1.
International Union for Conservation of Nature
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The International Union for Conservation of Nature is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying. IUCNs mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of resources is equitable. Over the past decades, IUCN has widened its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to equality, poverty alleviation. Unlike other international NGOs, IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation and it tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice, and through lobbying and partnerships. The organization is best known to the public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List. IUCN has a membership of over 1200 governmental and non-governmental organizations, some 11,000 scientists and experts participate in the work of IUCN commissions on a voluntary basis. It employs approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 60 countries and its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN has observer and consultative status at the United Nations, and plays a role in the implementation of several conventions on nature conservation. It was involved in establishing the World Wide Fund for Nature, in the past, IUCN has been criticized for placing the interests of nature over those of indigenous peoples. In recent years, its relations with the business sector have caused controversy. It was previously called the International Union for Protection of Nature, establishment In 1947, the Swiss League for the Protection of Nature organised an international conference on the protection of nature in Brunnen. It is considered to be the first government-organized non-governmental organization, the initiative to set up the new organisation came from UNESCO and especially from its first Director General, the British biologist Julian Huxley. At the time of its founding IUPN was the international organisation focusing on the entire spectrum of nature conservation Early years. Its secretariat was located in Brussels and its first work program focused on saving species and habitats, increasing and applying knowledge, advancing education, promoting international agreements and promoting conservation. Providing a solid base for conservation action was the heart of all activities. IUPN and UNESCO were closely associated and they jointly organized the 1949 Conference on Protection of Nature. In preparation for this conference a list of endangered species was drawn up for the first time
2.
National park
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A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes. Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns, although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, there is a common idea, the conservation of wild nature for posterity and as a symbol of national pride. An international organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, although Yellowstone was not officially termed a national park in its establishing law, it was always termed such in practice and is widely held to be the first and oldest national park in the world. The first area to use national park in its legislation was the USs Mackinac Island. Australias Royal National Park, established in 1879, was the third official national park. In 1895 ownership of Mackinac Island was transferred to the State of Michigan as a state park, as a result, Australias Royal National Park is by some considerations the second oldest national park now in existence. The largest national park in the meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park. According to the IUCN,6,555 national parks worldwide met its criteria in 2006, IUCN is still discussing the parameters of defining a national park. National parks are almost always open to visitors, in 1971, these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and defined benchmarks to evaluate a national park. In 1810, the English poet William Wordsworth described the Lake District as a sort of property, in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive. It was known as Hot Springs Reservation, but no authority was established. Federal control of the area was not clearly established until 1877, John Muir is today referred to as the Father of the National Parks due to his work in Yosemite. He published two articles in The Century Magazine, which formed the base for the subsequent legislation. President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress on July 1,1864, ceding the Yosemite Valley, according to this bill, private ownership of the land in this area was no longer possible. The state of California was designated to manage the park for use, resort. Leases were permitted for up to ten years and the proceeds were to be used for conservation, a public discussion followed this first legislation of its kind and there was a heated debate over whether the government had the right to create parks. The perceived mismanagement of Yosemite by the Californian state was the reason why Yellowstone at its establishment six years later was put under national control, in 1872, Yellowstone National Park was established as the United States first national park, being also the worlds first national park. In some European countries, however, national protection and nature reserves already existed, such as Drachenfels, Yellowstone was part of a federally governed territory
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
National park (Brazil)
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National Parks are a legally-defined type of protected area of Brazil. The first parks were created in the 1930s, and other parks were gradually added, at least two early parks were later submerged by hydroelectric reservoirs. The first park in the Amazon rainforest was inaugurated in 1974, today the national parks cover a huge area, particularly in the Amazon. National parks are the oldest type of protected area in Brazil, at the federal level the parks are managed by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation. State parks fall under the regulations as national parks. Both types are now defined by law 9.985 of July 2000 and they are classed as IUCN protected area category II. The parks are owned, and any privately owned land within their boundary must be expropriated. Existing landowners and communities with land use rights have to be relocated, with strictly limited budgets, poor land records and inefficient bureaucracy it can take many years to complete this process. Conditions for public visits are defined in the management plan. Officially a park may not be visited by the public unless it has a management plan, scientific research requires prior authorization from the responsible agency and is subject to conditions and restrictions. The concept of park was first defined in the 1934 forest code. The system of national parks started in 1937 with the creation of Itatiaia National Park, another two national parks were created in 1939, then after a period of 20 years, the program of park creation was restarted in the late 1950s. The Ubajara National Park was created in 1959, protecting a limestone cave in the caatinga biome of the north east. The Paulo Afonso and Sete Quedas national parks were created in 1948 and 1961 respectively to let visitors see exceptional waterfalls, although all countries define national parks as permanent, Brazil violated this principal and submerged the features under the dams of hydroelectric power plants. The forest code was revised in 1965 to cover all types of native vegetation, under the 1934 and 1965 codes the parks and other conservation units have been created by executive decree. As a result, Congress has tended not to give support to the parks. Many of the parks have their origins in federal or state forestry reserves used for a variety of research or conservation purposes, the effect of this random development was that by the late 1970s many of the parks were near coastal population centres. The Amazônia National Park was created in 1974 on the Tapajós River and it was designed to be accessible via the trans-Amazonian highway, which ran through the park
5.
