1.
Secret society
–
A secret society is a club or an organization whose activities, events, and inner functioning are concealed from non-members. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence, the term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla insurgencies, that hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence. Anthropologically and historically, secret societies are deeply interlinked with the concept of the Männerbund, a purported family tree of secret societies has been proposed, although it may not be comprehensive. Alan Axelrod, author of the International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders, defines a secret society as an organization that, shows a strong inclination to favor its own. David V. Barrett, author of Secret Societies, From the Ancient and Arcane to the Modern and Clandestine, uses slightly different terms to define what does and does not qualify as a secret society. Barrett goes on to say that a characteristic common to most of them is the practice of rituals which non-members are not permitted to observe. Because some secret societies have political aims, they are illegal in several countries, poland, for example, has included a ban on secret political parties and political organizations in its constitution. Many student societies established on university campuses in the United States have been considered secret societies, perhaps one of the most famous secret collegiate societies is Skull and Bones at Yale University. One of the best known British secret societies is the Cambridge Apostles, founded as an essay, in France, Vandermonde is the secret society of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. Notable examples in Canada include Episkopon at the University of Torontos Trinity College, Secret societies are disallowed in a few colleges. The goals of the society remain unknown, but it is believed that they are involved in cryptography, the International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders. Secret Societies in America, The North American Review, Vol.164, conspiracy Theories and Secret Societies For Dummies. Geheimgesellschaften, Kulturhistorische Sozialstudien, Secret Societies, Comparative Studies in Culture, Society, the Mythology of the Secret Societies. Pledged, The Secret Life of Sororities, New York, Hamilton Printing & Publishing Company. Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries, Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, a comprehensive, though dated, review of the subject. Useful histories of Secret Societies in Australia and of Rise and Fall of English Freemasonry on non-commercial site <www. fraternalsecrets. org>
Secret society
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"Secret Society Buildings at Yale College", by Alice Donlevy ca. 1880. Pictured are: Psi Upsilon (Beta Chapter), 120 High Street. Left center: Skull & Bones (Russell Trust Association), 64 High Street. Right center:
Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi Chapter), east side of York Street, south of Elm Street. Bottom: Scroll and Key (Kingsley Trust Association), 490 College Street.
Secret society
–
The
Thuggee were a secret cult of assassins who worshipped the
Hindu goddess
Kali.
2.
Yale University
–
Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
Yale University
–
Charter creating Collegiate School, which became
Yale College, October 9, 1701
Yale University
–
Yale University
Seal
Yale University
–
A Front View of Yale-College and the College Chapel, Daniel Bowen, 1786.
Yale University
–
First diploma awarded by
Yale College, granted to Nathaniel Chauncey, 1702.
3.
New Haven, Connecticut
–
New Haven, in the U. S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut, with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census, according to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741. New Haven was founded in 1638 by English Puritans, and a year later eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid, the central common block is the New Haven Green, a 16-acre square, and the center of Downtown New Haven. The Green is now a National Historic Landmark and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark, New Haven is the home of Yale University. The university is an part of the citys economy, being New Havens biggest taxpayer and employer. Health care, professional services, financial services, and retail trade also help to form a base for the city. The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, New Haven has since billed itself as the Cultural Capital of Connecticut for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues. New Haven is also the birthplace of George W. Bush, New Haven had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees that gave New Haven the nickname The Elm City. The area was visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic. In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area, the Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection. By 1640, the theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place. However, the north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, at the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. Economic disaster struck the colony in 1646, however, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of goods back to England. This ship never reached the Old World, and its disappearance stymied New Havens development in the face of the rising power of Boston. In 1660, founder John Davenports wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of Edward Hopkins, in 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II
New Haven, Connecticut
–
Montage of New Haven. Clockwise from top left:
Downtown New Haven skyline,
East Rock Park, summer festivities on the
New Haven Green, shops along
Upper State Street,
Five Mile Point Lighthouse,
Harkness Tower, and
Connecticut Hall at Yale.
New Haven, Connecticut
–
Seal
New Haven, Connecticut
–
The 1638 nine-square plan, with the extant
New Haven Green at its center, continues to define New Haven's downtown
New Haven, Connecticut
–
New Haven as it appeared in a 1786 engraving
4.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
5.
English language
–
English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩
English language
–
The opening to the Old English epic poem
Beowulf,
handwritten in
half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."
English language
–
Countries of the world where English is a majority native language
English language
–
Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's
Canterbury Tales c.1400
6.
Collegiate secret societies in North America
–
There are many collegiate secret societies in North America. They vary greatly in their levels of secrecy and independence from their universities, some collegiate secret societies are referred to as class societies, which restrict membership to one class year. Most class societies are restricted to the class, and are therefore also called senior societies on many campuses. There is no rule on the categorization of secret societies. Some secret societies have kept their secret, for example Seven Society and Gridiron. One key concept in distinguishing secret societies from fraternities is that, an especially difficult problem is the degree to which any one society is an actual society or is simply an honorary designation. Phi Beta Kappa, for example, was a secret society, until after its secrets were divulged. Some of these state that they are honoraries, other seek to perpetuate the image of a continuing active society where there is none. There are several common traits among these societies, for example, many societies have two part names, such as Skull and Bones or Scroll and Key. Many societies also limit their membership to a specific numerical limit in a class year, extensive mortuary imagery is associated with many secret societies, maintaining a pretense of great seriousness, and clubhouses are often called tombs. The archetypical selection process for entry into a secret society began at Yale University by a process called tapping. On a publicly announced evening, Yale undergraduates would assemble informally in the College Yard, current members of Yales secret societies would walk through the crowd and literally tap a prospective member on the shoulder and then walk with him up to the tapped mans dorm room. There, in private, they would ask him to become a member of their secret society, during this process, it was publicly known who was being tapped for the coming year. Today, the process is not quite as formal, but is still public. Formal tapping days used to exist at Berkeley, and still exist in a more formal setting at Missouri. Several campuses distinguish societies called ‘honoraries’ from secret societies, an honorary is considered to operate in name only, membership is an honor given in recognition of some achievement, and such a society is distinct from a secret society. However, functionally, such organizations can operate identically to secret societies, virtually all the oldest honoraries were once clearly secret societies, and to the extent that they are distinct now is at least ambiguous. The society had an initiation and maintained an uncertain level of secrecy
Collegiate secret societies in North America
–
Quill and Dagger Tower on the
Cornell campus
Collegiate secret societies in North America
–
The tomb of the
Sphinx secret society at Dartmouth College
Collegiate secret societies in North America
–
Colonial Club
Collegiate secret societies in North America
–
Cap and Skull (1900) Class of '19;
Paul Robeson at far left.
7.
