1.
China Railway
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It used to be part of the now defunct Ministry of Railways. China Railway operates passenger and freight transport via several smaller companies, China Railway previously had its own police force, Prosecutors Office and court system, which was unique among the worlds railways. Some critics say the company turns these police into its own security guard, the original China Railway logo was designed by Chen Yuchang, as announced in the Peoples Daily on 22 January 1950. There are 16 bureau and 5 companies under China Railway, as of 2008, approximately 2 million people work in China Railway. Containers must be transferred several times, as different, incompatible, rail gauges are used in different regions, China has been investing in and helping to rebuild railways in Africa. Below is an incomplete list of rail projects
2.
China Railway High-speed
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China Railway High-speed is the high-speed rail service operated by China Railway. Hexie Hao is the designation for rolling stock operated for this service, All trains had been marked CRH, before being changed shortly afterwards to the Chinese characters 和谐号 on the centre of the head vehicles and the side of the walls of other vehicles. The introduction of CRH was a part of the sixth national railway speedup. All high-speed trains in use in China are named CRH. CRH1/2A/2B/2E/5 are expected to have a speed of 250 km/h. The new trainsets CRH380A have a maximum test speed of 416.6 km/h, the fastest trainset, CRH380BL, attained a maximum test speed of 487.3 km/h 302.8 mph). High-speed rail services were first introduced in 2007 operating with CRH rolling stock and those run on existing lines that have been upgraded to speeds of up to 250 km/h and on newer dedicated high-speed track rated up to 350 km/h. China Railway High-speed runs different electric multiple unit trainsets, the designs for which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 through CRH-5 and CRH380A, CRH380B, CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the trainsets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China, the signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well, so the system as a whole is predominantly Chinese. China currently holds many new patents related to the components of these trains. However, these patents are valid within China, and as such hold no international power. An order for 60 8-car sets had been placed in 2004, with the first few built in Japan and it is designed to have two versions, one with a top operating speed of 220 km/h, the other with a top operating speed of 160 km/h. They will be used on 200 km/h or 250 km/h Inter-city High Speed Rail lines, planned to service by 2011 CRH380A. CRH3C and CRH2C designs have an MOR of 300 km/h, and can reach up to 350 km/h, however, in practical terms, issues such as maintenance costs, comfort, and safety make the maximum speed of more than 380 km/h impractical and remain limiting factors. Based on data published by Sinolink Securities, some changes were made according to the most recent news. ^1 All CRH380B and CRH380C units to be delivered before 2012, ^2 All CRH380D units to be delivered before 2014. Before the introduction of technology, China conducted independent attempts to domestically develop high-speed rail technology. Some notable results included the China Star, but domestic Chinese companies lacked the technology and expertise of foreign companies, if using only their own resources and expertise, the country might need a decade or longer to catch up with developed nations
3.
Xuhui District
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Xuhui District is a district of Shanghai. It has an area of 54.76 km² and a population of 982,200 as of 2008. The Xuhui District is centred on Xujiahui, after which it is named, Xujiahui was historically land owned by Ming dynasty bureaucrat and scientist Xu Guangqi, and later donated to the Roman Catholic Church. Being the core of Catholic Shanghai, the Xuhui District formed, together with neighbouring Luwan District, vestiges of the French influence can still be seen in the St. Ignatius Cathedral of Shanghai, Xuhui College, the Xujiahui Observatory, and some remaining boulevards and French-style districts. Parts of todays Xuhui District were once the residential districts of Shanghai. After the revolution, however, the large estates near Xujiahui were turned into factories, in the 1990s, the Shanghai municipal government developed the district as a commercial zone. Xujiahui itself has been redeveloped as a centre, with a proliferation of large-scale shopping centres. Now it is a shopping destination in the city, with shopping malls such as Grand Gateway Shanghai. The educational tradition begun by Jesuits in Xuhui continues with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, the district also has some of the best secondary schools in the municipality, such as South West Weiyu Middle School, Shanghai High School and Nanyang Model High School. A number of residences of prominent personalities remain, including Soong Ching-ling. Yao Ming of Houston Rockets was a resident of the district, luo Ferrari 430 Feichi currently lives in Xuhui. Xuhui District has 10 sub-districts and two townships, home Inn has its headquarters in Xuhui. Toei Animation Shanghai has its office in Unit 807 of Feidiao International Plaza in the district. Xuhui District has twelve subdistricts, one town and one special township-level division, Xuhui District Education Bureau Exchanges with Logan City, Australia Xu Guangqi Xujiahui
4.