Portuguese language
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Portuguese is a Romance language and the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, and has kept some Celtic phonology. Portuguese is also termed the language of Camões, after Luís Vaz de Camões, one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem, the museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was destroyed in a fire, but there are plans to reconstruct it, when the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BCE, they brought the Latin language with them, from which all Romance languages descend. Between 409 CE and 711 CE, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, Portuguese evolved from the medieval language, known today by linguists as Galician-Portuguese, Old Portuguese or Old Galician, of the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and this phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León, by then reigning over Galicia. In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period, the language was used for documents. For some time, it was the language of preference for poetry in Christian Hispania. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal, in the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century, some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin, and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Portuguese. Portuguese is the language of the majority of people in Brazil and Portugal, perhaps 75% of the population of Angola speaks Portuguese natively, and 85% are fluent. Just over 40% of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole is understood by all. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, there are also significant Portuguese speaking immigrant communities in many countries including Andorra, Bermuda, Canada, France, Japan, Jersey, Namibia, Paraguay, Macau, Switzerland, Venezuela. In some parts of former Portuguese India, namely Goa and Daman and Diu, in 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Equatorial Guinea made an application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010. In 2011, Portuguese became its official language and, in July 2014. Portuguese is a subject in The school curriculum in Uruguay
6.
Rio de Janeiro (state)
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Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 states of Brazil. It has the second largest economy of Brazil, with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo, the state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast. Rio de Janeiro shares borders with all the states in the same Southeast macroregion, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo. It is bounded on the east and south by the Atlantic Ocean, Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653 km². The archaic demonym meaning for the Rio de Janeiro State is fluminense, taken from the Latin word flumen, from 1783 and during all the Imperial Regime, carioca remained only as a nickname by which other Brazilians called the inhabitants of Rio. During the first years of the Brazilian Republic, carioca was the given to those who lived in the slums or a pejorative way to refer the bureaucratic elite of the Federal District. Only when the City of Rio lost its status as Federal District and became a Brazilian State when the capital was moved to Brasilia, carioca was made a co-official demonym with guanabarino. In 1975, the Guanabara State was extinct by President Geisel becoming the present City of Rio de Janeiro, nowadays, social movements like Somos Todos Cariocas try to achieve the official recognition of carioca as a co-official demonym of Rio de Janeiro State. Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast macroregion, in the Brazilian flag, the state is represented by the Beta star in the Southern Cross. European presence in Rio de Janeiro is as old as Brazil itself, Rio de Janeiro originated from parts of the captainships of de Tomé and São Vicente. Between 1555 and 1567, the territory was occupied by the French, aiming to prevent the occupation of the Frenchmen, in March 1565, the city of Rio de Janeiro was established by Estácio de Sá. In 1763, Rio de Janeiro became the capital of Colonial Brazil, with the flight of the Portuguese royal family from Portugal to Brazil in 1808, the region soon benefited from urban reforms to house the Portuguese. The following years witnessed the creation of the Jardim Botânico and the Academia Real Militar, during this same time, the Escola Real de Ciências, Artes e Ofícios was founded as well. In 1834, the city of Rio de Janeiro was transformed into a city, remaining as capital of the state, while the captainships became provinces, with headquarters in Niterói. In 1889, the city became the capital of the Republic, the city became the federal district. In 1894, Petrópolis became the capital of Rio de Janeiro, with the relocation of the federal capital to Brasília in 1960, the city of Rio de Janeiro became Guanabara State. Niterói remained the capital for Rio de Janeiro state, while Rio de Janeiro served the same status for Guanabara. In 1975, the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro were merged under the name of Rio de Janeiro, the symbols of the former State of Rio de Janeiro were preserved, while the symbols of Guanabara were kept by the city of Rio de Janeiro
7.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
8.
Rio de Janeiro
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Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
9.
BR-116
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BR-116 is a federal highway of Brazil. One of the most important highways in Brazil and one of its longest, BR-116 runs in a north-south way, near, but not on Brazils coastline. It is the major Brazilian highway, and it is the second longest of the country, numerous stretches of the long path taken by the BR-116 have other official names. The highway is especially busy along the Joinville-Curitiba-São Paulo-Rio de Janeiro section, the Curitiba-São Paulo section of the highway is known as Rodovia Régis Bittencourt, nicknamed Rodovia da Morte, due to its many accidents caused by the unstable weather conditions of the region. The São Paulo-Rio de Janeiro section is named Rodovia Presidente Dutra, and it is the busiest section of the highway, running into or near of 15 cities with more than 200.000 inhabitants
10.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
11.
