1.
Children's television series
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They can sometimes run during the early evening, allowing younger children to watch them after school. The purpose of the shows is mainly to entertain and sometimes to educate, in the United States, early childrens television was often a marketing branch of a larger corporate product, such as Disney, and it rarely contained any educational elements. This practice continued, albeit in a much toned-down manner, through the 1980s in the United States, in 1992, teen comedies and a Today show weekend edition were first to displace the cartoon blocks on NBC. Starting in September 2002, the networks turned to their affiliated cable cartoon channels or outside programmers for their blocks, the other two Big Three television networks soon did the same. Infomercials replaced the cartoon on Fox in 2008, the Saturday cartoons were less of a draw due to the various cable cartoon channels being available all week starting in the 1990s. With recordable options becoming more prevalent in the 1990s with Videocassette recorder then its 21st century replacements of DVDs, DVRs, FCC rule changes in the 1990s regarding the E/I programming and limitation on kid-focus advertising made the cartoons less profitable. Another possible contributor is the rising divorce rate and the following childrens visitation pushed more quality time with the kids instead of TV watching. On September 27,2014, the last traditional Saturday network morning cartoon block, Vortexx, Childrens television series can target a wide variety of key demographics, the programming used to target these demographics varies by age and gender. Few television networks target infants and toddlers under two years of age, in due to widespread opposition to the practice. Childrens programming can be targeted toward persons 2 to 11 years of age, in practice, this is divided into the preschool demographic. Preschool-oriented programming is more overtly educational. In a number of cases, such shows are produced in consultation with educators, adaptations of illustrated childrens book series are one subgenre of shows targeted at younger children. Shows that target the demographic of persons 6 to 11 years old focus primarily on entertainment, most childrens television series targeting this age range are animated, and many often specifically target boys, girls or sometimes both. PBS has had greater success with its educational programming block. The teen demographic targets viewers 11 to 17 years of age, live-action series that target this demographic are more dramatic and developed, including teen dramas and teen sitcoms. In some cases, they may contain mature content that is usually not permissible on shows targeting younger viewers. Animated programming is not generally targeted at this demographic, cartoons that are aimed at teenagers generally feature more crude humor than those oriented toward younger children. S, regulations that allows teen-oriented programs to be counted as educational but not be subject to restrictions on advertising for childrens programs. One of the issues that is brought up is that of gendered stereotypes within childrens television
2.
Puppetry
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Such a performance is also known as a puppet play. The puppeteer uses movements of her hands, arms, or control devices such as rods or strings to move the body, head, limbs, and in some cases the mouth and eyes of the puppet. The puppeteer often speaks in the voice of the character of the puppet, the actions, gestures and spoken parts acted out by the puppets are typically used in storytelling. There are many different varieties of puppets, and they are made of a range of materials, depending on their form. They can be complex or very simple in their construction. A hand puppet is controlled by one hand which occupies the interior of the puppet, a live-hand puppet is similar to a hand puppet but is larger and requires two puppeteers for each puppet. Marionettes are suspended and controlled by a number of strings, plus sometimes a central rod attached to a bar held from above by the puppeteer. Puppetry is an ancient form of theatre which was first recorded in the 5th century BC in Ancient Greece. Some forms of puppetry may have originated as long ago as 3000 years BC, Puppetry takes many forms, but they all share the process of animating inanimate performing objects to tell a story. Puppetry is used in almost all human societies both as entertainment – in performance – and ceremonially in rituals and celebrations such as carnivals, Puppetry is a very ancient art form, thought to have originated about 3000 years ago. Puppets have been used since the earliest times to animate and communicate the ideas, some historians claim that they pre-date actors in theatre. There is evidence that they were used in Egypt as early as 2000 BC when string-operated figures of wood were manipulated to perform the action of kneading bread, wire controlled, articulated puppets made of clay and ivory have also been found in Egyptian tombs. Hieroglyphs also describe walking statues being used in Ancient Egyptian religious dramas, Puppetry was practiced in Ancient Greece and the oldest written records of puppetry can be found in the works of Herodotus and Xenophon, dating from the 5th century BC. Sub-Saharan Africa may have inherited some of the traditions of Ancient Egypt. Certainly, secret societies in many African ethnic groups still use puppets in ritual dramas as well as in their healing and hunting ceremonies. Today, puppetry continues as a form, often within a ceremonial context, and as part of a wide range of folk forms including dance, storytelling. There is slight evidence for puppetry in the Indus Valley Civilization, archaeologists have unearthed one terracotta doll with a detachable head capable of manipulation by a string dating to 2500 BC. Another figure is a monkey which could be manipulated up and down a stick
3.
Animation
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Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon, animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation. To display animation, a camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced. Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures, Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24,25,30, or 60 frames per second. Computer animation processes generating animated images with the general term computer-generated imagery, 3D animation uses computer graphics, while 2D animation is used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time renderings. An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5, 200-year-old Shahr-e Sūkhté in southeastern Iran, the artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree. They may, of course, refer to Chinese shadow puppets, in the 19th century, the phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope were introduced. A thaumatrope is a toy with a small disk with different pictures on each side. The phenakistoscope was invented simultaneously by Belgian Joseph Plateau and Austrian Simon von Stampfer in 1831, the phenakistoscope consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radi evenly space around the center of the disk. John Barnes Linnett patented the first flip book in 1868 as the kineograph, the first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, on 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. Stuart Blackton, who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation, in Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects. There were also sections of live action in which the hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, the author of the first puppet-animated film was the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich
4.
Joan Ganz Cooney
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Joan Ganz Cooney is an American television producer. She is one of the founders of the Sesame Workshop, the famous for the creation of the childrens television show Sesame Street. Cooney grew up in Phoenix, Arizona and earned a B. A. degree in education from the University of Arizona in 1951. After working for the State Department in Washington, D. C. and as a journalist in Phoenix, in 1961, she became interested in working for educational television, and became a documentary producer for New Yorks first educational TV station WNET. Many of the programs she produced won local Emmys, in 1966, Cooney hosted what she called a little dinner party at her apartment near Gramercy Park. Cooney was named CTWs first executive director, as one of the first female executives in American television, her appointment was called one of the most important television developments of the decade. Cooney remained executive director of the CTW until 1990, when she became the chair of CTWs executive board and she served on several boards, was the trustees of many organizations, and received many awards and honorary degrees. In 2007, the Sesame Workshop founded The Joan Ganz Cooney Center, Joan Ganz was born on November 30,1929 in Phoenix, Arizona, to Sylvan Ganz, a banker, and Pauline, a homemaker. Her father was a native Phoenician who was born in the U. S. so that his mother could receive medical care after his birth, Joan Ganz was the youngest of three siblings. Her father was Jewish and her mother was Catholic and she attended North High School in Phoenix, where she was active in school plays. Brown was later investigated as a Communist and she went to Dominican College, an all-girls Catholic institution in San Rafael, California for a year before transferring to the University of Arizona in 1948. She stopped acting in college because her father refused to support her in that career, after graduating in 1951, Joan Ganz moved to Washington, D. C. where she worked as a clerk and typist at the State Department. She was exposed to Father James Kellers Christopher Movement, which inspired her to become involved with television, Ganz later said, Father Keller said that if idealists didnt go into the media, nonidealists would. She returned to Phoenix and despite no experience in journalism, took a job as a reporter at the Arizona Republic, some of this notable group included Jason Epstein and Norman Mailer. In 1956, after years of depression, Joan Ganzs father committed suicide at his home in Phoenix. While working for the U. S. Steel Hour, a left to work for the educational television station WGBH-TV in Boston, her reaction was life-changing. She later stated, I knew that I was born to be in educational television, when channel 13 became non-commercial two years later as WNDT, Joan Ganz applied for a position as the stations publicist, but the general manager told her they needed producers. I can produce, she told him, even though she had no experience in producing television shows and she later stated, Ive never been qualified for any job Ive been hired for
5.