Shanghai
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Shanghai is the most populous city proper in the world, with a population of more than 24 million as of 2014. As one of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the Peoples Republic of China, it is a financial centre and transport hub. Located in the Yangtze River Delta in East China, Shanghai sits on the edge of the mouth of the Yangtze in the middle portion of the eastern Chinese coast. The municipality borders the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the north, south and west, as a major administrative, shipping and trading city, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to trade and recognition of its favourable port location and economic potential. The city was one of five treaty ports forced open to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the First Opium War, the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking and 1844 Treaty of Whampoa allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between China and other parts of the world, and became the financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, trade was limited to other socialist countries, and the citys global influence declined. In the 1990s, the reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance. The two Chinese characters in the name are 上 and 海, together meaning Upon-the-Sea. The earliest occurrence of this dates from the 11th-century Song Dynasty, at which time there was already a river confluence. There are disputes as to exactly how the name should be understood, Shanghai is officially abbreviated 沪 in Chinese, a contraction of 沪渎, a 4th- or 5th-century Jin name for the mouth of Suzhou Creek when it was the main conduit into the ocean. This character appears on all motor vehicle license plates issued in the municipality today, another alternative name for Shanghai is Shēn or Shēnchéng, from Lord Chunshen, a third-century BC nobleman and prime minister of the state of Chu, whose fief included modern Shanghai. Sports teams and newspapers in Shanghai often use Shen in their names, such as Shanghai Shenhua F. C. Huating was another early name for Shanghai. In AD751, during the dynasty, Huating County was established at modern-day Songjiang. Today, Huating appears as the name of a hotel in the city. The city also has various nicknames in English, including Pearl of the Orient, during the Spring and Autumn period, the Shanghai area belonged to the Kingdom of Wu, which was conquered by the Kingdom of Yue, which in turn was conquered by the Kingdom of Chu. During the Warring States period, Shanghai was part of the fief of Lord Chunshen of Chu and he ordered the excavation of the Huangpu River. Its former or poetic name, the Chunshen River, gave Shanghai its nickname of Shen, two important events helped promote Shanghais development in the Ming dynasty
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Battle of Shanghai
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It was one of the largest and bloodiest battles of the entire war, described by Peter Harmsen as Stalingrad on the Yangtze. Since 1931, China and Japan had been embroiled in incessant, smaller conflicts, often known as incidents, the term incident was used by the Japanese Imperial High Command to play down the Japanese invasions of China. The Chinese soldiers had to rely primarily on weapons in their defense of Shanghai, against an overwhelming Japanese onslaught of air, naval. In the end, Shanghai fell, and China lost a significant portion of its best troops, the resistance of Chinese forces, however, shocked the Japanese, who had been indoctrinated with notions of cultural and martial superiority, and dramatically demoralized the Japanese army. The battle can be divided into three stages, and eventually involved nearly one million troops, the first stage lasted from August 13 to August 22,1937, during which the NRA attempted to eradicate Japanese troop presence in downtown Shanghai. In Chinese, the Battle of Shanghai is known as the Battle of Songhu, song is short for Wusong, a strategic town in the northern suburbs of Shanghai, where the Huangpu River flows into the Yangtze. Hu is the abbreviation for Shanghai, in Chinese literature, the battle is also referred to as 813, denoting August 13, the date when battle began. Several Japanese sources refer to the battle as the Second Shanghai Incident, however, the 1937 Battle of Shanghai was a full-scale battle signifying the beginning of an all-out war between the two countries. There were several underlying causes for this, since the outbreak of the war on July 7,1937, most combat had occurred in and around North China in operations collectively known as the Battle of Beiping-Tientsin. Originally, neither China nor Japan wanted the skirmishing to escalate into full-scale war and he decided to pursue full-scale war with Japan. The Japanese north-to-south advance meant that the Chinese army had to defend along a horizontal axis, in addition, most of the more robust Chinese defense works were not in North China, but in East China, along the lower Yangtze Delta. Importantly, Japanese troops were reinforced from Japan, through Korea and Manchukuo and on to North China, by way of efficient naval. Chinese troop movement was severely handicapped by lack of motorized vehicles, the vast majority of Chinese troops had reached the front line simply by marching. It took considerably