John Addison Porter
–
For other people with similar names, see John Porter and John A. Porter. John Addison Porter was an American Professor of Chemistry and he is the namesake of the John Addison Porter Prize and was a founder of the Scroll and Key senior society of Yale University. Porter was born in Catskill, New York, Porter graduated from Yale College in 1842. He and moved to Philadelphia for further study, in 1844 he became a professor at Delaware College and remained there until 1847 when he moved to Germany to study at the University of Giessen under Justus von Liebig. In 1850 he returned to the United States and became a professor at Brown University and he left in 1852 to take the place of the retiring Professor John Pitkin Norton at Sheffield Scientific School. He was the Professor of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry from 1852 to 1856 and he remained at Yale until he had to resign for health reasons in 1864, two years before his death in New Haven. In 1872 the Kingsley Trust endowed at Yale a prize in his honor to be given annually, in 1855 he married Josephine Earl Sheffield, daughter of Joseph E. Sheffield, whose name was to eventually adorn the school where he was professor for 12 years. One of their sons was another John Addison Porter, who became the first person to hold the title Secretary to the President, First book of chemistry and allied sciences. 1857,1860,1864,1868 First book of science,1858 Outlines of the first course of Yale agricultural lectures. 1860 Selections from the Kalevala, the Great Finnish Epic,1868 Porter was the first person to translate any part of the Finnish national epic Kalevala into English using the German translation by Franz Anton Schiefner. Article from New Englander and Yale review, on Porters early translation of parts of the Finnish epic, Kalevala
John Addison Porter
–
carbon print of John Addison Porter
8.
Theodore Runyon
–
Theodore Runyon was a United States politician, diplomat, and American Civil War brigadier general in the New Jersey Militia, serving with the Union Army at the Battle of First Bull Run. He was a descendant of Vincent Rongion, a Huguenot who was born in Poitiers, France. Theodore Runyon graduated from Yale University, where he helped found Scroll, Runyon was admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1846 and began the practice of law in Newark, New Jersey. As a brigadier general in the New Jersey militia, Runyon commanded the Fourth Division of the Army of Northeastern Virginia in June, the division was composed of 90-day New Jersey volunteer regiments and new 3-year New Jersey volunteer regiments which had been organized for less than a month. Union Army commander, major general Irvin McDowell held this division in reserve during the First Battle of Bull Run and they were not engaged in the battle. Although the Historians John and David Eicher show Runyon in charge of the division and as mustered out of the volunteers on July 31,1861, Runyon held his position as division commander as a State militia or short-term volunteer general, not as a formally commissioned Union Army general. On February 25,1862, Runyon was appointed a major general in the New Jersey militia. C. From 1864 to 1866, Runyon served as mayor of Newark as a Democrat and he had previously been city attorney and city counsel. Runyon was appointed Major General in charge of the New Jersey National Guard and he was the first president of the Manufacturers National Bank of Newark until he became chancellor of New Jersey, an office he held for 14 years. In 1893, Runyon became envoy and later ambassador to Germany where he died in 1896 and he is buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Newark, New Jersey. List of American Civil War generals Davis, William C, Battle at Bull Run, A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,1977, donnybrook, The Battle of Bull Run,1861. Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands, United States War Department, The Military Secretarys Office, Memorandum Relative to the General Officers in the Armies of the United States During the Civil War, 1861-18651906. Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue, Lives of the Union Commanders, baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,1964. All Biographies, Brigadier-General Theodore Runyon, U. S. V, the Political Graveyard, Index to Politicians, Rugh to Rusch Theodore Runyon
Theodore Runyon
–
Theodore Runyon
Theodore Runyon
–
Halsey
9.
Skull and Bones Society
–
Skull and Bones is an undergraduate senior secret society at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. It is the oldest senior class landed society at Yale, the societys alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, owns the societys real estate and oversees the organization. The society is known informally as Bones, and members are known as Bonesmen, Skull and Bones was founded in 1832 after a dispute among Yale debating societies Linonia, Brothers in Unity, and the Calliopean Society over that seasons Phi Beta Kappa awards. William Huntington Russell and Alphonso Taft co-founded the Order of the Scull, the societys assets are managed by the societys alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, incorporated in 1856 and named after the Bones co-founder. The association was founded by Russell and Daniel Coit Gilman, a Skull, Skull and Bones selects new members among students every spring as part of Yale Universitys Tap Day, and has done so since 1879. Since the societys inclusion of women in the early 1990s, Skull, Skull and Bones taps those that it views as campus leaders and other notable figures for its membership. The Skull and Bones Hall is otherwise known as the Tomb, the building was built in three phases, the first wing was built in 1856, the second wing in 1903, and Davis-designed Neo-Gothic towers were added to the rear garden in 1912. The front and side facades are of Portland brownstone in an Egypto-Doric style, the 1912 tower additions created a small enclosed courtyard in the rear of the building, designed by Evarts Tracy and Edgerton Swartwout of Tracy and Swartwout, New York. Evarts Tracy was a 1890 Bonesman, and his grandmother, Martha Sherman Evarts, and maternal grandmother, Mary Evarts, were the sisters of William Maxwell Evarts. The architect was possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin, architectural historian Patrick Pinnell includes an in-depth discussion of the dispute over the identity of the original architect in his 1999 Yale campus history. Pinnell also discusses the Tombs aesthetic place in relation to its neighbors, in the late 1990s, New Hampshire landscape architects Saucier and Flynn designed the wrought iron fence that surrounds a portion of the complex. The society owns and manages Deer Island, a retreat on the St. Lawrence River. Alexandra Robbins, author of a book on Yale secret societies, wrote, The forty-acre retreat is intended to give Bonesmen an opportunity to get together, a century ago the island sported tennis courts and its softball fields were surrounded by rhubarb plants and gooseberry bushes. But although each new Skull and Bones member still visits Deer Island, now it is just a bunch of burned-out stone buildings, a patriarch sighs. Another Bonesman says that to call the island rustic would be to glorify it and its a dump, but its beautiful. Skull and Boness membership developed a reputation in association with the Power Elite, like other Yale senior societies, Skull and Bones membership was almost exclusively limited to white Protestant males for much of its history. While Yale itself had exclusionary policies directed at particular ethnic and religious groups, while some Catholics were able to join such groups, Jews were more often not. Some of these groups eventually entered Skull and Bones by means of sports
Skull and Bones Society
–
The logo of Skull and Bones
Skull and Bones Society
–
The tomb before the addition of a second wing
Skull and Bones Society
–
A 2009 view of the tomb from across High Street
Skull and Bones Society
–
Yearbook listing of Skull and Bones membership for 1920. The 1920 delegation included co-founders of
Time magazine,
Briton Hadden and
Henry Luce
10.
