Serie A

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This article is about the Italian football league. For other uses, see Serie A (disambiguation).
Serie A
Serie A logo (2018).png
Organising bodyFederazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (FIGC)
Founded1898; 121 years ago (1898) (officially)
1929 (as round-robin)
Country Italy
ConfederationUEFA
Number of teams20
Level on pyramid1
Relegation toSerie B
Domestic cup(s)Coppa Italia
Supercoppa Italiana
International cup(s)UEFA Champions League
UEFA Europa League
Current championsJuventus (34th title)
(2017–18)
Most championshipsJuventus (34 titles)
Most appearancesPaolo Maldini (647)
Top goalscorerSilvio Piola (274)
TV partnersList of broadcasters
Websitelegaseriea.it
2018–19 Serie A

Serie A (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛːrje ˈa]), also called Serie A TIM due to sponsorship by TIM,[1] is a professional league competition for football clubs located at the top of the Italian football league system and the winner is awarded the Coppa Campioni d'Italia. It has been operating for over eighty years since the 1929–30 season. It had been organized by Lega Calcio until 2010, when the Lega Serie A was created for the 2010–11 season.

Serie A is regarded as one of the best football leagues in the world and it is often depicted as the most tactical national league.[2] Serie A was the world's second-strongest national league in 2014 according to IFFHS[3]and has produced the highest number of European Cup finalists: Italian clubs have reached the final of the competition on 27 occasions, winning the title 12 times.[4] Serie A is ranked third among European leagues according to UEFA's league coefficient, behind La Liga, Premier League, and ahead of Bundesliga and Ligue 1, which is based on the performance of Italian clubs in the Champions League and the Europa League during the last five years.[5] Serie A led the UEFA ranking from 1986 to 1988 and from 1990 to 1999.[6]

In its current format, the Italian Football Championship was revised from having regional and interregional rounds, to a single-tier league from the 1929–30 season onwards. The championship titles won prior to 1929 are officially recognised by FIGC with the same weighting as titles that were subsequently awarded. However, the 1945–46 season, when the league was played over two geographical groups due to the ravages of WWII, is not statistically considered, even if its title is fully official.[7] All the winning teams are recognised with the title of Campione d'Italia ("Champion of Italy"), which is ratified by the Lega Serie A before the start of the next edition of the championship.

The league hosts three of the world's most famous clubs as Juventus, Milan and Internazionale, all founding members of the G-14, a group which represented the largest and most prestigious European football clubs from 2000 to 2008,[8] being the first two cited also founding members of its successive organisation, European Club Association (ECA). More players have won the coveted Ballon d'Or award while playing at a Serie A club than any league in the world other than Spain's La Liga. [9] – although Spain's La Liga has the highest total number of Ballon d'Or winners. Juventus, Italy's most successful club of the 20th century[10] and the most successful Italian team,[11] is tied for fourth in Europe and eighth in the world with the most official international titles.[12] The club is also the only one in the world to have won all possible official confederation competitions.[13] Milan is joint third club for official international titles won in the world, with 18.[14] Internazionale, following their achievements in the 2009–10 season, became the first Italian team to have achieved a treble. Inter are also the only team in Italian football history to have never been relegated.[15][16] Juventus, Milan and Inter, along with Roma, Fiorentina, Lazio and Napoli, are known as the Seven Sisters of Italian football.[17][18][19][20][21][note 1]

Serie A is one of the most storied football leagues in the world. Of the 100 greatest footballers in history chosen by FourFourTwo magazine in 2017, 42 players have played in Serie A, more than any other league in the world.[22] Juventus is the team that has produced the most World Cup champions (25), with Inter (19), Roma (15) and Milan (10), being respectively third, fourth and ninth in that ranking.[23]

History[edit]

Serie A, as it is structured today, began during the 1929–30 season. From 1898 to 1922, the competition was organised into regional groups. Because of ever growing teams attending regional championships, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) split the CCI (Italian Football Confederation) in 1921. When CCI teams rejoined the FIGC created two interregional divisions renaming Categories into Divisions and splitting FIGC sections into two North-South leagues. In 1926, due to internal crises, the FIGC changed internal settings, adding southern teams to the national division, ultimately leading to the 1929–30 final settlement. No title was awarded in 1927 after Torino were stripped of the championship by the FIGC. Torino were declared champions in the 1948–49 season following a plane crash near the end of the season in which the entire team was killed.

