The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. It spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south.
15th-century French miniature depicting the combatants of the Battle of Manzikert in contemporary Western European armour
Ahmad Sanjar seated on his throne, from the 14th-century Jami' al-Tawarikh
Sultan Barkiaruq, the Seljuk ruler during the First Crusade, from the c. 1425 Persian manuscript of Hafiz-i Abru's Majma' al-Tawarikh, Yale University Art Gallery
The Oghuz Turks were a western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. In the 8th century, they formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the Oghuz Yabgu State in Central Asia. Today, much of the populations of Turkey, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are descendants of Oghuz Turks. Byzantine sources call them Uzes. The term Oghuz was gradually supplanted by the terms Turkmen and Turcoman by 13th century.
Portrait of Nasir al-Din Artuq Arslan, an Oghuz Döğer ruler of the Artuqid dynasty, Mardin, dated AH 611 (1214-5 CE)
Head of male Seljuk royal figure, 12–13th century, from Iran.