Yale University Press
–
Yale University Press is a university press associated with Yale University. It was founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day, and became a department of Yale University in 1961. As of 2009, Yale University Press published approximately 300 new hardcover and 150 new paperback books annually and has more than 6,000 books in print and its books have won five National Book Awards, two National Book Critics Circle Awards and eight Pulitzer Prizes. Since its inception in 1919, the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition has published the first collection of poetry by new poets, the first winner was Howard Buck, the 2011 winner was Katherine Larson. Yale University Press and Yale Repertory Theatre jointly sponsor the Yale Drama Series, the winner of the annual competition is awarded the David C. Horn Prize of $10,000, publication of his/her manuscript by Yale University Press, the Yale Drama Series and David C. Horn Prize are funded by the David Charles Horn Foundation, in 2007, Yale University Press acquired the Anchor Bible Series, a collection of more than 115 volumes of biblical scholarship, from the Doubleday Publishing Group. New and backlist titles are now published under the Anchor Yale Bible Series name, the Dwight H. Terry Lectureship was established in 1905 to encourage the consideration of religion in the context of modern science, psychology, and philosophy. Many of the lectures, which are hosted by Yale University, have been edited into book form by the Yale University Press, the Yale Publishing Course was founded in 2010 by former Publishing Director of the Yale University Press, Tina C. It filled the gap created by the closing of the legendary Stanford Publishing Course and it operates under the aegis of the Office of International Affairs of Yale University. The Course trains mid to senior-level publishing professionals to tackle the most compelling issues facing the publishing industry, the curriculum focuses on in-depth analyses of global trends, innovative business models, management strategies, and new advances in technology. Its immersive week-long programs, one devoted to publishing and the other to magazine and digital publishing, combine lectures, discussion groups. The faculty is made up of leading experts and members of the Yale School of Management, the Yale Library. Participants come from all over the world and represent all areas of publishing within organizations of all sizes and types of publications, in 1963, the Press published a revised edition of Ludwig von Misess Human Action. Official website, including a mission statement Yale University Press, London Yale Publishing Course, New Haven, Connecticut
Yale University Press
–
George Parmly Day, founder of the Yale University Press
Yale University Press
–
People
11.
Shakespeare
–
William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
Shakespeare
–
The
Chandos portrait, artist and authenticity unconfirmed.
National Portrait Gallery, London.
Shakespeare
–
John Shakespeare's house, believed to be
Shakespeare's birthplace, in
Stratford-upon-Avon.
Shakespeare
–
Shakespeare's coat of arms, as it appears on the rough draft of the application to grant a coat-of-arms to John Shakespeare. It features a spear as a
pun on the family name.
Shakespeare
–
Shakespeare's funerary monument in Stratford-upon-Avon.
12.
Troubadour
–
A troubadour was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages. Since the word troubadour is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz, the troubadour school or tradition began in the late 11th century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread into Italy and Spain. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe, the Minnesang in Germany, trovadorismo in Galicia and Portugal, dante Alighieri in his De vulgari eloquentia defined the troubadour lyric as fictio rethorica musicaque poita, rhetorical, musical, and poetical fiction. The texts of troubadour songs deal mainly with themes of chivalry, most were metaphysical, intellectual, and formulaic. Many were humorous or vulgar satires, works can be grouped into three styles, the trobar leu, trobar ric, and trobar clus. The oldest mention of the word troubadour as trobadors is found in a 12th-century Occitan text by Cercamon. The English word troubadour is a rendition from a French word first recorded in 1575 in an historical context to mean langue doc poet at the court in the 12th and 13th century. The French word is borrowed itself from the Occitan word trobador and this recreated form is deduced from the Latin root tropus, meaning a trope and the various meanings of the Old Occitan related words. In turn, the Latin word derives ultimately from Greek τρόπος, meaning turn, B Intervocal Latin shifted regularly to in Occitan. The Latin suffix -ātor, -atōris explains the Occitan suffix, according to its declension and accentuation, Gallo-Romance *TROPĀTOR > Occitan trobaire, there is an alternative theory to explain the meaning of trobar as “to compose, to discuss, to invent. It has the support of some historians, specialists of literature, According to them, the Arabic word ṭaraba “song could partly be the etymon of the verb trobar. Another Arabic root had already been proposed before, Ḍ-R-B “strike and they entertain the possibility that the nearly homophonous Ḍ-R-B root may have contributed to the sense of the newly coined Romance verb trobar. In archaic and classical poetry, the word is only used in a mocking sense. Cercamon writes, Ist trobador, entre ver e mentir, Afollon drutz e molhers et espos, Peire dAlvernha also begins his famous mockery of contemporary authors cantarai daquest trobadors, after which he proceeds to explain why none of them is worth anything. When referring to themselves seriously, troubadours almost invariably use the word chantaire, the early study of the troubadours focused intensely on their origins. No academic consensus was achieved in the area. In his study, Lévi-Provençal is said to have found four Arabo-Hispanic verses nearly or completely recopied in Williams manuscript, trend admitted that the troubadours derived their sense of form and even the subject matter of their poetry from the Andalusian Muslims. Meg Bogin, American translator of the trobairitz, held this hypothesis, to such a strong and multi-faceted tradition of love literature and song nearby must be added the presence of the Toledo School of Translators starting in 1126
Troubadour
–
The troubadour
Perdigon playing his fiddle.
Troubadour
–
William IX of Aquitaine portrayed as a knight, who first composed poetry on returning from the
Crusade of 1101
Troubadour
–
Trobadours, 14th century
Troubadour
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Late 16th-century Italian cursive on paper, recording a song of Perceval Doria
13.
Thomas Haynes Bayly
–
Thomas Haynes Bayly was an English poet, songwriter, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer. He was born at Bath on 13 October 1797 and he was the only child of Mr. Nathaniel Bayly, an influential citizen of Bath, and on the maternal side was nearly related to the Earl of Stamford and Warrington and the Baroness Le Despencer. At a very early age Bayly displayed a talent for verse, on his removal to Winchester he amused himself by producing a weekly newspaper, which recorded the proceedings of the master and pupils in the school. Desiring at length some more serious occupation, he proposed to enter the church. His father encouraged his views, and entered him at St. Mary Hall, Oxford, to console himself after an early love disappointment, Bayly travelled in Scotland, and afterwards visited Dublin. He mingled in the best society of the Irish capital, and it was here that he distinguished himself in private theatricals, Bayly returned to London in January 1824. Having given up all idea of the church, he had formed the determination to win fame as a lyric poet, in 1826, he was married to the daughter of Mr. Benjamin Hayes, Marble Hill, county Cork. The profits from his labours were at the time very considerable. Breaking up his establishment at Bath, Bayly now repaired to London, there he applied himself to writing ballads as well as pieces for the stage, some of which became immediately popular. This was not the fortune, however, of the play Perfection. Bayly scrawled the whole of this comedy in his notebook during a journey by stagecoach from Bath to London. Lord Chesterfield, who was present on the first night, declared that he never saw a better farce. The piece became a favourite at private theatricals, and on one occasion it was produced with a cast including the Marchioness of Londonderry, Lord Castlereagh. Perfection was succeeded by a series of dramas from the same pen. The year 1831 found Bayly overwhelmed by financial difficulties and he had invested his marriage portion in coal mines, which proved unproductive. The agent who managed Mrs. Baylys property in Ireland failed to render an account of his trust. He also suffered in health, though a temporary sojourn in France enabled him to much of his former mental elasticity. A poem he wrote at this time, The Bridesmaid, drew a letter from Sir Robert Peel
Thomas Haynes Bayly
–
Thomas Haynes Bayly
14.