The Serie A Championship title is often referred to as the scudetto ("small shield") because since the 1924–25 season, the winning team will bear a small coat of arms with the Italian tricolour on their strip in the following season. The most successful club is Juventus with 34 championships, followed by both Milan and Internazionale, with 18 championships apiece. From the 2004–05 season onwards, an actual trophy was awarded to club on the pitch after the last turn of the championship. The trophy, called the Coppa Campioni d'Italia, has officially been used since the 1960–61 season, but between 1961 and 2004 was consigned to the winning clubs at the head office of the Lega Nazionale Professionisti.

In April 2009, Serie A announced a split from Serie B. Nineteen of the twenty clubs voted in favour of the move in an argument over television rights; the relegation-threatened Lecce had voted against the decision. Maurizio Beretta, the former head of Italy's employers' association, became president of the new league.[24][25][26][27]

In April 2016, it was announced that Serie A was selected by the International Football Association Board to test video replays, which were initially private for the 2016–17 season, allowing them to become a live pilot phase, with replay assistance implemented in the 2017–18 season.[28] On the decision, FIGC President Carlo Tavecchio said, "We were among the first supporters of using technology on the pitch and we believe we have everything required to offer our contribution to this important experiment."[29]

Format[edit]

For most of Serie A's history, there were 16 or 18 clubs competing at the top level. Since 2004–05, however, there have been 20 clubs altogether. One season (1947–48) was played with 21 teams for political reasons. Below is a complete record of how many teams played in each season throughout the league's history;

  • 18 clubs: 1929–1934
  • 16 clubs: 1934–1943
  • 20 clubs: 1946–1947
  • 21 clubs: 1947–1948
  • 20 clubs: 1948–1952
  • 18 clubs: 1952–1967
  • 16 clubs: 1967–1988
  • 18 clubs: 1988–2004
  • 20 clubs: 2004–present
Scudetto patch

During the season, which runs from August to May, each club plays each of the other teams twice; once at home and once away, totalling 38 games for each team by the end of the season. Thus, in Italian football a true round-robin format is used. In the first half of the season, called the andata, each team plays once against each league opponent, for a total of 19 games. In the second half of the season, called the ritorno, the teams play in exactly the same order that they did in the first half of the season, the only difference being that home and away situations are switched. Since the 1994–95 season, teams are awarded three points for a win, one point for a draw and no points for a loss.

The top four teams in the Serie A qualify straight to the UEFA Champions League group stages (from the 2017–18 season). Teams finishing fifth and sixth qualify for the UEFA Europa League tournament. A third UEFA Europa League spot is reserved for the winner of the Coppa Italia. If the Coppa Italia champion already qualified for European football by finishing among the top seven teams in Serie A, the seventh-ranked team in Serie A is awarded the UEFA Europa League spot. The three lowest-placed teams are relegated to Serie B.

From 2005–06 season if two or more teams are tied in points (for any place), the deciding tie-breakers are as follows:

  1. Head-to-head records (results and points)
  2. Goal difference of head-to-head games
  3. Goal difference overall
  4. Higher number of goals scored
  5. Draw

Until 2004–05 season, a playoff would be used to determine the champions, European spots or relegation, if the two teams were tied on points. Any play-off was held after the end of regular season. The last championship playoff occurred in the 1963–64 season when Bologna and Inter both finished on 54 points. Bologna won the play-off 2–0.

Serie A clubs[edit]

Further information: List of Italian Football Championship clubs

Prior to 1929, many clubs competed in the top level of Italian football as the earlier rounds were competed up to 1922 on a regional basis then interregional up to 1929. Below is a list of Serie A clubs who have competed in the competition when it has been a league format (66 in total).

2018–19 members[edit]