Lloyd Morrisett
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Lloyd Newton Morrisett Jr is an American experimental psychologist with a career in education, communications, and philanthropy. He is married to Mary Pierre Morrisett and they have two children — Sarah Elizabeth Otley and Julie Margaret Morrisett. Morrisett was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, the son of Jessie Watson, the family moved to New York City in 1933 to escape the hardships brought about by the Dust Bowl and the Depression. Morrisett assumed he was headed for a life of academia like his father, “I was brought up to believe that being a professor was the best job in the world, ” he said. Today, he credits his father with inspiring his lifelong interest in education, Morrisett attended Oberlin College and received his BA in philosophy in 1951. Originally, he had wanted to become a chemist, but after taking a course in his junior year. He became an Oberlin College trustee and was Chairman of the Board from 1975 to 1981. He did graduate work in psychology for two years at UCLA, where he met an assistant professor named Irving Maltzman — whom he describes as “very important, very influential in psychology. ”Morrisett became Maltzman’s research assistant, and together, they co-authored six papers and studies. Inspired by Maltzman, whose area was human learning, creativity and human thinking, There, he met and apprenticed with Carl I. Hovland, a leading psychologist who founded the Yale Communications and Attitude Change program, in later years, Morrisett would credit that apprenticeship with sparking his interest in communications. At Yale, Morrisett wrote a dissertation, “The Role of Implicit Practice in Learning. ”The thesis, Morrisett concluded that in the instance of dart throwing, it is not possible. But in the instance of a two-handed coordination task, it is possible, today, the dissertation is cited as an important early contribution to sports psychology. In 1956, Morrisett landed a job in the School of Education at the University of California at Berkeley. But he was having doubts about academic life and it lacked mystery and excitement, he thought, and he was “unimpressed by the seriousness of his students. ”He joined the Social Science Research Council in New York as a staff member from 1958-59. While there, he met Herbert A. Simon and Allen Newell. ”They based their theoretical models on computer simulations of the thought process and these early computer simulations led to Morrisett’s permanent fascination with computer technology. Morrisett first encountered the Carnegie Corporation, a foundation focused on education. He stayed with the Corporation for ten years, one of the main contributions of Carnegie during those years was the creation of the National Assessment of Educational Progress. NAEP is the only representative and continuing assessment of what Americas students know
6.
Joe Raposo
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He also wrote music for television shows such as The Electric Company, Shining Time Station and the sitcoms Threes Company and The Ropers, including their theme songs. Raposo was born in Fall River, Massachusetts, the child of Portuguese immigrant parents Joseph Soares Raposo. He was known as Sonny to his family, Joseph Sr. was an accomplished musician, classical guitarist, violinist, flutist, pianist, music teacher and Joes first music teacher. He was a graduate of B. M. C, durfee High School in Fall River. A1958 graduate of Harvard College, he was known for writing the scores for several Hasty Pudding shows there. He was also a graduate of LEcole Normale de Musique in Paris, Raposo worked in musical theater both before and after his work for the Childrens Television Workshop and Sesame Street, musical theater was where he first encountered future collaborator Jim Henson. Upon hearing Raposos musical skill, Schwartz claims in his autobiography he urged Raposo to give up piano bar playing in Boston, Raposos decision to take Schwartzs suggestion and move in 1965 eventually led him to his fated meeting with Henson, to Sesame Street, and toward international fame. Raposo was the supervisor and arranger of the original off-Broadway run of Youre a Good Man, Charlie Brown. Raposo is best known for the songs he wrote for Sesame Street from its beginning in 1969 through the mid-1970s, and also for a time in the 1980s. He wrote the Sesame Street Theme – various versions of which have opened every episode – as well as many of its most popular songs, such as Bein Green, C is for Cookie, Sing and ABC-DEF-GHI. A version of Sing recorded by The Carpenters in 1973 reached #3 on the Billboard top singles chart, for many years, most of the music used in Sesame Streets film segments was also written — and often sung — by Raposo. Aside from his contributions, Raposo performed several uncredited stock characters on Sesame Street during the early 1970s. According to his son Nicholas in a 2002 telephone conversation, Joe Raposo usually chose to portray anonymous, silly characters in these segments and he also did voice-overs for a few animated segments. The Sesame Street character Don Music maintained a framed and autographed glamour photograph of Raposo on the wall of his Muppet atelier, Raposo was very fond of sweets according to many who knew him. One favorite food of his was cookies, Raposo was actually the first puppeteer to operate Cookie Monster on television for Sesame Street. His widow Pat Collins-Sarnoff celebrated his life with a milk and cookies reception, one of Raposos Sesame Street compositions, The Square Song, was used in the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind. In 1971, Childrens Television Workshop created the show The Electric Company, Raposo served as the musical director of the show for its first three seasons, and contributed songs throughout the shows run, until 1977. Raposo performed joke characters for film segments on The Electric Company similar in style to what he had done on Sesame Street, although primarily known for work in live-action and animated childrens television, Joe Raposo actually aspired to become a Broadway musical composer
7.
Kaufman Astoria Studios
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The Kaufman Astoria Studios is a historic movie studio located in the Astoria section of the New York City borough of Queens. It is home to New York Citys only backlot, which opened in December 2013, the studio was originally built by Famous Players-Lasky in 1920 to provide the company with a facility close to the Broadway theater district. Many features and short subjects were filmed there between 1920 and 1933, the first two Marx Brothers films were shot there, The Cocoanuts and Animal Crackers, before the team moved to Los Angeles. The first Sherlock Holmes sound film, The Return of Sherlock Holmes, was made at the studio by the British producer Basil Dean. The Dance of Life was a film shot on sound stages. It was also known as Astoria Studio and Paramount Studio, all the films starring Tango icon Carlos Gardel made in the United States were shot at the Kaufman Astoria. The property was designated a historic district and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The district encompasses six contributing buildings, in 1982, the property was taken over by real estate developer George S. Kaufman and renamed Kaufman Astoria Studios. Motion pictures filmed there include the musicals Hair and The Wiz, in 1984, The Jacksons music video Torture was filmed there as well. The 1986 movie The Money Pit starring Tom Hanks and Shelley Long, many sequences, especially the visitation sequence in 2002 TV mini series Angels in America, were also shot there. A2009 remake, The Taking of Pelham 123, in 2011, the remake of Arthur filmed a few scenes there. Television shows filmed at the studio include Sesame Street, Onion News Network, Johnny and the Sprites, Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego, and its successor Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego. WFAN, a sports radio station owned by CBS, was formerly based at the studio before moving to lower Manhattan in the fall of 2009. Kaufman Astoria Studios has seven sound stages including the new Stage K, in 2008, Marty Robinson, who plays Aloysius Snuffleupagus, Telly Monster, and Slimy the Worm on Sesame Street married Annie Evans, a writer for the show on the Sesame Street set. The ceremony was performed on the steps of 123 Sesame Street, on December 3,2013, a 34,800 square foot backlot was dedicated. It is the studio backlot in New York City. In 2014 Kaufman Astoria Studios has announced plans to build a new 18, Kaufman Astoria Studios recently contracted to have a Photovoltaic Array installed on the roof of their facility. The project was developed by Lionshead Energy of Queens, NY, while the installation is being handled by Solar Landscape, based in Neptune, notes Media related to Kaufman Astoria Studios at Wikimedia Commons Official website Historic American Buildings Survey No
8.
Sesame Workshop
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They spent two years, from 1966 to 1968, researching, developing, and raising money for the new series. Cooney was named as the Workshops first executive director, which was termed one of the most important television developments of the decade. Sesame Street premiered as a series of Public Broadcasting Service PBS in the United States during November 1969, gerald S. Lesser and Edward L. They also hired a staff of producers and writers, after the initial success of Sesame Street, they began to plan for its continued survival, which included procuring additional sources of funding and creating other television series. By 2005, income from the CTWs international co-productions of the series was $96 million, by 2008, the Sesame Street Muppets accounted for $15–17 million per year in licensing and merchandising fees. Cooney resigned as CEO during 1990, David Britt was named as her replacement, during 2014, Ming was succeeded by Jeffrey D. Dunn. During the late 1960s, 97% of all American households owned a television set, early childhood educational research at the time had shown that when children were prepared to succeed in school, they earned better grades and learned more effectively. Children from low-income families, however, had fewer resources than children from families to prepare them for school. The topic of psychology had grown during this period. During the winter of 1966, Joan Ganz Cooney hosted what she called a little dinner party at her apartment near Gramercy Park, attending were her husband Tim Cooney, her boss Lewis Freedman, and Lloyd and Mary Morrisett, whom the Cooneys knew socially. Cooney was a producer of films at New York public television station WNDT. Cooney was committed to using television to change society, and Morrisett was interested in using television to reach numbers of needy kids. A week later, Cooney and Freedman met with Morrisett at the office of Carnegie Corporation to discuss doing a feasibility study for creating a television program for preschoolers. Cooney was chosen to perform the study and she reported her findings in a fifty-five-page document entitled The Potential Uses of Television in Preschool Education. For the next two years, Cooney and Morrisett researched and developed the new show, acquiring $8 million funding for Sesame Street, due to her professional experience, Cooney always assumed the shows natural network would be PBS. Morrisett was amenable to broadcast it by commercial stations, but all three major networks rejected the idea, Davis, considering Sesame Streets licensing income years later, termed their decision a billion-dollar blunder. Morrisett was responsible for acquisition, and was so successful at it that writer Lee D. Mitgang later said that it defied conventional media wisdom. Cooney was responsible for the creative development, and for hiring the production
9.
