The Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was a British cabinet level position responsible for the army and the British colonies (other than India). The Department was created in 1801; in 1854 it was split into the separate offices of Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for the Colonies. The Secretary was supported by an Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies.
1. Cabinet of the United Kingdom – Ministers of the Crown, and especially Cabinet ministers, are selected primarily from the elected members of House of Commons, and also from the House of Lords, by the Prime Minister. Cabinet ministers are heads of government departments, mostly with the office of Secretary of State for, the collective co-ordinating function of the Cabinet is reinforced by the statutory position that all the Secretaries of State jointly hold the same office, and can exercise the same powers. The Cabinet is the ultimate decision-making body of the executive within the Westminster system of government in constitutional theory. The political and decision-making authority of the cabinet has been reduced over the last several decades. The Cabinet is the committee of Her Majestys Privy Council, a body which has legislative, judicial and executive functions. Its decisions are implemented either under the existing powers of individual government departments. Since the reign of King George I the Cabinet has been the executive group of British government. Both he and George II made use of the system, as both were not native English speakers, unfamiliar with British politics, and thus relied heavily on selected groups of advisers, the term minister came into being since the royal officers ministered to the sovereign. The name and institution have been adopted by most English-speaking countries, and this development grew out of the exigencies of the First World War, where faster and better co-ordinated decisions across Government were seen as a crucial part of the war effort. All these demanded a highly organised and centralised Government centred on the Cabinet, Cabinet ministers, like all ministers, are appointed and may be dismissed by the monarch at pleasure on the advice of the Prime Minister. The allocation and transfer of responsibilities between ministers and departments is generally at the Prime Ministers discretion. The extent to which the Government is collegial varies with political conditions, any change to the composition of the Cabinet involving more than one appointment is customarily referred to as a reshuffle, a routine reshuffle normally occurs every summer. The number in addition to the Prime Minister is currently 21, the Cabinet Secretary does not have a political appointment such as Secretary of State and is not a member of the Cabinet, but is the professional Head of Her Majestys Civil Service. In formal constitutional terms, the Cabinet is a committee of Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, all Cabinet members are made Privy Counsellors shortly after appointment if not already Privy Counsellors, but only selected Privy Counsellors are appointed to the Cabinet or invited to attend. MPs and peers in the Cabinet use the style the Right Honourable The Cabinet has come to be made up almost entirely of members of the House of Commons, the Leader of the House of Lords is a member of the House of Lords. Otherwise it is rare for a peer to sit in the Cabinet, the Lord Chancellor was formerly the presiding officer of the House of Lords, but since 2007 need not be a member of the Lords, and members of the House of Commons have been appointed. The number of ministers who are peers has increased since 1997. Occasionally cabinet members are selected from outside the Houses of Parliament, harold Wilson appointed Frank Cousins and Patrick Gordon Walker to the 1964 cabinet despite their not being MPs at the time
Cabinet of the United Kingdom – The Cabinet table2. Secretary of State for War – The position of Secretary of State for War, commonly called War Secretary, was a British cabinet-level position, first held by Henry Dundas. In 1801 the post became that of Secretary of State for War, the position was re-instated in 1854. In 1946, with the creation of a cabinet-level Minister of Defence separate from the Prime Minister, the Secretary of State for War ceased to be a cabinet position. On 1 April 1964, with the creation of the Secretary of State for Defence position, in charge of a new united Ministry of Defence, for 1801–1854 see Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
Secretary of State for War – Edward Cardwell, later Viscount Cardwell, Secretary of State for War from 1868 to 1874; architect of the Cardwell Reforms3. Secretary of State for the Colonies – The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet minister in charge of managing the United Kingdoms various colonial dependencies. The position was first created in 1768 to deal with the increasingly troublesome North American colonies, joint responsibility continued under the Secretary of State for the Colonies, but led to a diminution of the boards status and it became an adjunct to the new Secretarys Department. Following this, colonial duties given to the Home Secretary, then Lord Sydney, following the Treaty of Paris 1783, a new board, named the Committee of Council on Trade and Plantations was established under William Pitt the Younger, by an Order in Council in 1784. In the latter part of the century the United Kingdom also gained control over a number of territories with the status of protectorate. The ministerial responsibility for these territories was initially held by the Foreign Secretary, however, by the early years of the twentieth century the responsibility for each of these territories had been transferred to the Colonial Secretary as well. The League of Nations mandated territories acquired as a result of the Treaty of Versailles became a responsibility of the Colonial Office in the aftermath of the First World War. In 1925 part of the Colonial Office was separated out as the Dominions Office, the new office was responsible for dealing with the Dominions together with a small number of other territories. In the twenty years following the end of the Second World War, in 1968 the Commonwealth Office was subsumed into the Foreign Office, which was renamed the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The Colonial Secretary never had responsibility for the provinces and princely states of India, from 1768 until 1966 the Secretary of State was supported by an Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, and latterly by a Minister of State
Secretary of State for the Colonies – Joseph Chamberlain; Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1895–19034. Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire – Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire PC, styled Lord Hobart from 1793 to 1804, was a British Tory politician of the late 18th and early 19th century. He was educated at Westminster School, London and later served in the American Revolutionary War and he acted as aide-de-camp to successive lord lieutenants of Ireland from 1784 onwards. Buckinghamshire was a Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons for Portarlington from 1784 to 1790 and thereafter for Armagh Borough from 1790 to 1797. He sat also in the British House of Commons for the borough of Bramber in 1788, a seat he held until 1790. In 1793 he was invested a member of the Privy Council and he was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1805 and again in 1812, Postmaster General from 1806 to 1807 and President of the Board of Control from 1812 to 1816. Hobart, the capital of Tasmania, is named after Lord Buckinghamshire, Lord Buckinghamshire married firstly Margaretta, daughter of Edmund Bourke, in 1792. They had one son and a daughter, Lady Sarah, who married Prime Minister Lord Goderich and was the mother of George Robinson, after Margarettas death in 1796 he married secondly the Hon. Eleanor Agnes, daughter of William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland, in 1799. There were no children from this marriage, Lord Buckinghamshire died in February 1816 at the age of 55, after a fall from his horse. He was succeeded in the earldom by his nephew, George, Lady Buckinghamshire died in October 1851, aged 74. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Earl of Buckinghamshire
Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire – The Right Honourable The Earl of Buckinghamshire PC5. Tory (British political party) – The first Tories emerged in 1678 in England, when they opposed the Whig-supported Exclusion Bill which set out to disinherit the heir presumptive James, Duke of York. This party ceased to exist as a political entity in the early 1760s. A few decades later, a new Tory party would rise to establish a hold on government between 1783 and 1830, with William Pitt the Younger followed by Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool. When the Whigs subsequently regained control, the Representation of the People Act 1832 removed the rotten boroughs, in the following general election, the Tory ranks were reduced to 180 MPs. Under the leadership of Robert Peel, the Tamworth Manifesto was issued, however, Peel lost many of his supporters by repealing the Corn Laws, causing the party to break apart. One faction, led by the Earl of Derby and Benjamin Disraeli, survived to become the modern Conservative Party and this action resulted from this parliament not allowing him to levy taxes without yielding to its terms. In the beginning of the Long Parliament, the Kings supporters were few in number, the increasing radicalism of the Parliamentary majority, however, estranged many reformers even in the Parliament itself and drove them to make common cause with the King. By the end of the 1640s, the radical Parliamentary programme had become clear, reduction of the King to a powerless figurehead, and replacement of Anglican episcopacy with a form of Presbyterianism. This prospective form of settlement was prevented by a coup détat which shifted power from Parliament itself to the Parliamentary New Model Army, the Army had King Charles I executed and for the next eleven years the British kingdoms operated under military dictatorship. Charles II also restored episcopacy in the Church of England and these acts did not reflect the Kings personal views and demonstrated the existence of a Royalist ideology beyond mere subservience to the Court. These interests would soon coalesce as the Whigs, as a political term, Tory entered English politics during the Exclusion Bill crisis of 1678–81. The Whigs were those who supported the exclusion of James, the Duke of York from the succession to thrones of Scotland and England & Ireland, and the Tories were those who opposed the Exclusion Bill. The Whigs tried to link the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the Duke of Ormonde, with the foremost Irish Tory, Redmond OHanlon, in a supposed plot to murder Titus Oates. The Whig Bishop of Meath, Henry Jones, offered OHanlon a pardon and a bribe if he would testify to Parliament that Ormonde was plotting a French invasion. In December 1680, the government seized these letters and the plan collapsed. they call me names, Jesuit, Papish, Tory. I hear further since that this is the distinction they make instead of Cavalier and Roundhead, now they are called Torys, the rebellion of Monmouth, the candidate of the radical Whigs to succeed Charles II, was easily crushed and Monmouth himself executed. In the long run, however, Tory principles were to be severely compromised, James II, however, during his reign fought for a broadly tolerant religious settlement under which his co-religionists could prosper—a position anathema to conservative Anglicans. James attempts to use the church to promote policies that undermined the churchs own unique status in the state
Tory (British political party) – James, Duke of York painted in a Romanesque costume.6. Addington ministry – It is most notable for the Peace of Amiens which marked a brief cessation in the Napoleonic Wars. Lord Pelham succeeds Portland as Home Secretary, july,1802 – Lord Castlereagh succeeds Lord Dartmouth at the Board of Control. August,1803 – Charles Philip Yorke succeeds Lord Pelham as Home Secretary
Addington ministry – Portrait by Sir William Beechey7. John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden – John Jeffreys Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden KG PC, styled Viscount Bayham from 1786 to 1794 and known as The Earl Camden from 1794 to 1812, was a British politician. He served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland between 1795 and 1798 and as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies between 1804 and 1805. Camden was born at Lincolns Inn Fields, London, the son of Lord Chancellor Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden. He was baptised on the day Halleys Comet appeared and he was educated at the University of Cambridge. In 1793 he was sworn of the Privy Council, in 1794 he succeeded his father in the earldom, and the following year he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by Pitt. Immediately after the suppression of the rising Camden resigned, in 1804 he became Secretary of State for War and the Colonies under Pitt, and in 1805 Lord President of the Council, an office he retained until 1806. He was again Lord President from 1807 to 1812, after which date he remained for some time in the cabinet without office, in 1812 he was created Earl of Brecknock and Marquess Camden. Camden was also Lord Lieutenant of Kent between 1808 and 1840 and Chancellor of Cambridge University between 1834 and 1840 and he was made a Knight of the Garter in 1799 and elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1802. Lord Camden married Frances, daughter of William Molesworth, in 1785 and she died at Bayham Abbey, Sussex, in July 1829. Lord Camden survived her by years and died at Seale, Surrey, on 8 October 1840. He was succeeded by his son, George. The family owned and lived in a located at 22 Arlington Street in St. Jamess, a district of the City of Westminster in central London. In the year of his death, he sold the house to Major Henry Somerset, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Marquess Camden Camden, John Jeffreys Pratt, 2nd Earl
