Scrabo Tower

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Scrabo Tower
Photograph of the tower against a blue sky with white clouds
Scrabo Tower, May 2007
Coordinates 54°34′48″N 5°42′56″W / 54.58010°N 5.7155°W / 54.58010; -5.7155Coordinates: 54°34′48″N 5°42′56″W / 54.58010°N 5.7155°W / 54.58010; -5.7155
Built 1857-1859
Architect Lanyon & Lynn
Listed Building – Grade B+
Designated 1977
Reference no. HB24/11/031
Scrabo Tower is located in Northern Ireland
Scrabo Tower
Location in Northern Ireland

Scrabo Tower is a 19th-century lookout tower or folly that stands on Scrabo Hill near Newtownards in County Down, Northern Ireland. It provides wide views and is a landmark that can be seen from far. It was built as a memorial to the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry and was originally known as Londonderry Monument. Its architectural style is Scottish Baronial Revival.

Name and location[edit]

Nowadays, the tower on Scrabo Hill is usually just called Scrabo Tower and is visited for its views and surroundings. However, its original name was Londonderry Monument or Memorial.[1] That name refers to the Marquesses of Londonderry and only indirectly to the town of that name, which is 87 miles (140 km) away. The marquesses owned much ground around the hill. The hill and tower rise over the town of Newtownards, 10 miles (16 km) east of Belfast. As the tower dominates the town, it is often used as an emblem for Newtownards. The tower is built on the site of a prehistoric hill fort.[2] [3]

Scrabo is pronounced /ˈskræboʊ/ according to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)[4] or [ˈskrɑːbo] according to the pronunciation heard on the Placenames Database of Ireland website.[5] The pronunciation of the final vowel as the pure sound [o] rather than the diphthong [ou] is also attested by the spelling variation Scraboh.[1]

Two etymologies are proposed for Scrabo. The first derives the name from Irish screabach meaning "rough stony land".[6] Screabach is also the Irish name of the Scrabo townland in which the hill lies.[5] The second derives the name from Irish scraith bó, which means "sward of the cow",[7] "cow pasture"[8], or "sod of the cow",[9] as scraith means sward, sod or turf, whereas bó means cow. This derivation explains the final "o" of Scrabo.

History[edit]

Origins[edit]

The tower commemorates the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, who was born Charles William Stewart in 1788. He fought in the Napoleonic Wars.[10] He became rich by marrying Frances Anne Vane and changed his surname to hers, which explains why he was first called Stewart and later Vane. He succeeded his half-brother Viscount Castlereagh as Marquess in 1822 and became owner of the family estate in County Down. The estate's great house, Mount Stewart, became his Irish residence.

In 1854, when the 3rd Marquess died, some of his family and friends decided to build him a monument. In fact two monuments resulted: the tower discussed here and the Londonderry equestrian statue[11] in Durham, England. A committee was formed in Newtownards to raise funds by subscription for a monument in Ireland. The local gentry and the late marquess's friends, among which Napoleon III, donated most of the money, with some of the tenants also contributing.[12] Altogether 730 people subscribed.[13] However, the mastermind behind all seems to have been Frederick Stewart, the 4th Marquess of Londonderry.[14]

The funds raised allowed a budget of £2000 for building the monument. At first the monument was to be in the town, but it was later shifted to Scrabo Hill where it could be seen from Mount Stewart and where suitable building stone was quarried. In December 1855 the committee decided to hold a design competition.[15] The deadline was 1 February 1856.[16] Four entries were considered: an obelisk and three towers. The first prize went to the obelisk, which was submitted by William Joseph Barre.[17] However, the obelisk came to nothing and indeed none of the first three projects was executed. When the committee called for tenders from building contractors, all the submissions for the three best-rated entries exceeded the budget and were therefore rejected. Finally, a tender by Hugh Dixon from Newtownards for the fourth project was accepted.[18] However, supporters of William Barre claimed that the competition had been rigged.[19]

The fourth design had been submitted by the firm Lanyon & Lynn, a partnership of Charles Lanyon and William Henry Lynn that lasted from the mid-1850s to 1860.[20] The design showed a tower in the Scottish Baronial style that could be understood as a peel tower and a symbol of the landlord as a chivalrous protector of his tenants in times of danger. Such a tower was considered especially suitable for a Stewart as the Stewarts or Stuarts ruled Scotland during the times when peel towers were erected.