Organ (music)
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In music, the organ is a keyboard instrument of one or more pipe divisions, each played with its own keyboard, played either with the hands on a keyboard or with the feet using pedals. The organ is an old musical instrument, dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria. It was played throughout the Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman world, subsequently it re-emerged as a secular and recital instrument in the Classical music tradition. Pipe organs use air moving through pipes to produce sounds, since the 16th century, pipe organs have used various materials for pipes, which can vary widely in timbre and volume. The pipes are divided into ranks and controlled by the use of hand stops, although the keyboard is not expressive as on a piano and does not affect dynamics, some divisions may be enclosed in a swell box, allowing the dynamics to be controlled by shutters. Some organs are enclosed, meaning that all the divisions can be controlled by one set of shutters. Some special registers with free reed pipes are expressive and these instruments vary greatly in size, ranging from a cubic yard to a height reaching five floors, and are built in churches, synagogues, concert halls, and homes. Small organs are called positive or portative, increasingly hybrid organs are appearing in which pipes are augmented with electronic additions. Great economies of space and cost are possible especially when the lowest of the pipes can be replaced, non-piped organs include the reed organ or harmonium, which like the accordion and harmonica use air to excite free reeds. Electronic organs or digital organs, notably the Hammond organ, generate electronically produced sound through one or more loudspeakers, mechanical organs include the barrel organ, water organ, and Orchestrion. These are controlled by means such as pinned barrels or book music. Little barrel organs dispense with the hands of an organist and bigger organs are powered in most cases by a grinder or today by other means such as an electric motor. The pipe organ is the grandest musical instrument in size and scope, along with the clock, it was considered one of the most complex human-made mechanical creations before the Industrial Revolution. Pipe organs range in size from a short keyboard to huge instruments with over 10,000 pipes. A large modern organ typically has three or four keyboards with five each, and a two-and-a-half octave pedal board. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart called the organ the King of instruments, some of the biggest instruments have 64-foot pipes, and it sounds to an 8 Hz frequency fundamental tone. For instance, the Wanamaker organ, located in Philadelphia, USA, has sonic resources comparable with three simultaneous symphony orchestras, most organs in Europe, the Americas, and Australasia can be found in Christian churches. The introduction of organs is traditionally attributed to Pope Vitalian in the 7th century
12.
Cathedral
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A cathedral is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. The counterpart term for such a church in German is Dom from Latin domus ecclesiae or domus episcopalis, also Italian Duomo, Dutch Domkerk, when the church at which an archbishop or metropolitan presides is specifically intended, the term kathedrikos naos is used. In addition, both the Catholic Church and Orthodox churches have formed new dioceses within formerly Protestant lands for converts, consequently, it is not uncommon to find Christians in a single city being served by three or more cathedrals of differing denominations. In the Catholic tradition, the term cathedral correctly applies only to a church houses the seat of the bishop of a diocese. The abbey church of a territorial abbacy serves the same function, the Catholic Church also uses the following terms. A pro-cathedral is a parish or other church used temporarily as a cathedral, usually while the cathedral of a diocese is under construction, renovation and this designation applies only as long as the temporary use continues. A co-cathedral is a cathedral in a diocese that has two sees. A proto-cathedral is the cathedral of a transferred see. The cathedral church of a bishop is called the metropolitan cathedral. The term cathedral actually carries no implication as to the size or ornateness of the building, nevertheless, most cathedrals are particularly impressive edifices. The building is now under renovation and restoration for solemn dedication under the title Christ Cathedral in 2018, in the ancient world the chair, on a raised dais, was the distinctive mark of a teacher or rhetor and thus symbolises the bishops role as teacher. A raised throne within a hall was also definitive for a Late Antique presiding magistrate. The history of cathedrals starts in the year 313, when the emperor Constantine the Great personally adopted Christianity, in the third century, the phrase ascending the platform, ad pulpitum venire, becomes the standard term for Christian ordination. During the siege of Dura Europos in 256, a complete Christian house church, or domus ecclesiae was entombed in a bank, surviving when excavated. Otherwise the large room had no decoration or distinctive features at all, in 269, soon after Dura fell to the Persian army, a body of clerics assembled a charge sheet against the bishop of Antioch, Paul of Samosata, in the form of an open letter. Characteristically a Roman magistrate presided from a throne in a large, richly decorated and aisled rectangular hall called a basilica. The earliest of these new basilican cathedrals of which remains are still visible is below the Cathedral of Aquileia on the northern tip of the Adriatic sea. The three halls create a courtyard, in which was originally located a separate baptistery
13.
Serra do Mar
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Serra do Mar is a 1,500 km long system of mountain ranges and escarpments in Southeastern Brazil. The main escarpment forms the boundary between the littoral and the inland plateau, which has a mean altitude of 500 to 1,300 metres. This escarpment is part of the Great Escarpment that runs along much of the eastern coast of Brazil south from the city of Salvador, Bahia. The mountain ranges are discontinuous in several places and are given names such as Serra de Bocaina, Serra de Paranapiacaba, Serra Negra, Serra dos Órgãos, Serra do Indaiá. The range also extends to large islands near the coastline, such as Ilhabela. Most of the elevations of Serra do Mar were formed about 60 million years ago, at the time of the European discovery of Brazil, the Serra do Mar supported a rich and highly diversified ecosystem, composed mainly of lush tropical rain forest, called Atlantic Forest. Due to urbanization and deforestation, however, most of the forest cover has been destroyed, flora of Atlantic Forest Ecoregions of the Atlantic Forest biome List of plants of Atlantic Forest vegetation of Brazil
14.
