ireland. It is the largest inlet in the British Isles, covering 150 km2, the loch is almost totally enclosed by the Ards Peninsula and is linked to the Irish Sea by a long narrow channel or strait. The main body of the loch has at least seventy islands along with many islets, bays, coves, headlands, Strangford Lough was designated as Northern Irelands first Marine Conservation Zone under the introduction of the Marine Act 2013. It has also designated a Special Area of Conservation under the EU Habitats Directive. In the medieval and early modern period Strangford Lough was known in Irish as Loch Cuan, Strangford Lough is a popular tourist destination noted for its fishing and scenery. Towns and villages around the loch include Killyleagh, Comber, Newtownards, Portaferry, the latter two are connected by a car ferry. The name Strangford comes from Old Norse Strangr-fjörðr, meaning strong sea-inlet, the Vikings were active in the area during the Middle Ages. Originally, this referred only to the narrow channel linking the loch to the sea. Up until about the 18th century, the body of the loch was better known by the Irish name Loch Cuan. This name was anglicized as Lough Coan, Lough Cone, Lough Coyn, Lough Coin, the narrow channel may have been known in Latin as the fretum Brene. In Ulster-Scots the lochs name is spelt Strangfurd or Strangfirt Loch, common cord-grass C. E. Hubbard was introduced in the mid-1940s is now abundant. The rocky and boulder shores toward the south of the lough are dominated by the seaweed knotted wrack Ascophyllum nodosum, a brown seaweed named Sargassum muticum, originally from the Pacific was discovered on 15 March 1995 in Strangford Lough at Paddys Point. The plants were established on mesh bags containing oysters. The bags had been put out in 1987 containing Pacific oysters imported from Guernsey and this Sargassum is known to be a highly invasive species. Other algae include, Apoglossum rusciofolium J. Ag, Compsothamnion gracillimum de Toni, Compsothamnion thuyoides Schmitz, Calliothamnion corymbosum Lyngb, Rhodymenia delicatula P. Dang. Haemescharia hennedyi Vinogradova, Rhodophyllis divaricate Papenf, calliblepharis ciliata Kütz, Peyssonnelia dubyi P. et H. Crouan, Plagiospora gracilis Kuck, Gloiosiphonia capillaris Carm. Scinaia pseudocrispa Cremades/S. turgida Chemin, Porphyropsis coccinea Rosenv, Fucus vesiculosus L. var volubilis Turn. Fucus cottonii Wynne et Magne, Colpomenia peregrine Hame, Asperococcus compressus Griff, Strangford Lough and Islands is an Important Bird Area
35.
Comber
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Comber is a small town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies 5 miles south of Newtownards, at the end of Strangford Lough. It is situated in the townland of Town Parks, the parish of Comber. Comber is part of the Borough of Ards and it is also known for Comber Whiskey which was last distilled in 1953. A notable native was Thomas Andrews, the designer of the RMS Titanic and was among the many who went down with her and it had a population of 9,078 people in the 2011 Census. The confluence of two rivers, which gave the town its name, is that of the Glen River, after Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries in 1541, the abbey fell into ruins and its stone has since been used in other buildings. By the 1700s, however, the focus of the town had moved to the area of the present main Square, the Andrews family made Comber a centre of both linen production and grain processing by the second half of the 1700s. Whiskey distilling was a prominent industry by the mid-1800s, the most prominent of the distillers being John Miller, uncle of William James Pirrie and Eliza. One member of the Andrews family, Thomas, rose to fame as designer of the ill-fated RMS Titanic, by 1841 the town had 1,400 inhabitants. In Combers Square, you fail to see the statue of Major General Rollo Gillespie. Gillespie was a war hero from the 19th century, famous for his heroic exploits in India. It was constructed under the oversight of John Fraser, the first County Surveyor of Down, fifty lodges of the Masonic Order were present, in what is believed to be the biggest Masonic gathering in Irish history. It was calculated that 25,000 to 30,000 people crowded into the town to witness the ceremony, the column is 55 feet high. At the foot of the column are many Masonic symbols and his famous last words One shot more for the honour of Down, the Square is also the place where you will find a memorial to those who perished on Titanic, which has strong links to the town. The town even has its own Comber Titanic Audio Trail which guides you to places of interest throughout Comber that relate to the Titanic story. The Enler River in Comber has also flooded many times in past years, as a result, the Comber flood wall was built along the river through the town which has held the water back since. On Sunday the 3rd of June 2012 at 8, 05am the Olympic Torch passed through the centre of the town on its way to Stormont. Comber grew as a town with many family run businesses, throughout the 19th and 20th centuries
36.