Tennessee Ernie Ford
–
Ernest Jennings Ford, known professionally as Tennessee Ernie Ford, was an American recording artist and television host who enjoyed success in the country and Western, pop, and gospel musical genres. Noted for his rich voice and down-home humor, he is remembered for his hit recordings of The Shotgun Boogie. Born in Bristol, Tennessee to Maud and Clarence Thomas Ford, Ford began his radio career as an announcer at WOPI-AM in Bristol. In 1939, the young left the station to study classical singing at the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music in Ohio. As First Lieutenant, he served in the United States Army Air Corps in World War II as the bombardier on a B-29 Superfortress flying missions over Japan and he was also a bombing instructor at George Air Force Base, located in Victorville, California. After the war, Ford worked at stations in San Bernardino and Pasadena. At KFXM in San Bernardino, Ford was hired as a radio announcer and he was assigned to host an early morning country music disc jockey program, Bar Nothin Ranch Time. To differentiate himself, he created the personality of Tennessee Ernie and he became popular in the area and was soon hired away by Pasadenas KXLA radio. At KXLA, Ford continued doing the show and also joined the cast of Cliffie Stones popular live KXLA country show Dinner Bell Roundup as a vocalist while still doing the early morning broadcast. Cliffie Stone, a talent scout for Capitol Records, brought him to the attention of the label. In 1949, while doing his morning show, he signed a contract with Capitol. He became a local TV star as the star of Stones popular Southern California Hometown Jamboree show, radiOzark produced 260 15-minute episodes of The Tennessee Ernie Show on transcription disks for national radio syndication. He released almost 50 country singles through the early 1950s, several of which made the charts, ill Never Be Free, a duet pairing Ford with Capitol Records pop singer Kay Starr, became a huge country and pop crossover hit in 1950. A duet with Ella Mae Morse, False Hearted Girl was a top seller for the Capitol Country and Hillbilly division, Ford eventually ended his KXLA morning show and in the early 1950s, moved on from Hometown Jamboree. He took over from band-leader Kay Kyser as host of the TV version of NBC quiz show Kollege of Musical Knowledge when it returned briefly in 1954 after a four-year hiatus. He became a name in the U. S. largely as a result of his portrayal in 1954 of the country bumpkin, Cousin Ernie on three episodes of I Love Lucy. In 1955, Ford recorded Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier with Farewell to the Mountains on side B. The songs authorship has been claimed by both Travis and George S. Davis, although Travis is recognized as the author on the recording itself, by BMI
Tennessee Ernie Ford
–
Tennessee Ernie Ford
Tennessee Ernie Ford
–
Sixteen Tons album cover
Tennessee Ernie Ford
–
Ernie and Betty Ford at home in 1962.
15.
Skull and Bones
–
Skull and Bones is an undergraduate senior secret society at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. It is the oldest senior class landed society at Yale, the societys alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, owns the societys real estate and oversees the organization. The society is known informally as Bones, and members are known as Bonesmen, Skull and Bones was founded in 1832 after a dispute among Yale debating societies Linonia, Brothers in Unity, and the Calliopean Society over that seasons Phi Beta Kappa awards. William Huntington Russell and Alphonso Taft co-founded the Order of the Scull, the societys assets are managed by the societys alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, incorporated in 1856 and named after the Bones co-founder. The association was founded by Russell and Daniel Coit Gilman, a Skull, Skull and Bones selects new members among students every spring as part of Yale Universitys Tap Day, and has done so since 1879. Since the societys inclusion of women in the early 1990s, Skull, Skull and Bones taps those that it views as campus leaders and other notable figures for its membership. The Skull and Bones Hall is otherwise known as the Tomb, the building was built in three phases, the first wing was built in 1856, the second wing in 1903, and Davis-designed Neo-Gothic towers were added to the rear garden in 1912. The front and side facades are of Portland brownstone in an Egypto-Doric style, the 1912 tower additions created a small enclosed courtyard in the rear of the building, designed by Evarts Tracy and Edgerton Swartwout of Tracy and Swartwout, New York. Evarts Tracy was a 1890 Bonesman, and his grandmother, Martha Sherman Evarts, and maternal grandmother, Mary Evarts, were the sisters of William Maxwell Evarts. The architect was possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin, architectural historian Patrick Pinnell includes an in-depth discussion of the dispute over the identity of the original architect in his 1999 Yale campus history. Pinnell also discusses the Tombs aesthetic place in relation to its neighbors, in the late 1990s, New Hampshire landscape architects Saucier and Flynn designed the wrought iron fence that surrounds a portion of the complex. The society owns and manages Deer Island, a retreat on the St. Lawrence River. Alexandra Robbins, author of a book on Yale secret societies, wrote, The forty-acre retreat is intended to give Bonesmen an opportunity to get together, a century ago the island sported tennis courts and its softball fields were surrounded by rhubarb plants and gooseberry bushes. But although each new Skull and Bones member still visits Deer Island, now it is just a bunch of burned-out stone buildings, a patriarch sighs. Another Bonesman says that to call the island rustic would be to glorify it and its a dump, but its beautiful. Skull and Boness membership developed a reputation in association with the Power Elite, like other Yale senior societies, Skull and Bones membership was almost exclusively limited to white Protestant males for much of its history. While Yale itself had exclusionary policies directed at particular ethnic and religious groups, while some Catholics were able to join such groups, Jews were more often not. Some of these groups eventually entered Skull and Bones by means of sports
Skull and Bones
–
The logo of Skull and Bones
Skull and Bones
–
The tomb before the addition of a second wing
Skull and Bones
–
A 2009 view of the tomb from across High Street
Skull and Bones
–
Yearbook listing of Skull and Bones membership for 1920. The 1920 delegation included co-founders of
Time magazine,
Briton Hadden and
Henry Luce
16.
Manuscript Society
–
Manuscript Society is a senior society at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Toward the end of academic year 16 rising seniors are inducted into the society. Manuscript is reputedly the Arts and letters society at Yale, founded in 1952, Manuscript was Yales seventh landed senior society, that is, its alumni trust owns the societys meeting place or tomb. Manuscript was one of the first of the societies to offer membership to rising female Yale College seniors. The Wrexham Foundation is the societys alumni arm, since 1956, the foundation has underwritten a scholarship in the humanities for a senior who shall be judged to have written the best senior essay in the field of the humanities. Administered by Yale, it is given in memory of Wallace Notestein, M. A.1903 and it holds the number 344 to be sacred. The Society supposedly holds Enlightenment ideals, and the sun and sunflowers are both important symbols to members, the society also retained close connections with the campus literary society Chi Delta Theta in the early 1950s. The society holds a gathering in its tomb on Halloween. A Manuscript event is described in the novel Joe College by Tom Perrotta, designed by King-lui Wu, Manuscripts tomb is mid-century modern, unusual amid other societies elaborate mid-to-late-19th century buildings. It appears from the outside to have one level, yet conceals eight subterranean floors. The tomb holds a vast collection of modern and contemporary art. The Yale University Art Gallery is said to have temporarily stored pieces there, Wu said that he designed the building for privacy, not for secrecy. Dan Kniley was responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural, collegiate secret societies in North America Robbins, Alexandra. Secrets of the Tomb, Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, Joe College, A Novel ISBN 0-312-36178-5 Light & Truth Publication King-lui Wu Architectural Record, November 1965. Ingenious Use of a Narrow Site
Manuscript Society
–
An inverted/negative portrait of the Manuscript Tomb with its hidden insignia exposed.
Manuscript Society
–
Journalist and historian
Richard Rhodes (1937-) was a member of the class of '59.
Manuscript Society
–
Four time Presidential adviser
David Gergen (1942-), was a member of the class of '63.
Manuscript Society
–
Prominent senator
H. John Heinz III (1938-1991) was a member of the class of '64.
17.