The 5th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye, a neighbour of the Londonderrys, had recently built Helen's Tower, also in the Scottish Baronial style, on the next hill to the north of Scrabo: the new tower was to have more than double the height of theirs.

A framed picture showing the tower
Artist' View of the Londonderry Memorial Tower[21], believed to represent the original project by Lanyon & Lynn

A gilt-framed picture of the Scrabo Tower, which seems to be a coloured-in wood engraving, is preserved at Mount Stewart. It gives an artist's view of the Londonderry Monument showing three towers linked by two stretches of crenellated wall[21]. The middle tower resembles the one built. The others are much smaller. Wood engravings similar to this picture have been published in the Illustrated London News[22][23] and the Dublin Builder.[1] It seems that these pictures represent the original project before simplification to cut cost. Lynn's obituary in the Irish Builder attributes the design to Lynn.[24]

The foundation stone was laid on 27 February 1857 by Sir Robert Bateson and blessed by the bishop of the dioceses on demand by William Sharman Crawford, chairman of the Building Committee, in a ceremony attended by the 4th Marquess, his wife, many members of the gentry, and a crowd of residents and tenants.[25] The Dowager Marchioness, the 4th Marquess's stepmother, was absent.

The construction generally followed the accepted plans, but the tower's height was shortened and its form was simplified by deleting the crenellated walls and the wing towers. Work ceased in 1859 after the cost had risen to £3010.[26] The contractor was ruined, and the interior was left unfinished.

In 1865 the Dublin Builder somewhat belatedly published an article about the tower. The author's purpose seems to have been to defend Lanyon and the Londonderrys against accusations of having rigged the competition. This article overstates the tower's height as 195 feet instead of 135 and understates the cost of the tower as £2300 instead of £3010.[27] It also exaggerates the contribution made by the tenants to the point of making us believe that the tower was exclusivey financed by the tenants.[28]

Later events[edit]

After the tower's completion in 1859, William McKay, a foreman of the quarry, moved into the tower as caretaker. His family ran a tearoom in the tower until 1966[8] despite the lack of water at the top of the hill. The tower and the ground on which it stands were then acquired by the state. In 1977, the tower was listed as a Grade B+ historic building.[29] The Department of Environment spent £20,000 on the tower in 1992, repairing windows, repointing the masonry, adding lightning protection and fitting in a wooden floor between the second and third floor, which had been omitted in 1859 to cut costs.[30] The tower now stands in the Scrabo Country Park, which is managed by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA).[31] In 2014, the NIEA announced that water ingress had damaged the electricity supply, and citing safety concerns, closed the tower to visitors.[32][33] By 2015, the tower opened occasionally,[34] and in 2017 it was fully reopened to the public.[35]

Architecture[edit]

Photograph of the tower's top
The tower's top in 2009. Note the lapped stone roofs. The frame added near the top carries two aircraft warning lights.[29]

The tower's style is called Scottish Baronial by most recent authors.[36][37] The article in the Illustrated London News of 1857 says "... in the style of a Scottish chateau, ...",[22] whereas the article in the Dublin Builder of 1865 calls it "Scotch baronial".[1] Its height is 135 feet (41 m)[26] as can be confirmed by measuring the scaled elevation drawing in Howley (1993).[38] However, heights of 125 feet[8] and 195 feet[39] have been given.

The tower consists of a base, a main body and a crenellated and turreted roof. The base contains the ground floor. It has battered (sloped) outer surfaces. The main body has vertical walls. The limit between the base and the main body is marked by a sandstone belt course. The base and the main body are square in plan and comprise a round stair tower that projects from the southeast corner. The tower's square part is surmounted by a short setback cylindrical storey that is covered with a steep conical roof. The transition from square to round is achieved by a platform decorated with four corner turrets linked by machicolated battlements. The turrets are round and also wear steep conical roofs. The five roofs are entirely built in lapped stone courses. The southeastern turret serves as cap-house over the stairs giving access to the parapet walk (or chemin de ronde). The other three turrets are smaller and sit on corbelled bases. Each of these bases consists of a pile of five roll-moulded corbel courses. A chimney stack is attached to the inner side of the northwestern turret.[29]

The tower's entrance door is on the north face. It is approached by a short outer stair. The door is surmounted by a commemorative plaque in a bluish black stone, probably slate. The inscription dedicates the monument to the 3rd Marquess. Following his change of surname,[40] he is called Vane rather than Stewart. The post-nominal KG stands for Knight of the Garter. The "& c" should be read "et cetera" and means that the marquess's many lesser post-nominals were omitted.