Copeland Islands
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The Copeland Islands is a group of three islands in the north Irish Sea, north of Donaghadee, County Down, Northern Ireland consisting of Lighthouse, Mew and Copeland Island. They lie within the parish of Bangor. The Copeland Islands most likely derive their name from the de Coupland family and this family also lent their name to other landmarks in the vicinity such as Copeland Water near Carrickfergus and the townland of Ballycopeland in the civil parish of Donaghadee. The earliest possible recorded name for the islands however may be the Old Norse Kaupmanneyjar, recorded in the Norse Hakonar Saga Gamla, and dated to 1230. It has been suggested that Kaupmann developed into Copman and then into Copeland, the original Irish name for the islands is unknown, however it has been suggested that the 1570c usage of Helaine Harrn may be an attempt at Anglicising the Irish name Oileáin Árann. The modern Irish name however is a Gaelicisation of Copeland Islands into Oileáin Chóplainn, there are three islands included in the Copeland Islands, the Great Copeland Island, the Lighthouse Island and Mew Island which does have a lighthouse. Over a century ago the Lighthouse Island had a population of about 100, in 1671 James Ross obtained a fee farm grant of these and in 1770 David Kerr purchased the islands from the Earl of Clanbrassil. As the islands were a danger to ships a light beacon was made on the Lighhouse Island in about 1715, in 1796 the new British and Irish Lighthouse Board announced the erection of oil lamps and in 1813 the new lighthouse was built. In 1884 a new lighthouse was built on Mew Island, in 1954 the Bird Observatory was established by Arnold Bennington. Until the 20th century, the islands were used by smugglers who brought tobacco and spirits through the islands, Copeland Islands ASSI is located off the County Down coast of Northern Ireland and comprises The Great Copeland, Lighthouse Island and Mew Island. The islands are important sites for breeding seabirds and waders, in addition to their plant communities. Big Copeland supports the most diverse range of habitats of the three islands, communities influenced by the sea are found around the shore with maritime cliff vegetation and pockets of salt marsh also present. The centre of the island is occupied by semi-improved wet grassland with frequent areas of marsh, the vegetation on Light House Island consists of short rabbit grazed turf with large areas of rank bracken and Himalayan balsam. Notable species include English stonecrop, rock sea-spurrey, Scots lovage, Lighthouse Island represents the southern limit for Scots lovage in Europe and the northern limit for sea purslane in Ireland. Other plants on the islands include Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Hyacinthoides hispanica, Dactylorhiza purpurella, Mew Island is dominated by rank stands of grass and bracken but, as on all the islands, notable areas of inter-tidal and exposed rock habitat are present. The marine algae of the Lighthouse Island and the Mew Islands was studied in 1975, nineteen species of lichens were collected in 1984, the identifications were confirmed or corrected by Dr A Fletcher. As far as is known these are the records of lichens from the Lighthouse Island. Lecanora gangaleoides Ochrolechia parella Massel Parmelia caperata Ach, anaptychia fusca Vainio Diplotomma chlorophaeum Szat
37.