Warner Bros. Television
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Television is the television production arm of Warner Bros. Entertainment, itself part of Time Warner, as of 2015, it is the worlds largest television production company measured by revenue and library. Its most notable TV shows include Friends, ER, The West Wing, Smallville, Supernatural, The Big Bang Theory, The Wire and Full House. The division was started on March 21,1955 with its first and most successful head being Jack L. Warners son-in-law William T. Orr. ABC had major success against its competition with Walt Disneys Disneyland TV series, WB formally entered television production with the premiere of its self-titled anthology series Warner Bros. The one-hour weekly show featured rotating episodes of series based on the WB films, Casablanca and Kings Row. One such segment for Rebel Without a Cause featured Gig Young notably talking about road safety with James Dean, with only Cheyenne being a success, Warner Bros. ended the ten-minute promotions of new films and replaced Warner Bros. Presents with a series titled Conflict. It was felt that Conflict was what the series lacked. Conflict showed the pilots for Maverick and 77 Sunset Strip, the company also produced Jack Webbs Red Nightmare for the U. S. Department of Defense that was later shown on American television on Jack Webbs General Electric True. During a Hollywood television writers strike, Warner Bros. reused many plots from its films and this was another example of imitating Warner Bros B Pictures who would remake an A film and switch the setting. Two of the most popular stars, James Garner and Clint Walker, Garner never returned to the Warners fold during this period. Successful Warners television stars found themselves in leading roles of many of the films with no increase in salary. Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. was simultaneously the lead of 77 Sunset Strip, in a role on Maverick. Edd Byrnes and Troy Donahue would go on to become teen heartthrobs, Warners also contracted established stars such as Ray Danton, Peter Breck, Jeanne Cooper and Grant Williams. These stars often appeared as guest stars, sometimes reprising their series role in another TV series, the stars appeared in Warner Bros. Some stars such as Connie Stevens, Edd Byrnes, Robert Conrad, depending on the particular show, William Lava or David Buttolph would compose the music, with lyrics by Stan Jones or Paul Francis Webster, among others. For the crime shows, it was up to the team of Jerry Livingston and Mack David, who also scored the themes for the sitcom Room for One More
10.
National Educational Television
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National Educational Television was an American educational broadcast television network that was owned by the Ford Foundation and later co-owned by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. The network was founded as the Educational Television and Radio Center in November 1952 by a grant from the Ford Foundations Fund for Adult Education. It was originally a service for exchanging and distributing educational television programs produced by local television stations to other stations. In the spring of 1954, ETRC moved its operations to Ann Arbor, Michigan and it put together a daily five-hour package of television programs, distributing them primarily on kinescope film to the affiliated stations by mail. The programming was noted for treating subjects in depth, including interviews with people of literary. The programming was noted for being dry and academic, with little consideration given to entertainment value. Many of the shows were designed as adult education, and ETRC was nicknamed the University of the Air, the centers headquarters moved from Ann Arbor to New York City in 1958, and the organization became known as the National Educational Television and Radio Center. The center became more aggressive at this time, aiming to ascend to the role of the U. S. fourth television network, among its efforts, the network began importing programs from the BBC into the United States, starting with An Age of Kings in 1961. It increased its output to ten hours a week. The organization changed tactics again in November 1963 and it renamed itself National Educational Television, and spun off its radio assets. Under the centerpiece program NET Journal, NET began to air controversial, hard-hitting documentaries that explored numerous social issues of the day such as poverty and racism. While praised by critics, many affiliates, especially those in politically and culturally conservative markets, in 1966, NETs viability came into question when the Ford Foundation decided to begin withdrawing financial support because of NETs continual need for additional funding. In the meantime, the affiliated stations kept the network afloat by developing reliable sources of revenue, the U. S. government intervened and created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting in 1967 to fund the network for the time being. However, the CPBs intent was to create its own broadcasting network. The CPB embarked on that course of action because many NET affiliates were alienated by the programming that the network offered and these affiliates further felt that NETs simultaneous production and distribution of programming constituted a conflict of interest. The Public Broadcasting Service first began operations in 1969, with NET continuing to produce several programs, however, NETs refusal to stop airing the critically praised but controversial documentaries led to Ford and the CPB deciding to shut the network down. In early 1970, both threatened to cut their funding unless NET merged its operations with Newark, New Jersey public television station WNDT-TV, on October 5,1970, PBS officially began broadcasting after NET and WNDT-TV completed their merger. WNDTs call sign was changed to WNET shortly afterward, some programs that began their runs on NET, such as Washington Week and Sesame Street, continue to air on PBS today
11.
PBS
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid-2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations, each station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule. Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS does not have a program production arm or news division
12.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
13.
Noggin (brand)
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Nick Jr. is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is run by the Nickelodeon Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom, the channels ultimate owner. The channel was known as Noggin from its February 2,1999 launch until September 28,2009. As of February 2015, Nick Jr. is available to approximately 75.4 million pay television households in the United States, in 1995, Childrens Television Workshop began planning its own educational cable channel as a new home for most of its programming such as Cro. The channel was to be called New Kid City and was planned to be CTWs own niche on the dial with shows that emphasize educational content, but CTW later abandoned the concept. Meanwhile, Nickelodeon began planning an early interactive educational channel called Big Orange, in addition to Nickelodeon, a pilot was also developed for the project that was based on a Nickelodeon series of shorts called Inside Eddie Johnson. The new channel launched on February 2,1999 at 6,00 AM and it then was followed by the first few episodes of The Electric Company, which had not been televised since 1971. At the time Noggin launched, only Inverness, Colorado-based satellite provider EchoStar and Meridian, the networks name was derived from a slang term for head and, by extension, had reflected its original purpose as an educational channel. Noggins programming was targeted primarily at pre-teens from 1999 to 2002. The channels first official mascot was Phred, a strange pickle character, celebrating Noggins award-winning website, Phred was said to live in the dot of Noggin dot com. Programs that aired on Noggin during this period of Noggins history included Phred on Your Head Show, A Walk In Your Shoes, due to low ratings, the format of Noggin was changed on Monday, April 1,2002, shifting its target audience to preschoolers full-time. That same date, Viacom launched The N, a program block that targeted an older audience. This was acknowledged in Noggins daily sign-off message, which explained that Noggin would resume its programming at 6,00 a. m. ET the next morning, later in 2002, Sesame Workshop sold its stake in Noggin to Viacom, giving them full control of the channel. Much of the revenue came primarily from carriage fees paid by pay television providers. Feetfaces last day on Noggin aired on Sunday, April 6,2003, after that, they showed a preview for Moose and Zee followed by the final Noggin bumper and The Ns Sunday schedule. On Monday, April 7,2003, Noggin introduced two new mascots named Moose and Zee, the channel continued to carry classic Sesame Workshop series until September 12,2005. Around this time, Noggin began to air versions of shows from the Sesame Workshop library. In 2006, Noggin began to decrease its reliance on foreign childrens programs, Tweenies was removed from the schedule in January, Tiny Planets was previously shown intermittently, i. e. not on a daily basis, at 6 a. m. ET, as Tweenies was for a year until it was removed, the channel, however, later acquired the Australian series The Upside Down Show
14.