ERECTED
IN MEMORY OF
CHARLES WILLIAM VANE
3RD MARQUIS OF LONDONDERRY
KG & c
BY HIS TENANTRY AND FRIENDS
————————
FAME BELONGS TO HISTORY, REMEMBRANCE TO US
1857

Photograph of the inscription and relief above the tower's entrance
Inscription surmounted by a relief showing Londonderry coronet, crests & motto

Above the plaque is a recess filled with a relief in white limestone or marble showing the coronet, two crests (dragon and sword arm), and the motto of the marquesses of Londonderry. The relief is deeply undercut under the coronet and behind the dragon's wing. The coronet is decorated with three leaves and two balls as befits a marquess. The dragon crest represents the Stewart family. The arm (more precisely "cubit") with the hand in a gauntlet holding a sword represents the Vane family. The scroll below the coronet and the crests shows the motto (in Latin), which reads: METUENDA COROLLA DRACONIS (the dragon's crest is to be feared).

The tower should have had eight levels according to the placement of its windows on the wood engraving: the ground floor in the base, six floors in the main body and one in the setback masonry cylinder that occupies the centre of the platform and carries the main roof. When work stopped in 1859, only the ground floor and the first floor had floors and ceilings. All the space in the tower above the first floor's ceiling right up into the main roof was left empty. The ground floor was the caretaker's apartment. The first floor was planned as an armoury as would be required in a peel tower but was never equipped and used as such.[41] This armoury is covered with a brick groin vault, which is the reason why the spacing between the armoury's windows and those of the second floor is wider than those between the other levels in the main body. A proper second floor was created later by inserting a wooden floor as part of the repairs and upgrading done by the Department of Environment. This second floor was thus gained on the remaining undivided space.

Two types of stone were used in the tower: whitish to pinkish Triassic sandstone[42] and dark-grey dolerite. The sandstone, more suitable for fine carvings, was used for quoins, window dressings, stairs, corbels, copings and roofs, as well as for courses that mark limits: the moulding between the base and the main body and the one that separates the stair tower from the cap-house above it. The dolerite is described as whinstone or as basalt in various sources.[43][29] This material is harder and more resistant to weathering than the sandstone but difficult to work. It was cut into blocks of variable size and laid in frequently interrupted courses. The outer surfaces of these blocks were left in rough rustication with many blocks quite prominent.

Williams (1995) judges the tower as "more curious than beautiful", [44] whereas the article in the Dublin Builder (1865) defends it, noting that "size and mass were the chief objects to be attained at a comparably small cost".[1]

Photograph on Scrabo Hill with tower seen from far
The tower, seen from the other side of Strangford Lough

Surroundings and view[edit]

Scrabo Hill rises to an elevation of 540 feet (160 m) above mean sea level. The viewing platform or parapet walk of the tower, reached by climbing 122 steps, provides views over Strangford Lough and its islands, as well as the towns of Newtownards and Comber. As the area to the south and southwest of Scrabo Hill is part of the Ulster Drumlin Belt, this glacial landform can be very well observed from the tower.

On clear days Helen's Tower in the north, the Copeland Islands with their lighthouse and the Scottish coast (Mull of Kintyre, Ailsa Craig and Rhins of Galloway[8]) beyond the North Channel in the northeast, the Isle of Man in the southeast, the Mourne Mountains in the south, as well as Divis Mountain and Cave Hill over Belfast in the west can be seen.

Scrabo Country Park, in which the tower stands, includes parts of the top and the eastern and southern slopes of Scrabo Hill as well as Killynether Wood.[45] The eastern part of the hill is of geological interest because outcrops in the South Quarry reveal contacts between sediments (sandstone) and locally cross-cutting sills of intrusive rocks (dolerite). This eastern part, which includes the site of the tower, has been declared an Area of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI).[46] Much of the plateau on top of the hill to the west of the tower is occupied by Scrabo Golf Course.