Mull of Kintyre
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The Mull of Kintyre is the southwesternmost tip of the Kintyre Peninsula in southwest Scotland. From here, the Antrim coast of Northern Ireland is visible on a calm and clear day, and a historic lighthouse, the area has been immortalised in popular culture by the 1977 hit song Mull of Kintyre by Kintyre resident Paul McCartneys band of the time, Wings. Animator Ross Angus spent his childhood at the family owl reservation on the peninsula. The name is an Anglicisation of the Gaelic Maol Chinn Tìre, in English, The rounded headland of Kintyre, the English variant Cantyre derives from the phrase ceann tìre /kʲeṉ, tʲʰiːɾʲə/ head land. The term mull derives from Scottish Gaelic, maol bald, bare, the geographical reference is to a land formation bare of trees, such as a rounded hill, summit, mountain, promontory or headland. The Mull is at the southwestern tip of the Kintyre peninsula, approximately 10 miles from Campbeltown in Argyll and Bute. It is about 8 miles beyond the southernmost village of the peninsula, Southend, Ailsa Craig and the County Antrim coast of Ulster and Rathlin Island are all clearly visible from the Mull. On clearer days it is possible to make out Malin Head in Inishowen in County Donegal in the west of Ulster. Other islands in the Firth of Clyde are also visible when looking east, the Straits of Moyle allow sea passage from the Irish Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. Notoriously strong currents plague the tip of the Kintyre Peninsula creating a hazard to unmotorised craft, at its closest point, mainland Ulster is 12 mi from the Mull. Owing to the low elevation of Rathlin Island and the elevation of the Mull of Kintyre it is also possible to see over the top of Rathlin Island to the Antrim coastal town of Ballycastle. Individual houses on the Antrim coast and cars travelling along the coast road can sometimes be seen without the aid of binoculars, the Mull has been an important landbridge throughout history. It is thought that it was used by humans in their travels from continental Europe to Ireland via Britain. In more recent times it was used again by the Scotti when they travelled from Ireland to establish the kingdom of Dál Riata in modern-day Argyll. The steep cliffs and hills rising out of the sea on all sides and it has been the site of numerous air crashes throughout aviation history, and the remains of some of those crashed aircraft still litter the area. A notable recent air disaster on the Mull was the RAF Chinook helicopter crash on 2 June 1994, the Mull of Kintyre Lighthouse was the second lighthouse commissioned in Scotland by the Commissioners of the Northern Lights. It was designed and built by Thomas Smith and completed in 1788, Smith had previously designed the light at Kinnaird Head, but Mull of Kintyre was a far more substantial project, in a far more remote location. The lighthouse was rebuilt in the 1820s, the light was fixed until 1906, when it was converted to flashing, and its power increased from 8,000 to 281,000 candela
38.
Isle of Arran
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Arran or the Isle of Arran, at 432 square kilometres, is the largest island in the Firth of Clyde and the seventh largest Scottish island. It is in the council area of North Ayrshire. In the 2011 census it had a resident population of 4,629, though culturally and physically similar to the Hebrides, it is separated from them by the Kintyre peninsula. It is divided into highland and lowland areas by the Highland Boundary Fault and has described as a geologists paradise. Arran has been inhabited since the early Neolithic period. From the 6th century onwards, Goidelic-speaking peoples from Ireland colonised it and it became a centre of religious activity, during the troubled Viking Age, Arran became the property of the Norwegian crown, until formally absorbed by the kingdom of Scotland in the 13th century. The 19th century clearances led to significant depopulation and the end of the Gaelic language, the economy and population have recovered in recent years, the main industry being tourism. There is a diversity of wildlife, including three species of endemic to the area. Arran is therefore not unusual in that the derivation of the name is far from clear, mac an Tàilleir states that it is said to be unrelated to the name Aran in Ireland. Any other Brythonic place names that may have existed were later replaced on Arran as the Goidelic-speaking Gaels spread from Ireland via their adjacent kingdom of Dál Riata. During the Viking Age the island, along with the vast majority of the Scottish islands, became the property of the Norwegian crown, as a result of this Norse influence, many current place names on Arran are of Viking origin. The island lies in the Firth of Clyde between Ayr and Ardrossan, and Kintyre, the profile of the north Arran hills as seen from the Ayrshire coast is a well-known sight referred to as the Sleeping Warrior due to its resemblance to a resting human figure. The highest of these hills is Goat Fell at 873.5 metres, there are three other Corbetts, all in the north east, Caisteal Abhail, Cìr Mhòr and Beinn Tarsuinn. Beinn Bharrain is the highest peak in the north west at 721 metres, the largest valley on the island is Glen Iorsa to the west, whilst narrow Glen Sannox and Glen Rosa to the east surround Goat Fell. The terrain to the south is mountainous, although a considerable portion of the interior lies above 350 metres. There are two other Marilyns in the south, Tighvein and Beinn Bhreac, Arran is sometimes referred to as Scotland in miniature, as it is divided into Highland and Lowland areas by the Highland Boundary Fault which runs northeast to southwest across Scotland. Most of the interior of the half of the island is taken up by a large granite batholith that was created by substantial magmatic activity around 58 million years ago in the Paleogene period. This comprises a ring of coarse granite and an inner core of finer grained granite
39.