Universal Kids
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Sprout is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group subsidiary of NBCUniversal, all owned by Comcast. Sprout replaced the PBS Kids channel on cable and satellite providers. The networks live programming and wraparound segments are produced at NBC Studios at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, the channels operations relocated from Philadelphia to New York City in 2014. As of January 2016, Sprout is available to approximately 56 million pay television households in the United States, Sprout traces its origins to the PBS Kids network, which launched on September 6,1999 coinciding with PBS Kids rebrand that day. Participating stations were required to pay a fee of $1,000 to use the feed. At launch,32 PBS member stations had signed up to use the service, the channel was created, in part, to compete against Nick Jr. and its sister network Noggin. The CTW-produced Dragon Tales, which premiered on the day as the launch of the PBS Kids Channel, was the only exception to this. The channel was not successful and had only reached 9 million households as of 2002, PBS later revived the PBS Kids Channel in 2017, this time with an online streaming option in addition to utilizing largely the same distribution methods that had been used for the original channel. Comcast acquired a 51% majority stake of NBC Universal in January 2011, as a result, Comcasts interest in Sprout was turned over to NBCUniversal. When Apax Partners sold HIT Entertainment to Mattel on October 24,2011, Sprouts current schedule consists of three programs carried by PBS, acquired programming, and originally produced programming. From its launch until 2015, Sprout aired programs that lasted one segment. Sprout also airs programming blocks that fill most of the networks schedule, under NBCUniversal, programs seen on the network such as The Chica Show have gained increased visibility airing on NBC as part of the NBC Kids block. Despite PBS divestiture of the channel in 2013, Sprout continued to air several PBS Kids programs until their contract with PBS expired on the channels 10th anniversary, September 26,2015. As of 2017, the only remaining PBS Kids programs still airing on Sprout are The Berenstain Bears, Caillou, Super Family Movie Night – Sprouts Super Family Movie Night is the networks movie showcase block, hosted by Richard Karn. The Good Night Show – The Good Night Show is the evening block, airing daily from 6 PM to 9 PM Eastern Time hosted by Nina. It features Hush the Goldfish and Lucy the Firefly, in 2007, Lucy, Light the Way. An animated guessing game, began with the blocks 2007 season, Sunny Side Up – Sunny Side Up is the networks late morning block, airing from 9,00 a. m. to 12,00 p. m. Eastern Time. It features a character named Chica the Chicken, who is also the focus of the spinoff series The Chica Show
15.
720p
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720p is a progressive HDTV signal format with 720 horizontal lines and an aspect ratio of 16,9, normally known as widescreen HDTV. The number 720 stands for the 720 horizontal scan lines of display resolution. The p stands for progressive scan, i. e. non-interlaced, when broadcast at 60 frames per second, 720p features the highest temporal resolution possible under the ATSC and DVB standards. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9. 720i is a term found in numerous sources and publications. Typically, it is an error in which the author is referring to the 720p HDTV format. However, in cases it is incorrectly presented as an actual alternative format to 720p. No proposed or existing broadcast standard permits 720 interlaced lines in a frame at any frame rate. Progressive scanning reduces the need to prevent flicker by anti-aliasing single high contrast horizontal lines and it is also easier to perform high-quality 50↔60 Hz conversion and slow-motion clips with progressive video. A 720p60 video has advantage over 480i and 1080i60 in that it reduces the number of 3,2 artifacts introduced during transfer from 24 frame/s film. However, 576i and 1080i50, which are common in Europe, generally do not suffer from pull down artifacts as film frames are simply played at 25 frames and the audio pitch corrected by 25/24ths. As a result, 720p60 is used for U. S. broadcasts while European HD broadcasts often use 1080i50 24* frame, arte, a dual-language French-German channel produced in collaboration by ARD, ZDF and France Télévisions, broadcasts in German at 720p50 but in French at 1080i50. EBU Technical paper on HDTV formats
16.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
17.
Monaural
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Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction is intended to be heard as if it were a single channel of sound perceived as coming from one position. Monaural recordings, like stereo, customarily use multiple microphones, fed into multiple channels on a recording console, in some cases the multitrack source is mixed down to a one track tape becoming one signal. However, today monaural recordings are usually mastered to be played on stereo and multi-track formats, monaural sound has been replaced by stereo sound in most entertainment applications. However, it remains the standard for communications, telephone networks. A few FM radio stations, particularly talk radio shows, choose to broadcast in monaural, as a monaural signal has a slight advantage in signal strength over a stereophonic signal of the same power. Monaural sound is normal on, Phonograph cylinders Disc records made before 1958, such as made for playing at a speed of 78 rpm and earlier 16 2⁄3, 33 1⁄3. Some FM radio stations that broadcast only spoken word or talk radio content in order to maximize their coverage area, examples of this would be the CBC Radio One stations on the FM dial. Sometimes listeners will not be convinced that the signal is strong since there is no ST or STEREO LED lit, subcarrier signals for FM radio, which carry leased content such as background music for businesses or a radio reading service for the blind. Background music services such as Seeburg 1000, satellite broadcasts by Muzak as well as the public systems such services are intended to be used with. At various times artists have preferred to work in mono, either in recognition of the limitations of the equipment of the era or because of simple preference. Many of Stanley Kubrick and Woody Allens movies were recorded in mono because of their directors preferences, monaural LP records were eventually phased out and no longer manufactured after the early 1970s, with a few exceptions. For example, Decca UK had a few double issues until the end of 1970-the last one being Tom Joness I Who Have Nothing, during the 1960s it was common for albums to be released as both monaural LPs and stereo LPs, occasionally with slight differences between the two. This was because many people owned mono record players that were incapable of playing stereo records, on 9 September 2009, The Beatles re-released a remastered box set of their mono output spanning the Please Please Me album to The Beatles. The set, simply called The Beatles in Mono, also includes a summary of the mono singles, B-sides. Also included were five tracks originally mixed for an unissued mono Yellow Submarine EP, Bob Dylan followed suit on October 19,2010 with The Original Mono Recordings, a box set featuring the mono releases from Bob Dylan to John Wesley Harding. When the initial run of the box set sold out, no more were pressed, unlike the Beatles, sometimes mono sound or monaural can simply refer to a merged pair of stereo channels - also known as collapsed stereo or folded-down stereo. Over time some devices have used mono sound amplification circuitry with two or more speakers since it can cut the cost of the hardware, some consumer electronics with stereo RCA outputs have a microswitch in the red RCA output that disables merging of stereo sound into the white RCA output. Common devices with this are VCRs, DVD/Blu-ray players, information appliances, set-top boxes, video game consoles sometimes have male RCA ends of cables with a proprietary multi-A/V plug on the other end, which prevents automatic stereo merging unless adapters are used
18.
Stereophonic sound
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Stereophonic sound or, more commonly, stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective. Thus the term applies to so-called quadraphonic and surround-sound systems as well as the more common two-channel. It is often contrasted with monophonic, or mono sound, where audio is heard as coming from one position, in the 2000s, stereo sound is common in entertainment systems such as broadcast radio and TV, recorded music and the cinema. The word stereophonic derives from the Greek στερεός, firm, solid + φωνή, sound, tone, voice and it was coined in 1927 by Western Electric, the signal is then reproduced over multiple loudspeakers to recreate, as closely as possible, the live sound. Secondly artificial or pan-pot stereo, in which a sound is reproduced over multiple loudspeakers. By varying the amplitude of the signal sent to each speaker an artificial direction can be suggested. The control which is used to vary this relative amplitude of the signal is known as a pan-pot, by combining multiple pan-potted mono signals together, a complete, yet entirely artificial, sound field can be created. In technical usage, true stereo sound recording and sound reproduction that uses stereographic projection to encode the relative positions of objects and events recorded. During two-channel stereo recording, two microphones are placed in strategically chosen locations relative to the source, with both recording simultaneously. The two recorded channels will be similar, but each will have distinct time-of-arrival and sound-pressure-level information, during playback, the listeners brain uses those subtle differences in timing and sound level to triangulate the positions of the recorded objects. Stereo recordings often cannot be played on systems without a significant loss of fidelity. This phenomenon is known as phase cancellation and this two-channel telephonic process was commercialized in France from 1890 to 1932 as the Théâtrophone, and in England from 1895 to 1925 as the Electrophone. Both were services available by coin-operated receivers at hotels and cafés, modern stereophonic technology was invented in the 1930s by British engineer Alan Blumlein at EMI, who patented stereo records, stereo films, and also surround sound. In early 1931, Blumlein and his wife were at a local cinema, Blumlein declared to his wife that he had found a way to make the sound follow the actor across the screen. The genesis of ideas is uncertain, but he explained them to Isaac Shoenberg in the late summer of 1931. His earliest notes on the subject are dated 25 September 1931, the application was dated 14 December 1931, and was accepted on 14 June 1933 as UK patent number 394,325. The patent covered many ideas in stereo, some of which are used today and these discs used the two walls of the groove at right angles in order to carry the two channels. Much of the development work on this system for cinematic use did not reach completion until 1935, in Blumleins short test films, his original intent of having the sound follow the actor was fully realised
19.