In fiction[edit]

The Enchanted Duplicator, a story by the Northern Irish writers Walt Willis and Bob Shaw, features the Tower of Trufandom (true fandom), which was inspired by Scrabo Tower.[47] Patrick Nielsen Hayden and his wife Teresa tell in an article published in Number 37 of the Hyphen, a periodic edited by Walt Willis, how they visit Scrabo Tower with Walt Willis in a literary pilgrimage.[48]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e "The Londonderry Monument, Scraboh Hill, Co Down". The Dublin Builder. vii (130): 124. 15 May 1865. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  2. ^ "Scrabo Tower - Historic Buildings Details". Department for Communities. During the Bronze Age the summit of Scrabo Hill was the site of a considerable settlement, enclosed within an oval hill fort.
  3. ^ "The Londonderry Monument, Scraboh Hill, Co Down". The Dublin Builder. vii (130): 124. 15 May 1865. Retrieved 22 July 2018. The excavations for the foundations disclosed a vast quantity of wild boar tusks and bones, suggesting that the elevated position had been formerly the scene of Druidical sacrifices or of pre-historic pic-nics.
  4. ^ Pointon, GE (1990). BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 217. ISBN 0-19-282745-6.
  5. ^ a b "The Placenames Database of Ireland". Dublin City University. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  6. ^ McKay, Patrick (2007). 'A Dictionary of Ulster Place-Names (2nd ed.). Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona. p. 129. ISBN 0-85389-896-0.
  7. ^ Placenames Database of Ireland. Search for Scrabo. Then find the right archival document by clicking the Open Scanned Records Button. Note 'scraith bó' and 'sward of the cow'.
  8. ^ a b c d Orme, Debby. "The History of Scrabo Tower - Guardian of the North Down coast". Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  9. ^ Jones, Barbara (1974). Follies and Grottoes, (2nd edition heavily revised and enlarged). London: Constable and Co. p. 429. ISBN 978-0094593503.
  10. ^ Vane, Charles William (1828). Narrative of the Peninsular War. London: Henry Colburn.
  11. ^ Equestrian statue, monument to the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry. Archived 2011-06-18 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ^ McCavery, Trevor (1994). Newtown - A history of Newtownards. Belfast: The White Row Press. p. 140. ISBN 9781870132701. Two thirds of the cost was raised by 98 individuals (the list was headed by the Emperor Napoleon III of France), most of whom were fellow gentry from Antrim and Down, and personal friends of the Marquess.
  13. ^ "Memorial To The Late Marquis Of Londonderry, In Course Of Erection On Scrabo Hill, County Down, Ireland (picture from the British Newspaper Archive)". The Illustrated London News (March 28 1857). p. 299. There was also placed in the jar a list of the subscribers' names, 730 of them all;
  14. ^ Hyde, Harford Montgomery (1979). The Londonderrys - A Family Portrait. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 50. ISBN 0241101530. At the same time her husband constructed the great tower on Scrabo Hill overlooking the town in his father's memory.
  15. ^ McCavery, Trevor (1994). Newtown - A history of Newtownards. Belfast: The White Row Press. p. 140. ISBN 9781870132701. In 1855, it was decided that the memorial should be erected on Scrabo, and that the design should be subject of a competition with the cost of the work not to exceed £2,000.
  16. ^ "1857 – Scrabo Tower, Newtownards, Co. Down". Archiseek. The architects designs were to be received before February 1, 1856
  17. ^ "Co. Down, Scrabo Hill, Londonderry Monument". Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720-1940. Irish Architectural Archive. Retrieved 17 July 2018. Placed 1st in competition
  18. ^ "Co. Down, Scrabo Hill, Londonderry Monument". Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720-1940. Irish Architectural Archive. Retrieved 17 July 2018. Contractor: Hugh Dixon, Newtownards
  19. ^ Williams, Jeremy (1995). A Companion Guide to Architecture in Ireland 1837-1921. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0716525134. supporters of William Barre claimed that the conditions had been transgressed
  20. ^ "Lanyon & Lynn". Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720-1940. Irish Architectural Archive. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  21. ^ a b "Londonderry Memorial Tower on Scrabo Hill". National Trust Collections. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
  22. ^ a b "Memorial To The Late Marquis Of Londonderry, In Course Of Erection On Scrabo Hill, County Down, Ireland (picture from the British Newspaper Archive)". The Illustrated London News (March 28 1857). p. 299.