Ailsa Craig
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Ailsa Craig is an island of 99 hectares in the outer Firth of Clyde,16 kilometres from mainland Scotland, upon which blue hone granite was quarried to make curling stones. The now uninhabited island is formed from the plug of an extinct volcano. The island is owned by David, Marquess of Ailsa, by March 2013 the asking price was for offers over £1,500,000, down from the original asking price of £2,500,000. An early reference to the rock is made by Sir Donald Monro, the modern name of the island is an anglicisation of the Gaelic, Aillse Creag meaning fairy rock. An alternative Gaelic name is Creag Ealasaid meaning Elizabeths rock, the first element, Aillse may represent Allt Shasann, cliff of the English, mentioned in the Book of Leinster as Aldasain. The Bass Rock is sometimes nicknamed the Ailsa Craig of the East, a number of features and places on the island have acquired names, Gaelic in most cases, such as Craignaan, Trammins, Balvar, Garryloo and Ashydoo. Some names seem self-explanatory and indeed even the Swine Cave may refer to a time when the Earl of Cassilis received part of his rent in hogs from the island. The island, which is located approximately 16 kilometres west of Girvan, is 4 km in circumference, geologically Ailsa Craig is the remains of a volcanic plug from an extinct volcano. It stands out because all younger sedimentary rocks covering Southwest Scotland have long since eroded away. But the island survived erosion because it is composed of much harder igneous rocks from the Palaeogene period, the plug, which is composed of granite, is all that remains from the massive volcanic activity caused by the formation of the Atlantic Ocean. Dykes of similar age can be found in Scotland through other older rocks such as the extensive Cleveland, though only a few metres across, these volcanic dykes can be traced all the way from northern England back to an ancient supervolcano on the Isle of Mull. Research has shown that the granite on Ailsa Craig has a crystalline composition that has a distinctive appearance. These properties have made the rock a favourite material for curling stones. The island is part of the district of South Ayrshire. The island has a fresh-water spring but no electricity, gas, apart from 2 hectares sold to the Northern Lighthouse board in 1883, the island currently belongs to The 9th Marquess of Ailsa. In May 2011 it was announced that the island was for sale, originally given a price of £2,500,000, as of March 2013. Reports in December 2013 claimed an unnamed environmental trust had placed a formal bid, the chief well on the island lies above the Loups and this was used by the Northern Lighthouse Board who built a cistern there and piped the water to the lighthouse complex. The Horse Well was located behind the gasworks, the Castle Well stands above Ailsa Castle and then finally the Garry Loch sits higher up and once supplied water to the tenants cottage
40.
Rhins of Galloway
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The Rhins of Galloway otherwise known as the Rhins of Wigtownshire is a hammer-head peninsula in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. Stretching more than 25 miles from north to south, its tip is the Mull of Galloway. Herbert Maxwell defines Rhinns as rionn, rinn, meaning a point or promontory, the peninsula is bounded on its west coast by the North Channel and by Loch Ryan and Luce Bay in the east. With around 50 miles of running from Stranraer in the north to Torrs Warren in the south. The coastal landscape varies, the west coast has steep rugged cliffs and occasional inlets, but the eastern coast has sandy beaches. As the land is almost surrounded by sea, its temperature is stabilised by the North Atlantic drift. Thus there are few severe frosts and this allows the survival of numerous tropical palms and flora which otherwise could not exist this far north. Examples of these plants can be seen at the Logan Botanic Garden. This creates relatively calm and safe navigable waters in Loch Ryan and they are notably used by the ferries that sail to Belfast and Larne, which were originally based at Portpatrick. As the ships became larger they required larger protective harbours, the southernmost point of the Rhinns is also the southernmost point in Scotland, the Mull of Galloway. Here the land and rocky cliffs support a range of animals and plants, with the Mull area designated a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest. Razorbills, guillemots and puffins are three of the species which nest on the steep cliffs. Just north of the Mull, south Rhins, the land narrows significantly, in ancient times boats were brought ashore and moved across the isthmus by manpower, with the aid of log rollers and lubrication. This purpose of all effort was to avoid navigating around the Mull with its dangerous currents. The Southern Upland Way begins in the Rhins at Portpatrick and winds its way through the area on its journey east across Scotland to its finish at Cockburnspath. In the South Rhins the Britons were commemorated by the name of a farm, Drumbreddan and their chieftains lived in hill-forts, like that of Dunman, fort of gables, Kirkmaiden,400 feet above sea level, some in drystone brochs, like that at Ardwell Bay. They built substantial fortifications, like the one between East and West Tarbet, which defends the Mull of Galloway against marauders from the north. Having been settled from ancient times, the area has a history, forming part of the western kingdoms that collectively ruled most of western Scotland, Ireland
41.