Dolby
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Dolby Laboratories, Inc. is an American company specializing in audio noise reduction and audio encoding/compression. Dolby licenses its technologies to consumer electronics manufacturers, Dolby Labs was founded by American Ray Dolby in the United Kingdom in 1965. He moved the company to the United States in 1967, the first product Dolby Labs produced was the Dolby 301 unit which incorporated Type A Dolby Noise Reduction, a compander based noise reduction system. These units were intended for use in recording studios. Dolby was persuaded by Henry Kloss of KLH to manufacture a version of his noise reduction. Dolby worked more on companding systems and introduced Type B in 1968, Dolby also sought to improve film sound. As the corporations history explains, Upon investigation, Dolby found that many of the limitations in optical sound stemmed directly from its high background noise. The first film with Dolby sound was A Clockwork Orange, which used Dolby noise reduction on all pre-mixes and masters, callan was the first film with a Dolby-encoded optical soundtrack. In 1975, Dolby released Dolby Stereo, which included a reduction system in addition to more audio channels. The first film with a Dolby-encoded stereo optical soundtrack was Lisztomania, the first true LCRS soundtrack was encoded on the movie A Star Is Born in 1976. In less than ten years,6,000 cinemas worldwide were equipped to use Dolby Stereo sound, Dolby developed a digital surround sound compression scheme for the cinema. Dolby Stereo Digital was first featured on the 1992 film Batman Returns, Dolby Digital is now found in the HDTV standard of the United States, DVD players, and many satellite-TV and cable-TV receivers. Dolby developed a digital surround sound compression scheme for TV series The Simpsons, on February 17,2005, the company became public, offering its shares on the New York Stock Exchange, under the symbol DLB. On March 15,2005, Dolby celebrated its fortieth anniversary at the ShoWest 2005 Festival in San Francisco, on January 8,2007, Dolby announced the arrival of Dolby Volume at the International Consumer Electronics Show. It enables users to maintain a steady volume while switching through channels or program elements, on June 18,2010, Dolby introduced Dolby Surround 7.1, and set up theaters worldwide with 7.1 surround speaker setups to deliver theatrical 7.1 surround sound. The first film to be released with this format was Pixars Toy Story 3 which was followed by 50 releases using the format. As of April 2012, there are 3,600 Dolby Surround 7.1 movie theaters, in April 2012, Dolby introduced its Dolby Atmos, a new cinematic technology adding overhead sound, first applied in Pixars motion picture Brave. In July 2014, Dolby Laboratories announced plans to bring Atmos to home theater, the first television show to use the technology on disc was Game of Thrones
20.
Elmo's World
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Elmos World is a five minute -long segment that was shown at the end of the childrens television program Sesame Street. It premiered on November 16,1998 as part of the structural changes, designed to appeal to younger viewers and to increase ratings. The segment was developed out of a series of workshops that studied the changes in the habits of their audience. Elmos World used traditional elements of production, but had a sustained narrative. It was presented from the perspective of a child as represented by its host, the Muppet Elmo. In 2002, Sesame Streets producers changed the rest of the show to reflect its younger demographic, long-time writer Judy Freudberg came up with the concept of Elmos World, and writer Tony Geiss and executive producer Arlene Sherman helped develop it. In 2009, Elmos World temporarily ceased production and was replaced by Elmo the Musical in 2012, by the early 1990s, Sesame Street had been on the air for over 20 years and was, as author Michael Davis put it, the undisputed heavyweight champion of preschool television. Sesame Streets ratings declined, so the Childrens Television Workshop, the responsible for putting the show on the air. For the first time since the show debuted, the producers, the analysis was conducted during a series of two-week-long workshops and was completed in time for the shows 30th anniversary in 1999. They also found that their viewers, especially the younger ones, the first way the CTW addressed the issues brought up by their research was by lowering the target age for Sesame Street, from four years to three years. In late 1998, they created a new 15-minute segment entitled Elmos World, hosted by the Muppet Elmo, the segment used traditional elements, but had a more sustained narrative. Elmos World followed the same structure each episode, and depended heavily on repetition and it focused on child-centered topics such as balls and dancing, from the perspective of a three-year-old child, and was designed to foster exploration, imagination, and curiosity. Instead of an adult providing narration, Elmo led the child through the action, in 2002, Sesame Streets producers went further in changing the show to reflect its younger demographic and increase in their viewers sophistication. They decided, after the shows 33rd season, to expand upon the Elmos World concept by, as San Francisco Chronicle TV critic Tim Goodman called it, deconstructing the show. They changed the structure of the show to a more narrative format. Arlene Sherman, a producer for 25 years and one of the creators of Elmos World. Freudberg stated that the concept was radical because we had never veered from that magazine mosaic and had never given any more than another character to do. Animator Mo Willems came up with the idea of creating a less-realistic setting compared to the rest of the show
21.
Play with Me Sesame
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Play with Me Sesame is a childrens television series, spun off from Sesame Street. It featured Sesame Street characters, such as Bert, Ernie, Grover, from April 1,2002 until September 2,2007, the show was aired on Noggin, which was rebranded as Nick Jr. on September 28,2009. The series was produced by Sesame Workshop and Nick Digital, Play with Me Sesame features many different segments, such as, Ernie Says, A game similar to Simon Says, except the title is different. Ernie almost always manages to annoy Bert in this segment, for example, one time he asked Bert to help him hold an enormous piece of cheese, which he said was an important part of the game. To Berts anger, he says that you can stop playing Ernie Says and he later points out that he just wants to have a snack, as he gets hungry after playing Ernie Says. Another example is Ernie pretending to fall asleep and wake up, Bert thinks he is sleeping, but he wakes up. Unlike Simon Says, where one cannot do something Simon does not say to do, Prairie Dawns Art Class, A segment where Prairie Dawn showcases drawings made by kids. Prairie Dawns Music Class, Beginning in Season 3, Prairie Dawn would trade her art segment for one oriented around music, Kit and Dombys Art Class, A segment aired on Play with Me Sesame UK, where Kit and Domby showcase art that has been sent in. Sesame Computer, The gang play games on the computer from their website at Noggin. com, such as Oatmeal Art, Pigeon Patterns, Perfect Pair, move and Groove with Grover, The child dances along to a video. Grover often interrupts to point out things and to tell the child more. Other times, he sings basic songs such as Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star or A Very Simple Dance, end Segment, A short and final game of Ernie Says is played. The first statement is usually Ernie says, say goodbye, the special circumstance in which the characters say goodbye ties into the theme. For example, Ernie says to say goodbye while wiping windshield wipers in the car-themed episode, classic Muppet segments were put into the show as well. Fran Brill as Prairie Dawn and Zoe Steve Whitmire as Ernie John Tartaglia as Ernie Eric Jacobson as Bert and Grover David Rudman as Cookie Monster, in the United Kingdom, Play with Me Sesame aired on Playhouse Disney UK. It showcased old and new Muppet clips from Sesame Street, with new linked segments, that featured Bert, Ernie, Grover, the show also included cameos by Zoe, Cookie Monster, and Ernies niece Ernestine. The show also featured two British Muppets, Kit and Domby, who live in a castle on top of a hill and they spent most of their time in the castle kitchen, bedroom and living room, which were very similar to Bert and Ernie sketches. Kit had an English accent, whilst Domby had a Scottish accent and they sometimes visited schools and playgroups, to sing or talk with the children. In Ireland, the show aired on TG4, in Irish, when Play with Me Sesame aired on the Hallmark Channel in Asia during October 2003, the Prairie Dawn segments were cut for time
22.