Locations of the 2018–19 Serie A teams
Team Home city Stadium Capacity 2017–18 season
Atalanta Bergamo Stadio Atleti Azzurri d'Italia 21,300 7th in Serie A
Bologna Bologna Stadio Renato Dall'Ara 38,279 15th in Serie A
Cagliari Cagliari Sardegna Arena 16,233 16th in Serie A
Chievo Verona Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi 38,402 13th in Serie A
Empoli Empoli Stadio Carlo Castellani 16,284 Serie B Champions
Fiorentina Florence Stadio Artemio Franchi 43,147 8th in Serie A
Frosinone Frosinone Stadio Benito Stirpe 16,227 Serie B Playoff winner
Genoa Genoa Stadio Luigi Ferraris 36,685 12th in Serie A
Internazionale Milan San Siro 80,018 4th in Serie A
Juventus Turin Juventus Stadium 41,507 Serie A Champions
Lazio Rome Stadio Olimpico 72,698 5th in Serie A
Milan Milan San Siro 80,018 6th in Serie A
Napoli Naples Stadio San Paolo 60,240 2nd in Serie A
Parma Parma Stadio Ennio Tardini 27,906 2nd in Serie B
Roma Rome Stadio Olimpico 72,698 3rd in Serie A
Sampdoria Genoa Stadio Luigi Ferraris 36,685 10th in Serie A
Sassuolo Sassuolo Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore
(Reggio Emilia) 		23,717 11th in Serie A
SPAL Ferrara Stadio Paolo Mazza 13,020 17th in Serie A
Torino Turin Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino 27,994 9th in Serie A
Udinese Udine Stadio Friuli-Dacia Arena 25,132 14th in Serie A

Seasons in Serie A[edit]

There are 67 teams that have taken part in 87 Serie A championships in a single round that was played from the 1929–30 season until the 2018–19 season. The teams in bold compete in Serie A currently. Internazionale is the only team that has played Serie A football in every season.

Logos[edit]

  • Serie A logo at Lega Calcio era

  • Sponsored logo 2016–2018

Serie A had logos that featured its sponsor Telecom Italia (TIM). The logo that was introduced in 2010, had minor change in 2016 due to the change of the logo of Telecom Italia itself.[30][31] In August 2018, a new logo was announced.[32]

Television rights[edit]

Main article: List of Serie A broadcasters

In the past, individual clubs competing in the league had the rights to sell their broadcast rights to specific channels throughout Italy, unlike in most other European countries. Currently, the two broadcasters in Italy are the satellite broadcaster Sky Italia and streaming platform DAZN for its own pay television networks; RAI is allowed to broadcast only highlights (in exclusive from 13:30 to 22:30 CET). This is a list of television rights in Italy (since 2018–19):

  • Sky Italia (7 matches for week)
  • DAZN (3 matches for week)
  • RAI (highlights)

For the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons, Serie A clubs negotiating club TV rights collectively rather than individually for the first time since 1998–99. The domestic rights for those two seasons were sold for billion to Sky Italia.[33]

International[edit]

Global rights for the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons were sold for million to MP & Silva.[34]

In countries and territories outside of Italy, the league is broadcast on:

Country Broadcaster
Albania SuperSport
Australia beIN Sports
Azerbaijan CBC Sport
Bosnia and Herzegovina Arena Sport
Brunei Fox Sports[35]
Malaysia
Bulgaria Max Sport
Canada DAZN
Telelatino
China CCTV5
Croatia Arenasport
Czech Republic Sport1
Denmark Strive Sport
France beIN SPORTS
Germany DAZN
Greece Nova Sports
Hong Kong beIN Sports
Iceland Stöð 2 Sport
India Sony ESPN
Indonesia beIN Sports
Ireland Premier Sports[36]
United Kingdom
Israel Sport 5
Japan DAZN
Kosovo IPKO
Lithuania Sport1
Macedonia Arena Sport
MENA beIN Sports
Mongolia Sportbox
Montenegro Arena Sport
Netherlands Ziggo Sport
New Zealand Sky Sport
Nigeria HiTV
Norway Strive Sport
Philippines ABS-CBN S+A
beIN Sports
Poland Eleven Sports Network
Portugal Sport TV
Romania Digi Sport
Russia Match TV
Telesport[37]
Serbia Arena Sport
Slovakia Sport1
Slovenia ŠportTV
South Africa Multichoice
Spain beIN Sports
Sweden Strive Sport
Switzerland Teleclub
Thailand beIN Sports
PPTV
Turkey beIN SPORTS
United States ESPN
ESPN+
Latin America ESPN
Worldwide (selected countries only) Rai Italia
Serie A Pass

In the 1990s, Serie A was at its most popular in the United Kingdom when it was shown on Football Italia on Channel 4, although it has actually appeared on more UK channels than any other league, rarely staying in one place for long since 2002. Serie A has appeared in the UK on BSB's The Sports Channel (1990–91), Sky Sports (1991–92), Channel 4 (1992–2002), Eurosport (2002–04), Setanta Sports and Bravo (2004–07), Channel 5 (2007–08), ESPN (2009–13), BT Sport (2013–2018), Eleven Sports Network (2018), Premier and FreeSports (2019-present).[38]