Andes
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The Andes or Andean Mountains are the longest continental mountain range in the world. They are a range of highlands along the western edge of South America. This range is about 7,000 km long, about 200 to 700 km wide, the Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, the Andes are the location of several high plateaus – some of which host major cities, such as Quito, Bogotá, Arequipa, Medellín, Sucre, Mérida and La Paz. The Altiplano plateau is the worlds second-highest after the Tibetan plateau and these ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate, the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes. The Andes are the worlds highest mountain range outside of Asia, the highest mountain outside Asia, Mount Aconcagua, rises to an elevation of about 6,961 m above sea level. The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorean Andes is farther from the Earths center than any other location on the Earths surface, the worlds highest volcanoes are in the Andes, including Ojos del Salado on the Chile-Argentina border, which rises to 6,893 m. The etymology of the word Andes has been debated, the majority consensus is that it derives from the Quechua word anti, which means east as in Antisuyu, one of the four regions of the Inca Empire. In the northern part of the Andes, the isolated Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta range is considered to be part of the Andes. The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word cordel, meaning rope, the Andes range is about 200 km wide throughout its length, except in the Bolivian flexure where it is about 640 kilometres wide. The Andes are the result of plate tectonics processes, caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American plate. The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the rim of the South American Plate due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate. In the south, the Andes share a boundary with the former Patagonia Terrane. To the west, the Andes end at the Pacific Ocean, from a geographical approach, the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and a less rugged topography. The Andes Mountains also contain large quantities of iron ore located in mountains within the range. The Andean orogen has a series of bends or oroclines, the Bolivian Orocline is a seaward concave bending in the coast of South America and the Andes Mountains at about 18° S. At this point the orientation of the Andes turns from Northwest in Peru to South in Chile, the Andean segment north and south of the orocline have been rotated 15° to 20° counter clockwise and clockwise respectively. The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of maximum width of the Altiplano Plateau, the specific point at 18° S where the coastline bends is known as the Arica Elbow
15.
Georg Grimm
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Johann Georg Grimm was a German painter, designer and decorator who is best known for the work he produced during a lengthy stay in Brazil. He was the son of a carpenter and was initially trained to follow his father into the trade. Despite living in poverty, he completed his studies successfully. He briefly served in the Franco-Prussian War, where he met the painterThomas Georg Driendl, in 1872, he went on foot to Berlin, where a benefactor helped him to study fresco painting. He left Berlin later that year and headed for Italy, again aided by his mysterious benefactor and he settled in Rio de Janeiro and soon teamed up with a fellow German immigrant who owned a painting and decorating company. His interest in landscapes began when he was hired by the owners of the nearby fazendas to paint topographical pictures of their properties, which he executed with photographic precision. He briefly returned to Germany from 1880 to 1881, following the death of his father, then took off travelling again, after a stay in Corsica, he returned to Brazil. Shortly after his arrival, he and his old friend Driendl were hired to create decorations at the Liceu Literário Português which and he then participated in an exhibition presented by the Sociedade Propagadora das Belas Artes, where he displayed the works he had painted after his earlier travels. One of the first things he did there was introduce the practice of plein-air painting, continuous disagreements with the Academys leadership over his teaching methodology led to his resignation in 1884. Some of his students left with him and formed what came to be known as the Grupo Grimm and it included many artists who would later become very well-known, such as Giovanni Battista Castagneto and Antônio Parreiras. The group had their first exhibition later that year at the Exposição Geral de Belas Artes, one of his initial projects there involved painting the curtains for the opera house in Sabará. This was followed by a tour of the plantations, where he painted the life. During this time, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, in June 1887, already ravaged by the disease, he called together his friends to say goodbye. He stayed for a time with his brother in Wengen then, following his doctors advice. Then, seeking a climate that was more favorable, he went to Palermo. He died at the hospital there and was buried nearby, carlos Roberto Maciel Levy, O Grupo Grimm, paisagismo brasileiro no século XIX
16.
Guapimirim
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Guapimirim, is a city in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area, and a municipality located in Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. It is on Guanabara Bay,84 kilometers north of the city of Rio de Janeiro, the population of Guapimirim was 51,487 in 2010, and its area is 361 km². It is the 37th most populous municipality in the state of Rio de Janeiro, the municipality is located in a valley at the base of the Finger of God peak in the Organ Mountains. It borders the municipalities of, Teresópolis and Petrópolis, Itaboraí, Waterfalls Macacu, the municipality contains part of the Central Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest Mosaic, created in 2006. It held 24% of the 4,920 hectares Paraíso Ecological Station, created in 1987 and it contains 4% of the 46,350 hectares Três Picos State Park, created in 2002. It contains part of the 19,508 hectares Bacia do Rio Macacu Environmental Protection Area, the municipality contains the 15,582 hectares Guapi-Guapiaçú Environmental Protection Area, created in 2004. It contains 42% of the 1,936 hectares Guanabara Ecological Station, seventy percent of its territory is within the Guapimirim Environmental Protection Area, a coastal marine nature preserve also in the municipalities of Itaboraí, Magé, and São Gonçalo
17.