Elmo the Musical
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Elmo the Musical is a Sesame Street segment that began airing in Season 43. Joining Elmo in his adventures is Velvet, a set of curtains, and. Interactive game versions of some of the segments appear on www. sesamestreet. org, elements of the segment appear in the Sesame Street Live show Cant Stop Singing. Starting in the fall of 2015, segments used in the edits of re-run episodes. Production on the Elmos World segments had ceased in the late 2000s, the segment was meant to appeal to kids younger than the target age of the show. Executive producer Carol-Lynn Parente was not too pleased with the success it received, in June 2011, Joey Mazzarino and the other writers began developing new ideas for the new segment. One idea was to have Elmo go on trips using his tricycle. Mazzarino stated Elmos character was all about his view of the world and large imagination. The idea of a musical segment came around and with the success of programs like High School Musical and Glee. Each episode took a day to film, the segments were filmed between January and February 2012. All the material was filmed in front of a bluescreen, with the performers dressed in blue to allow characters like Elmo to appear full-bodied. Magnetic Dreams Animation Studio, known for producing other animated segments for the show, provides the CGI elements of the segment, including the backgrounds, each episode costs approximately $275,000 to produce. In late 2013, the segments began airing on ABC KIDS in Australia, in 2014, the segments began airing in Dutch as part of the Sesamstraat mini-series,10 voor. James Associate Directors, Tim Carter, Emily Cohen, Ken Diego, Benjamin Lehmann Sound Effects, Dick Maitland, C. A. C. Technical Director, Tom Guadarrama Cameras, Frank Biondo, Jerry Cancel, Saun Harkins, Anthony Lenzo Scenic Artist, Margaret Ryan Vice President of Education and Research, Rosemarie T. Truglio, taped at Kaufman Astoria Studios Stephanie DAbbruzos official website Sesame Street Adds Elmo the Musical. September 13,2012 Sesame Street Has Best Ratings Since 2007, may 25,2012 Elmos WorldList of Sesame Street recurring segments
23.
Jim Henson
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James Maury Henson was an American puppeteer, artist, cartoonist, inventor, screenwriter, film director and producer who achieved international fame as the creator of the Muppets. Born in Greenville, Mississippi, and raised in Leland, Mississippi, while he was a freshman at the University of Maryland, College Park, he created Sam and Friends, a five-minute sketch-comedy puppet show that appeared on television. After graduating from the University of Maryland with a degree in economics, he produced coffee advertisements. Feeling the need for more output, Henson founded Muppets Inc. in 1958. Henson became famous in the 1960s when he joined the educational television program Sesame Street. He also appeared on the comedy show Saturday Night Live. In 1976, after scrapping plans for a Broadway show, he produced The Muppet Show and he won fame for his creations, particularly Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, and Ernie, and was involved with Sesame Street for over 20 years. Rowlf the Dog was a cast member on the Jimmy Dean Show in the early 60s, during the later years of his life, he also founded the Jim Henson Foundation and Jim Hensons Creature Shop. His involvement in two television programs—The Storyteller and The Jim Henson Hour—led to Emmy Award wins, in the weeks after his death, he was celebrated in a wave of tributes. He was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1991, and as a Disney Legend in 2011. He was raised as a Christian Scientist and spent his childhood in Leland, Mississippi, before moving with his family to University Park, Maryland, near Washington. In 1954, while attending Northwestern High School, he working for WTOP-TV. After graduating from school, Henson enrolled at the University of Maryland, College Park, as a studio arts major. A puppetry class offered in the arts department introduced him to the craft and textiles courses in the College of Home economics. As a freshman, he had asked to create Sam and Friends. The characters on Sam and Friends were forerunners of Muppets, Henson would remain at WRC for seven years, from 1954 to 1961. A marionettes arms are manipulated by strings, but Henson used rods to move his Muppets arms, when Henson began work on Sam and Friends, he asked fellow University of Maryland sophomore Jane Nebel to assist him. The show was a success, but after graduating from college
24.
The Muppets
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The Muppets are an ensemble cast of puppet characters known for their self-aware, burlesque, and meta-referential style of variety-sketch comedy. The Muppets debuted on the television program Sam and Friends, which aired from 1955 to 1961, after appearing on skits in several late night talk shows and advertising commercials during the 1960s, the Muppets began appearing on Sesame Street in 1969. In the late 1970s and into the 1980s, the Muppets diversified into theatrical films, including The Muppet Movie, The Great Muppet Caper. The Walt Disney Company began involvement with the Muppets in the late 1980s, Disney acquired the rights to the Muppets in 2004, allowing the characters to gain broader public exposure than in previous years. Under Disneys control, the Muppets enjoyed revitalized success, starring in two films—The Muppets and Muppets Most Wanted —as well as a primetime television series on ABC. The Muppets were created by puppeteer Jim Henson in the 1950s, beginning with Kermit the Frog, in 1955, the Muppets were introduced on Sam and Friends, a television program that aired on WRC-TV in Washington D. C. Instead, Henson utilized the natural four-sided frame of a set that viewers would already be watching through as the programs theatre. During the 1960s, the characters—notably Kermit and Rowlf the Dog—appeared on skits in several late-night talk shows and advertising commercials, Rowlf became the first Muppet with a regular spot on network television when he began appearing as Jimmy Deans sidekick on The Jimmy Dean Show. In 1966, Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett began developing a television program targeted towards children. Produced by the Childrens Television Workshop, the show debuted as Sesame Street in 1969, by the early 1970s, the Muppets continued their presence in television, namely appearing in The Land of Gorch segments during the first season of Saturday Night Live. As his involvement with Sesame Street continued, Henson mused about the possibility of creating a television series featuring the Muppets. Two pilot specials, The Muppets Valentine Show and The Muppet Show, Sex and Violence, aired on ABC in 1974 and 1975, respectively. Debuting in 1976, The Muppet Show introduced characters such as Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Gonzo and Animal, as well as showcasing regulars Kermit and Rowlf. Through its syndication, The Muppet Show became increasingly popular due to its sketch comedy variety format, unique brand of humor, the show went on to receive twenty-one Primetime Emmy Award nominations during its run, and winning four awards, including Outstanding Comedy Series in 1978. Altogether, the three films received four Academy Award nominations, by 1983, Henson had introduced another television series, Fraggle Rock, which ran on HBO in the United States until 1987. By the late 1980s, Henson entered discussions with Michael Eisner and The Walt Disney Company, in which the latter would acquire Jim Henson Productions and in turn, Disney was interested in purchasing the company for $150 million. In addition to the company and Muppet characters, Eisner expressed a desire to include the Sesame Street characters as part of the acquisition, Henson, declined the proposal, however, consistently referring to such a motive as a non-starter for the deal. As discussions between the two continued, Henson and Walt Disney Imagineering preemptively began developing Muppet-themed attractions for the Disney-MGM Studios at Walt Disney World
25.
Public broadcasting
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Public broadcasting includes radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. In much of the world, funding comes from the government, the great majority are operated as private not-for-profit corporations. Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country, in some countries, public broadcasting is run by a single organization. Other countries have multiple public broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages, historically, public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries. Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of countries, the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century. The primary mission of public broadcasting that of service, speaking to. The British model has been accepted as a universal definition. In the context of a national identity, the role of public broadcasting may be unclear. Likewise, the nature of good programming may raise the question of individual or public taste. Within public broadcasting there are two different views regarding commercial activity, one is that public broadcasting is incompatible with commercial objectives. The other is that public broadcasting can and should compete in the marketplace with commercial broadcasters and this dichotomy is highlighted by the public service aspects of traditional commercial broadcasters. Public broadcasters in each jurisdiction may or may not be synonymous with government controlled broadcasters, in some countries like the UK public broadcasters are not sanctioned by government departments and have independent means of funding, and thus enjoy editorial independence. Public broadcasters may receive their funding from a television licence fee, individual contributions. One of the principles of broadcasting is to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing or small markets. Public broadcasting attempts to supply topics of social benefit that are not provided by commercial broadcasters. Typically, such underprovision is argued to exist when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers and this frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising. Additionally, public broadcasting may facilitate the implementation of a cultural policy, examples include, The Canadian government is committed to official bilingualism. As a result, the broadcaster, the CBC employs translators
26.