Champions[edit]

Main article: List of Italian football champions
Club Winners Runners-up Championship seasons
Juventus 34 21 1905, 1925–26, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1957–58, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1966–67, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1976-77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1994–95, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05,[nb 1] 2005–06,[nb 2] 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
Milan 18 15 1901, 1906, 1907, 1950–51, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1961–62, 1967–68, 1978–79, 1987–88, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2010–11
Internazionale 18 14 1909–10, 1919–20, 1929–30, 1937–38, 1939–40, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1962–63, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1970–71, 1979–80, 1988–89, 2005–06,[nb 2] 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10
Genoa 9 4 1898, 1899, 1900, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1914–15, 1922–23, 1923–24
Torino 7 7 1926–27,[nb 3] 1927–28, 1942–43, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1975–76
Bologna 7 4 1924–25, 1928–29, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1963–64
Pro Vercelli 7 1 1908, 1909, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1920–21, 1921–22 (CCI)
Roma 3 14 1941–42, 1982–83, 2000–01
Napoli 2 7 1986–87, 1989–90
Lazio 2 6 1973–74, 1999–2000
Fiorentina 2 5 1955–56, 1968–69
Cagliari 1 1 1969–70
Casale 1 - 1913–14
Novese 1 - 1921–22 (FIGC)
Hellas Verona 1 - 1984–85
Sampdoria 1 - 1990–91

Bold indicates clubs which will play in the 2018–19 Serie A.

  • A decoration was awarded to Spezia in 2002 by the FIGC for the 1944 wartime championship. However, the FIGC has stated that it cannot be considered as a scudetto.

By city[edit]

City Championships Clubs
Turin
41
 Juventus (34), Torino (7)
Milan
36
 Milan (18), Inter Milan (18)
Genoa
10
 Genoa (9), Sampdoria (1)
Bologna
7
 Bologna (7)
Vercelli
7
 Pro Vercelli (7)
Rome
5
 Roma (3), Lazio (2)
Florence
2
 Fiorentina (2)
Naples
2
 Napoli (2)
Cagliari
1
 Cagliari (1)
Casale Monferrato
1
 Casale (1)
Novi Ligure
1
 Novese (1)
Verona
1
 Verona (1)

By region[edit]

Region Championships Clubs
Piedmont
50
 Juventus (34), Torino (7), Pro Vercelli (7), Casale (1), Novese (1)
Lombardy
36
 Milan (18), Internazionale (18)
Liguria
10
 Genoa (9), Sampdoria (1)
Emilia-Romagna
7
 Bologna (7)
Lazio
5
 Roma (3), Lazio (2)
Campania
2
 Napoli (2)
Tuscany
2
 Fiorentina (2)
Sardinia
1
 Cagliari (1)
Veneto
1
 Verona (1)

Records[edit]

Further information: Football records in Italy, List of Serie A players, and List of Serie A players with 100 or more goals
Paolo Maldini has made the most appearances in Serie A (647)
Top 10 players with most appearances[39]
Last updated as of 19 May 2018
Player Period Club(s) Games
1 Italy Paolo Maldini 1985–2009 Milan 647
2 Italy Gianluigi Buffon 1995–2018 Parma, Juventus 640
3 Italy Francesco Totti 1992–2017 Roma 619
4 Argentina Javier Zanetti 1995–2014 Internazionale 615
5 Italy Gianluca Pagliuca 1987–2007 Sampdoria, Internazionale, Bologna, Ascoli 592
6 Italy Dino Zoff 1961–1983 Udinese, Mantova, Napoli, Juventus 570
7 Italy Pietro Vierchowod 1980–2000 Como, Fiorentina, Roma, Sampdoria, Juventus, Milan, Piacenza 562
8 Italy Roberto Mancini 1981–2001 Bologna, Sampdoria, Lazio 541
9 Italy Silvio Piola 1929–1954 Pro Vercelli, Lazio, Juventus, Novara 537
10 Italy Enrico Albertosi 1958–1980 Fiorentina, Cagliari, Milan 532
Silvio Piola is the highest goalscorer in Serie A history with 274 goals
Top 10 goalscorers[40]
Last updated as of 19 May 2018
Player Period Club(s) Goals
1 Italy Silvio Piola 1929–1954 Pro Vercelli, Lazio, Juventus, Novara 274
2 Italy Francesco Totti 1992–2017 Roma 250
3 Sweden Gunnar Nordahl 1948–1958 Milan, Roma 225
4 Brazil Italy José Altafini 1958–1976 Milan, Napoli, Juventus 216
4 Italy Giuseppe Meazza 1929–1947 Internazionale, Milan, Juventus 216
6 Italy Antonio Di Natale 2002–2016 Empoli, Udinese 209
7 Italy Roberto Baggio 1986–2004 Fiorentina, Juventus, Milan, Bologna, Internazionale, Brescia 205
8 Sweden Kurt Hamrin 1956–1971 Juventus, Padova, Fiorentina, Milan, Napoli 190
9 Italy Giuseppe Signori 1991–2004 Foggia, Lazio, Sampdoria, Bologna 188
9 Italy Alessandro Del Piero 1993–2012 Juventus 188
9 Italy Alberto Gilardino 1999–2017 Piacenza, Verona, Parma, Milan, Fiorentina, Genoa, Bologna, Palermo, Empoli, Pescara 188