John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden – The Most Honourable The Marquess Camden KG PC FSA8. Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh – Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, KG, GCH, PC, PC, usually known as Lord Castlereagh, was an Irish/British statesman. As British Foreign Secretary, from 1812 he was central to the management of the coalition that defeated Napoleon and was the principal British diplomat at the Congress of Vienna. Castlereagh was also leader of the British House of Commons in the Liverpool government from 1812 until his suicide in August 1822. Early in his career, as Chief Secretary for Ireland, he was involved in putting down the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and was instrumental in securing the passage of the Irish Act of Union of 1800. Castlereaghs challenge at the office was to organize and finance an alliance to destroy Napoleon. He successfully brought Napoleons enemies together at the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814, thereafter he worked with Europes leaders at the Congress of Vienna to provide a peace consistent with the conservative mood of the day. At Vienna he was successful in his primary goal of creating a peace settlement that would endure for years. He saw that a treaty based on vengeance and retaliation against France would fail. He employed his skills to block harsh terms. He held the Chaumont allies together, most notably in their determination to finally end Napoleons 100 Days in 1815 and he had a vision of long-term peace in Europe the united efforts of the great powers. At the same time he was watchful of Britains mercantile and imperial interests and he purchased the Cape Colony and Ceylon from the Netherlands. Frances colonies were returned, but France had to give up all its gains in Europe after 1791 and he also worked to abolish the international slave trade. He was unsuccessful in avoiding the War of 1812 with the United States, it ended in a stalemate in 1814, after 1815 Castlereagh was the leader in imposing repressive measures at home. He was hated for his attacks on liberty and reform. However, in 1919 diplomatic historians recommended his wise policies of 1814-1815 to the British delegation to the conferences that ended the First World War. Historian Charles Webster underscores the paradox, There probably never was a statesman whose ideas were so right, such disparity between the grasp of ends and the understanding of means amounts to a failure in statesmanship. Robert Stewart acquired the courtesy title Viscount Castlereagh in 1796 when his father was created Earl of Londonderry in the Irish peerage, upon his fathers death in 1821, he succeeded as 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, a title to which his father had been raised in 1816. His younger half-brother, the soldier, politician and diplomat Charles Stewart succeeded him as 3rd Marquess of Londonderry
Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh – The Most Honourable The Marquess of Londonderry KG GCH PC PC (Ire)9. William Windham – William Windham PC, PC was a British Whig statesman. Elected to Parliament in 1784, Windham was attached to the remnants of the Rockinghamite faction of Whigs, whose members included his friends Charles James Fox, Windham soon became noted for his oratory in the House of Commons. An early supporter of the French Revolution, by late 1791 he shared Burkes hostility to it, like Burke, Windham supported the war as an ideological crusade against Jacobinism and was an enthusiastic supporter of the French émigrés and a Bourbon restoration. In July 1794 he finally joined Pitts government as Secretary at War and he discovered that Pitt did not share his enthusiasm for the Bourbon cause and he argued in Cabinet against a peace agreement with the French Republic. In February 1801 Windham followed Pitt in resigning from the government over the Kings rejection of Catholic Emancipation and he was the leading opponent of the new Prime Minister Henry Addingtons peace with France in late 1801 and early 1802. In the Ministry of All the Talents in 1806-7, Windham became Secretary for War and he resigned with them from the government, again over Catholic Emancipation. He spent the rest of his life in opposition, dying in 1810, Windham was a member of an ancient Norfolk family and a great-great-grandson of Sir John Wyndham. He was the son of William Windham, Sr. of Felbrigg Hall and his second wife, Windham was born at No.6 Golden Square, Soho, London. Windham was educated at Eton College from 1757 to 1766, here he was noted for the ease in which he acquired knowledge, as well as successful in sports. He became known as Fighting Windham as he was good with his fists and his father died in 1761 and his guardians were Benjamin Stillingfleet, Dr. Dampier, David Garrick and a Mr. Price of Hereford. Windham was removed from Eton for fighting, Windham attended the University of Glasgow in 1766 and studied under Dr. Anderson, Professor of Natural Philosophy, and Robert Simson the mathematician. Windham wrote three unpublished theses on mathematics and he took his BA degree in 1771, his MA on 7 October 1782, and in 1793 at the Duke of Portlands installation as Chancellor he was made a DCL. Before his balloon ride, he wrote to George James Cholmondeley on 4 May 1785 in a letter that was only to be delivered if he did not survive the trip, cultivate in your mind this persuasion and dwell upon it till it grows into a principle of action. May it avail both to the purposes of final salvation, in early 1778 Windham first took part in political matters. He felt strongly about the American War of Independence, writing to Richard Brinsley Sheridan on 5 January that I never felt so much disposition to exert myself before and his speech went down well and he was urged to stand for election. Windham stood unsuccessfully for Norwich in the election of September 1780, when in 1783 the Duke of Portland formed an administration, he appointed Lord Northington as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. Northington offered Windham the office of Chief Secretary of Ireland, which he accepted, however, after just only four months in the post, Windham resigned under mysterious circumstances. On 5 April 1784 Windham was elected to Parliament for Norwich and he took part in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings and his speeches against him on 1 June 1787 and 22 March 1787 were admired
William Windham – The Right Honourable William Windham PC (Ire)10. Whig (British political party) – The Whigs were a political faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they contested power with their rivals, the Whigs origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute monarchy. The Whigs played a role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and were the standing enemies of the Stuart kings and pretenders. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715, and remained dominant until King George III, coming to the throne in 1760. The Whig Supremacy was enabled by the Hanoverian succession of George I in 1714, the Whigs thoroughly purged the Tories from all major positions in government, the army, the Church of England, the legal profession, and local offices. The Partys hold on power was so strong and durable, historians call the period from roughly 1714 to 1783 the age of the Whig Oligarchy. The first great leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government through the period 1721–1742, his protégé was Henry Pelham, who led from 1743 to 1754. Both parties were founded on rich politicians, more than on votes, there were elections to the House of Commons. The Whig Party slowly evolved during the 18th century, later on, the Whigs drew support from the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants, while the Tories drew support from the landed interests and the royal family. The term Whig was originally short for whiggamor, a term meaning cattle driver used to describe western Scots who came to Leith for corn. In the reign of Charles I the term was used during Wars of the Three Kingdoms to refer derisively to a faction of the Scottish Covenanters who called themselves the Kirk Party. It was then applied to Scottish Presbyterian rebels who were against the Kings Episcopalian order in Scotland, Whig was a term of abuse applied to those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic. The fervent Tory Samuel Johnson often joked that the first Whig was the Devil, the Whigs, under Lord Shaftesburys leadership, wished to exclude the Duke of York from the throne due to his Catholicism, his favouring of monarchical absolutism and his connections to France. They believed the Duke, if allowed to inherit the throne, would endanger the Protestant religion, liberty, the first Exclusion Bill was supported by a substantial majority on its second reading in May 1679. In response, King Charles prorogued Parliament and then dissolved it and this new parliament did not meet for thirteen months, because Charles wanted to give passions a chance to die down. When it met in October 1680, an Exclusion Bill was introduced and passed in the Commons without major resistance, Charles dissolved Parliament in January 1681, but the Whigs did not suffer serious losses in the ensuing election. The next Parliament first met in March, at Oxford, but Charles dissolved it only after a few days, when he made an appeal to the country against the Whigs, and determined to rule without Parliament. In February, Charles had made a deal with the French King Louis XIV, without Parliament, the Whigs gradually crumbled, mainly due to the Rye House Plot
Whig (British political party) – Equestrian portrait of William III by Jan Wyck, commemorating the landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 168811. Ministry of All the Talents – The ministry boasted fairly progressive agenda, much of it inherited from Pitt. The Ministry of All the Talents had comparatively little success, failing to bring the peace with France. In fact, the war continued for another decade. It did, however, abolish the trade in Britain in 1807 before breaking up over the question of Catholic emancipation. It was succeeded by the Second Portland Ministry, headed by William Cavendish-Bentinck, examples include the coalition government which led Great Britain through the Second World War and the Canadian government that won the 1896 election. Members of the Cabinet are in bold face
Ministry of All the Talents – Lord Grenville, Prime Minister 1806–180712. Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool – Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, KG, PC, FRS was an English politician and both the youngest and longest-serving Prime Minister since 1806. As Prime Minister, Liverpool called for repressive measures at domestic level to maintain order after the riots of 1819 and he dealt smoothly with the Prince Regent when King George III was incapacitated. He also steered the country through the period of radicalism and unrest that followed the Napoleonic Wars and he favoured commercial and manufacturing interests as well as the landed interest. He sought a compromise of the issue of Catholic emancipation. The revival of the economy strengthened his political position, by the 1820s he was the leader of a reform faction of Liberal Tories who lowered the tariff, abolished the death penalty for many offences, and reformed the criminal law. By the time of his death in office, however, the Tory Party was ripping itself apart. Jenkinson was baptised on 29 June 1770 at St. Margarets, Westminster, the son of George IIIs close adviser Charles Jenkinson, later the first Earl of Liverpool, and his first wife, Amelia Watts. Jenkinsons 19-year-old mother, who was the daughter of a senior East India Company official William Watts, Jenkinson was educated at Charterhouse School and Christ Church, Oxford. In the summer of 1789, Jenkinson spent four months in Paris to perfect his French and he returned to Oxford for three months to complete his terms of residence and in May 1790 was created master of arts. This tour took in the Netherlands and Italy, whereby he was old enough to take his seat in Parliament. It is not clear exactly when he entered the Commons, but as his twenty-first birthday was not reached until almost the end of the 1791 session, with the help of his fathers influence and his political talent, he rose relatively fast in the Tory government. In February 1792, he gave the reply to Samuel Whitbreads critical motion on the governments Russian policy and he delivered several other speeches during the session, including one against the abolition of the slave trade, which reflected his fathers strong opposition to William Wilberforces campaign. He served as a member of the Board of Control for India from 1793 to 1796, in the defence movement that followed the outbreak of hostilities with France, Jenkinson, was one of the first of the ministers of the government to enlist in the militia. In 1794 he became a Colonel in the Cinque Ports Fencibles, in 1796 his regiment was sent to Scotland and he was quartered for a time in Dumfries. It was reported that His lordship was blamed for remaining at Haddington and he was appointed a Colonel of militia in 1810. His parliamentary attendance also suffered from his reaction when his father opposed his projected marriage with Lady Louisa Hervey. After Pitt and the King had intervened on his behalf, the wedding took place at Wimbledon on 25 March 1795. In May 1796, when his father was created Earl of Liverpool, he took the title of Lord Hawkesbury
Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool – The Right Honourable The Earl of Liverpool KG PC13. Perceval ministry – This is a list of members of the Tory government of the United Kingdom in office under the leadership of Spencer Perceval from 1809 to 1812. Bathurst continues at the Board of Trade, may 1810 – Lord Mulgrave succeeds Lord Chatham as Master-General of the Ordnance. Charles Philip Yorke succeeds Mulgrave as First Lord of the Admiralty, march 1812 – Lord Castlereagh succeeds Lord Wellesley as Foreign Secretary. April 1812 – Lord Sidmouth succeeds Lord Camden as Lord President, Camden remains in the cabinet as a minister without portfolio. Members of the Cabinet are in bold face, chris Cook and John Stevenson, British Historical Facts 1760–1830 Joseph Haydn and Horace Ockerby, The Book of Dignities
Perceval ministry – Spencer Perceval, by George Francis Joseph, 1812.14. Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst – Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst KG PC was a High Tory, High Church Pittite from the end of the Second Empire. For thirty years an MP and whence ennobled one of the governments main stalwarts on Colonial policy. Not a good speaker in debates, he was nevertheless a competent administrator, a personal friend of William Pitt he became a broker of deals across cabinet factions during the volatile Napoleonic era. After the wars he was on the wing of the Liberal Tory party. Lord Bathurst was the son of Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl Bathurst, by his wife Tryphena. He was educated at Eton from 1773 to 1778 and then up to Christ Church, the college was always considered the most academic, and he went up with his closest companions at Eton William Wyndham Greville, Richard, Lord Wellesley and Canon Bathurst, his cousin. The influences on his strong, but affable character were aristocratic, whiggish at the beginning of the industrial revolution, britain had lost the American colonies but gained a larger empire in the Far East. Affable man of character, learning and wit, Bathurst was known in society for a sense of humour. He was a book-lover, which he inherited from his parents, his fathers learning had acquired a library, while his mother was artistic. It was however his mother who was more business-like, and from her he learnt some cunning and he was a bad godfather to his religious charges, but a good father to his children. Not especially religious or church-going, Bathurst was worldly and intelligent, aged sixteen he matriculated at Christ Church on 22 April 1779. His father was overjoyed, and from 1790 he bought a living at Sapperton, where the family farmed the estate, then in 1781 he decided to embark on a Grand Tour of Europe. Without taking a degree he left Oxford for Germany where he travelled with Greville, from Switzerland he went to Italy, before moving north to Paris. On hearing that Shelburnes government was challenged by a Fox-North coalition he headed back to London in February 1783, the old enemy France had been defeated on every continent, and on every ocean. Immediately on entering politics he admired the patriotism and oratory of a youthful garrulous drinker William Pitt, Bathurst liked the young dissolute parliamentarian, but refused to join his frequent bouts. Pitt was tall and slender from a Navy family, but Bathurst was more self-restrained, the beauty aesthetic rendered Bathurst more sensitive, studious and scholarly towards departmental duties. The strongest quality he possessed was loyalty to his friends, he was the only society family that would entertain Lady Wellesley, later when appointed head of the Gloucestershire Militia and it embodied he owed it to Wellesley, a born soldier in 1798 who made his name in India. High Anglicanism meant antiquarian attitudes to assiduous recording of letters and correspondence and this was how he came to the conclusion that slavery was cruel, but was wary about voting for a franchise extension
Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst – Portrait of Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst by William Salter15. Liverpool ministry – This is a list of members of the Tory government of the United Kingdom in office under the leadership of Lord Liverpool from 1812 to 1827. F. J. Robinson succeeds Vansittart as Chancellor of the Exchequer and he is succeeded at the Board of Trade by William Huskisson 1823 – Lord Maryborough, the Master of the Mint, leaves the Cabinet. His successor in the office is not a Cabinet member Members of the Cabinet are in bold face, chris Cook and John Stevenson, British Historical Facts 1760–1830 Joseph Haydn and Horace Ockerby, The Book of Dignities
Liverpool ministry – The Earl of Liverpool by Sir George Hayter, 182316. F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich – He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom between August 1827 and January 1828. A member of the landowning aristocracy, Robinson entered politics through family connections. In the House of Commons he rose through junior ministerial ranks, in 1823 he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, a post he held for four years. In 1827 he was raised to the peerage, and in the House of Lords was Leader of the House and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. When the Prime Minister, George Canning, died in 1827 Goderich succeeded him and he resigned after 144 days in office. After leaving the premiership Goderich served in the cabinets of two of his successors, Earl Grey and Sir Robert Peel. Robinson was born at Newby Hall, Yorkshire, the son of Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham. He was educated at a school at Sunbury-on-Thames, and, from 1796 to 1799. William Pitt the Younger was Member of Parliament for Cambridge University, to which, as The Times said, Robinson was an accomplished classicist, winning Sir William Brownes Medal for the best Latin ode in 1801. After graduating in 1802 he was admitted to Lincolns Inn and he remained a member there until 1809, but did not pursue a legal career and was not called to the bar. Against the background of the Napoleonic Wars Robinson did part-time military service at home as Captain, Robinson entered politics through a family connection. His mothers cousin, the third Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, two years later Hardwicke secured for him the parliamentary seat of Carlow, a pocket borough near Dublin. In 1807 Robinson gave up the seat and was elected as MP for Ripon, in his first years in Parliament Robinson declined offers of junior ministerial posts, out of deference to his patron Hardwicke, who was an opponent of the Prime Minister, the Duke of Portland. However, the Foreign Secretary, George Canning, chose him as the secretary of Lord Pembrokes mission to Vienna, aimed at securing a new treaty of alliance between Britain and Austria. The mission was unsuccessful, but Robinsons reputation was not damaged and his political thinking was greatly influenced by Canning, but he became the protégé of Cannings rival Lord Castlereagh, who appointed him his under-secretary at the War Office in May 1809. When Castlereagh resigned from the government in October, unwilling to serve under the new Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, in June 1810 he accepted office as a member of the Admiralty board. At the time of Percevals assassination early in 1812, he was absent from parliament ostensibly on militia duties in Yorkshire. He was made a Privy Counsellor in August 1812, In 1814 Robinson married Lady Sarah Albinia Louisa Hobart, daughter of the Earl of Buckinghamshire, there were three children of the marriage, only one of whom survived to adulthood
F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich – Lord Ripon by Sir Thomas Lawrence.17. Whigs (British political party) – The Whigs were a political faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they contested power with their rivals, the Whigs origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute monarchy. The Whigs played a role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and were the standing enemies of the Stuart kings and pretenders. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715, and remained dominant until King George III, coming to the throne in 1760. The Whig Supremacy was enabled by the Hanoverian succession of George I in 1714, the Whigs thoroughly purged the Tories from all major positions in government, the army, the Church of England, the legal profession, and local offices. The Partys hold on power was so strong and durable, historians call the period from roughly 1714 to 1783 the age of the Whig Oligarchy. The first great leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government through the period 1721–1742, his protégé was Henry Pelham, who led from 1743 to 1754. Both parties were founded on rich politicians, more than on votes, there were elections to the House of Commons. The Whig Party slowly evolved during the 18th century, later on, the Whigs drew support from the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants, while the Tories drew support from the landed interests and the royal family. The term Whig was originally short for whiggamor, a term meaning cattle driver used to describe western Scots who came to Leith for corn. In the reign of Charles I the term was used during Wars of the Three Kingdoms to refer derisively to a faction of the Scottish Covenanters who called themselves the Kirk Party. It was then applied to Scottish Presbyterian rebels who were against the Kings Episcopalian order in Scotland, Whig was a term of abuse applied to those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic. The fervent Tory Samuel Johnson often joked that the first Whig was the Devil, the Whigs, under Lord Shaftesburys leadership, wished to exclude the Duke of York from the throne due to his Catholicism, his favouring of monarchical absolutism and his connections to France. They believed the Duke, if allowed to inherit the throne, would endanger the Protestant religion, liberty, the first Exclusion Bill was supported by a substantial majority on its second reading in May 1679. In response, King Charles prorogued Parliament and then dissolved it and this new parliament did not meet for thirteen months, because Charles wanted to give passions a chance to die down. When it met in October 1680, an Exclusion Bill was introduced and passed in the Commons without major resistance, Charles dissolved Parliament in January 1681, but the Whigs did not suffer serious losses in the ensuing election. The next Parliament first met in March, at Oxford, but Charles dissolved it only after a few days, when he made an appeal to the country against the Whigs, and determined to rule without Parliament. In February, Charles had made a deal with the French King Louis XIV, without Parliament, the Whigs gradually crumbled, mainly due to the Rye House Plot
Whigs (British political party) – Equestrian portrait of William III by Jan Wyck, commemorating the landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 168818. William Huskisson – William Huskisson PC was a British statesman, financier, and Member of Parliament for several constituencies, including Liverpool. He is best known as the worlds first widely reported railway casualty as he was run over, Huskisson was born at Birtsmorton Court, Malvern, Worcestershire, the son of William and Elizabeth Huskisson, both members of Staffordshire families. He was one of four brothers, after their mother Elizabeth died, their father William eventually remarried and had further children by his second wife. Huskisson was a student at Appleby Grammar School, a school designed by Sir Christopher Wren on the Leicestershire/Derbyshire borders. In 1783, Huskisson was sent to Paris to live with his maternal great-uncle Dr. Richard Gem and he remained in Paris until 1792, and his experience as an eyewitness to the prelude and beginning of the French Revolution gave him a lifelong interest in politics. Huskisson first came to notice while still in Paris. As a supporter of the party, he became a member of the Club of 1789. On 29 August 1790, he delivered a speech entitled Sur les Assignats and this speech gave him a reputation as an expert in finance. From 1790 to 1792, the Marquess of Stafford was the British ambassador to Paris, Huskisson became a protégé of the Marquess, and returned to London with him. Once in London, Huskisson quickly gained a two powerful political patrons, Henry Dundas, the Home Secretary, and William Pitt the Younger. Because of Huskissons fluency in French, Dundas appointed him in January 1793 to oversee the execution of the Aliens Act, in the discharge of his delicate duties, he manifested such ability that in 1795 he was appointed Under-Secretary at War. In the following year he entered parliament as member for Morpeth, in 1800 he inherited a fortune from Dr Gem. On the retirement of Pitt in 1801 he resigned office, after being elected for Harwich in 1807, he accepted the same office under the Duke of Portland, but he withdrew from the ministry along with Canning in 1809. In 1812 he was returned for Chichester, in 1823 he was appointed President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy, and shortly afterwards he received a seat in the cabinet. In the same year he was returned for Liverpool as successor to Canning, as a pro-planter Secretary for Colonies in 1826, he proposed the revised Consolidated Slave Law which was accepted by Parliament. In 1826 after the Power-loom riots, a number of manufacturers subsequently agreed to pay a rate to the weavers. In accordance with his suggestion Canning in 1827 introduced a measure on the corn laws proposing the adoption of a scale to regulate the amount of duty. A misapprehension between Huskisson and the Duke of Wellington led to the duke proposing an amendment, the success of which caused the abandonment of the measure by the government