longer for Chinese reinforcements from South China to reach North China than it did for the Japanese to reinforce from their home islands and this meant transferring the Chinese army to fight a war in North China was impractical. The Imperial Japanese Navy had total supremacy in Chinese seas and the retreating Chinese forces would have been annihilated, therefore, Chiang decided to establish a second front in Shanghai, with the intention of drawing enemy troops to the East and Central China Theater. His plan was to force the Japanese to change the direction of advance into east-to-west. This way, Chinese troops would have room in the southwest to retreat and regroup should Shanghai, Nanjing, the Chinese plan was to fight to delay the Japanese advance, as much as possible, gaining time to move the government and vital industries into the Chinese interior. This was the basis of the strategy of trading space for time, public opinion and patriotism were strong factors in Chiangs decision to pursue full-scale war with Japan
7.
Chinese language
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Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language, the varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family. The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin, followed by Wu, Min, and Yue. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. Standard Chinese is a form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six languages of the United Nations. The written form of the language, based on the logograms known as Chinese characters, is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects. Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is the spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. Hakka also has a diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China, Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty, as the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have sought to promulgate a unified standard. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, in addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the structure of the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, the earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty
8.
Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
9.
Shanghainese
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The Shanghainese language, also known as the Shanghai dialect, Hu language or Hu dialect, is a variety of Wu Chinese spoken in the central districts of the City of Shanghai and its surrounding areas. It is classified as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family, in English, Shanghainese sometimes refers to all Wu languages, variants and dialects, although they are only partially intelligible with one another. Shanghainese proper is a language of Taihu Wu, it contains vocabulary and expressions from the entire Taihu Wu area of southern Jiangsu. With nearly 14 million speakers, Shanghainese is also the largest single form of Wu Chinese and it serves as the lingua franca of the entire Yangtze River Delta region. Shanghainese is rich in vowels and in consonants, like other Taihu Wu dialects, Shanghainese has voiced initials. Neither Cantonese nor Mandarin has voiced initial stops or affricates, the Shanghainese tonal system is also significantly different from other Chinese varieties, sharing more similarities with the Japanese pitch accent. Shanghainese has two level tonal contrasts, while Cantonese and Mandarin are typical of contour tonal languages, Shanghai did not become a regional center of commerce until it was opened to foreign investment during the late Qing dynasty. Consequently, languages and dialects spoken around Shanghai had long been subordinate to those spoken around Jiaxing, in the late 19th century, most vocabulary of the Shanghai region had been a hybrid between Southern Jiangsu and Ningbonese. It underwent sustained growth that reached a hiatus in the 1930s during the Republican era, after 1949, the government imposed Mandarin as the official language of the whole nation of China. The dominance and influence of Shanghainese began to wane slightly, especially since Chinese economic reform began in 1978, Shanghai became home to a great number of migrants from all over the country. Due to the prominence of Mandarin, learning Shanghainese was no longer necessary for migrants. However, Shanghainese remained a vital part of the citys culture. In the 1990s, it was common for local radio. In 1995, the TV series Sinful Debt featured extensive Shanghainese dialogues, the Shanghainese TV series Lao Niang Jiu was broadcast from 1995 to 2007 and received tremendous popularity among Shanghainese residents. Shanghainese programming has since declined, over concerns of regionalist/localist accusations. From 1992 onward, Shanghainese use was discouraged in schools, in addition, Shanghais emergence as a cosmopolitan global city consolidated the status of Mandarin as the standard language of business and services, at the expense of the local language. Since 2005, new movements have emerged to protect Shanghainese from fading away, Shanghais former party boss Chen Liangyu, a native Shanghainese himself, reportedly supported her proposal. There have been talks of re-integrating Shanghainese into pre-kindergarten education, because children are unable to speak any Shanghainese
10.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
11.