North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)
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The North Channel is the strait between north-eastern Ireland and south-western Scotland. The southern boundary of the strait is a line joining the Mull of Galloway, the northern boundary is a line joining Portnahaven and Benbane Head. The narrowest part of the strait is between the Mull of Kintyre and Torr Head where its width is 21 kilometres, the deepest part is called Beauforts Dyke. It is crossed by a number of ferry services. In 1953, it was the scene of a maritime disaster. In August 2007 the Centre for Cross-Border Studies proposed the construction of a 34-kilometre long rail bridge or tunnel, in the Victorian era, engineers proposed a rail tunnel between Stranraer and Belfast. This strait was known as the Irish Channel. In the 19th century, Alexander Keith Johnstons suggested name St Patricks Channel had currency, according to the ILDSA, this was first accomplished in 1947 by Tom Blower. The first two-way crossing was completed by a relay team on 28 July 2015. Straits of Moyle St Georges Channel
42.
Isle of Man
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The Isle of Man, also known simply as Mann, is a self-governing crown dependency in the Irish Sea between England and Northern Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann, the Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. Foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the British Government, the island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century and the Manx language, in 627, Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia. In the 9th century, Norsemen established the Kingdom of the Isles, magnus III, King of Norway, was also known as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103. In 1266, the became part of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the short form often used in English, Mann, is derived from the Manx Mannin, though sometimes the name is written as Man. The earliest recorded Manx form of the name is Manu or Mana, the Old Irish form of the name is Manau or Mano. Old Welsh records named it as Manaw, also reflected in Manaw Gododdin, the name for an ancient district in north Britain along the lower Firth of Forth. The oldest known reference to the calls it Mona, in Latin, in the 1st century CE, Pliny the Elder records it as Monapia or Monabia. Later Latin references have Mevania or Mænavia, and Eubonia or Eumonia by Irish writers and it is found in the Sagas of Icelanders as Mön. The name is cognate with the Welsh name of the island of Anglesey, Ynys Môn, usually derived from a Celtic word for mountain. The name was at least secondarily associated with that of Manannán mac Lir in Irish mythology, later, a Manannán is recorded as the first king of Mann in a Manx poem. The island was cut off from the islands around 8000 BC. The first residents were hunter gatherers and fishermen, examples of their tools are kept at the Manx Museum. There were also the local Ronaldsway and Bann cultures, during the Bronze Age, burial mounds became smaller. Bodies were put in stone-lined graves with ornamental containers, the Bronze Age burial mounds created long-lasting markers around the countryside. The ancient Romans knew of the island and called it Insula Manavia although it is whether they conquered the island
43.