William Huskisson – The Right Honourable William Huskisson19. George Murray (British Army officer) – Sir George Murray GCB GCH FRS was a British soldier and politician from Scotland. Murray was born in Perth, the son of Sir William Murray, of Ochtertyre, 5th Baronet, and was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh. His mother was Lady Augusta Mackenzie, youngest daughter of the Jacobite George, in 1789, Murray obtained a commission into the 71st Foot, reaching the rank of captain in 1794, and saw service in Flanders, the West Indies, England and Ireland. After a brief period as Quartermaster General in Ireland, Murray returned to the Peninsular Campaign as Major-General, during the Peninsular War he was present at the battles of A Coruña, Talavera, Busaco, Fuentes de Oñoro, Vittoria, Nivelle, Nive, Orthez and Toulouse. His Peninsular Gold Medal had six clasps - only the Duke of Wellington, with nine clasps, Sir Dennis Pack and Lord Beresford and he was briefly in Canada from December 1814 to May 1815 where he was appointed provisional Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada and reviewed the countrys defences. He quickly returned to Europe following Napoleons escape from Elba, after the cessation of hostilities, Murray was based in France as Chief of Staff to the Army of Occupation and, thereafter, he was appointed Governor of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst in 1819. He was awarded a degree by the University of Oxford in 1820 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1824. In 1825 he married Lady Louisa Erskine, widow of Sir James Erskine of Torrie, subsequently, he was made Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance and then Commander-in-Chief, Ireland, but in 1828 he resigned the position and became Colonial Secretary. He was later Master-General of the Ordnance from 1834 to 1835, Murray was a Tory and later Conservative in politics. He was Member of Parliament for Perthshire from 1824–1832 and from 1834 until he retired in 1835 and he served as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from 1828 to 1830. He also contested Westminster in 1837 and Manchester in both 1839 and 1841, without success, Murray was also President of the Royal Geographical Society and Governor of Edinburgh Castle. On 7 September 1829 he was appointed Governor of Fort George, Murray was married to Lady Louisa Erskine, widow of Lieutenant General Sir James Erskine, and sister of his fellow general, Henry, Lord Anglesey, they had one daughter, Louise Georgina. Murray died in July 1846, aged 74, and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery and his substantial papers and maps were given to the National Library of Scotland by a great-niece in 1913. The Memorials to Governors in the Chapel of the present-day Royal Military Academy Sandhurst include, colonel ist Royal Regiment of Foot. Died 28 July 1846, aged 74 and he was Governor of this College from 1819 to 1824. The city of Perth, Western Australia was named in his honour after his parliamentary constituency Perthshire. Whos Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume I 1832–1885, edited by M. Stenton Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Sir George Murray Sir George Murray at electricscotland. com
George Murray (British Army officer) – George Murray portrait by George Theodore Berthon20. Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby – He was known before 1834 as Edward Stanley, and from 1834 to 1851 as Lord Stanley. He is one of only four British Prime Ministers to have three or more separate periods in office, however his ministries all lasted less than two years, and totalled 3 years 280 days. Historian Frances Walsh says it was, Derby who educated the party and acted as its strategist to pass the last great Whig measure, the 1867 Reform Act. It was his greatest achievement to create the modern Conservative Party in the framework of the Whig constitution, Stanley was born to Lord Stanley and his wife, Charlotte Margaret née Hornby, the daughter of the Reverend Geoffrey Hornby. The Stanleys were a long-established and very wealthy landowning family whose residence was Knowsley Hall in Lancashire. Stanley was educated at Eton College and at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1822 Edward Stanley, as he was then, was elected to Parliament in the rotten borough of Stockbridge as a Whig, the traditional party of his family. In 1824, however, he alienated his Whig colleagues by voting against Joseph Humes motion for an investigation into the Established Protestant Church of Ireland. When the Whigs returned to power in 1830, Stanley became Chief Secretary for Ireland in Lord Greys Government, as Chief Secretary Stanley pursued a series of coercive measures which frequently brought him into conflict with the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Anglesey. In 1833, Stanley moved up to the important position of Secretary of State for War. Stanley, a conservative Whig, broke with the ministry over the reform of the Church of Ireland in 1834, the term Derby Dilly was coined by Irish Nationalist leader Daniel OConnell. Joining the Conservatives, Stanley again served as Colonial Secretary in Sir Robert Peels second government in 1841, in 1844 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Lord Stanley of Bickerstaffe in his fathers Barony of Stanley by Writ of Acceleration. He broke with the Prime Minister again in 1845, this time over the repeal of the Corn Laws and he thereafter led the protectionist faction of the Conservative Party. In 1851 he succeeded his father as Earl of Derby, the party system was in a state of flux when the Conservatives left office in 1846, the outstanding issues being the question of Ireland and the unresolved franchise. The protectionists had a core of leaders, of whom Disraeli was a leading light, but in opposition the party was still in-fighting, although Disraeli was determined to heal rifts. Derby formed a minority Government in February 1852 following the collapse of Lord John Russells Whig Government, in this new ministry, Benjamin Disraeli would be appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer. With many senior Conservative ministers having followed Peel, Derby was forced to appoint many new men to office – of the Cabinet only three were pre-existing Privy Counsellors. When the aged Duke of Wellington, by then very deaf, heard the list of inexperienced Cabinet Ministers being read aloud in the House of Lords, from then this government would be known as the Who. Traditionally Derbys ministries were thought in hindsight to have been dominated by Disraeli, however recent research suggests that this was not always the case, especially in the governments conduct of foreign policy
Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby – The Right Honourable The Earl of Derby KG PC21. Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon – Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon PC FRS FGS was a British Whig politician, who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1835 to 1839. Spring Rice was born into a notable Anglo-Irish family, which owned estates in Munster. He was a grandson of Sir Stephen Rice, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer. His only married sister, Mary, was the mother of the Catholic converts Aubrey Thomas de Vere, poet, Spring Rices grandfather, Edward, had converted the family from Roman Catholicism to the Anglican Church of Ireland, to save his estate from passing in gavelkind. Spring Rice was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later studied law at Lincolns Inn and his family was politically well-connected, both in Ireland and Great Britain, and he was encouraged to stand for Parliament by his father-in-law, Lord Limerick. Spring Rice first stood for election in Limerick City in 1818 but was defeated by the Tory incumbent, John Vereker and he won the seat in 1820 and entered the House of Commons. He positioned himself as a moderate unionist reformer who opposed the radical nationalist politics of Daniel OConnell, in 1824 he led the committee which established the Ordnance Survey in Ireland. Spring Rices fluent debating style in the Commons brought him to the attention of leading Whigs, as a result, Spring Rice was made Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department under George Canning and Lord Goderich in 1827, with responsibility for Irish affairs. This required Spring Rice to accept deferral of Catholic emancipation, a policy which he strongly supported, Spring Rice then served as joint Secretary to the Treasury from 1830 to 1834 under Lord Grey. Following the Reform Act 1832, he was elected to represent Cambridge from 1832 to 1839. In June 1834, Grey appointed Spring Rice Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, with a seat in the cabinet, a strong and vocal unionist throughout his life, Spring Rice led the Parliamentary opposition to Daniel OConnells 1834 attempt to repeal the Acts of Union 1800. In a six-hour speech in the House of Commons on 23 April 1834 he suggested that Ireland should be renamed West Britain, in the Commons, Spring Rice also championed causes such as the worldwide abolition of slavery and the introduction of state-supported education. The Whig government fell in November 1834, after which Spring Rice attempted to be elected Speaker of the House of Commons in early 1835, when the Whigs returned to power under Melbourne in April 1835, Spring Rice was made Chancellor of the Exchequer. As Chancellor, Spring Rice had to deal with crop failures and his Church Rate Bill of 1837 was quickly abandoned and his attempt to revise the charter of the Bank of Ireland ended in humiliation. Spring Rice, unhappy as Chancellor, again tried to be elected as Speaker and he was a dogmatic figure, described by Lord Melbourne as too much given to details and possessed of no broad views. Upon his departure from office in 1839, Spring Rice had become a scapegoat for the many problems. That same year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Monteagle of Brandon, in the County of Kerry, Lord Monteagle of Brandon was also Comptroller General of the Exchequer from 1835 to 1865, despite Lord Howicks initial opposition to the maintenance of the office. Monteagle differed from the government regarding the control over the treasury
Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon – The Right Honourable The Lord Monteagle of Brandon PC FRS FGS22. Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency) – Cambridge is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the U. K. Parliament. It has been represented since May 2015 by Daniel Zeichner, a member of the Labour Party, before 1885, Cambridge elected two MPs, using the bloc vote system. Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, its representation was reduced to one member, the current MP is Daniel Zeichner of the Labour Party, who was first elected in 2015. 1918-1983, The Municipal Borough of Cambridge, 1983-2010, The City of Cambridge wards of Abbey, Arbury, Castle, Cherry Hinton, Coleridge, East Chesterton, Kings Hedges, Market, Newnham, Petersfield, Romsey, and West Chesterton. 2010–present, The City of Cambridge wards of Abbey, Arbury, Castle, Cherry Hinton, Coleridge, East Chesterton, King’s Hedges, Market, Newnham, Petersfield, Romsey, Trumpington, and West Chesterton. From 1983 to 1997, both wards were in the seat of Cambridgeshire South West, and from 1997 to 2010 in Cambridgeshire South. Cambridge returned two Members to Parliament regularly from 1295 onwards and these were generally townsmen who were involved in local government. The representation was reduced to one MP in 1885, Cambridge was a Conservative constituency from 1967 to 1992, when it was taken by Labours Anne Campbell, who held onto the seat for 13 years. In 2015, Huppert was unseated by the Labour candidate Daniel Zeichner, historically, the city of Cambridge was also home to a second constituency representing the Cambridge University. The university seat was created in 1603 as part of the scheme of University constituencies, MPs for the university included Isaac Newton, William Pitt the Younger, Lord Palmerston, George Stokes, Richard Jebb, and Archibald Hill. The Cambridge University constituency was abolished in 1950, Constituency created For a complete list of all Cambridge election results covering 1754–present, see Cambridge parliamentary constituency election results. Figures for the most recent elections are below, archived from the original on February 7,2005. Nomis Constituency Profile for Cambridge — presenting data from the ONS annual population survey, Cambridge Constituency Parliamentary Elections since 1832
Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency) – Boundary of Cambridge in Cambridgeshire.23. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington – His defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 put him in the top rank of Britains military heroes. Wellesley was born in Dublin, belonging to the Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland and he was commissioned as an ensign in the British Army in 1787, serving in Ireland as aide-de-camp to two successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland. He was also elected as a Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons and he was a colonel by 1796, and saw action in the Netherlands and in India, where he fought in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War at the Battle of Seringapatam. He was appointed governor of Seringapatam and Mysore in 1799 and, as a newly appointed major-general, following Napoleons exile in 1814, he served as the ambassador to France and was granted a dukedom. During the Hundred Days in 1815, he commanded the army which defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Wellesleys battle record is exemplary, he participated in some 60 battles during the course of his military career. Wellington is famous for his defensive style of warfare, resulting in several victories against numerically superior forces while minimising his own losses. He is regarded as one of the greatest defensive commanders of all time, after ending his active military career, Wellington returned to politics. He was twice British prime minister as part of the Tory party, from 1828 to 1830 and he oversaw the passage of the Catholic Relief Act 1829, but opposed the Reform Act 1832. He continued as one of the figures in the House of Lords until his retirement. As such, he belonged to the Protestant Ascendancy and his biographers mostly follow the contemporary newspaper evidence in saying that he was born 1 May 1769, the day that he was baptised. He was most likely born at his parents townhouse,24 Upper Merrion Street, Dublin, but his mother Anne, Countess of Mornington, recalled in 1815 that he had been born at 6 Merrion Street, Dublin. He spent most of his childhood at his familys two homes, the first a house in Dublin and the second Dangan Castle,3 miles north of Summerhill on the Trim Road in County Meath. In 1781, Arthurs father died and his eldest brother Richard inherited his fathers earldom and he went to the diocesan school in Trim when at Dangan, Mr Whytes Academy when in Dublin, and Browns School in Chelsea when in London. He then enrolled at Eton, where he studied from 1781 to 1784, moreover, Eton had no playing fields at the time. In 1785, a lack of success at Eton, combined with a shortage of funds due to his fathers death, forced the young Wellesley. Until his early twenties, Arthur showed little sign of distinction and his mother grew concerned at his idleness, stating. A year later, Arthur enrolled in the French Royal Academy of Equitation in Angers, where he progressed significantly, becoming a good horseman and learning French, upon returning to England in late 1786, he astonished his mother with his improvement
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington – Wellesley spent much of his early childhood at his family house in Dangan Castle, engraving 1842.24. Wellington caretaker ministry – King William IV had dismissed the Whig government of Lord Melbourne on 14 November 1834 and asked the Duke of Wellington to form a government but he declined, instead recommending Sir Robert Peel. Peel was in Italy at the time, so the Duke of Wellington took control of the government until Peel returned and was able to form his government on 10 December, Wellington held all three Secretary of State positions. ^ He also held office as First Lord of the Treasury, as no separate Chancellor of the Exchequer had been appointed, Denman held the post pro tempore by virtue of being Lord Chief Justice
Wellington caretaker ministry – The Duke of Wellington, in 184425. George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen – The Aberdeen ministry was filled with powerful and talented politicians, whom Aberdeen was largely unable to control and direct. Despite trying to avoid this happening, it took Britain into the Crimean War, aberdeens career was dominated by foreign policy, but his experience did not prevent the slide towards the Crimean War. His personal life was marked by the loss of parents by the time he was eleven, and of his first wife after only seven years of a happy marriage. His daughters died young, and his relations with his sons were difficult, before his marriage he travelled extensively in Europe, including Greece, and he had a serious interest in the classical civilisations and their archaeology. On his return to Britain in 1805 he devoted much time, after the death of his wife in 1812 he became a diplomat, almost immediately being given the important embassy to Vienna while still in his twenties. After holding the position for two years, followed by another role, by 1841 his experience led to his appointment as Foreign Secretary again under Robert Peel for a longer term. This was despite his being a bad speaker, which mattered far less in the House of Lords. Nonetheless his Peelite colleague, later himself Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone, I have loved others, but never like him. Born in Edinburgh on 28 January 1784, he was the eldest son of George Gordon, Lord Haddo, son of George Gordon and his mother was Charlotte, youngest daughter of William Baird of Newbyth. He lost his father in 1791 and his mother in 1795 and was brought up by Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville and he was educated at Harrow, and St Johns College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Master of Arts in 1804. Before this, however, he had become Earl of Aberdeen on his grandfathers death in 1801, on his return to England, he founded the Athenian Society. In 1805, he married Lady Catherine Elizabeth, daughter of John Hamilton, in December 1805 Lord Aberdeen took his seat as a Tory Scottish representative peer in the House of Lords. In 1808, he was created a Knight of the Thistle, following the death of his wife from tuberculosis in 1812 he joined the Foreign Service. He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria, in the company of the Austrian Emperor, Francis II he was an observer at the decisive Coalition victory of the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, he had met Napoleon in his earlier travels. Aberdeen was greatly affected by the aftermath of war which he witnessed at first hand and he wrote home, The near approach of war and its effects are horrible beyond what you can conceive. The whole road from Prague to was covered with full of wounded, dead. The shock and disgust and pity produced by such scenes are beyond what I could have supposed possible. the scenes of distress, I have been quite haunted by them. Returning home he was created a peer of the United Kingdom as Viscount Gordon, of Aberdeen in the County of Aberdeen, and made a member of the Privy Council
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen – The Right Honourable The Earl of Aberdeen KG, KT, FRSE, FRS, PC, FSA Scot26. Conservative Party (UK) – The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
Conservative Party (UK) – Sir Robert Peel, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and founder of the Conservative Party, as well as the 'most considered' first Prime Minister of the UK.27. First Peel ministry – Sir Robert Peels first government succeeded the caretaker ministry of the Duke of Wellington. Peel was also Chancellor of the Exchequer while the Duke of Wellington served as Foreign Secretary, a young William Ewart Gladstone held office as a Junior Lord of the Treasury, his first governmental post in a ministerial career that would span for the next sixty years. The Peel ministry was a minority government, and relied on Whig support, however, this the Whigs felt disinclined to give, joining with the Irish radicals to defeat the Conservatives at every turn. After a reign of four months, the government felt obliged to resign. Members of the Cabinet are indicated by bold face
First Peel ministry – Sir Robert Peel, Bt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1834–1835, 1841–1846.28. Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg – Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg PC FRS was a Scottish politician and colonial administrator. Grant was born in Kidderpore, Bengal, India, the eldest son of Charles Grant and his brother, Sir Robert Grant, was also an MP as well as Governor of Bombay. He was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge, and became a fellow in 1802 and he was called to the bar in 1807. In 1811 Grant was elected to the British House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Inverness Burghs and he held that seat until 1818, when was returned for Inverness-shire. He was a Lord of the Treasury from December 1813 until August 1819, when he became Chief Secretary for Ireland and a Privy Counsellor. In 1823 he was appointed Vice-President of the Board of Trade, from September 1827 to June 1828 he was President of the Board of Trade, Grant broke with the Tories over Reform and joined the Whigs. He was President of the Board of Control under Lord Grey, at the Board of Control Grant was primarily responsible for the Act of 1833 that altered the constitution of the Government of India. In April 1835 he became Secretary of State for War and the Colonies and his term of office was a stormy one. His differences with Sir Benjamin dUrban, Governor of Cape Colony, were serious, in February 1839 Lord Glenelg resigned. He has been called the last of the Canningites, Lord Glenelg died in Cannes, France in April 1866, aged 87. The barony became extinct on his death and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Charles Grant This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg – The Right Honourable The Lord Glenelg PC FRS29. Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby – He notably served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1835 to 1839 and as Home Secretary from 1839 to 1841 and was British Ambassador to France between 1846 and 1852. Normanby was the son of Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave and Martha Sophia and his great-grandfather William Phipps had married Lady Catherine Annesley, who was the daughter and heiress of James Annesley, 3rd Earl of Anglesey and his wife Lady Catherine Darnley. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was the second President of the Cambridge Union Society, after attaining his majority, he sat for the family borough of Scarborough from 1818 to 1820. However, after dissenting from the politics, such as by speaking in favour of Catholic Emancipation, he resigned his seat. On his return in 1822 he was elected for Higham Ferrers and made a reputation by political pamphlets. He was returned for Malton at the election of 1826. He was already known as a writer of tales, The English in Italy, in the same year he made his appearance as a novelist with Matilda. He succeeded his father as Earl of Mulgrave in 1831 and he was sent out as Governor of Jamaica and was afterwards appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. On his visit to Wexford in 1836 he heard a Congratulatory Address in the ancient Forth and Bargy dialect and he was created Marquess of Normanby on 25 June 1838, and held successively the offices of colonial secretary and home secretary in the last years of Lord Melbournes ministry. While Colonial Secretary, he wrote a letter of instructions to William Hobson, from 1846 to 1852 he was ambassador at Paris, and from 1854 to 1858 minister at Florence. Maria Liddell, daughter of Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth and he died in London on 28 July 1863, aged 66, and was succeeded in his titles by his son George. The Marchioness of Normanby died in October 1882, aged 84, leigh Rayments Historical List of MPs Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Marquess of Normanby
Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby – The Most Honourable The Marquess of Normanby KG GCB GCH PC30. John Russell, 1st Earl Russell – Scion of one of the most powerful aristocratic families, his great achievements, says A. J. P. Nevertheless Russell led his Whig Party into support for reform, he was the architect of the great Reform Act of 1832. As Prime Minister his luck ran out and he headed a government that failed to deal with a famine in Ireland that caused the loss of a quarter of its population. Taylor concludes that as minister, he was not a success. Russell was born small and premature into the highest echelons of the British aristocracy, as a younger son of a Duke, he bore the courtesy title Lord John Russell, but he was not a peer in his own right. He was, therefore, able to sit in the House of Commons until he was made an earl in 1861, after being withdrawn from Westminster School due to ill health, Russell was educated by tutors. He attended the University of Edinburgh,1809 and 1812, he did not take a degree, during his continental travels, Russell had a 90-minute meeting with Napoleon in December 1814 during the former emperors exile at Elba. Russell entered the House of Commons as a Whig in 1813, in 1819, Russell embraced the cause of parliamentary reform, and led the more reformist wing of the Whigs throughout the 1820s. When the Whigs came to power in 1830 in Earl Greys government, Russell entered the government as Paymaster of the Forces, and was soon elevated to the Cabinet. He was one of the leaders of the fight for the Reform Act 1832. In 1834, when the leader of the Commons, Lord Althorp, succeeded to the peerage as Earl Spencer and this appointment prompted King William IV to terminate Lord Melbournes government, the last time in British history that a monarch dismissed a prime minister. Nevertheless Russell retained his position for the rest of the decade, during his career in Parliament, Lord John Russell represented the City of London. Taylor emphasises Russells central role in the expansion of liberty and in leading his Whig Party to a commitment to a reform agenda. In 1845, as leader of the Opposition, Russell came out in favour of repeal of the Corn Laws, in June the following year the Corn Laws were repealed but only by virtue of Whig support. The same day Peels Irish Coercion Bill, which the Whigs did not support, was defeated, Russell became Prime Minister, this time Grey not objecting to Palmerstons appointment. Russell’s government introduced reforms such as the Ten Hours Act and measures to improve the training of teachers and his premiership was frustrated, however, because of party disunity and infighting, and he was unable to secure the success of many of the measures he was interested in passing. He fought with his headstrong Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, whose belligerence, in 1847 Palmerston provoked a confrontation with the French government by undermining the plans of the Spanish court to marry the young Spanish Queen and her sister into the French royal family. The Government prevailed but Palmerston came out of the affair with his popularity at new heights since he was seen as the champion of defending British citizens anywhere in the world, Palmerston was forced to resign when he recognised Napoleon IIIs coup of 2 December 1851, without royal approval