Curriculum
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In education, a curriculum is broadly defined as the totality of student experiences that occur in the educational process. The term often specifically to a planned sequence of instruction. Curriculum may incorporate the planned interaction of pupils with instructional content, materials, resources, Curriculum is split into several categories, the explicit, the implicit, the excluded and the extra-curricular. Curricula may be standardized, or may include a high level of instructor or learner autonomy. Many countries have national curricula in primary and secondary education, such as the United Kingdoms National Curriculum, uNESCOs International Bureau of Education has the primary mission of studying curricula and their implementation worldwide. The word curriculum began as a Latin word which means a race or the course of a race, the first known use in an educational context is in the Professio Regia, a work by University of Paris professor Petrus Ramus published posthumously in 1576. The term subsequently appears in University of Leiden records in 1582, the words origins appear closely linked to the Calvinist desire to bring greater order to education. By the seventeenth century, the University of Glasgow also referred to its course of study as a curriculum, by the nineteenth century, European universities routinely referred to their curriculum to describe both the complete course of study and particular courses and their content. There is no agreed upon definition of curriculum. Braslavsky states that curriculum is an agreement among communities, educational professionals, furthermore, the curriculum defines why, what, when, where, how, and with whom to learn. Outlines the skills, performances, attitudes, and values pupils are expected to learn from schooling and it includes statements of desired pupil outcomes, descriptions of materials, and the planned sequence that will be used to help pupils attain the outcomes. The total learning experience provided by a school and it includes the content of courses, the methods employed, and other aspects, like norms and values, which relate to the way the school is organized. The aggregate of courses of study given in a learning environment, the courses are arranged in a sequence to make learning a subject easier. In schools, a curriculum spans several grades, Curriculum can refer to the entire program provided by a classroom, school, district, state, or country. A classroom is assigned sections of the curriculum as defined by the school, implicit curriculum, lessons that arise from the culture of the school and the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations that characterize that culture, the unintended curriculum. The term itself is attributed to Philip W. Jackson and is not always meant to be a negative, hidden curriculum, if its potential is realized, could benefit students and learners in all educational systems. Also, it not just include the physical environment of the school. Excluded curriculum, topics or perspectives that are excluded from the curriculum
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Sesame Street international co-productions
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Sesame Street international co-productions are educational childrens television series based on the American Sesame Street but tailored to the countries in which they are produced. Creator Joan Ganz Cooney hired former CBS executive Michael Dann to field offers to produce versions of the show in other countries. The producers of these shows developed them using a variant on the CTW model, the model consisted of the combination of producers and researchers working together on the show, the development of a unique curriculum, and extensive test screening of the shows. The shows came to be called co-productions, and they contained original sets, characters, different co-productions were produced, depending upon each countrys needs and resources. They included both dubbed versions of the American show and versions created, developed, and produced in country that reflected their needs, educational priorities. By 2006, there were 20 co-productions in countries all over the world, in 2001, there were more than 120 million viewers of all international versions of Sesame Street, and by the US shows 40th anniversary in 2009, they were seen in more than 140 countries. Even before the American shows debut, the CTW established an international division, many years later, co-creator Joan Ganz Cooney recalled, To be frank, I was really surprised, because we thought we were creating the quintessential American show. We thought the Muppets were quintessentially American, and it turns out theyre the most international characters ever created. Mike Dann, a former CBS executive whom Cooney had hired as a CTW vice-president, danns appointment led to television critic Marvin Kitman stating, After he sells in Russia and Czechoslovakia, he might try Mississippi, where it is considered too controversial for educational TV. By summer 1970, Dann had made the first international agreements for what the CTW later called co-productions,38 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television stations broadcast Sesame Street to Canadas English-speaking provinces. During his tenure at CTW, Dann also made agreements with several Caribbean nations, Mexico, Australia, Japan, the Philippines, France, Israel and he later told author Michael Davis, I was aggressive and I knew people around the world. The American version was broadcast throughout the UK on a limited basis starting in 1971, as of 2006, there were 20 active co-productions. In 2005, Doreen Carvajal of The New York Times reported that income from the co-productions accounted for US$96 million, Cole stated, Childrens Television Workshop can be regarded as the single largest informal educator of young children in the world. Studies conducted on the effects of several co-productions found that viewers of these shows gain basic skills, especially literacy and numeracy. As of 2009 it aired in countries, including Japan, Korea. In 2003, in response to the epidemic of AIDS in South Africa and they created the first HIV-positive Muppet, Kami, to confront the stigma of HIV and AIDS in South Africa. According to the documentary The World According to Sesame Street, the reaction of many in the US surprised Sesame Workshop, some members of Congress attacked Sesame Street, Sesame Workshop, and PBS. According to co-producer Naila Farouky, The reaction we got in the US blew me away, I didnt expect people to be so horrible
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Preschool
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They may be privately operated or government run, and one option is to subsidize the costs. In 1779, Johann Friedrich Oberlin and Louise Scheppler founded in Strassbourg an early establishment for caring for, at about the same time, in 1780, similar infant establishments were established in Bavaria In 1802, Pauline zur Lippe established a preschool center in Detmold. In 1816, Robert Owen, a philosopher and pedagogue, opened the first British and probably globally the first infant school in New Lanark, Scotland. In conjunction with his venture for cooperative mills Owen wanted the children to be given a moral education so that they would be fit for work. His system was successful in producing obedient children with basic literacy and numeracy, samuel Wilderspin opened his first infant school in London in 1819, and went on to establish hundreds more. He published many works on the subject, and his became the model for infant schools throughout England. Play was an important part of Wilderspins system of education and he is credited with inventing the playground. In 1823, Wilderspin published On the Importance of Educating the Infant Poor and he began working for the Infant School Society the next year, informing others about his views. He also wrote The Infant System, for developing the physical, intellectual, in 1836 she established an institute for the foundation of preschool centers. The idea became popular among the nobility and the class and was copied throughout the Hungarian kingdom. Women trained by Fröbel opened Kindergartens throughout Europe and around the World, the first kindergarten in the United States was founded in Watertown, Wisconsin in 1856 and was conducted in German. Louis in 1873 by Susan Blow, the countrys first public-school kindergartens were established in Berlin, Ontario in 1882 at Central School. In 1885, the Toronto Normal School opened a department for Kindergarten teaching, Head Start was the first publicly funded preschool program in the US, created in 1965 by President Johnson for low-income families—only 10% of children were then enrolled in preschool. Due to large demand, various states subsidized preschool for low-income families in the 1980s, the most important years of learning begin at birth. During these early years, humans are capable of absorbing more information than later on, the brain grows most rapidly in the early years. High quality teachers and preschools can have an effect on improving outcomes for disadvantaged students. The areas of development that preschool education covers varies, however, the following main themes are typically offered. Curriculum is designed for differing ages, for example, counting to 10 is generally after the age of four
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Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
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Grammy Award
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A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
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History of Sesame Street
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The preschool educational television program Sesame Street was first aired on public broadcasting television stations November 10,1969, and will reach its 47th season in 2017. The history of Sesame Street has reflected changing attitudes to developmental psychology, early childhood education, initial responses to the show included adulatory reviews, some controversy and high ratings. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was broadcast in over 120 countries, the show was conceived in 1966 during discussions between television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and Carnegie Corporation vice president Lloyd Morrisett. Their goal was to create a television show that would master the addictive qualities of television and do something good with them. By the shows tenth anniversary in 1979, nine million American children under the age of six were watching Sesame Street daily, the cast and crew expanded during this time, including the hiring of women in the crew and additional minorities in the cast. In 1981, the government withdrew its funding, so the CTW turned to other sources, such as its magazine division, book royalties, product licensing. During the 1980s, Sesame Streets curriculum expanded to include such as relationships, ethics. Many of the storylines were taken from the experiences of its writing staff, cast and crew, most notably the death of Will Lee—who played Mr. Hooper—and the marriage of Luis. After the turn of the 21st century, the show made major structural adaptations, because of the popularity of the Muppet Elmo, the show incorporated a popular segment known as Elmos World. Sesame Street has won eight Grammys and over a hundred Emmys in its history—more than any other childrens show, producer Joan Ganz Cooney called childrens programming a wasteland, and she was not alone in her criticism. According to childrens media experts Edward Palmer and Shalom M. Fisch, for example, they tended to show simple shots of a cameras-eye view of a location filled with children, or they recreated storybooks with shots of book covers and motionless illustrated pages. Early childhood educational research had shown that children were prepared to succeed in school, they earned higher grades. Children from low-income families had fewer resources than children from families to prepare them for school. The field of psychology had grown during this period. Because of these trends in education, along with the societal changes occurring in the United States during this era. Since 1962, Cooney had been producing talk shows and documentaries at educational television station WNDT, Cooneys boss, Lewis Freedman, whom Cooney called the grandfather of Sesame Street, also attended the party, as did their colleague Anne Bower. As a vice-president at the Carnegie Corporation, Morrisett had awarded several million dollars in grants to organizations that educated poor, Morrisett and the other guests felt that even with limited resources, television could be an effective way to reach millions of children. She researched their ideas about the habits of young children