Yale Daily News
–
The Yale Daily News is an independent student newspaper published by Yale University students in New Haven, Connecticut since January 28,1878. Called the YDN, the paper is produced in the Briton Hadden Memorial Building at 202 York Street in New Haven and printed off-site at Turley Publications in Palmer, Massachusetts. Each day, reporters, mainly freshmen and sophomores, cover the university, an expanded sports section is published on Monday, a two-page Opinion Forum on Friday, and WEEKEND, an arts and living section, also on Friday. The News prints an Arts & Culture spread on Wednesdays and a Science, Yale TV, the broadcast desk of the Yale Daily News, publishes an online video segment Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Staff members are elected as editors on the managing board during their junior year. A single chairman led the News until 1970, today, the editor-in-chief and publisher act as co-presidents of the Yale Daily News Publishing Company. The News View, an editorial, represents the position of the majority of the editorial board. In 1969, Yale College became coeducational, and by 1972, Mally Cox, andy Perkins was elected as the first female editor in chief in 1981, and Amy Oshinsky was elected as the first female publisher in 1977. The paper version of the News is distributed for free throughout Yales campus, the paper was once a subscription-only publication, delivered to student postal boxes for $40 a year. Subscriptions declined after the 1986 founding of the weekly Yale Herald student newspaper, the News switched to free distribution later that year. In 1978, the Oldest College Daily Foundation was created following a campaign to prevent the university from buying the Briton Hadden Memorial Building. The News survived for a century solely on the income generated by subscription, in 1920, the News began to report on national news and viewpoints. In 1940 and 1955, when professional dailies were not operating due to unrest among its workers, today, the Nation and World sections publish stories and photos from the Associated Press. On September 3,2008, the Oldest College Daily premiere a new designed by Mario Garcia of Garcia Media. In 2009, the Yale Daily News won the Associated Collegiate Press Newspaper Pacemaker Award, on September 10,2009, the News broke the news of the murder of Annie Le, a Yale graduate student reported missing and subsequently found murdered in the basement of her laboratory. In summer 2010, the 78-year-old Briton Hadden Memorial Building was renovated, increasing the amount of space in the basement. The Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University has a copy of every issue published between 1890 and 1959, the News, founded in 1878, calls itself the oldest college daily in the United States, a claim contested by other student newspapers. The Harvard Crimson calls itself the oldest continuously published college daily, the Daily Targum at Rutgers University was founded in 1869 but was published initially as a monthly newspaper and did not gain independence from the University until 1980
Yale Daily News
–
Yale Daily News, September 18, 2009
18.
Mayflower
–
The Mayflower was the ship that transported the first English Separatists, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England to the New World in 1620. There were 102 passengers, and the crew is estimated to have been about 30 and this voyage has become an iconic story in some of the earliest annals of American history, with its story of death and of survival in the harsh New England winter environment. The culmination of the voyage in the signing of the Mayflower Compact was an event which established a form of democracy. There was a ship named Mayflower that made the London to Plymouth. This was the cause of the voyage from England to America taking more than two months. The Mayflowers return trip to London in April–May 1621 took less than half that time, by 1620, the Mayflower was aging, nearing the end of the usual working life of an English merchant ship in that era, some 15 years. No dimensions of her hull can be stated exactly, since this was years before such measurements were standardized. She probably measured about 100 feet in length from the end at the beak of her prow to the tip of her stern superstructure aft. She was about 25 feet at her widest point, with the bottom of her keel about 12 feet below the waterline, although William Bradford was not a mariner, he estimated that Mayflower had a cargo capacity of 180 tons. What is known on the basis of surviving records from that time is that she could certainly accommodate 180 casks of wine in her cargo hold, the casks were great barrels that each held hundreds of gallons of claret wine. This was a ship that traditionally was heavily armed while on trading routes around Europe, due to the possibility of encountering pirates, and with its armament, the ship and crew could easily be conscripted by the English monarch at any time in case of conflict with other nations. The general layout of the ship was as follows, Three masts, mizzen, main, and fore, Three primary levels, main deck, gun deck, and cargo hold. Aft on the deck in the stern was the cabin for Master Christopher Jones. Forward of that was the room, which housed a whipstaff for sailing control, not a wheel. Also here was the compass and probably also berths for the ships officers. Forward of the room was the capstan, a vertical axle used to pull in ropes or cables. Far forward on the deck, just aft of the bow, was the forecastle space where the ships cook prepared meals for the crew. The poop deck was above the cabin of Master Jones, on the ships highest level above the stern on the aft castle, the poop house was on this deck, which may have been for passengers use either for sleeping or cargo
Mayflower
–
Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by
William Halsall (1882)
Mayflower
–
Mayflower arrived in
the "Cape Cod fishhook", 11 November 1620 (satellite photo, 1997)
Mayflower
–
Plaque on the side of a building next to Newlyn Old Quay
Mayflower
–
The Mayflower Memorial in
Southampton
19.
Mark Twain
–
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter and he later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, the short story brought international attention and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. He filed for bankruptcy in the wake of financial setbacks. He chose to pay all his creditors in full, even though he had no legal responsibility to do so. Twain was born shortly after an appearance of Halleys Comet, and he predicted that he would go out with it as well and he was lauded as the greatest American humorist of his age, and William Faulkner called him the father of American literature. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri, and they were married in 1823, Twain was of Cornish, English, and Scots-Irish descent. Only three of his siblings survived childhood, Orion, Henry, and Pamela and his sister Margaret died when Twain was three, and his brother Benjamin died three years later. His brother Pleasant died at six months of age, slavery was legal in Missouri at the time, and it became a theme in these writings. His father was an attorney and judge, but he died of pneumonia in 1847, the next year, Twain left school after the fifth grade to become a printers apprentice. In 1851, he working as a typesetter, contributing articles and humorous sketches to the Hannibal Journal. He educated himself in libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school. Twain describes his boyhood in Life on the Mississippi, stating there was but one permanent ambition among his comrades. Pilot was the grandest position of all, the pilot, even in those days of trivial wages, had a princely salary – from a hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty dollars a month, and no board to pay. As Twain describes it, the pilots prestige exceeded that of the captain, bixby took Twain on as a cub pilot to teach him the river between New Orleans and St. Louis for $500, payable out of Twains first wages after graduating. It was more than two years before he received his pilots license, piloting gave also him his pen name from mark twain, the leadsmans cry for a measured river depth of two fathoms, which was safe water for a steamboat
Mark Twain
–
Mark Twain, detail of photo by
Mathew Brady, February 7, 1871
Mark Twain
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Samuel L. Clemens stamp, 1940
Mark Twain
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Samuel Clemens, age 15
Mark Twain
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Library of
Twain House, with hand-stenciled paneling, fireplaces from India, embossed wallpapers, and hand-carved mantel purchased in Scotland
20.