Atlantic Forest
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The Atlantic Forest is characterized by a high species diversity and endemism. Restinga Forests are generally closed canopy short forests with tree density, open Restinga is an open, savanna-like formation with scattered clumps of small trees and shrubs and an extensive layer of herbs, grasses, and sedges. Seasonal tropical moist forests may receive more than 2000 mm of rain a year and these include Tropical Moist, Lowland Forests, Submontane Forest, and Montane Forests. Tabuleiro forests are found over very moist clay soils and Tabuleiro Savannas occur over faster-draining sand soils and these are humid areas that rely on water vapor from the ocean. Further inland are the Atlantic dry forests, which form a transition between the arid Caatinga to the northeast and the Cerrado savannas to the east. These forests are lower in stature, more open, with abundance of deciduous trees. These forests have between 700–1600 mm of precipitation annually with a dry season. This includes Deciduous and Semideciduous Seasonal Forest each with their own lowland, Montane forests are higher altitude wet forests across mountains and plateaus of southern Brazil. The Mussununga forests occur in southern Bahia and northern Espirito Santo states, the Mussununga ecosystem ranges from grasslands to woodlands associated with sandy spodosols. The word Mussununga is Amerindian Tupi-Guarani meaning soft and wet white sand, shrubby montane savannas occur at the highest elevations, also called Campo rupestre. The Atlantic Forest is unusual in that it extends as a tropical forest to latitudes as far as 24°S. This is because the trade winds produce precipitation throughout the southern winter, in fact, the northern Zona da Mata of northeastern Brazil receives much more rainfall between May and August than during the southern summer. The Atlantic forest is a rain forest, some maps even suggest the forest actually survived in moist pockets well away from the coastline where its endemic rainforest species mixed with much cooler-climate species. Unlike refugia for equatorial rainforests, the refuges for the Atlantic Forest have never been the product of detailed identification, despite so little forest remaining, the Atlantic Forest remains extraordinarily lush in biodiversity and endemic species, many of which are threatened with extinction. Approximately 40 percent of its plants and up 60 percent of its vertebrates are endemic species. The official threatened species list of Brazil contains over 140 terrestrial mammal species found in Atlantic Forest, in Paraguay there are 35 species listed as threatened, and 22 species are listed as threatened in the interior portion of the Atlantic Forest of Argentina. Nearly 250 species of amphibians, birds, and mammals have become extinct due to the result of activity in the past 400 years. Over 11,000 species of plants and animals are considered threatened today in the Atlantic Forest, over 52% of the tree species and 92% of the amphibians are endemic to this area
18.
Schlumbergera
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Schlumbergera is a small genus of cacti with six species found in the coastal mountains of south-eastern Brazil. Plants grow on trees or rocks in habitats that are generally shady with high humidity, most species of Schlumbergera have stems which resemble leaf-like pads joined one to the other and flowers which appear from areoles at the joints and tips of the stems. Two species have cylindrical stems more similar to other cacti, in Brazil, the genus is referred to as Flor de Maio, reflecting the period in which they flower in the Southern Hemisphere. The cultivars of Schlumbergera fall into two groups, The Truncata Group contains all cultivars with features derived mainly from the species S. They generally flower earlier than members of the Buckleyi Group and although common names are not applied consistently may be distinguished as Thanksgiving cactus and they generally flower later than members of the Truncata Group and are more likely to be called Christmas cactus. Botanist Charles Lemaire gave the name Schlumbergera to this genus in 1858, honouring Frédéric Schlumberger, a French collector of cacti and other succulent plants. In the wild, the species of Schlumbergera grow either on trees or on rocks and can form sizeable shrubs with woody bases and they are leafless, the green stems acting as photosynthetic organs. The stems are composed of segments, which one of two forms. In most species the segments are strongly flattened, being made up of a core with two wings. Special structures characteristic of cacti, called areoles, then occur at the ends of the segments of the stem, in two species the stems are less flattened, more cylinder-shaped, and the areoles are arranged in a more or less spiral pattern all over the segments. In both cases, the areoles, which may have wool and bristles, are where the flower buds appear. The flowers either hang downwards and are almost regular or, as in most species, are more or less horizontally with the higher side of the flower different from the lower side. In those species whose flowers are held up, their angle with the horizontal is relatively constant and is characteristic of the species, the outer tepals – those closer to the base of the flower – are short and unconnected, and spread out or curve backwards. The inner tepals – those towards the tip of the flower – are longer, in some species the difference between the outer and inner tepals creates the appearance of a flower within a flower. The flowers produce nectar in a chamber at the base of the floral tube, the many stamens are arranged in two series, which is a distinctive characteristic of the genus. The inner stamens are fused at the base to form a tubular structure. The outer stamens arise from along the floral tube, the style is usually dark red and has a stigma with 6–8 lobes, the style plus stigma is roughly the same length as the stamens. If the flower is fertilized, a fleshy fruit forms, either smooth or with ribs, the brown or black seeds are about 1 mm in diameter
19.
Itatiaia National Park
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Itatiaia National Park, established in 1937, is the oldest national park in Brazil. It is located on the border between the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, the Itatiaia National Park is the oldest national park of Brazil, created on 14 June 1937 by President Getúlio Vargas. The park is in the Mantiqueira Mountains and it covers parts of the municipalities of Itatiaia and Resende in Rio de Janeiro state, and Bocaina de Minas and Itamonte in Minas Gerais state. It is mountainous and rocky with altitudes ranging from 540 to 2,791 metres, the highest point is the Black Needles peak. The lower part of the park has lush Atlantic Forest vegetation, the Pico das Agulhas Negras is the state third highest mountain at 2,878 metres. The park attracts bird watchers from all over the world with its 350 species of birds, other attractions include hiking and rock climbing. The park is surrounded by the Serra da Mantiqueira Environmental Protection Area which provides a buffer zone for the park. The high area of the park is accessible through an entrance about 35 km from the main entrance, the low area of the park is much closer to the city of Itatiaia and has many waterfalls, such as Véu da Noiva with 45 meters. The low area has also a Natural History museum, Itatiaia means many-pointed rock in the Tupi language. Jorge Pádua, Maria Tereza e Coimbra Filho, Adelmar F. Os Parques Nacionais do Brasil, ISBN 84-85389-19-0, pág.122 a 129 Corrêa, Marcos Sá Itatiaia - O Caminho das Pedras São Paulo. Leite, Helton Perillo Ferreira - Planalto do Itatiaia - Região das Agulhas Negras, Rio de Janeiro
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
21.