Players[edit]

Non-EU players[edit]

Unlike La Liga, which imposed a quota on the number of non-EU players on each club, Serie A clubs could sign as many non-EU players as available on domestic transfer.

During the 1980s and 1990s, most Serie A clubs signed a large number of players from foreign nations (both EU and non-EU members). Notable foreign players to play in Serie A during this era included England internationals Paul Gascoigne and David Platt, France's Michel Platini and Laurent Blanc, Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann from Germany, Dutchmen Ruud Gullit and Dennis Bergkamp, and Argentina's Diego Maradona.

But since the 2003–04 season, a quota has been imposed on each of the clubs limiting the number of non-EU, non-EFTA and non-Swiss players who may be signed from abroad each season,[41] following provisional measures[42] introduced in the 2002–03 season, which allowed Serie A and B clubs to sign only one non-EU player in the 2002 summer transfer window.

In the middle of the 2000–01 season, the old quota system was abolished, which no longer limited each team to having more than five non-EU players and using no more than three in each match.[42][43] Concurrent with the abolishment of the quota, the FIGC had investigated footballers that used fake passports. Alberto and Warley, Alejandro Da Silva and Jorginho Paulista of Udinese;[44] Fábio Júnior and Gustavo Bartelt of Roma;[45] Dida of Milan; Álvaro Recoba of Inter; Thomas Job, Francis Zé, Jean Ondoa of Sampdoria; and Jeda and Dede of Vicenza were all banned in July 2001 for lengths ranging from six months to one year.[46] However, most of the bans were subsequently reduced.

The number of non-EU players was reduced from 265 in 2002–03 season to 166 in 2006–07 season.[47] It also included players who received EU status after their respective countries joined the EU (see 2004 and 2007 enlargement), which made players such as Adrian Mutu, Valeri Bojinov, Marek Jankulovski and Marius Stankevičius EU players.

The rule underwent minor changes in August 2004,[48] June 2005,[49] June 2006.[50][51] and June 2007.[52]

Since the 2008–09 season, three quotas have been awarded to clubs that do not have non-EU players in their squad (previously only newly promoted clubs could have three quotas); clubs that have one non-EU player have two quotas. Those clubs that have two non-EU players, are awarded one quota and one conditional quota, which is awarded after: 1) Transferred 1 non-EU player abroad, or 2) Release 1 non-EU player as free agent, or 3) A non-EU player received EU nationality. Clubs with three or more non-EU players, have two conditional quotas, but releasing two non-EU players as free agent, will only have one quota instead of two.[53] Serie B and Lega Pro clubs cannot sign non-EU player from abroad, except those followed the club promoted from Serie D.

Large clubs with many foreigners usually borrow quotas from other clubs that have few foreigners or no foreigners in order to sign more non-EU players. For example, Adrian Mutu joined Juventus via Livorno in 2005, as at the time Romania was not a member of the EU. Other examples include Júlio César, Victor Obinna and Maxwell, who joined Internazionale from Chievo (first two) and Empoli respectively.