Moorish Revival
–
The Moorish garden structures built at Sheringham Hall, Norfolk, ca. By the mid-19th century, the style was adopted by the Jews of Central Europe, as a consequence, Moorish Revival spread around the globe as a preferred style of synagogue architecture. In Spain, the country conceived as the place of origin of Moorish ornamentation, in Catalonia, Antoni Gaudís profound interest in Mudéjar heritage governed the design of his early works, such as Casa Vicens or Astorga Palace. In Andalusia, the Neo-Mudéjar style gained belated popularity in connection with the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 and was epitomized by Plaza de España, a Spanish nobleman built the Palazzo Sammezzano, one of Europes largest and most elaborate Moorish Revival structures, in Tuscany between 1853 and 1889. Another exception was Bosnia, where, after its occupation by Austria-Hungary and this included application of ornamentations and other Moorish design strategies neither of which had much to do with prior architectural direction of indigenous Bosnian architecture. The central post office in Sarajevo, for example, follows distinct formal characteristics of design like clarity of form, symmetry, constructed in 1848 and destroyed by fire ten years later, this architectural extravaganza sprouted bulbous domes and horseshoe arches. After the American Civil War, Moorish or Turkish smoking rooms achieved some popularity, there were Moorish details in the interiors created for the Henry Osborne Havemeyer residence on Fifth Avenue by Louis Comfort Tiffany. The 1914 Pittock Mansion in Portland, Oregon incorporates Turkish design features, as well as French, English, and Italian ones, the smoking room in particular has notable Moorish revival elements. The 1891 Tampa Bay Hotel, whose minarets and Moorish domes are now the pride of the University of Tampa, was a particularly extravagant example of the style, other schools with Moorish Revival buildings include Yeshiva University in New York City. George Washington Smith used the style in his design for the 1920s Isham Beach Estate in Santa Barbara, Immaculate Conception Church, is a striking example of Moorish Revival Architecture. Across the street was the College of the Immaculate Conception, housing a chapel with two stained glass domes, the chapel was disassembled and about half of it was installed in the present Jesuit High School. The Shriners, an organization, often chose a Moorish Revival style for their Temples. C. El Zaribah Shrine Auditorium, Phoenix, Arizona Medinah Temple, Chicago, murat Shrine, Indianapolis, Indiana, the largest Shrine temple in North America, now officially known as Old National Centre. Augustine, FL,1883 Campo Pequeno bullring, Lisbon,1892 Henry B, south Melbourne, Australia,1976 Moorish Revival in New York Architecture
Moorish Revival
–
Palace of the
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
Moorish Revival
–
Southern garden façade of
Alupka Palace with a massive central exedra forming an open mosque-like
vestibule
Moorish Revival
–
The
Jama Masjid mosque was the inspiration for Blore's design.
Moorish Revival
–
Gran Teatro Falla,
Cádiz,
Spain
21.
Richard Morris Hunt
–
Richard Morris Hunt was an American architect of the nineteenth century and a preeminent figure in the history of American architecture. Design critic Paul Goldberger wrote in The New York Times that Hunt was American architectures first, Hunt also founded both the American Institute of Architects and the Municipal Art Society. Born at Brattleboro, Vermont, Hunt was a son of Jane Maria Leavitt, born to a family of Suffield, Connecticut. Jonathan Hunt, a U. S. congressman whose own father was the lieutenant governor of Vermont, Richard Morris Hunt was the brother of the Boston painter William Morris Hunt, and the photographer and lawyer Leavitt Hunt. Following the early death of his father, Hunts mother took the family to Europe, Hunt began his education at the Boston Latin School. Hunt later entered the Paris atelier of Hector Lefuel in 1846, the aspiring architect Hunt became the first American to attend the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Hunt would later regale aspiring young architect Louis Sullivan with stories of his work on the New Louvre in Lefuels atelier libre and his philosophy of architectural work may be summed up in his quote The first thing youve got to remember is that its your clients money youre spending. Your goal is to achieve the best results by following their wishes, if they want you to build a house upside down standing on its chimney, its up to you to do it. Hunts greatest influence was his insistence that architects be treated, and paid, as legitimate and he sued one of his early clients for non-payment of his five percent fee, which established an important legal precedent. Hunt married Catherine Clinton Howland on April 2,1861 and she was the daughter of Samuel S. Howland. His extensive social connections in Newport among the richest Americans of his generation, were informed by his energy, legend has it that while on a final walk-through of one of his Vanderbilt mansions, Hunt discovered a mysterious tent-like object in one of the ballrooms. Investigating, he found it was covering a life-sized statue of himself, dressed in stonecutters clothes. Vanderbilt permitted the statue to be placed on the roof of the mansion, most who came into contact with Hunt came away struck by the man. On their first meeting in 1869 Ralph Waldo Emerson spoke of one remarkable person new to me, Hunt designed New Yorks Tribune Building, one of the earliest with an elevator, in 1873. Other buildings of note that Hunt designed include the Theological Library and Marquand Chapel in Princeton, the Scroll and Key building at Yale, until the Lenox Library, none of Hunts American works were in the Beaux-Arts style with which he is associated. Late in his life he became involved in the Chicagos Worlds Columbian Exposition in 1893, in New York City, Hunts handiwork can be seen on the austere pedestal of the Statue of Liberty and on the elegant 5th Avenue facade of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Hunt often employed sculptor Karl Bitter to enrich his designs, according to Central Park historian Sarah Cedar Miller, Central Park Commissioner and influential New Yorker Andrew Haswell Green, was a major supporter of Hunt. When the park commissioners adopted Hunts design, Olmsted and his partner Calvert Vaux protested and resigned their positions with the Central Park project, Hunts plan for Scholars Gate was never built and Olmsted and Vaux subsequently rejoined the project
Richard Morris Hunt
–
Richard Morris Hunt
Richard Morris Hunt
–
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fifth Avenue facade designed by Richard Morris Hunt
Richard Morris Hunt
–
William K. Vanderbilt House on Fifth Avenue, New York. Built 1878–82, demolished in 1926
Richard Morris Hunt
–
Home of Henry G. Marquand, Madison Ave., New York. Built 1884, later demolished
22.
Berzelius (secret society)
–
Berzelius is a secret society at Yale University named for the Swedish scientist Jöns Jakob Berzelius, considered one of the founding fathers of modern chemistry. Berzelius became a society in the tradition of Skull and Bones, Scroll and Key. Book and Snake and St. Elmo societies from Sheff, followed suit, Skull and Bones, founded in 1832, Scroll and Key, founded in 1841, and Wolfs Head, founded in 1883, catered to students in the Academic Department, or liberal arts college. The alumni trust organization, the Colony Foundation, owns the societys building, outsiders refer to the building as a tomb, the customary appellation for a secret society structure at Yale, however, many BZ members refer to their building as The Hall. Henry Bacon and James Brite. that Berzelius sold to the Scroll, architectural historian Scott Meacham cites both Berzelius buildings in his study of Yale and Dartmouth society and fraternity architecture. In addition to the room, dining area, and numerous study rooms, there are below-ground activity rooms with a pool table. BZ recently underwent a major restoration, collegiate secret societies in North America Yales Fraternities, Sororities and Societies
Berzelius (secret society)
–
Architect
Donn Barber 's Berzelius Society, 1908 or 1910.
Berzelius (secret society)
–
Berzelius, perspective from Temple Street
Berzelius (secret society)
–
Classically symmetrical front approach.
Berzelius (secret society)
–
Detail of entryway ornamentation. Berzelius Society symbol depicted within shield.
23.