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell – The Right Honourable The Earl Russell KG GCMG PC31. Earl of Derby – Earl of Derby is a title in the Peerage of England. The title was first adopted by Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby under a creation of 1139 and it continued with the Ferrers family until the 6th Earl forfeited his property toward the end of the reign of Henry III and died in 1279. Most of the Ferrers property and, by a creation in 1337, the title merged in the Crown upon Henry IVs accession to the throne. It was created again for the Stanley family in 1485, Lord Derbys subsidiary titles are Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe in the County Palatine of Lancaster, and Baron Stanley of Preston, in the County Palatine of Lancaster. The courtesy title of the heir apparent is Lord Stanley and they were at times one of the richest landowning families in England. The family seat is Knowsley Hall, near Liverpool, Merseyside, Ferrières in Normandy, the hometown of the de Ferrers family, was an important centre for iron and takes it name from the iron ore mines used during the Gallo-Roman period. Lord of Longueville, Normandy, and a Domesday Commissioner, he built Tutbury Castle, the Ferrers, lords of the barony of Ferrières in Normandy, were accompanied to England by three other families who were their underlords in France, the Curzons, the Baskervilles and the Levetts. Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Ferrières was created Earl of Derby by King Stephen in 1138 for his valiant conduct at the Battle of Northallerton and he was married to Hawise de Vitre and died in 1139. His son Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby became the earl and was married to Margaret Peverel. He founded Darley Abbey and Merevale Abbey and his son William de Ferrers, 3rd Earl of Derby was married to Sybil de Braose. He rebelled against King Henry II and was imprisoned at Caen and he died in the Crusades at the Siege of Acre. He was succeeded by his son William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby who married Agnes de Kevelioc, daughter of Hugh de Kevelioc, through one line the descent of the Earls of Derby eventually gave rise to the Earls Ferrers. Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers, was the only peer of the realm to be hanged for murder, another familial line takes in the Baron Ferrers of Chartley descent. The large estates which were taken from Robert in 1266 were given by Henry III to his son, Edmund Crouchback, John of Gaunt’s son and successor was Henry Bolingbroke, who acceded to the throne as Henry IV in 1399. The title Earl of Derby merged into the Crown, the Stanley family was descended from Ligulf of Aldithley, who was also the ancestor of the Audleys. One of his descendants married an heiress whose marriage portion included Stoneley, Sir Thomas Stanley served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and represented Lancashire in the House of Commons. In 1456 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Lord Stanley and his eldest son Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley, married Lady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII, and also Eleanor Nevill. The title of Earl of Derby was conferred on him in 1485 by his stepson Henry VII after the Battle of Bosworth Field where Thomas decided not to support King Richard III
Earl of Derby – Arms of Ferrers: Argent, six horseshoes sable32. Second Peel ministry – The Second Peel ministry was formed by Sir Robert Peel, Bt in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1841. Peel came to power for a time after the Conservative victory in the General Election caused the Whig government of Lord Melbourne to resign. Henry Goulburn was Chancellor of the Exchequer, the future Prime Minister Lord Aberdeen Foreign Secretary and Sir James Graham Home Secretary. William Ewart Gladstone, who was yet to join the Liberal Party and his future rival Benjamin Disraeli was overlooked by Peel and was a sharp critic of the government. The government was brought down by Peels decision in 1846 to support the repeal of the Corn Laws, leading to a split in the Tory party, october 1841, Lord FitzGerald succeeds Lord Ellenborough as President of the Board of Control. February 1842, The Duke of Buccleuch succeeds the Duke of Buckingham as Lord Privy Seal, may 1843, Lord Ripon succeeds FitzGerald as President of the Board of Control. William Ewart Gladstone succeeds Ripon at the Board of Trade, may 1844, Lord Granville Somerset, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, enters the Cabinet. Sir Henry Hardinge leaves the cabinet and his successor as Secretary at War is not in the Cabinet. February 1845, William Gladstone resigns as President of the Board of Trade and his successor in that post is not in the Cabinet. The First Commissioner of Woods and Forests, Lord Lincoln, enters the Cabinet, while Sir Edward Knatchbull, may 1845, Sidney Herbert, the Secretary at War, enters the Cabinet. December 1845, Gladstone succeeds Lord Stanley as Secretary for War, january 1846—The Duke of Buccleuch succeeds Lord Wharnecliffe as Lord President. Lord Haddington succeeds Buccleuch as Lord Privy Seal, Ellenborough succeeds Haddington as First Lord of the Admiralty. Lincoln becomes Chief Secretary for Ireland and his successor as First Commissioner of Woods and Forests is not in the Cabinet. Members of the Cabinet are indicated by bold face
Second Peel ministry – Sir Robert Peel, Bt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1834–1835, 1841–1846.33. William Ewart Gladstone – William Ewart Gladstone, FRS, FSS was a British Liberal and earlier conservative politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times, more than any other person, Gladstone was also Britains oldest Prime Minister, he resigned for the final time when he was 84 years old. Gladstone first entered Parliament in 1832, beginning as a High Tory, Gladstone served in the Cabinet of Sir Robert Peel. After the split of the Conservatives Gladstone was a Peelite – in 1859 the Peelites merged with the Whigs, as Chancellor Gladstone became committed to low public spending and to electoral reform, earning him the sobriquet The Peoples William. Gladstones first ministry saw many reforms including the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland, after his electoral defeat in 1874, Gladstone resigned as leader of the Liberal Party, but from 1876 began a comeback based on opposition to Turkeys reaction to the Bulgarian April Uprising. Gladstones Midlothian Campaign of 1879–80 was an example of many modern political campaigning techniques. The government also passed the Third Reform Act, Back in office in early 1886, Gladstone proposed Irish home rule but this was defeated in the House of Commons in July. The resulting split in the Liberal Party helped keep out of office, with one short break. In 1892 Gladstone formed his last government at the age of 82, the Second Home Rule Bill passed the Commons but was defeated in the Lords in 1893. Gladstone resigned in March 1894, in opposition to increased naval expenditure and he left Parliament in 1895 and died three years later aged 88. Gladstone was known affectionately by his supporters as The Peoples William or the G. O. M, Gladstone is consistently ranked as one of Britains greatest Prime Ministers. Born in 1809 in Liverpool, at 62 Rodney Street, William Ewart Gladstone was the son of the slave-owning merchant Sir John Gladstone. Although born and brought up in Liverpool, William Gladstone was of purely Scottish ancestry, in 1814 young Willy visited Scotland for the first time, as he and his brother John travelled with their father to Edinburgh, Biggar and Dingwall to visit their relatives. William and his brother were both made freemen of the burgh of Dingwall, in 1815 Gladstone also travelled to London and Cambridge for the first time with his parents. In London he attended a service of thanksgiving with his family at St Pauls Cathedral following the Battle of Waterloo, William Gladstone was educated from 1816 to 1821 at a preparatory school at the vicarage of St Thomass Church at Seaforth, close to his familys residence, Seaforth House. In December 1831 he achieved the double first-class degree he had long desired, Gladstone served as President of the Oxford Union debating society, where he developed a reputation as an orator, which followed him into the House of Commons. At university Gladstone was a Tory and denounced Whig proposals for parliamentary reform, following the success of his double first, William travelled with his brother John on a Grand Tour of Europe, visiting Belgium, France, Germany and Italy. On his return to England, William was elected to Parliament in 1832 as Tory Member of Parliament for Newark, partly through the influence of the local patron, the Duke of Newcastle
William Ewart Gladstone – The Right Honourable William Ewart Gladstone FRS FSS34. Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey – Henry George Grey, 3rd Earl Grey KG GCMG PC, known as Viscount Howick from 1807 until 1845, was an English statesman. Grey was the eldest son of Prime Minister Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, by his wife the Hon. Mary, daughter of William Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby. He entered parliament in 1826, under the title of Viscount Howick, as Whig member for Winchelsea, Northumberland in 1831 was followed by North Nortumberland after the Great Reform Act 1832. He remained in the parliaments dominated by his party and later by Lord Melborne as Prime Minister, on the accession of the Whigs to power in 1830, when his father became prime minister, he was made Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. This gave him responsibility for Britains colonial possessions, and laid the foundation of his acquaintance with colonial questions. In 1835 he entered Lord Melbournes cabinet as Secretary at War, after the partial reconstruction of the ministry in 1839 he again resigned, disapproving of the more advanced views of some of his colleagues. After being returned unopposed at the first three elections in Northern division of Northumberland, Howick was defeated at the 1841 general election. He returned to the Commons after a few months absence, when he was elected for the borough of Sunderland at by-election in September 1841. During the exile of the Liberals from power he went still farther on the path of free trade and he was greatly censured for perverseness, and particularly when in the following July he accepted Lord Palmerston as a colleague without remonstrance. His conduct, nevertheless, afforded Lord John Russell an escape from an embarrassing situation, becoming colonial secretary in 1846, he found himself everywhere confronted with arduous problems, which in the main he encountered with success. The concession by which colonies were allowed to tax imports from the mother-country ad libitum was not his, he protested against it, after his retirement he wrote a history and defence of his colonial policy in the form of letters to Lord John Russell. He resigned with his colleagues in 1852, no room was found for him in the Coalition Cabinet of 1853, and although during the Crimean struggle public opinion pointed to him as the fittest man as minister for war, he never again held office. During the remainder of his life he exercised a vigilant criticism on public affairs. In 1858 he wrote a work on reform, in 1888 he wrote another on the state of Ireland. In his latter years he was a frequent contributor of weighty letters to The Times on land, tithes, currency and other public questions. His principal parliamentary appearances were when he moved for a committee on Irish affairs in 1866, and he nevertheless supported Lord Beaconsfield at the dissolution, regarding William Ewart Gladstones accession to power with much greater alarm. He was an opponent of Gladstones Home rule policy. Lord Grey married on 9 August 1832, to Maria, daughter of Sir Joseph Copley, Lord Grey survived her by fifteen years and died on 9 October 1894, aged 91
Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey – The Right Honourable The Earl Grey KG GCMG PC35. John Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton – John Somerset Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton GCB PC FRS, known as Sir John Pakington, Bt from 1846 to 1874, was a British Conservative politician. Born John Somerset Russell, Hampton was the son of William Russell and Elizabeth Pakington, Elizabeth was the sister and heiress of Sir John Pakington, the 8th and last Baronet Pakington of Ailesbury. John Somerset was educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford and these included Westwood House in Worcestershire and Pakington moved in there with his first wife in 1832. Pakington was elected at the attempt as the Tory Member of Parliament for Droitwich in 1837. He was given office by Sir Robert Peel in 1841 and created in 1846 first Baronet Pakington of the second creation and he next served under Lord Derby as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in 1852 and was sworn of the Privy Council the same year. The government lasted only a year and in opposition he developed an interest in education reform, with the Tories back in power he again held office under Lord Derby as First Lord of the Admiralty from 1858 to 1859 and from 1866 to 1867. As First Lord he commissioned the first ironclad warship, HMS Warrior, under Derby and his successor Benjamin Disraeli he was Secretary of State for War from 1867 to 1868. He was appointed a GCB in 1859 and he lost his seat in the Commons in the 1874 election and was raised to the peerage as Baron Hampton, of Hampton Lovett and of Westwood in the County of Worcester. He served for years as chairman of the Worcestershire Quarter Sessions. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in Jun,1858 and he was also President of the Royal Statistical Society from 1861 to 1863 and Chief Civil Service Commissioner from 1875 until his death. Lord Hampton married firstly Mary, daughter of Moreton Aglionby Slaney, after her death in 1843 he married secondly Augusta, daughter of the Right Reverend George Murray, on 2 June 1844. After her death in 1848 he married thirdly Augusta Anne, daughter of Thomas Champion de Crespigny, Lord Hampton died at his London home in April 1880, aged 81, and was succeeded by his son from his first marriage, John. Classic Encyclopaedia Obituary New York Times 10 April 1880 The peerage of the British empire as at present existing
John Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton – The Right Honourable The Lord Hampton Bt GCB PC36. Baronet – A baronet or the rare female equivalent, a baronetess, is the holder of a baronetcy, a hereditary title awarded by the British Crown. The practice of awarding baronetcies was originally introduced in England in the 14th century and was used by James I of England in 1611 as a means of raising funds. A baronetcy is the only British hereditary honour that is not a peerage, with the exception of the Anglo-Irish Black Knight, White Knight, Baronets are not deemed members of the nobility, but rather, titled gentry. Their social rank is equivalent to the petty nobility in some countries of continental Europe. The term baronet has medieval origins, Sir Thomas de La More, describing the Battle of Boroughbridge, mentioned that baronets took part, along with barons and knights. Edward III is known to have created eight baronets in 1328, at least one, Sir William de La Pole in 1340, was created for payment of money. Whether or not these early creations were hereditary, all have died out, in 1619 James I established the Baronetage of Ireland, Charles I in 1625 created the Baronetages of Scotland and Nova Scotia. The new baronets were each required to pay 2,000 marks or to support six settlers for two years. Over a hundred of these baronetcies, now known as Scottish baronetcies. As a result of the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, following the Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, new creations were styled as baronets of the United Kingdom. Under royal warrants of 1612 and 1613, certain privileges were accorded to baronets, firstly, no person or persons should have place between baronets and the younger sons of peers. These privileges were extended to baronets of Ireland, and for baronets of Scotland the privilege of depicting the Arms of Nova Scotia as an augmentation of honour, the former applies to this day for all baronets of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom created subsequently. The title of baronet was initially conferred upon noblemen who lost the right of summons to Parliament. A similar title of rank was banneret. Like knights, baronets are accorded the style Sir before their first name, baronetesses in their own right use Dame, also before their first name, while wives of baronets use Lady followed by the husbands surname only, this by longstanding courtesy. Wives of baronets are not baronetesses, only women holding baronetcies in their own right are so styled, unlike knighthoods—which apply to the recipient only—a baronetcy is hereditarily entailed. With some exceptions granted with special remainder by letters patent, baronetcies descend through the male line, a full list of extant baronets appears in Burkes Peerage and Baronetage, which also published a record of extinct baronetcies. A baronetcy is not a peerage, so baronets like knights and junior members of families are commoners
Baronet37. Droitwich (UK Parliament constituency) – It was a parliamentary borough in Worcestershire, represented by two Members of Parliament until 1832, and by one member from 1832 to 1885. The name was transferred to a county constituency electing one MP from 1885 until 1918. The borough consisted of three parishes and parts of two others in the town of Droitwich, a town which for many centuries depended on the salt trade for its prosperity. Although these details of the franchise were unique to Droitwich, in practice it in many ways resembled a burgage borough, and like most of those came under the influence of a local magnate. There was no contested election between 1747 and 1832, and by the time of the Reform Act it was estimated that only 28 men had the right to vote, in 1831, the population of the borough was 2,487, and contained 533 houses. There was a slight enlargement of the boundaries to the east in 1868. However, the constituency was not big enough to keep its MP under the Third Reform Act, the borough was abolished, but the towns name was applied to the new county division in which it was placed, formally called The Mid or Droitwich Division of Worcestershire. With a popular sitting Liberal MP turning Liberal Unionist in 1886, the constituency was abolished in 1918, being divided between the redrawn Kidderminster and Evesham constituencies. The constituency was re-established during the reign of Queen Mary I, the following were members of Parliament during the succeeding period, General Election 1914/15, Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to place and by the July 1914
Droitwich (UK Parliament constituency) – Richard Martin38. Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle – Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne KG, PC, styled Earl of Lincoln before 1851, was a British politician. Newcastle was the son of Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, by his wife Georgina Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Miller-Mundy. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he took his B. A. degree in 1832, and was created a D. C. L. in 1863. Newcastle was returned to Parliament for South Nottinghamshire in 1832, a seat he held until 1846, and then represented Falkirk Burghs until 1851, when he succeeded his father in the dukedom. Initially a Tory, he served under Sir Robert Peel as First Commissioner of Works from 1841 to 1846 and he was admitted to the British Privy Council in 1841, and to the Irish Privy Council on 14 February 1846. From 18 June 1859 to April 1864, he served as Secretary of State for the Colonies in Lord Palmerstons Liberal administration, in 1860, while holding this office, he went to Canada and the United States, in company with the Prince of Wales. Apart from his career he also held the honorary posts of Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire from 1857 to 1864. He was made a Knight of the Garter on 17 December 1860, Lord Lincoln was a member of the Canterbury Association from 27 March 1848. Upon succeeding to the dukedom, he joined the management committee on 29 January 1851. In 1849, the surveyor of the Canterbury Association, Joseph Thomas. The towns university was in turn named after Lord Lincoln. Newcastle married Lady Susan, daughter of Alexander Hamilton, 10th Duke of Hamilton, on 27 November 1832 and they had five children, Henry Pelham-Clinton, 6th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, who married Henrietta Adela Hope on 11 February 1861 and had five children. Lord Edward William Pelham-Clinton, who married Matilda Jane Cradock-Hartopp on 22 August 1865, Lady Susan Charlotte Catherine Pelham-Clinton, who married Lord Adolphus Vane-Tempest on 23 April 1860. She was a mistress of Edward VII of England when he was Prince of Wales, Lord Arthur Pelham-Clinton who died, possibly by suicide, after being charged in the Boulton and Park case. Lord Albert Sidney Pelham-Clinton, who married Mrs Frances Evelyn Stotherd on 17 November 1870, Newcastle died in October 1864, aged 53, and was succeeded in the dukedom by his eldest son, Henry. His papers are now held at Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham, Earl of Lincoln Earl of Lincoln, MP The Rt. Hon. Clinton, Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham, london, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 98–99. Pictures of the Duke of Newcastle at the National Portrait Gallery Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages Leigh Rayments Historical List of MPs
Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle – His Grace The Duke of Newcastle KG PC39. Peelite – The Peelites were a breakaway faction of the British Conservative Party, existing from 1846 to 1859, who joined with the Whigs and Radicals to form the Liberal Party. They were called Peelites because they were led by Sir Robert Peel. The Peelites were characterised by commitment to trade and a managerial, almost technocratic. The Peelites were often called the Liberal Conservatives, in contrast to Protectionist Conservatives led by Benjamin Disraeli and Edward Smith-Stanley, in 1845, facing a serious famine in Ireland, Peel sought to lower food prices by repealing the Corn Laws. Their main political positions at that time were closer to the Protectionist Conservatives than to the Whigs and Radicals in parliament, except on the issue of Free Trade. After Peels death in 1850, the Peelite faction was led by Sir James Graham and Lord Aberdeen and this government fell in 1855 as a result of the unpopularity of its hesitant attitude during the Crimean War. After the fall of the Aberdeen government, the Peelite faction took most of the blame for their management of the war in the Crimea, in the 1857 election their numbers further decreased to around 26. The subsequent creation of Lord Palmerstons ministry out of this combination was the birth of the British Liberal Party, several leading Peelites accepted cabinet posts in this ministry, though some Peelites became independents or returned to the Conservatives. However, after their 1874 victory the Conservatives did not ever try to bring back the Corn Laws, Liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Liberalism worldwide List of liberal parties Liberal democracy Liberalism in the United Kingdom Jones, Wilbur Devereux and Arvel B. Columbus, OH, Ohio State University,1972
Peelite – United Kingdom40. Aberdeen ministry – After the collapse of Lord Derbys minority government, the Whigs and Peelites formed a coalition under the Peelite leader Lord Aberdeen. The government resigned in early 1855 after a parliamentary majority voted for a select committee to enquire into the incompetent management of the Crimean War. The former Home Secretary, Lord Palmerston, then formed his first government, † After June 1854 office became Secretary of State for War. Lord John Russell served as Leader of the House of Commons from December 1852 to February 1855, February 1853, Lord John Russell becomes Minister without Portfolio, remaining Leader of the Commons. Lord Clarendon succeeds him as Foreign Secretary, June 1854, Lord Granville becomes Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Lord John Russell succeeds him as Lord President, remaining also Leader of the Commons, the Secretaryship of State for War and the Colonies is split up. The Duke of Newcastle stays on as Secretary of State for War, members of the Cabinet are indicated by bold face
Aberdeen ministry – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1852–1855.41. Foreign and Commonwealth Office – The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office, is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for protecting and promoting British interests worldwide and it was created in 1968 by merging the Foreign Office and the Commonwealth Office. The head of the FCO is the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and this position is regarded as one of the four most prestigious appointments in the Cabinet, alongside those of Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary. Together with the Prime Minister, these are the Great Offices of State, the FCO is managed from day-to-day by a civil servant, the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, who also acts as the Head of the Her Majestys Diplomatic Service. This position is held by Sir Simon McDonald, who took office on 1 September 2015, safeguarding the UK’s national security by countering terrorism and weapons proliferation, and working to reduce conflict. Building the UK’s prosperity by increasing exports and investment, opening markets, ensuring access to resources, supporting British nationals around the world through modern and efficient consular services. The two departments foreign affairs responsibilities became the Foreign Office, whilst their domestic affairs responsibilities were assigned to the Home Office, the Home Office is technically the senior. One of the most influential Times journalists was Valentine Chirol, British Ambassadors across Europe communicated with him on a number of political and local issues. Twentieth century During World War I, the Arab Bureau was set up within the British Foreign Office as a section of the Cairo Intelligence Department, the FCO was formed in 1968, from the merger of the short-lived Commonwealth Office and the Foreign Office. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office held responsibility for development issues between 1970 and 1974, and again between 1979 and 1997. From 1997, this became the responsibility of the separate Department for International Development, the National Archives website contains a Government timeline to show the departments responsible for Foreign Affairs from 1945. When David Miliband took over as Foreign Secretary in June 2007, one of the key messages of these discussions was the conclusion that the existing framework of ten international strategic priorities, dating from 2003, was no longer appropriate. Although the framework had been useful in helping the FCO plan its work and allocate its resources, the new strategic framework consists of three core elements, A flexible global network of staff and offices, serving the whole of the UK Government. Three essential services that support the British economy, British nationals abroad and these services are delivered through UK Trade & Investment, consular teams in Britain and overseas, and UK Visas and Immigration. In August 2005 a report by management consultant group Collinson Grant was made public by Andrew Mackinlay, the report severely criticised the FCOs management structure, noting, The Foreign Office could be slow to act. Delegation is lacking within the management structure, the FCO could feasibly cut 1200 jobs. At least £48 million could be saved annually, the Foreign Office commissioned the report to highlight areas which would help it achieve its pledge to reduce spending by £87 million over three years. In response to the report being made public, the Foreign Office stated it had implemented the reports recommendations