Shanghai Railway Station
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The station is located on Moling Road, Jingan District, to the North of the city centre. It is governed by Shanghai Railway Bureau and is one of the most important hubs of the network in China. Shanghai Railway Station is called The New Railway Station by locals since it replaced Shanghai North Railway Station as the main train station in 1987. In the late 80s, the old North Railway Station was inadequate to handle the increasing traffic in Shanghai. The government then decided to pull down the Shanghai East Railway Station, on 28 December 1987, the North Railway Station was closed. At the same time, the new Shanghai Railway Station was built, in 2006, some railway lines of the station were moved to the reopened Shanghai South Railway Station, which lessened the increasing pressure of passenger traffic. In August 2006, a decision was made to renovate the aging station, many new ticket machines were installed to increase efficiency.1 billion RMB. On May 29,2010, the renovation was completed and it expanded the north building from 1,000 square meters to 15,560 square meters, refurbished the south building and added a new designed wave-shaped roof over the platform. In late 2015, rumours of the demolition of the Shanghai Railway Station arose, however, this rumour has been rejected by the Shanghai Municipal Government. Shanghai Railway Station primarily serves north-south and westward locations and it is the terminus of the main Beijing-Shanghai railway line. There are two Z trains to Taiyuan and Xian every day, most long-haul, non high-speed trains bound for Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province and the North depart from Shanghai Railway Station. It also offers over 50 highspeed CRH trains to those areas every day, in addition, a lot of pass-by trains from the north to the south of China also use Shanghai Railway Station as an intermediate stop. Shanghai Railway Station can be reached by taking Shanghai Metro Line 1,3 or 4, due to its pervasive connections with the Shanghai street network, the station is also accessible by numerous bus lines and by taxi. Taxis are not allowed to directly in front of the station
12.
Hangzhou
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Hangzhou, formerly romanized as Hangchow, is the capital and most populous city of Zhejiang Province in east China. It sits at the head of Hangzhou Bay, which separates Shanghai, the citys West Lake is its best-known attraction. Hangzhou is classified as a city and forms the core of the Hangzhou metropolitan area. During the 2010 Chinese census, the area held 21.102 million people over an area of 34,585 km2. Hangzhou prefecture had a population of 9,018,000 in 2015. In September 2015, Hangzhou was awarded the 2022 Asian Games and it will be the third Chinese city to play host to the Asian Games after Beijing 1990 and Guangzhou 2010. Hangzhou, a technology hub and home to the e-commerce giant Alibaba. The celebrated neolithic culture of Hemudu is known to have inhabited Yuyao,100 km south-east of Hangzhou and it was during this time that rice was first cultivated in southeast China. Excavations have established that the jade-carving Liangzhu culture inhabited the area immediately around the present city around five years ago. The first of Hangzhous present neighborhoods to appear in records was Yuhang. Hangzhou was made the seat of the zhou of Hang in AD589, by a longstanding convention also seen in other cities like Guangzhou and Fuzhou, the city took on the name of the area it administered and became known as Hangzhou. Hangzhou was at the end of Chinas Grand Canal which extends to Beijing. The canal evolved over centuries but reached its full length by 609, in the Tang dynasty, Bai Juyi was appointed governor of Hangzhou. Already an accomplished and famous poet, his deeds at Hangzhou have led to his being praised as a great governor. He ordered the construction of a stronger and taller dyke, with a dam to control the flow of water, thus providing water for irrigation, the livelihood of local people of Hangzhou improved over the following years. Bai Juyi used his time to enjoy the beauty of West Lake. He also ordered the construction of a causeway connecting Broken Bridge with Solitary Hill to allow walking and he then had willows and other trees planted along the dyke, making it a beautiful landmark. This causeway was later named Bai Causeway, in his honor and it is listed as one of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China
13.
