1.
Cabinet Secretariat of India
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The Cabinet Secretariat is responsible for the administration of the Government of India. It functions from the Secretariat Building, New Delhi, where most of the Cabinet of India sits. It comprises a set of two buildings on opposite sides of Rajpath which are home to some of the most important ministries of the Government of India, situated on Raisina Hill, New Delhi, through this mechanism new policy initiatives are also promoted. Both the buildings flank the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the South Block houses the Prime Minister Office, Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of External Affairs. The North Block primarily houses the Ministry of Finance and the Home Ministry, the terms North Block and South Block are often used to refer to the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of External Affairs respectively. The Secretariat Building was designed by the prominent British architect Herbert Baker, the building adopts elements from Rajputana styles of architecture. Examples include the use of Jali – decorated to protect from the scorching sun and monsoon rains of India. Another feature of the building is a structure known as the Chatri. The style of architecture used in Secretariat Building is unique to Raisina Hill, the administrative head of the Cabinet Secretariat is the Cabinet Secretary who is also the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board. As a matter of convention the most senior civil servant is appointed as a Cabinet Secretary and he belongs to the Indian Administrative Service. The incumbent generally has a tenure of 2 to 3 years, the Secretariat of the Executive Council was headed by the Cabinet Secretary. The constitution of the Interim Government in September 1946 brought a change in the name, though little in functions, the Executive Councils Secretariat was then designated as the Cabinet Secretariat. It seems, however, at least in retrospect, that Independence brought some change in the functions of the Cabinet Secretariat, the Cabinet Secretary is the administrative head of Cabinet Secretariat and all the civil services under the constitution. Thus, he is the head of all the services and he ranks eleventh in the Table of Precedence of India. Cabinet Secretariat has three wings, civil, military and intelligence, under the Cabinet Secretary, there are several secretaries heading various departments, e. g. Secretary, Secretary, Secretary and Secretary. The Directorate of Public Grievances is also under the Cabinet Secretariat, the Cabinet Secretariat is under the direct charge of the Prime Minister. When any policy is made in the Cabinet Secretariat there must be signature of Prime Minister, the Prime Minister of India is the Head of the Union Government, as distinct from the President of India, who is the Head of State. Since India has adopted the Westminster model of democracy, it is the Prime Minister who oversees the day-to-day functioning of the Union Government of India
2.
Classical order
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An Order in architecture is a certain assemblage of parts subject to uniform established proportions, regulated by the office that each part has to perform. The three orders of architecture—the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—originated in Greece, to these the Romans added, in practice if not in name, the Tuscan, which they made simpler than Doric, and the Composite, which was more ornamental than the Corinthian. The Architectural Order of a building is akin to the mode or key of classical music. It is established by certain modules like the intervals of music, Columns shrank into half-columns emerging from walls or turned into pilasters. This treatment continued after the conscious and correct use of the orders, initially following exclusively Roman models, Greek Revival architecture, inspired by increasing knowledge of Greek originals, returned to more authentic models, including ones from relatively early periods. Each style has distinctive capitals at the top of columns and horizontal entablatures which it supports, the column shaft and base also varies with the order, and is sometimes articulated with vertical hollow grooves known as fluting. The capital rests on the shaft and it has a load-bearing function, which concentrates the weight of the entablature on the supportive column, but it primarily serves an aesthetic purpose. The necking is the continuation of the shaft, but is separated by one or many grooves. The echinus lies atop the necking and it is a circular block that bulges outwards towards the top to support the abacus, which is a square or shaped block that in turn supports the entablature. The entablature consists of three layers, all of which are visually separated from each other using moldings or bands. There are names for all the parts of the orders. The height of columns are calculated in terms of a ratio between the diameter of the shaft at its base and the height of the column, sometimes this is phrased as lower diameters high, to establish which part of the shaft has been measured. There are three orders in Ancient Greek architecture, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. These three were adopted by the Romans, who modified their capitals, the Roman adoption of the Greek orders took place in the 1st century BC. The three Ancient Greek orders have since been used in neo-classical European architecture. Sometimes the Doric order is considered the earliest order, but there is no evidence to support this, rather, the Doric and Ionic orders seem to have appeared at around the same time, the Ionic in eastern Greece and the Doric in the west and mainland. Both the Doric and the Ionic order appear to have originated in wood, the Temple of Hera in Olympia is the oldest well-preserved temple of Doric architecture. It was built just after 600 BC, the Doric order later spread across Greece and into Sicily where it was the chief order for monumental architecture for 800 years