  23. ^ "Memorial To The Late Marquis Of Londonderry, In Course Of Erection On Scrabo Hill, County Down, Ireland (picture from Dublin Libraries)". The Illustrated London News (March 28 1857). p. 299.
  24. ^ "Obituary: HW Lynn". The Irish Builder and Engineer. 57 (25 September 1915): 431. cited in "Co. Down, Scrabo Hill, Londonderry Monument". Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720-1940. Irish Architectural Archive. Retrieved 17 July 2018. But obituary of Lynn in IB 57, 25 Sep 1915, 431, says it was designed by Lynn
  25. ^ "Memorial To The Late Marquis Of Londonderry". The Illustrated London News (March 28 1857). p. 300.
  26. ^ a b McCavery, Trevor (1994). Newtown - A history of Newtownards. Belfast: The White Row Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-1870132701. In the end, however, the 135 feet high monument actually cost £3,010.
  27. ^ "The Londonderry Monument, Scraboh Hill, Co Down". The Dublin Builder. vii (130): 124. 15 May 1865. Retrieved 22 July 2018. The cost was about 2,300, and the total height 195 feet.
  28. ^ "The Londonderry Monument, Scraboh Hill, Co Down". The Dublin Builder. vii (130): 124. 15 May 1865. Retrieved 22 July 2018. It has been erected by the tenantry of the late Marquis of Londonderry, ...
  29. ^ a b c d "Scrabo Tower - Historic Buildings Details". Department for Communities.
  30. ^ Brett, CEB; Merrick, Anthony CW (2002). Buildings of North County Down. Belfast: Ulster Architectural Heritage Society. p. 272. ISBN 978-0900457579. Having fallen in considerable disrepair, it was taken into public ownership, and £20,000 was spent on its restoration in 1992
  31. ^ "Scrabo Tower and Country Park". Northern Ireland Tourist Board. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  32. ^ "Scrabo Tower shut for foreseeable future". UTV News. 22 April 2014.
  33. ^ "Scrabo Tower: County Down monument closed to the public". BBC News. 22 April 2014.
  34. ^ "Scrabo Tower - European Heritage Open Day (EHOD) 2015 Cultural Event - 12-13 September". Northern Ireland Tourist Board. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  35. ^ "Scrabo Tower reopens to the public". BBC. 7 July 2017.
  36. ^ Williams, Jeremy (1995). A Companion Guide to Architecture in Ireland 1837-1921. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0716525134. The Scrabo memorial is a multi-storied Scottish baronial tower...
  37. ^ Jones, Barbara (1974). Follies and Grottoes, (2nd edition heavily revised and enlarged). London: Constable and Co. p. 429. ISBN 978-0094593503. ...mysteriously designed in the Scottish baronial style ...
  38. ^ Howley, James (1993). The Follies and Garden Buildings of Ireland. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 56–58. ISBN 0-300-10225-9.
  39. ^ "The Londonderry Monument, Scraboh Hill, Co Down". The Dublin Builder. vii (130): 124. 15 May 1865. Retrieved 22 July 2018. The cost was about 2,300, and the total height 195 feet.
  40. ^ https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17480/page/906 ...may, in compliance with the provisions of the last will and testament of the said Sir Henry Vane, Bart. from henceforth continue to repectively use the surname of Vane only, ...
  41. ^ "The Londonderry Monument, Scraboh Hill, Co Down". The Dublin Builder. vii (130): 124. 15 May 1865. Retrieved 22 July 2018. a large chamber for the use of the visitors intended to be filled up as an armoury
  42. ^ Hull, Edward (1872). The Building and Ornamental Stones of Great Britain and Foreign Countries. London: Macmillan & Co. pp. 269–270.
  43. ^ "The Londonderry Monument, Scraboh Hill, Co Down". The Dublin Builder. vii (130): 124. 15 May 1865. Retrieved 22 July 2018. a green whinstone
  44. ^ Williams, Jeremy (1995). A Companion Guide to Architecture in Ireland 1837-1921. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0716525134.
  45. ^ Department of Environment. "Scrabo Landscape Character Assessment (LCA 101)" (PDF). Department of Environment. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  46. ^ "Declaration of Area of Special Scientific Interest at Scrabo Co. Down (ASSI-91)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  47. ^ Willis, Walt; Shaw, Bob (February 1954). "The Enchanted Duplicator". Retrieved 25 February 2009. This, he knew, must be the Tower of Trufandom
  48. ^ Nielsen Hayden, Patrick James; Nielsen Hayden, Teresa (August 1987). "Aspects and Inclinations". Hyphen (37). Retrieved 1 May 2008. The tower itself is tall and square, built of rough brown stone blocks, and pretty much looks like everybody's idea of what a generic tower should be, which is a virtue in allegorical objects.
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