Second Sino-Japanese War
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The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from July 7,1937 to September 9,1945. The First Sino-Japanese War was fought from 1894 to 1895, China fought Japan, with some economic help from Germany, the Soviet Union and the United States. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the war merged into the conflict of World War II as a major front of what is broadly known as the Pacific War. Many scholars consider the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 to have been the beginning of World War II, the Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policy to expand its influence politically and militarily in order to access to raw material reserves, food. The period after World War One brought about increasing stress on the Japanese polity, leftists sought universal suffrage and greater rights for workers. Increasing textile production from Chinese mills was adversely affecting Japanese production, the Depression brought about a large slowdown in exports. All of this contributed to militant nationalism, culminating in the rise to power of a militarist fascist faction and this faction was led at its height by the Imperial Rule Assistance Associations Hideki Tojo cabinet under the edict from Emperor Shōwa. Before 1937, China and Japan fought in small, localized engagements, the last of these incidents was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, which is traditionally seen as the beginning of total war between the two countries. Since 2017 the Chinese Government has regarded the invasion of Manchuria by the Kwantung Army in 1931, initially the Japanese scored major victories, such as the Battle of Shanghai, and by the end of 1937 captured the Chinese capital of Nanjing. After failing to stop the Japanese in Wuhan, the Chinese central government was relocated to Chongqing in the Chinese interior, by 1939, after Chinese victories in Changsha and Guangxi, and with Japans lines of communications stretched deep into the Chinese interior, the war reached a stalemate. The Japanese were also unable to defeat the Chinese communist forces in Shaanxi, on December 7,1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, and the following day the United States declared war on Japan. The United States began to aid China via airlift matériel over the Himalayas after the Allied defeat in Burma that closed the Burma Road, in 1944 Japan launched the invasion, Operation Ichi-Go, that conquered Henan and Changsha. However, this failed to bring about the surrender of Chinese forces, in 1945, the Chinese Expeditionary Force resumed its advance in Burma and completed the Ledo Road linking India to China. At the same time, China launched large counteroffensives in South China and retook the west Hunan, the remaining Japanese occupation forces formally surrendered on September 9,1945 with the following International Military Tribunal for the Far East convened on April 29,1946. China was recognized as one of the Big Four of Allies during the war, in the Chinese language, the war is most commonly known as the War of Resistance Against Japan, and also known as the Eight Years War of Resistance, simply War of Resistance. It is also referred to as part of the Global Anti-Fascist War, which is how World War 2 is perceived by the Communist Party of China, in Japan, nowadays, the name Japan–China War is most commonly used because of its perceived objectivity. In Japan today, it is written as 日中戦争 in shinjitai, the word incident was used by Japan, as neither country had made a formal declaration of war
14.