Sheffield Scientific School
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Sheffield Scientific School was founded in 1847 as a school of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut for instruction in science and engineering. Originally named the Yale Scientific School, it was renamed in 1861 in honor of Joseph E. Sheffield, the school was incorporated in 1871. The Sheffield Scientific School helped establish the model for the transition of U. S. higher education from a model to one which incorporated both the sciences and the liberal arts. Following World War I, however, its curriculum gradually became completely integrated with Yale College, the Sheff ceased to function as a separate entity in 1956. After technological developments in the nineteenth century such as the electric telegraph. Harvard established the Lawrence Scientific School in 1846 and Dartmouth began the Chandler Scientific School in 1852, the stage was set at Yale for the transition in education beginning in 1846, when professorships of agricultural chemistry and practical chemistry were established. In 1847, the School of Applied Chemistry became part of a newly created Department of Philosophy, classes and labs were hosted in the Second Presidents House on Yales Old Campus until funding and a suitable facility could be found. Norton died in 1852 and was replaced by John Addison Porter, Applied chemistry was followed in 1852 by a professorship of civil engineering establishing a school of engineering. These programs made up the Yale Scientific School, in 1853 and 1854, science and engineering courses were listed in the Yale College course catalog as offered by the Yale Scientific School. Porter elicited help from his father-in-law, Joseph Earl Sheffield, and in 1858, Sheffield donated funds, the old Yale Medical School building on the northeast corner of Grove and Prospect Streets was renovated and renamed Sheffield Hall. Sheffields building reinforced the division of Hillhouse Avenue into an upper, residential section, in 1861, the school became the Sheffield Scientific School in recognition of his generosity devoted to the promotion of the study of the natural, physical, and mathematical sciences. Sheffield was one of Yales greatest benefactors and continued to support the school throughout his life, Yale also received US$591,000 from his will as well as his house, the Sheffield mansion, designed and originally owned by Ithiel Town. The school also benefited from the Morrill Act starting in 1863, land grant status, however, was transferred to the Storrs Agricultural School in 1893 after arguments by the state grange that the school was not a proper farm school. A series of lectures, later known as the Sheffield Lectures was instituted by the school in 1866, professor Othniel Charles Marsh of the school led four Yale scientific expeditions in search of fossils in 1870-3. The Sheffield School innovated with a course offering science and mathematics as well as economics, English, geography, history, modern languages, philology. Unlike Yale College students at the time, Sheffield students had no dorms, no required chapel, no disciplinary marks, the Academical Department of Yale and Sheffield became rivals. The Ac students studied liberal arts and would look down on the practical Sheff students, the Yale Scientific Magazine was founded at Sheffield in 1894, the first student magazine devoted to the sciences. In 1872–73, Sheffield Scientific Schools first new building, North Sheffield Hall was built, designed by Josiah Cleaveland Cady and this was followed by Winchester Hall and Sheffield Chemical
Sheffield Scientific School
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Chemistry Class in 1898
Sheffield Scientific School
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Second President's House, home to the Department of Philosophy and the Arts, 1847–1860
Sheffield Scientific School
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Joseph Earl Sheffield, the school's namesake
Sheffield Scientific School
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Plaque commemorating Sheffield Hall
24.
U.S. Secretary of State
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Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level. The current Secretary of State is former ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson and those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal of the United States, performance of protocol functions for the White House, and the drafting of certain proclamations. The Secretary also negotiates with the individual States over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries, under Federal Law, the resignation of a President or of a Vice President is only valid if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the Secretary of State. Accordingly, the resignations of President Nixon and of Vice-President Spiro Agnew, domestic issues, were formalized in instruments delivered to the Secretary of State, six Secretaries of State have gone on to be elected President. Former Secretaries of State retain the right to add the title Secretary to their surnames, as the head of the United States Foreign Service, the Secretary of State is responsible for management of the diplomatic service of the United States. The foreign service employs about 12,000 people domestically and internationally, the U. S. Secretary of State has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U. S. soil for any reason. The nature of the means that Secretaries of State engage in travel around the world. The record for most countries visited in a secretarys tenure is 112, second is Madeleine Albright with 96. The record for most air miles traveled in a secretarys tenure is 1.380 million miles, second is Condoleezza Rices 1.059 million miles and third is Clintons 956,733 miles. S
U.S. Secretary of State
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Incumbent
John Kerry since February 1, 2013
U.S. Secretary of State
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Seal of the Department of State
25.
Fareed Zakaria
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Fareed Rafiq Zakaria is an Indian-American journalist and author. He is the host of CNNs Fareed Zakaria GPS and writes a column for The Washington Post. He has been a columnist for Newsweek, editor of Newsweek International, and he is the author of five books, three of them international bestsellers, and the co-editor of one. Zakaria was born in India to a Konkani Muslim family and his father, Rafiq Zakaria, was a politician associated with the Indian National Congress and an Islamic theologian. His mother, Fatima Zakaria, was his fathers second wife and she was for a time the editor of the Sunday Times of India. Zakaria attended the Cathedral and John Connon School in Bombay, after directing a research project on American foreign policy at Harvard, Zakaria became the managing editor of Foreign Affairs in 1992, at the age of 28. Under his guidance, the magazine was redesigned and moved from a quarterly to a bimonthly schedule and he served as an Adjunct Professor at Columbia University, where he taught a seminar on international relations. In October 2000, he was named editor of Newsweek International, in August 2010 he moved to Time to serve as Editor-at-Large and columnist. He writes a column for the Washington Post and is a contributing editor for the Atlantic Media group. He has published on a variety of subjects for the New York Times, for a brief period, he was a wine columnist for the web magazine Slate. Zakaria is the author of From Wealth to Power, The Unusual Origins of Americas World Role, The Future of Freedom, The Post-American World and he co-edited The American Encounter, The United States and the Making of the Modern World with James F. Hoge, Jr. His last two books have both been New York Times bestsellers, and have translated into more than 25 languages. In 2011, an updated and expanded edition of The Post-American World was published, Zakaria was a news analyst with ABCs This Week with George Stephanopoulos where he was a member of the Sunday morning roundtable. He hosted the weekly TV news show, Foreign Exchange with Fareed Zakaria on PBS and his weekly show, Fareed Zakaria GPS premiered on CNN in June 2008. It airs twice weekly in the United States and four times weekly on CNN International and it recently celebrated its 8th anniversary on June 5,2016 as announced on the weekly foreign affairs show on CNN. In 2013 he became one of the producers for the HBO series Vice, Zakaria self-identifies as a centrist, though he has been described variously as a political liberal, a conservative, a moderate, or a radical centrist. George Stephanopoulos said of him in 2003, Hes so well versed in politics, I cant be sure whenever I turn to him where hes going to be coming from or what hes going to say. He supported Barack Obama during the 2008 Democratic primary campaign and also for president, in January 2009 Forbes referred to Zakaria as one of the 25 most influential liberals in the American media
Fareed Zakaria
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Fareed Zakaria in 2013
Fareed Zakaria
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Fareed Zakaria at
World Economic Forum 2006,
Davos,
Switzerland (second from the right)
26.