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Cabinet Secretary of India
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The Cabinet Secretary is a post and a rank in the Government of India. Cabinet Secretary is the top most executive official and senior-most civil servant in India, the Cabinet Secretary is under the direct charge of the Prime Minister. Though there is no fixed tenure, the tenure of the Cabinet Secretary has been less than 3 years. His or her tenure however, can be extended. He doesnt belong to any particular ministry, during British colonial rule in India, the agency that carried out governmental business was called the Governor-General-in Council. In 1946, the Council was renamed the Cabinet Secretariat, after Independence in 1947, the functions of the Secretariat underwent major changes. A series of committees on economic, defence and intelligence matters were constituted under the Cabinet Secretariat, most of the departments created after Independence functioned under the Cabinet Secretariat, and were later on shifted to the respective ministries. The subjects allotted to this Secretariat are, firstly, secretarial assistance to Cabinet and Cabinet Committees, and secondly, through this mechanism new policy initiatives are also promoted. Management of major crisis situations in the country and coordinating activities of the various Ministries in such a situation is one of the functions of the Cabinet Secretariat. The Cabinet Secretariat has 3 wings, Civil, Military and Intelligence, the Civil wing is the main wing and provides aid, advice and assistance to the Union Cabinet. The Military wing is represented by Major General who is designated as Joint Secretary in the Cabinet Secretariat, the Intelligence wing deals with matters pertaining to the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Union Cabinet. The chief of Research and Analysis Wing R&AW also officially first reports to the Cabinet Secretary, the Cabinet Secretary is arguably Indias most powerful bureaucrat and right hand of Prime Minister of India
5.
Herbert Baker
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He was born and died at Owletts in Cobham, Kent. He also designed the building at the then Prince of Wales School in Nairobi. His tomb is in Westminster Abbey, as a boy, walking and exploring the historical ruins found in the area were his favourite pastimes. He was profoundly influenced by the construction used in Norman cathedrals and Anglo-Saxon churches, as well as the ornamentation. This early influence is apparent in the churches, schools and houses he designed in South Africa. He was educated at Tonbridge School, study tours of Europe were regarded as an essential part of the course. In 1891 Baker passed his examination for Associateship of the Royal Institute of British Architects and was awarded the Ashpitel Prize for being top of his class. He worked initially for Ernest George and Harold Peto in London from 1882–87, then opened his own office in Gravesend, from 1902-1913 he developed his career in South Africa. In 1913 he returned to England and began practice in London in partnership with Alexander Scott, Bakers autobiography Architecture & Personalities was published in 1944. Rhodes sponsored Bakers further education in Greece, Italy and Egypt, after which he returned to South Africa and he had the patronage of Lord Milner, and was invited to the Transvaal to design and build residences for the British colonials. In 1902 Baker left his practice at the Cape in the hands of his partner and went to live in Johannesburg, Baker quickly became noted for his work, and was commissioned by a number of the Randlords to design houses, particularly in the suburbs of Parktown and Westcliff. He also designed commercial premises and public buildings, St Boniface Church Germiston Bishop Bavin School St. Baker used a design similar to the Greek Temple at Segesta. Rhodes University, Grahamstown Roedean School, Johannesburg Sandown House, Rondebosch, property of Charles William Hutton and then of John Molteno. In November 1910 the cornerstone of the Union Building was laid, hull, a member of the first Union Cabinet, chose Meintjieskop as the site for Bakers design. The site was that of a quarry and the existing excavations were used to create the amphitheatre. The design consisted of two wings, joined by a semicircular colonnade forming the backdrop of the amphitheatre. The colonnade was terminated on either side by a tower, each wing had a basement and three floors above ground. The interiors were created in the Cape Dutch Style with carved teak fanlights, heavy doors, dark ceiling beams contrasting with white plaster walls, Baker used indigenous materials as far as possible
6.