Bloody Saturday (photograph)
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Bloody Saturday is the name of a black-and-white photograph that was published widely in September–October 1937 and in less than a month had been seen by more than 136 million viewers. Depicting a Chinese baby crying within the ruins of Shanghai South Railway Station. Journalist Harold Isaacs called the image one of the most successful propaganda pieces of all time. Wong shot footage of the bombed-out South Station with his Eyemo newsreel camera, the famous still image, taken from the Leica, is not often referred to by name—rather, its visual elements are described. It has also been called Motherless Chinese Baby, Chinese Baby, the photograph was denounced by Japanese nationalists who argued that it was staged. During the Battle of Shanghai, part of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese military forces advanced upon and attacked Shanghai, Wong was a Chinese man who owned a camera shop in Shanghai. The National Revolutionary Army began to retreat from the city, leaving a blockade across the Huangpu River. At 3 pm, no aircraft were to be seen, and most of the dispersed, all except H. S. Newsreel Wong, a cameraman working for Hearst Metrotone News. At 4 pm,16 IJN aircraft appeared, circled, and bombed war refugees at Shanghais South Station, Wong descended from the rooftop to the street, where he got into his car and drove quickly toward the ruined railway station. When he arrived, he noted carnage and confusion, It was a horrible sight, people were still trying to get up. Dead and injured lay strewn across the tracks and platform, limbs lay all over the place. Only my work helped me forget what I was seeing, I stopped to reload my camera. I noticed that my shoes were soaked with blood, I walked across the railway tracks, and made many long scenes with the burning overhead bridge in the background. Then I saw a man pick up a baby from the tracks and he went back to get another badly injured child. The mother lay dead on the tracks, as I filmed this tragedy, I heard the sound of planes returning. Quickly, I shot my remaining few feet on the baby, I ran toward the child, intending to carry him to safety, but the father returned. Wong never discovered the name of the burned and crying baby, whether it was a boy or a girl, or whether he or she survived. The next morning, he took the film from his Leica camera to the offices of China Press, the Shanghai papers said that fewer than 300 people survived the attack
15.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
16.
AREP
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AREP is a multidisciplinary consultancy that is wholly owned by SNCF. It was formed in 1997 by Jean-Marie Duthilleul and Étienne Tricaud, architects and it has 600 staff from around 15 countries, including town planners, architects, engineers, economists, technicians, designers, and project managers. The main area of work for the company is mobility in the urban environment, AREP is organised into four subsidiaries, AREP, PARVIS, AREP Ville and MENIGHETTI Programmation. Lauréat dans le cadre du concours de requalification et d’aménagement de l’axe historique Nord-Sud, aix-en-Provence, new TGV station and site development, with Michel Desvigne et Christine Dalnoky landscapers. Gare dAngers-Saint-Laud, redevelopment, development plan, station management
17.
Polycarbonate
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Polycarbonates are a group of thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical structures. Polycarbonates used in engineering are strong, tough materials, and some grades are optically transparent and they are easily worked, molded, and thermoformed. Because of these properties, polycarbonates find many applications, Polycarbonates do not have a unique resin identification code and are identified as Other,7 on the RIC list. Products made from polycarbonate can contain the precursor monomer bisphenol A. Polycarbonates received their name because they are polymers containing carbonate groups, a balance of useful features, including temperature resistance, impact resistance and optical properties, positions polycarbonates between commodity plastics and engineering plastics. The main polycarbonate material is produced by the reaction of bisphenol A, the net reaction from the diphenoxide is, Na22CMe2 + COCl2 → 1/n n +2 NaCl In this way, approximately one billion kilograms of polycarbonate is produced annually. Many other diols have been tested in place of bisphenol A, e. g.1, the cyclohexane is used as a comonomer to suppress crystallisation tendency of the BPA-derived product. Tetrabromobisphenol A is used to enhance fire resistance, tetramethylcyclobutanediol has been developed as a replacement for BPA. Although it has high impact-resistance, it has low scratch-resistance, therefore, a hard coating is applied to polycarbonate eyewear lenses and polycarbonate exterior automotive components. The characteristics of polycarbonate compare to those of polymethyl methacrylate, but polycarbonate is stronger, Polycarbonate is highly transparent to visible light, with better light transmission than many kinds of glass. Polycarbonate has a transition temperature of about 147 °C, so it softens gradually above this point. Tools must be held at high temperatures, generally above 80 °C to make strain-free and stress-free products, low molecular mass grades are easier to mold than higher grades, but their strength is lower as a result. The toughest grades have the highest molecular mass, but are more difficult to process. Unlike most thermoplastics, polycarbonate can undergo plastic deformations without cracking or breaking. As a result, it can be processed and formed at room temperature using sheet metal techniques, even for sharp angle bends with a tight radius, heating may not be necessary. This makes it valuable in prototyping applications where transparent or electrically non-conductive parts are needed, pMMA/Acrylic, which is similar in appearance to polycarbonate, is brittle and cannot be bent at room temperature. Due to its chemical properties it is not conducive to laser-cutting, Injection molding into ready articles Polycarbonate may become brittle when exposed to ionizing radiation above 25 kGy. Polycarbonate is mainly used for applications that capitalize on its collective safety features. Being a good insulator and having heat-resistant and flame-retardant properties, it is used in various products associated with electrical
18.