On 2 July 2010, the above conditional quota reduced back to one, though if a team did not have any non-EU players, that team could still sign up to three non-EU players.[54][55][56] In 2011 the signing quota reverted to two.[57]

Homegrown players[edit]

Serie A also imposed Homegrown players rule, a modification of Homegrown Player Rule (UEFA). Unlike UEFA, Serie A at first did not cap the number of players in first team squad at 25, meaning the club could employ more foreigners by increasing the size of the squad.[58] However, a cap of 25 (under-21 players were excluded) was introduced to 2015–16 season (in 2015–16 season, squad simply require 8 homegrown players but not require 4 of them from their own youth team).[59] In the 2016–17 season, the FIGC sanctioned Sassuolo for fielding ineligible player, Antonino Ragusa.[60] Although the club did not exceed the capacity of 21 players that were not from their own youth team (only Domenico Berardi was eligible as youth product of their own) as well as under 21 of age (born 1995 or after, of which four players were eligible) in their 24-men call-up,[61] It was reported that on Lega Serie A side the squad list was not updated.[62]

In 2015–16 season, the following quota was announced.

Size of first team squad Local + club youth product
← 25 min. 8 (max. 4 not from own youth team)

FIFA World Players of the Year[edit]

Main article: FIFA World Player of the Year

Official match ball[edit]

  • 2007–2008: Nike T90 Aerow II
  • 2008–2009: Nike T90 Omni
  • 2009–2010: Nike T90 Ascente
  • 2010–2011: Nike T90 Tracer
  • 2011–2012: Nike Seitiro
  • 2012–2013: Nike Maxim
  • 2013–2014: Nike Incyte
  • 2014–2017: Nike Ordem
  • 2018–Present: Nike Merlin

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ^ The Big Five Leagues
  3. ^ "The world's strongest national leagues 2014". IFFHS. 19 January 2015. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015.
  4. ^ Ashby, Kevin (2007-05-24). "Serie A reiterates star quality". UEFA.com. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  5. ^ "UEFA Country Ranking 2011". Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  6. ^ "Member associations - Italy - Honours –". uefa.com.
  7. ^ "Page 21: official statistical records recognized by FIGC" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  8. ^ "G-14's members". g14.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
  9. ^ "European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")". RSSSF.com. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  10. ^ "Europe's club of the Century". International Federation of Football History & Statistics. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  11. ^ "Juventus building bridges in Serie B". fifa.com. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
  12. ^ Fourth most successful European club for confederation and FIFA competitions won with 11 titles. Fourth most successful club in Europe for confederation club competition titles won (11), cf. "Confermato: I più titolati al mondo!" (in Italian). A.C. Milan S.p.A official website. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
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    "1985: Juventus end European drought". Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 8 December 1985. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
    "FIFA Club World Championship TOYOTA Cup: Solidarity – the name of the game" (PDF). FIFA Activity Report 2005. Zurich: Fédération Internationale de Football Association: 62. April 2004 – May 2005. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
    "We are the champions". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 2005-12-01. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  14. ^ "Milan top of the world!". Channel4.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  15. ^ https://it.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2470524.html. Missing or empty |title= (help); External link in |website= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  16. ^ "Inter join exclusive treble club". uefa.com. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  17. ^ "Le "7 sorelle" dell'Italcalcio tornano a spendere all'estero - IlGiornale.it".
  18. ^ "Calcio al via, uno scudetto per sette sorelle - Avvenire.it". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
  19. ^ Serie A al via: le sette sorelle sono tornate Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "IL PUNTO DI CM.IT - Dalla 'paziente' Juventus al Napoli 'esaurito': come perdono le nostre big". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.
  21. ^ "Calciomercato Serie A, le nuove formazioni delle 'sette sorelle'". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.
  22. ^ "100 Greatest footballers ever - fourfourtwo.com".
  23. ^ [1]
  24. ^ "Serie A to form breakaway league - BBC Sport". BBC News. 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
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  29. ^ "Serie A selected by IFAB to test video replay". sportsnet.ca. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
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  31. ^ "New Serie A TIM Logo Revealed". forza27.com. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
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  1. ^ In the 1990s, when the term originated, Parma was seen as one the Seven Sisters and Napoli was not included
  1. ^ Title was revoked and left unassigned through the courts following the Calciopoli Scandal.
  2. ^ a b Title was put sub judice, then assigned to Internazionale, through the courts following the Calciopoli Scandal.
  3. ^ Title was revoked and left unassigned due to the Allemandi match fixing scandal.

External links[edit]

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