Mourne Mountains
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The Mourne Mountains, also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland. It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster, the highest of these is Slieve Donard at 850 m. The Mournes is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has proposed as the first national park in Northern Ireland. The area is owned by the National Trust and sees a large number of visitors every year. The name Mourne is derived from the name of a Gaelic clann or sept called the Múghdhorna, the Mournes are visited by many tourists, hillwalkers, cyclists and rock climbers. Following a fundraising drive in 1993, the National Trust purchased nearly 5.3 km2 of land in the Mournes and this included a part of Slieve Donard and nearby Slieve Commedagh, at 767 m the second-highest mountain in the area. The Mourne Wall is among the famous features in the Mournes. It is a 35 km dry-stone wall that crosses fifteen summits and this followed a number of Acts of Parliament allowing the sale, and the establishment of a water supply from the Mournes to the growing industrial city of Belfast. Construction of the Mourne Wall was started in 1904 and was completed in 1922, Some of the mountains have names beginning Slieve, from the Irish word sliabh, meaning mountain. Examples are Slieve Donard, Slieve Lamagan and Slieve Muck. There are also a number of names, Pigeon Rock, Buzzards Roost, Brandy Pad, the Cock and Hen, Percy Bysshe, the Devils Coach Road, and Pollaphuca. The Mournes are very popular as a destination for many Duke of Edinburghs Award expeditions, the Isle of Man the mountains of the Lake District and Snowdonia in Wales can sometimes be seen across the Irish Sea from some parts of the Mournes on clear days. The mountains are visible from parts of Dublin on clear days. Aside from grasses, the most common found in the Mournes are heathers. Of the former, three species are found, the heath, the bell heather, and the ling. Of the latter, two species, common gorse and western gorse, other plants which grow in the area are, bog cotton, roseroot, harebell, marsh St Johns wort, wild thyme, wood sorrel and heath spotted orchids. Sheep graze high into the mountains, and the range is home to birds, including the common raven, peregrine falcon, wren, buzzard. The golden eagle, an inhabitant, has not been seen in the Mournes since 1836
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Divis
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Divis is a large mountain and area of sprawling moorland to the north-west of Belfast in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The mountain is 1,568 ft tall, making it the highest of the Belfast Hills and it extends north to the Antrim Plateau and shares its geology, consisting of a basaltic cover underlain by limestone and lias clay. Only recently have the Divis area and its surrounding mountains been handed over to the National Trust, from 1953 to 2005 and it was also used as a training area for the British Army. It might have been released earlier, but due to the period of unrest known as the Troubles, situated on the mountain is Divis transmitting station. Northern Ireland Veterans Association BBC - Divis Mountain wins space award BBC - Beacon of hope on citys mountain National Trust
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Cavehill
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Cave Hill, sometimes spelt as Cavehill, is a basaltic hill overlooking the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland. It forms part of the border of the Antrim Plateau. It is distinguished by its famous Napoleons Nose, a basaltic outcrop which resembles the profile of the famous emperor Napoleon, Cave Hill spelt as Cavehill is also the name of an electoral ward in Belfast. All of Belfast can be seen from its peak, as can the Isle of Man, like Arthurs Seat in Edinburgh, it lies just a few miles from the centre of a major city. Cave Hill is thought to be the inspiration for Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels, swift imagined that the Cave Hill resembled the shape of a sleeping giant safeguarding the city. Cave Hill rises to almost 370 metres above sea level, most of its lower east side lies on the Belfast Castle estate, which has as its focal point the imposing 19th-century Scottish baronial castle. The castle was designed by Charles Lanyon and constructed by The 3rd Marquess of Donegall in 1872 in the Deer Park. The slopes of Cave Hill were originally used as farmland but, from the 1880s, Belfast Castle estate was given to the City of Belfast by The 9th Earl of Shaftesbury in 1934. The lowest is 21 feet long,18 feet wide and varies from 7 to 10 feet in height. Above this is another cave,10 feet long,7 feet wide and 6 feet in height. The caves are man-made, adjacent to the lowest cave is The Devils Punchbowl, also sometimes called The Devils Cauldron, a site where ancient Celtic farmers corralled their cattle. This consists mainly of a hill, mainly of rocks and boulders. This fort, on the summit of the hill, is an example of an old ráth or ring fort 2, irish history a circular enclosure surrounded by an earthen wall, used as a dwelling and stronghold in former times. It is protected on one side by a precipice and on the others by a ditch,10 feet in depth and 25 feet in width. The enclosed area is nearly level, the flat top of the fort is 150 feet from north to south, and 180 feet from east to west. It is believed that the inhabitants used the caves to store white foods for the winter. The hill was known in the original Gaelic as Beann Mhadagáin, after one of two Kings of Ulaid, Matudán mac Muiredaig, who ruled from 839 to 857 A. D. or a later king, Matudán mac Áeda. The later kings grandson, Eochaid mac Ardgail, was killed at the battle of Crew Hill in 1004, in which the Men of Ulster were defeated by their old enemies and it is from him that McArts Fort derived its name. The residential neighbourhood at the foot of Cave Hills entrance is known as Ben Madigan, with street names to match
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