Anavilhanas National Park
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Anavilhanas National Park is a national park that encompasses a huge river archipelago in the Rio Negro in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. It is part of a World Heritage Site, the park is in the municipalities of Manaus and Novo Airão. It is managed by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, the fluvial part of the park, 60% of the total, has more than 400 islands. It is about 130 kilometres long and on average 20 kilometres wide, the park is bounded to the north and east by the Rio Negro Left Bank Environmental Protection Area, a 611,008 hectares sustainable use conservation area created in 1995. The fluvial section extends to the west shore of the Rio Negro, which is protected by the Rio Negro Right Bank Environmental Protection Area. The terrain ranges in altitude from 50 to 150 metres above sea level, average annual rainfall is 2,100 millimetres. Temperatures range from 23 to 34 °C, the park contains a variety of forest types and river and lake ecosystems. The park was created on 6 February 1981 as an integral protection unit covering 350,018 hectares. It was reclassified from the protected ecological station to the more open national park status by law nº11.799 of 29 October 2008. The park protects the environment of the Anavilhanas river archipelago in the Rio Negro, one of the largest in the world and it supports scientific research and enhances conservation of the Amazon biome through environmental education and sustainable tourism. The park is open year round, Protected species include margay, jaguar, giant anteater, giant armadillo, giant otter, Amazonian manatee and Amazon river dolphin. Jaú National Park was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 2000 and it became part of the Central Amazon Ecological Corridor, established in 2002. The park became part of the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic, created in 2010, the conservation unit is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program
22.
Araguaia National Park
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The Araguaia National Park is a national park located in Tocantins state in the north of Brazil, between 09º51’—11º11’S and 49º57’—50º27’W. Bananal Island, on which the park is located, is believed to be the largest inland island in the world. The Araguaia National Park was created on 31 December 1959 by federal decree number 45,570, the whole island is a nature and culture preserve, enacted on 19 December 1973 by Article 28 of the Statute of Indian Law No.6001. The park is at the end of the island and has an area of 5,577 km2. The centre and south of the island is retained as a preserve for indigenous peoples and has an area of 13,584 km2. The park forms part of the river island of Bananal Island in the Araguaia River in the southwest of the state of Tocantins. The park is flat land and lies at an altitude of 200 to 240 m above sea level. The flora consists of a mixture of grassland, scrub. Rainfall is most frequent between November and March and the hottest time of year is during September and October, the park would be in the proposed South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor. There are piassava palms and buriti palms in parts of the park that are frequently inundated, in the forested areas some frequently encountered species include the cow tree, Cabralea, Tabebuia, Qualea parviflora, black sweetwood and genipap. In the drier part of the park there are many species of grasses, with scattered trees such as the souari nut tree. There is a range of mammals in the park including marsh deer, other species of deer, peccary, capybara, giant anteater, maned wolf, jaguar, giant otter. There are plenty of birds too, including the common toucan, anhinga, greater rhea, quail, partridge, osprey, Orinoco goose, egret, Spixs macaw, hoatzin and musician wren
23.
Cabo Orange National Park
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The Cabo Orange National Park is a National park located in Amapá state in the north of Brazil, near the border between Brazil and French Guiana. The Cabo Orange National Park has an area of 657,318 hectares and it covers parts of the municipalities of Calçoene and Oiapoque. To the southwest the park adjoins the 2,369,400 hectares Amapá State Forest, the Park is significant because it is situated on the coastline of Brazil, the only one in the rainforest that enjoys such a location. This means that the faunal and floral species found here are different from those of the areas situated further inland. The park is accessible by boat and provides a look at the very different ecosystems of the coast. The Cabo Orange National Park covers varied ecosystems, examples of which are mangroves, natural fields, fluvial marine forests, floodable areas, and terra firm, besides rich fauna. The vast biodiversity makes possible visitation for contemplating vegetal and animal species, above all birds, in addition to projects of environmental education and scientific research. The Cabo Orange National Park was created by decree 84.913 of 15 July 1980 with the objective of protecting flora, fauna and it is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation. The consultative council was created by IBAMA on 9 March 2006, the management plan was approved on 17 January 2011. On 22 March 2012 ICMBio and the Oiapoque fishermen came to an agreement mediated by the Federal Public Ministry over fishing in the parks waters, on 2013, the government of Brazil has named it the 12th Wetland of International Importance, under Ramsar Convention. The park is classified as IUCN protected-area category II, the basic objective is the preservation of natural ecosystems of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty. This enables the conduct of research, the development of educational activities and environmental interpretation, recreation in contact with nature. It is part of the Amapá Biodiversity Corridor, created in 2003, the park is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program. Protected species in the include the giant armadillo, giant anteater, jaguar, oncilla, black bearded saki, green sea turtle, smalltooth sawfish, West Indian manatee
24.