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Carnegie Corporation of New York
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Carnegie Corporation of New York was established by Andrew Carnegie during 1911 to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding. Nevertheless, ten years after the sale of the Carnegie Steel Company, he still had more than $150 million and, having already used the conventional formats for his previously endowed institutions, he selected corporation for this last and largest. It was chartered by the State of New York as Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Corporations capital fund, originally donated as a value of about $135 million, had a market value of $1.55 billion on March 31,1999. During 1911 and 1912, Carnegie gave the corporation $125 million, as the residual legatee of his will, the corporation received an additional $10 million when the estate was settled. Carnegie reserved a portion of the endowment to be used for purposes in Canada. This part of the endowment was first known as the Special Fund, then the British Dominions and Colonies Fund, charter amendments have allowed the corporation to use 7.4 percent of its income in countries that are or have been members of the British Commonwealth. During the corporations early years, Carnegie himself was president and a trustee, James Bertram, his private secretary, and Robert A. Franks, his financial agent, were also trustees and, respectively, secretary and treasurer of the corporation. These three comprised the first executive committee and made most of the funding decisions, soon after Carnegies death during 1919, the trustees elected a full-time, salaried president as chief executive officer of the corporation and made him an ex officio member of the board. Initially, grants followed the pattern of Carnegies personal philanthropies, until 1917, gifts for the construction of public libraries and for the purchase of church organs were continued. The other Carnegie organizations in the United States also received grants for their programs, as did universities, colleges, schools. In his letter of gift to his trustees, Carnegie wrote, Conditions upon erth inevitably change, hence, no wise man will bind Trustees forever to certain paths. I disclaim any intention of doing so, on the contrary, I giv my Trustees full authority to change policy or causes hitherto aided, from time to time, when this, in their opinion, has become necessary or desirable. They shall best conform to my wishes by using their own judgement, thus, over the years, the corporations priorities for grant making have changed, while always remaining educational. After Carnegies death, the corporation began to devote its funding increasingly to scientific research, convinced of the nations need to increase scientific expertise and scientific management, the corporation sought to build facilities for research of the natural and social sciences. At this time, the corporation developed a interest in adult education. During 1919 it initiated the Americanization Study to explore opportunities for adults. The foundations grantmaking during this period had a certain eclecticism and a remarkable perseverance with respect to its chosen causes, widely heralded, Myrdals book American Dilemma had no immediate public policy effect, although it was later much cited in legal challenges to segregation. Keppel believed foundations should make the facts available to the public and his cogent writings about philanthropy left a lasting impression on the foundation field and influenced the organization and leadership of many new foundations
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Ford Foundation
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The Ford Foundation is a New York headquartered, globally oriented private foundation with the mission of advancing human welfare. Created in 1936 by Edsel Ford and Henry Ford, it was funded by a US$25,000 gift from Edsel Ford. By 1947, after the death of the two founders, the foundation owned 90 percent of the shares of the Ford Motor Company. Between 1955 and 1974, the foundation sold its Ford Motor Company holdings, the foundation makes grants through its headquarters and ten international field offices. For fiscal year 2014, it reported assets of US$12.4 billion, after the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and Henry Ford in 1947, the presidency of the foundation fell to Edsels eldest son, Henry Ford II. It quickly became clear that the foundation would become the largest philanthropy in the world, the board of trustees then commissioned the Gaither Study Committee to chart the foundations future. The committee, headed by California attorney H, the board embraced the recommendations in 1949. The board of directors decided to diversify the foundations portfolio and gradually divested itself of its substantial Ford Motor Company stock between 1955 and 1974 and this divestiture allowed Ford Motor to become a public company. In 2012, stating that it is not a research library, in 1951, the foundation made its first grant to support the development of the public broadcasting system, then known as National Educational Television, which went on the air in 1952. These grants continued, and in 1969 the foundation gave US$1 million to the Childrens Television Workshop to help create, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting replaced NET with the Public Broadcasting Service on October 5,1970. The foundations first international office opened in 1952 in New Delhi. In 1961, Kofi Annan received a grant from the foundation to finish his studies at Macalester College in St. Paul. In 1968, the foundation began disbursing $12 million to persuade law schools to make law school clinics part of their curriculum, clinics were intended to give practical experience in law practice while providing pro bono representation to the poor. In 1967 and 1968, the provided financial support for decentralization. Decentralization in Ocean Hill–Brownsville led to the firing of some teachers and administrators. Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing through the 1970s, the foundation expanded into civil rights litigation, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund was incorporated in 1967 with a US$2.2 million grant from the foundation. In the same year, the foundation funded the establishment of the Southwest Council of La Raza. In 1972, the foundation provided a three-year US$1.2 million grant to the Native American Rights Fund, the same year, the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund opened with funding from numerous organizations, including the foundation
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Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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Royalty payment
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A royalty is a payment made by one party, the licensee or franchisee to another that owns a particular asset, the licensor or franchisor for the right to ongoing use of that asset. A royalty interest is the right to collect a stream of future royalty payments, license agreements can be regulated, particularly where a government is the resource owner, or they can be private contracts that follow a general structure. However, certain types of agreements have comparable provisions. When a government owns the resource in question, the transaction is subject to legal. In the United States, fee simple ownership of the mineral is possible by a private individual, local taxing authorities may impose a severance tax on the unrenewable natural resources extracted from within their authority. The Federal Government receives royalties on production on federal lands, managed by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, an example from Canadas north is the federal Frontier Lands petroleum royalty regime. In this manner risks and profits are shared between the government of Canada and the petroleum developer and this attractive royalty rate is intended to encourage oil and gas exploration in the remote Canadian frontier lands where costs and risks are higher than other locations. In many jurisdictions oil and gas royalty interests are considered property under the NAICS classification code. As a standard example, for every $100 bbl of oil sold on a U. S. federal well with a 25% royalty, the U. S. government does not pay and will only collect revenues. All risk and liability lie upon the operator of the well, Royalties in the forestry industry are called stumpage. An intangible asset such as a patent gives the owner an exclusive right to prevent others from practicing the patented technology in the country issuing the patent for the term of the patent. The right may be enforced in a lawsuit for monetary damages and/or imprisonment for violation on the patent, patent rights may be divided and licensed out in various ways, on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis. The license may be subject to limitations as to time or territory, a license may encompass an entire technology or it may involve a mere component or improvement on a technology. In the United States, reasonable royalties may be imposed, both after-the-fact and prospectively, by a court as a remedy for infringement. 0%, however, the range extended from 0% to 50%. All of these agreements may not have been at arms length, in license negotiation, firms might derive royalties for the use of a patented technology from the retail price of the downstream licensed product. In the Arab countries, it may be found, that a royalty as a percentage of sales may be difficult to transact, a flat fee may be preferred as percentages may be interpreted as percentage of profit. Trade marks are words, logos, slogans, sounds, or other expressions that distinguish the source, origin. Trade marks offer the public a means of identifying and assuring themselves of the quality of the good or service and they may bring consumers a sense of security, integrity, belonging, and a variety of intangible appeals
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