Government of India
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It is located in New Delhi, the capital of India. There is a bicameral Parliament with the Lok Sabha as a lower house, the judicial branch systematically contains an apex Supreme Court,24 high courts, and several district courts, all inferior to the Supreme Court. Similar to the government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative. The legal system as applicable to the federal and individual state governments is based on the English Common, the full name of the country is the Republic of India. No other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name appears on legal banknotes, in treaties. The Union Government, Central Government or Government of India are often used in an official and unofficial capacity to refer to the Government of India, because the seat of government is in New Delhi, New Delhi is commonly used as a metonym for the Central Government. Legislative branch in India is exercised by the Parliament and a legislature consisting of the Rajya Sabha. The latter is considered the house or the House of the people. The Parliament does not have control and sovereignty, as its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court of India. However, it does exercise some control over the executive branch, the members of the cabinet, including the prime minister and the Council of Ministers, are either chosen from parliament or elected there to within six months of assuming office. The cabinet as a whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha, the Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can only be dissolved when the party in power loses the support of the majority of the house. Whereas the Rajya Sabha is a permanent house which can never be dissolved though the members of the Rajya Sabha who are elected for a six-year term, the Executive Branch of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the idea of the separation of powers. The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India, the President has all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid Article 53. The President is to act in accordance with aid and advice tendered by the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers remains in power during the pleasure of the President. However, in practice, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha, if a President were to dismiss the Council of Ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha, the President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. His/Her work is to facilitate smooth transaction of business in Ministries/ Departments of the Government, the President is de jure the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces
7.
Cabinet of India
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The Union Council of Ministers or federal cabinet exercises executive authority in the Republic of India. It consists of ministers, called Cabinet Ministers, junior ministers, called Ministers of State. It is led by the Prime Minister, a smaller executive body, called the Union Cabinet is the decision-making body in India. Only the Prime Minister and ministers of the rank of Cabinet Minister are members of Union Cabinet per Article 352, per Article 75, the Council of Ministers is responsible collectively to the lower house of the Indian Parliament, called the Lok Sabha. When a bill introduced by a minister in the Lok sabha is not approved by it, entire council of ministers is responsible, the council of ministers upon losing confidence of Lok Sabha shall resign to facilitate new government formation. A minister shall not take any decision with out being considered by the council of ministers per Article 78, all union cabinet members shall submit in writing to the President to propose proclamation of emergency by the president per Article 352. According to the Constitution of India, the number of ministers in the Council of Ministers must not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the House of the People. Ministers must be members of parliament, any minister who is not a member of either the lower or upper houses of parliament for six consecutive months is automatically stripped off his or her ministerial post. Upon self resignation Upon dismissal by the President for ministers unconstitutional acts per Article 75, upon direction from the Judiciary for committing violation of law. Upon ceasing eligibility to be a member of Parliament and it is nowhere stated in the constitution, a minister can be removed by the Prime Minister at his will. Every state in India is governed by its council of ministers with rules, there is no concept of cabinet rank minister in the council of ministers. As a collective, each successive Council of Ministers is referred to as a cabinet, the current cabinet is led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who took office on 26 May 2014
8.
Raisina Hill
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It is surrounded by other important buildings and structures, including the Parliament of India, Rajpath and India Gate. The term Raisina Hill was coined following acquisition of land from 300 families from local villages, a well-drained, healthy area between the Delhi Ridge and the Yamuna River, it provided ample room for expansion. Raisina i. e. Rao Simha was the title of jagirdar/estate ruler Kalda Rao consisting of Delhi city, Delhi city was called Raisina during this period. Only Raisina Hill, Raisina road, etc. remain today, the descendents of Rao Simha saheb carry the surname Vaisoha
9.
New Delhi
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New Delhi is the capital of India and one of Delhi citys 11 districts. The National Capital Region is a larger entity comprising the entire National Capital Territory along with adjoining districts. The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V and it was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy, New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister of India Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Calcutta was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi. The Government of British India felt that it would be easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India. The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894. The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, the contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad fort, construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed Lutyens Delhi was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britains imperial aspirations. Soon Lutyens started considering other places, however, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroys House at one end with Paharganj at the other. During the projects early years, many believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a number of heritage sites in the North side. A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroys House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was considered the site of Indraprastha
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