Juruena National Park
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Juruena National Park, declared in 2006, is the third largest national park of Brazil. It is located along the Juruena River, in the north of Mato Grosso state and it forms part of a corridor of protected areas that is meant to contain agricultural expansion into the Amazon rainforest. The park covers 1,958,203.56 hectares and it is the third largest in Brazil. It contains parts of the municipalities of Apuí and Maués in Amazonas and it adjoins the 808,312 hectares Sucunduri State Park in the municipality of Apuí. The Igarapés do Juruena State Park to the west overlaps by almost 53% with the Juruena National Park, about 49% of the park is flat plains, 18% gently undulating, 21% undulating, and 10% strongly undulating. Altitudes range from 39 to 457 metres above sea level, the park holds 39 river sub-basins. The largest is that of the São Tomé River, which occupies 23% of the area and has all its sources in the park, the Sucunduri River basin in the north of the park covers 10% of the total area. The rivers are classed as clear water and they are green or olive-green in the dry seasons, muddy in the rainy season. Navigability is poor for vessels of any due to rocky outcrops, small or large rapids. Juruena National Park was created by decree on 5 June 2006 and is administered by the federal Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation and it is one of the parks created under the Amazon Region Protected Areas Programme launched in 2002. The planned dams had a forecast capacity of 4,940 MW, the National Council for Energy Policy had two seats for civil society members, but these had not been filled. WWF-Brasil led a campaign against the project, which would flood an area of over 40,000 hectares. In September 2014 the federal government withdrew its proposal, the park is classed as IUCN protected area category II. The park aims to protect the diversity and natural landscapes of the lower Juruena - Teles Pires. It ensures a healthy ecosystem in the crucial Southern Amazon region between the Tapajós and Madeira rivers, the park protects many endangered species including the jaguar, giant otter and harpy eagle. The corridor is intended to contain agricultural expansion into the central Amazon region and deforestation, the conservation unit is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program. Average annual rainfall is 1,000 millimetres, temperatures range from 17 to 34 °C with an average of 27 °C. The region is a zone between the Amazon biome and the xeromorphic formations of the Cerrado biome
25.
Pico da Neblina National Park
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Pico da Neblina National Park is a national park in the state of Amazonas in the north of Brazil, bordering on Venezuela. It overlaps with several indigenous territories, which creates tensions over land use, the park includes lowlands around the Rio Negro, partly flooded, and mountains that include the highest peak in Brazil, after which the park is named. The wide variety of environments supports great biodiversity, including several endangered species. The Pico da Neblina National Park is divided between the municipalities of São Gabriel da Cachoeira and Santa Isabel do Rio Negro in the state of Amazonas and it has an area of 2,252,616.84 hectares. The park may be accessed by boat along the Igarapé Itamirim or the Cauaburi and it may also be reached by small airplane from Manaus. The park adjoins the Serranía de la Neblina National Park in Venezuela, to the south it is bounded by the Rio Negro. The park and the Balaio Indigenous Territory surround the 36,900 hectares Morro dos Seis Lagos Biological Reserve, the park would be included in the proposed Northern Amazon Ecological Corridor. The Pico da Neblina National Park was created on World Environment Day,5 June 1979, the park was created by decree 83.550 with an estimated area of 2,200,000 hectares to protect fauna, flora and natural beauty. It is classed as IUCN protected area category II, the park is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation. The consultative council was created by ordinance 75 of 25 June 2012, as of April 2015 there was no management plan. The park is in the Western Amazonian geological province and is on the boundary of the Guiana Craton. Crystalline rock formations of the Guiana Plateau predominate, but there are sedimentary rocks of the Roraima group. The terrain covers parts of the Roraima sedimentary plateau, the Amazonas-Orinoco plateau, the Roraima plateau has altitudes of 1,200 to 3,014 metres and includes the Pico da Neblina. The park contains the two highest peaks in Brazil, the 3,014 metres Pico da Neblina and the 2,992 metres Pico 31 de Março, the Yanomami call the peaks Yaripo and Masiripiwei. The Amazonas-Orinoco plateau is a mountainous area with altitudes from 600 to 2,000 metres and includes the Padre, Marié Mirim. The Rio Branco-Rio Negro pediplane is a plain with altitudes from 80 to 160 metres. The park is drained by tributaries of the black water Rio Negro, including the Demiti, Cauburis. Much of the park is part of an indigenous territory
26.
Serra da Cutia National Park
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Serra da Cutia National Park is a national park in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. The park is in the Amazon biome and covers 283,501 hectares and it was created on 1 August 2001 and is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation. It covers parts of the municipalities of Costa Marques and Guajará-Mirim in the state of Rondônia, average annual rainfall is 1,502 millimetres. Temperatures range from 18 to 32 °C with an average of 26 °C, altitudes range from 140 to 525 metres above sea level. There are 250 species of birds,24 species of lizard,14 species of snakes, the park is classed as IUCN protected area category II. The purpose is to preserve an important area of Amazon rainforest and savannah and it ensures environmental connectivity in the Guaporé River valley between Brazil and Bolivia. The park includes a mosaic of protected areas formed from several units and indigenous lands. The conservation unit is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program, the area surrounding the park is inhabited by a community of settlers in the Surpresa district, extractive and indigenous communities. The park promotes sustainable development in these communities, despite the difficulty of access the park and surrounding protected areas suffer from hunting, mining, deforestation and land seizure
27.