Aluminium
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Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal, Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite, Aluminium is remarkable for the metals low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the phenomenon of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the industry and important in transportation and structures, such as building facades. The oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminium, despite its prevalence in the environment, no known form of life uses aluminium salts metabolically, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of these salts abundance, the potential for a role for them is of continuing interest. Aluminium is a soft, durable, lightweight, ductile. It is nonmagnetic and does not easily ignite, a fresh film of aluminium serves as a good reflector of visible light and an excellent reflector of medium and far infrared radiation. The yield strength of aluminium is 7–11 MPa, while aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa. Aluminium has about one-third the density and stiffness of steel and it is easily machined, cast, drawn and extruded. Aluminium atoms are arranged in a cubic structure. Aluminium has an energy of approximately 200 mJ/m2. Aluminium is a thermal and electrical conductor, having 59% the conductivity of copper. Aluminium is capable of superconductivity, with a critical temperature of 1.2 kelvin. Aluminium is the most common material for the fabrication of superconducting qubits, the strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions with alloyed copper. This corrosion resistance is reduced by aqueous salts, particularly in the presence of dissimilar metals. In highly acidic solutions, aluminium reacts with water to form hydrogen, primarily because it is corroded by dissolved chlorides, such as common sodium chloride, household plumbing is never made from aluminium
19.
Line 1, Shanghai Metro
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Line 1 is a north-south line of the Shanghai Metro network in Shanghai, China. It runs from Fujin Road in the north, via Shanghai Railway Station to Xinzhuang in the south, Line 1 serves many important points in Shanghai, including Peoples Square, a major interchange. Due to the number of important locations served, this line is extremely busy. The line is colored red on system maps, virtual Interchange with Lines 3 and 4. Peoples Square - This station serves a business and shopping area, Interchange with Lines 2 and 8. Xujiahui - This is a business and commercial area, also with tourist attractions such as the Xujiahui Cathedral, Shanghai Indoor Stadium - This station is located at the sports stadium of the same name and the biggest regional and long distance bus station in the city. Shanghai South Railway Station - This station serves the railway station of the city. Xinzhuang - The southern terminus of Line 1, interchange with Line 5, may 28,1993 - The first 4.4 km long section of the line, from Xujiahui to Shanghai South Railway Station, opens. April 10,1995 - The entire 16.1 km long line, from Shanghai Railway Station to Jinjiang Park. December 28,1996 - Separate southern section from Jinjiang Park to Xinzhuang opens, northern extension continues to operate to Shanghai Railway Station. July 1,1997 - The northern and southern sections are connected, december 28,2004 - Line runs from Gongfu Xincun - Xinzhuang after northern extension opens. December 29,2007 - Second northern extension opens, full line runs from Fujin Road - Xinzhuang
20.