Sargent Shriver
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Robert Sargent Sarge Shriver Jr. was an American politician and activist. As the husband of Eunice Kennedy Shriver, he was part of the Kennedy family, serving in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. During the 1972 U. S. presidential election, he was George McGoverns running mate as the Democratic Partys nominee for Vice President, replacing Thomas Eagleton, who had resigned from the ticket. Shriver was born in Westminster, Maryland, the son of Robert Sargent Shriver Sr. and his wife Hilda. Sarges elder brother was Thomas Herbert Shriver, of partial German ancestry, Shriver was a descendant of David Shriver, who signed the Maryland Constitution and Bill of Rights at Marylands Constitutional Convention of 1776. He spent his school years at Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. He was on Canterburys baseball, basketball, and football teams, became the editor of the schools newspaper, after he graduated in 1934, Shriver spent the summer in Germany as part of The Experiment in International Living, returning in the fall of 1934 to enter Yale University. He received his bachelors degree in 1938 in American Studies, having been a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and he was chairman of the Yale Daily News. Shriver then attended Yale Law School, earning an LL. B. degree in 1941. S, President Gerald Ford and Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart, that tried to keep the U. S. out of the European war. Nevertheless, Shriver volunteered for the U. S. Navy before the attack on Pearl Harbor and he spent five years on active duty, mostly in the South Pacific, serving aboard the USS South Dakota, reaching the rank of lieutenant. He was awarded a Purple Heart for wounds he received during the bombardment of Guadalcanal, Shrivers relationship with the Kennedys began when he was working as an assistant editor at Newsweek after his discharge from the Navy. Shriver was later hired to manage the Merchandise Mart, part of Kennedys business empire, in Chicago, after a seven-year courtship, Shriver married Eunice Kennedy on May 23,1953, at St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City. She was the daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. A devout Catholic, Shriver attended daily Mass and always carried a rosary of wooden beads. What America needs are policies that protect and advance the interest of mothers and their children. He appointed to and served as president of the Chicago Board of Education, when brother-in-law John F. Kennedy ran for president, Shriver worked as a political and organization coordinator in the Wisconsin and West Virginia primaries. During Kennedys presidential term, Shriver founded and served as the first director of the Peace Corps, after Kennedys assassination, Shriver continued to serve as Director of the Peace Corps and served as Special Assistant to President Lyndon Johnson. Under Johnson, he created the Office of Economic Opportunity with William B. Mullins and he is known as the architect of the Johnson administrations War on Poverty
Sargent Shriver
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Shriver, c. 1962
Sargent Shriver
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Shriver and JFK at the White House in August 1961.
27.
Cole Porter
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Cole Albert Porter was an American composer and songwriter. Born to a family in Indiana, he defied the wishes of his domineering grandfather. Classically trained, he was drawn towards musical theatre, after a slow start, he began to achieve success in the 1920s, and by the 1930s he was one of the major songwriters for the Broadway musical stage. Unlike many successful Broadway composers, Porter wrote the lyrics, as well as the music, after a serious horseback riding accident in 1937, Porter was left disabled and in constant pain, but he continued to work. His shows of the early 1940s did not contain the hits of his best work of the 1920s and 30s. It won the first Tony Award for Best Musical, Porters other musicals include Fifty Million Frenchmen, DuBarry Was a Lady, Anything Goes, Can-Can and Silk Stockings. His numerous hit songs include Night and Day, Begin the Beguine, I Get a Kick Out of You, Well, Ive Got You Under My Skin, My Heart Belongs to Daddy and Youre the Top. Porter was born in Peru, Indiana, the surviving child of a wealthy family. His father, Samuel Fenwick Porter, was a druggist by trade and his mother, Kate, was the indulged daughter of James Omar J. O. Cole, the richest man in Indiana, a coal and timber speculator who dominated the family. J. O. Cole built the couple a home on his Peru-area property, after high school, Porter returned to the property only for occasional visits. Porters strong-willed mother doted on him and began his training at an early age. He learned the violin at age six, the piano at eight and she falsified his recorded birth year, changing it from 1891 to 1893 to make him appear more precocious. His father, who was a shy and unassertive man, played a role in Porters upbringing, although as an amateur poet, he may have influenced his sons gifts for rhyme. Porters father also had talent as a vocalist and pianist. J. O. Cole wanted his grandson to become a lawyer, Porter brought an upright piano with him to school and found that music, and his ability to entertain, made it easy for him to make friends. Porter did well in school and rarely came home to visit and he became class valedictorian and was rewarded by his grandfather with a tour of France, Switzerland and Germany. Entering Yale University in 1909, Porter majored in English, minored in music and he was a member of Scroll and Key and Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and contributed to campus humor magazine The Yale Record. Porter wrote 300 songs while at Yale, including student songs such as the fight songs Bulldog
Cole Porter
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Porter in the 1930s
Cole Porter
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Farmhouse at Westleigh Farms
Cole Porter
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Porter as a
Yale College student
Cole Porter
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Ca' Rezzonico in Venice, leased by Porter in the 1920s
28.
Calvin Trillin
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Calvin Marshall Trillin is an American journalist, humorist, food writer, poet, memoirist and novelist. Calvin Trillin was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1935 to Edythe, in his book, Messages from My Father, he said his parents called him Buddy. After a stint in the U. S. Army, he worked as a reporter for Time magazine before joining the staff of The New Yorker in 1963. His reporting for The New Yorker on the integration of the University of Georgia was published in his first book. Journal series from 1967 to 1982, covering local events both serious and quirky throughout the United States and he has also written for The Nation magazine. He began in 1978 with a column called Variations, which was eventually renamed Uncivil Liberties, the same name – Uncivil Liberties – was used for the column when it was syndicated weekly in newspapers, from 1986 to 1995. Essentially the same column then ran without a name in Time magazine from 1996 to 2001 and his humor columns for The Nation often made fun of the editor of the time, Victor Navasky, whom he jokingly referred to as the wily and parsimonious Navasky. From the July 2,1990, issue of The Nation to today, Trillin has written considerably more pieces than any other person for The Nation. Family, travel and food are also themes in Trillins work, three of his books American Fried, Alice, Lets Eat, and Third Helpings, were individually published and are also collected in the 1994 compendium The Tummy Trilogy. In 1965, he married the educator and writer Alice Stewart Trillin with whom he had two daughters. The most autobiographical of his works are Messages from My Father, Family Man, a slightly expanded version of the latter essay, entitled About Alice, was published as a book on December 26,2006. In Messages from My Father, Trillin recounts how his father expected his son to be a Jew. He has also written a collection of short stories – Barnett Frummer Is An Unbloomed Flower – and this last novel is about a man who enjoys parking in New York City for its own sake and is unusual among novels for exploring the subject of parking. In 2008, The Library of America selected the essay Stranger with a Camera for inclusion in its retrospective of American True Crime. In 2012, he was awarded the Thurber Prize for American Humor for Quite Enough of Calvin Trillin, Forty Years of Funny Stuff, in 2013, he was inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame. Trillin lives in the Greenwich Village area of New York City, column archive at The Nation Appearances on C-SPAN Calvin Trillin at the Internet Movie Database Works by or about Calvin Trillin in libraries Calvin Trillin collected news and commentary. Calvin Trillin, The Art of Humor No.3, Calvin Trillin Is Going Out — to Eat, Dave Weich, Powells
Calvin Trillin
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Calvin Trillin