Serra da Mocidade National Park
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Serra da Mocidade National Park is a national park in the states of Amazonas and Roraima, Brazil. The park lies in the Amazon biome and it was established on 29 April 1998, and is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation. The park covers parts of the municipalities of Barcelos, Amazonas and Caracaraí and it adjoins the Yanomami Indigenous Territory to the north. The north west of the park has a complex of mountains isolated from other ranges of the Guianas, altitudes range from 100 to 1,700 metres. It contains small meandering streams covered by upland forest, wetlands, rivers with distinctive chemical and biological properties, some of the wetlands are strictly seasonal in nature. Average annual rainfall is 2,000 metres, temperatures range from 24 to 36 °C with an average of 28 °C. The park is classified as IUCN protected area category II and it has the objectives of preserving natural ecosystems of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty, enabling scientific research, environmental education, outdoors recreation and eco-tourism. The conservation unit is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program
28.
Serra do Divisor National Park
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The Serra do Divisor National Park is a 8,463 km2 national park on the westernmost point of Brazil, in the state of Acre, near the Peruvian border. It is also the highest point in that state, reaching 609 meters above sea level and it has been nominated by the Brazilian government as a Tentative World Heritage Site since 1998. The Serra do Divisor National Park is divided between the municipalities of Rodrigues Alves, Porto Walter, Marechal Thaumaturgo, Mâncio Lima and Cruzeiro do Sul in the state of Acre and it has an area of 846,633 hectares. The park is bounded to the west by the border with Peru and it adjoins the Alto Juruá Extractive Reserve along its southeast border. The Juruá River defines the boundary of the southern section of the park. The Azul River defines the boundary of the northern section. The conservation unit would be included in the proposed Western Amazon Ecological Corridor, main access is by boat, on the Moa or Jurua rivers, from the City of Cruzeiro do Sul. The consultative council was created on 5 July 2002, the management plan was approved on 24 December 2002. In 2013, Rainforest Trust launched a campaign to fund the establishment of national park in the same area on the Peruvian side of the border. The conservation unit is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program, the climate is hot and humid tropical, with one to two month dry season. The average temperature in a year is over 24 °C, annual rainfall is 1,750 to 2,000 millimetres. Altitudes range from 200 to 600 metres, hilly and mountainous with large alluvial plains and some low tabular plateaus. Separating the two basins of Rio Ucayali and Juruá, the Park shelters main sources of Jurua s left margin affluent and it is structured in four main hill massifs, separated by flat plains and valleys of the corresponding affluent of the Juruá basin. Margins of the section of the Juruá and Moa rivers are regularly to permanently inundated, having many lakes, igapós. Higher up, are found some tabular well drained areas, higher still, the landscape is mostly made of hills of up to 300 m with poorly marked valleys. The four sierras culminate up to 600 m, with asymmetric limestone crests dividing the basins, vegetation, Rapid ecological assessment survey in 1991 characterised 10 forest types within the Park and recorded biodiversity. Most of the area is covered by open rainforest with trees or bamboos, dense and open sub-mountain rainforests. All forest types show quite differentiated structure, flora and tree species dominance, Open forest grows on poorly drained, wet or inundated soils
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Serra do Pardo National Park
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The Serra do Pardo National Park is a National park in the state of Pará, Brazil. The Serra do Pardo National Park is divided between the municipalities of São Félix do Xingu and Altamira in the state of Pará and it covers an area of 445,408 hectares. The park takes its name from the range that stretches along the Pardo River. The mountains have a height of 400 metres and rise to a maximum altitude of 546 metres. The Pardo River defines the northwest boundary of the park, on the north the park is bounded by the Rio Xingu Extractive Reserve. The west and south of the park adjoin the Triunfo do Xingu Environmental Protection Area, to the northwest it adjoins the Terra do Meio Ecological Station. To the east it is bounded by the Xingu River, the park is part of the Terra do Meio Mosaic, a grouping of protected areas. The park was used for rubber extraction until the crisis of the 1950s, then was occupied by squatters who extracted timber. The region was the scene of much deforestation and many land ownership conflicts, however, the park still maintains about 95% of its natural vegetation. The Serra do Pardo National Park was created by decree on 17 February 2005 and it is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation. The park is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program, the consultative council was created on 26 December 2012. The management plan was approved on 23 December 2015, the park is classed as IUCN protected area category II. Public visitation is allowed and may generate jobs related to tourism, some traditional communities of former rubber tappers still live in the park pending transfer to another area where they can move without impairing their livelihoods. Threats include deforestation, cattle, illegal mining and infrastructure projects, temperatures range from 20 to 40 °C. The park is in the Amazon biome and contains open submontane rainforest, dense submontane forest and it has great scenic beauty with mountains, rivers and different types of vegetation. The park is in the region between the Xingu and Tapajós rivers, so may well have endemic species. Birds include the threatened white-crested guan, hyacinth macaw and chestnut-throated spinetail, Protected species in the park include the jaguar and giant otter
Media related to Serra dos Órgãos National Park at Wikimedia Commons