Foreign and Commonwealth Office – Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building, London, seen from Whitehall42. Colonial Office – It was headed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, known as the Colonial Secretary. In 1768 the separate American or Colonial Department was established, in order to deal with affairs in British North America. With the loss of the American colonies, however, the department was abolished in 1782, responsibility for the remaining colonies was given to the Home Office, and subsequently transferred to the War Office. In 1801 the War Office was renamed the War and Colonial Office under a new Secretary of State for War, in 1825 a new post of Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies was created within this office. It was held by Robert William Hay initially and his successors were James Stephen, Herman Merivale, Frederic Rogers, Robert Herbert and Robert Henry Meade. In 1854 this office was divided two and a new Colonial Office was created to deal specifically with the needs of the colonies. The Colonial Office did not have responsibility for all British possessions overseas, in 1907 the Dominion Division of the Colonial Office was created, and from 1925 separate Secretaries of State for Dominion Affairs were appointed. After the independence of India in 1947, the Dominion Office was merged with the India Office to form the Commonwealth Relations Office, in 1966, the Commonwealth Relations Office re-merged with the Colonial Office, forming the Commonwealth Office. Two years later, this department was merged into the Foreign Office, establishing the modern Foreign. It later became known as the Commonwealth Relations Office Year Book, in addition to the official List published by the Colonial Office, an edited version was also produced by Waterlow and Sons. It can be difficult to distinguish between the two versions in library catalogue descriptions, but it is still edited by Sir W. H. Mercer, K. C. M. G. One of the Crown Agents for the Colonies, but it is printed by Waterlow and Sons and it comes as near to being an Official publication as possible, but well assume that it isnt. British Empire Colonial Service List of British Empire-related topics
Colonial Office – The building of the Foreign, India, Home, and Colonial Offices in 1866. It was then occupied by all four government departments.43. Home Office – The Home Office is a ministerial department of the Her Majestys Government of the United Kingdom, responsible for immigration, security and law and order. As such it is responsible for the police, fire and rescue services, visas and immigration and it is also in charge of government policy on security-related issues such as drugs, counter-terrorism and ID cards. It was formerly responsible for Her Majestys Prison Service and the National Probation Service, the Cabinet minister responsible for the department is the Home Secretary. The Home Office continues to be known, especially in official papers, the Home Office is headed by the Home Secretary, a Cabinet minister supported by the departments senior civil servant, the Permanent Secretary. The plan said the department will,1, simplify national institutional structures and establish a National Crime Agency to strengthen the fight against organised crime 3. Create a more integrated criminal justice system Help the police and other public services work together across the criminal justice system 4, secure our borders and reduce immigration Deliver an improved migration system that commands public confidence and serves our economic interests. Limit non-EU economic migrants, and introduce new measures to reduce inflow and minimise abuse of all migration routes, process asylum applications more quickly, and end the detention of children for immigration purposes 5. Protect peoples freedoms and civil liberties Reverse state interference to ensure there is not disproportionate intrusion into people‟s lives 6, protect our citizens from terrorism Keep people safe through the Government‟s approach to counter-terrorism 7. Build a fairer and more equal society Help create a fair, on 27 March 1782, the Home Office was formed by renaming the existing Southern Department, with all existing staff transferring. On the same day, the Northern Department was renamed the Foreign Office, to match the new names, there was a transferring of responsibilities between the two Departments of State. All domestic responsibilities were moved to the Home Office, and all foreign matters became the concern of the Foreign Office, most subsequently created domestic departments have been formed by splitting responsibilities away from the Home Office. On 7 April 2012, hacktivist group Anonymous temporarily took down the UK Home Office website, the group took responsibility for the attack, which was part of ongoing Anonymous activity in protest against the deportation of hackers as part of Operation TrialAtHome. One Anonymous source claimed in their tweet it was launched in retaliation for draconian surveillance proposals. On 18 July 2012, the Public and Commercial Services Union announced that thousands of Home Office employees would go on strike over jobs, pay and other issues. However, the PCSU called off the strike before it was planned it claimed the department had, subsequent to the threat of actions, announced 1,100 new border jobs. From 1978 to 2004, the Home Office was located at 50 Queen Annes Gate, many functions, however, were devolved to offices in other parts of London and the country, notably the headquarters of the Immigration and Nationality Directorate in Croydon. g. Wales Under the Welsh devolution settlement, specific areas are transferred to the National Assembly for Wales rather than reserved to Westminster
Home Office – 2 Marsham Street, the headquarters of the Home Office44. Home Secretary – The office is a British Cabinet level position. The Home Secretary is responsible for the affairs of England and Wales. The remit of the Home Office also includes policing in England and Wales and matters of security, as the Security Service. The current Home Secretary is Amber Rudd, appointed formally by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of her Prime Minister Theresa May on 13 July 2016. Mrs. May had been the incumbent, appointed on 12 May 2010 by Prime Minister, David Cameron. May was reappointed by Cameron on 8 May 2015 to serve as Home Secretary in the Conservative government and she stood down from this role on 13 July 2016 upon assuming the office of Prime Minister, succeeding Cameron
Home Secretary – Incumbent Theresa May since 12 May 201045. War Office – The name War Office is also given to the former home of the department, the War Office building located at the junction of Horse Guards Avenue and Whitehall in central London. During August 2013 it was announced that the former War Office building would be sold on the open market. The War Office developed from the Council of War, an ad hoc grouping of the King and his military commanders which managed the Kingdom of Englands frequent wars. It was equivalent to the Admiralty, responsible for the Royal Navy, and the Air Ministry, the department had several London homes until it settled at Horse Guards in Whitehall during 1722, where it was to remain until 1858. The first War Office Secretary at War is usually said to have been William Blathwayt and it was, however, a fairly minor government job which dealt with the minutiae of administration rather than grand strategy. Issues of strategic policy during wartime were managed by the Northern and Southern Departments, from 1704 to 1855, the job of Secretary was possessed by a minister of the second rank, although he was occasionally part of the Cabinet. Many of his responsibilities were transferred to the Secretary of State for War after the creation of more senior post during 1794. The job of Secretary at War was merged with that of the Secretary of State for War during 1855, during 1855 the Board of Ordnance was abolished as a result of its perceived poor performance during the Crimean War. This powerful independent body, dating from the 15th century, had directed by the Master-General of the Ordnance. The disastrous campaigns of the Crimean War resulted in the consolidation of all duties during 1855 as subordinate to the Secretary of State for War. He was not, however, solely responsible for the Army and this was reduced in theory by the reforms introduced by Edward Cardwell during 1870, which subordinated the Commander-in-Chief to the Secretary for War. His resistance to reform caused military efficiency to lag well behind that of Britains rivals, the management of the War Office was hampered by persistent disputes between the civilian and military parts of the organisation. The government of H. H. Asquith attempted to resolve this during the First World War by appointing Lord Kitchener as Secretary for War, making him the first, however, this was thought unsatisfactory, during his tenure, the Imperial General Staff was virtually dismantled. Its role was replaced effectively by the Committee of Imperial Defence, the War Office decreased greatly in importance after the First World War, a fact illustrated by the drastic reductions of its staff numbers during the inter-war period. On 1 April 1920, it employed 7,434 civilian staff and its responsibilities and funding were also reduced. During 1936, the government of Stanley Baldwin appointed a Minister for Co-ordination of Defence, when Winston Churchill became Prime Minister during 1940, he bypassed the War Office altogether and appointed himself Minister of Defence. Clement Attlee continued this arrangement when he came to power during 1945, during 1964, the present form of the Ministry of Defence was established, unifying the War Office, Admiralty, and Air Ministry. The records of the War Office are kept by The National Archives with the code WO and it contains about 1,000 rooms across seven floors, linked by 2½ miles of corridors
War Office – The former War Office building pictured from Whitehall.46. Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs – When initially created, the office was held in tandem with that of Secretary of State for the Colonies, this arrangement persisted until June 1930. On two subsequent occasions the offices were held by the same person. The Secretary was supported by an Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, in 1947, the name of the office was changed to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations. The Viscount Addison took up the new post of Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations on 7 July 1947
Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs – Arms of Her Majesty's Government47. India Office – The India Office was a British government department created in 1858 to oversee the administration, through a Viceroy and other officials, of the Provinces of British India. These territories comprised most of the nations of Bangladesh, Burma, India. The department was headed by the Secretary of State for India, a member of the British cabinet, upon the partition of British India in 1947 into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan, the India Office was closed down. Responsibility for the United Kingdoms relations with the two new countries was transferred to the Commonwealth Relations Office, the Company soon established a network of factories throughout the south and east Indies in Asia. Over a period of 250 years the Company underwent several changes in its basic character. A period of rivalry between the Old and New Companies after 1698 resulted in the formation in 1709 of the United Company of Merchants Trading to the East Indies. The Company continued to exercise responsibility, under the supervision of the Board, the Board of Control maintained its separate office close to the Government buildings in Westminster. Other groups of involvement have also resulted from India Office interest in the status of Indian emigrants to the West Indies, south and east Africa, establishment of Burma Office 1947 Birth of India and Pakistan. The official archives of the India Office Records are complemented by over 300 collections, the comprise 14 kilometres of shelves of volumes, files and boxes of papers, together with 70,000 volumes of official publications and 105,000 manuscript and printed maps. Secretary of State for India Under-Secretary of State for India Governor-General of India History of India History of West Bengal Datta, the India Office Library, Its History, Resources, and Functions, Library Quarterly, 36#2 pp. 99–148, Arnold P. Kaminsky. The India Office Library, Who Owns It,1,1966, pp. 1–10 Moir, Martin. A General Guide to the India Office Records 331 pages Seton, the India Office 299 pages Williams, Donovan
India Office – The western or park end of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office 's building in 1866. It was then occupied by the Foreign and India Offices, while the Home and Colonial Offices occupied the Whitehall end.
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