Line 3, Shanghai Metro
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Line 3 is a north-south line of the Shanghai Metro network. Its rolling stock carry a yellow colour belt to differentiate them from Line 4 trains which share a portion of its track. The line runs from Jiangyang North Road in the north to Shanghai South Railway Station in the southwest of the city, while Line 1 goes straight through the city center, Line 3 roughly follows the Inner Ring Road around the city from Caoxi Road to Zhongtan Road. The line is colored yellow on system maps, Shanghai South Railway Station — North Jiangyang Road Shanghai South Railway Station — South Changjiang Road North Jiangyang Road Station – The northern terminus. Youyi Road Station – Baoshan Town is located near this station, Baoyang Road Station – Baoyang Road Ferry Terminal is located nearby. Hongkou Football Stadium – Located near the residence of Shanghai Shenhua Football Club, Shanghai Railway Station – Interchange with Line 4. A Virtual interchange with Line 1 is also present, zhongshan Park – Interchange with Lines 2 and 4. Yishan Road – Interchange with Lines 4 and 9, Shanghai South Railway Station – Interchange with Line 1. June 10,2004, Service suspended at Shilong Road, Longcao Road and Caoxi Road for automatic signal system testing, Service was restored at these stations on July 24. October 15,2005, Service to Shanghai South Railway Station was restored after the completion of the reconstruction scheme, in October 2006, according to a new naming scheme, East Wenshui Road station was renamed Dabaishu station. The scheme stressed naming stations after existing toponyms, sights and attractions rather than simply after neighbouring vertical streets, in this particular case, the renaming aimed also to eliminate possible confusion between Wenshui East Road and Wenshui Road, a newer station of Line 1. However, in a recent case, the same type of confusion occurred at Yingao West Road station of Line 3. Because it shares tracks with Line 4, Line 3 operates on a comparatively looser schedule, however, riders can expect a 2-minute train interval at any one of the shared-line stations during rush hour. To avoid confusion, Line 3 trains have the number 3 painted on the sides of trains and it should be noted that not all trains serve the whole line. Because Baoshan District is largely suburban, some trains stop service at Changjiang South Road, while others continue to Jiangyang North Road, the northernmost station. Therefore, service between Changjiang South Road and North Road operates on a 10-to-12-minute basis, compared to the rest of the line operates on a 5-to-7-minute basis. An LED screen in front of a train will indicate its terminal station, in addition to the station broadcast, because Line 3 is elevated, transferring to other underground stations typically takes more walking. In-system transfer has been introduced to all stations except Shanghai Railway Station
21.
Shanghai Metro
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The Shanghai Metro is a rapid transit system in Shanghai, China, operating urban and suburban rail transit services to 13 of its 16 municipal districts and to Huaqiao Town, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province. Opening in 1993 with full-scale construction extending back to 1986, Shanghai Metro is the third oldest rapid transit system in China, after the Beijing Subway and the Tianjin Metro. It has seen growth, significantly during the years leading up to the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. The metro system is heavily tied with other forms of public transport in Shanghai. Currently, the Shanghai Metro system is the worlds largest rapid transit system by route length and it also ranks second in the world by annual ridership after the Beijing Subway, with 3.4 billion rides delivered in 2016. The daily ridership record was set at 11.7 million on March 20,2017, further plans to connect the Shanghai Metro with the metro systems of Suzhou and Wuxi are under active review. The first line connecting Shanghai Metro Line 11 and Suzhou Metro Line 3 is projected to be completed in 2020, ambitious expansion plans call for 25 Lines with over 1,000 km of length by 2025. By then, every location in the area of Shanghai will be within 600 meters of a subway station. May 28,1993 – Southern section of Line 1 enters operation, April 10,1995 – Line 1 enters operation. December 28,1996 – Southern extension to Line 1 enters operation, sept 20,1999 – Line 2 enters operation. December 26,2000 – The eastern extension to Line 2, november 25,2003 – Line 5 enters operation. December 28,2004 – Northern extension to Line 1 enters operation, December 31,2005 – Line 4 enters operation, except the section between Lancun Road and Damuqiao Road that was delayed due to a construction accident. December 18,2006 – Northern extension to Line 3 enters operation, December 30,2006 – Western extension to Line 2 enters operation. December 29,2007 – Five lines or sections enter operation on the day, Second northern extension to Line 1 Delayed section of Line 4. Line 6 Line 8 Line 9 December 28,2008 – Line 9 is extended from Guilin Road to Yishan Road, July 5,2009 – Southern extension to Line 8 enters operation. December 5,2009 – Line 7 enters operation, December 31,2009 – The downtown section of Line 9 and the first section of Line 11 open. February 24,2010 – Short section of extension of Line 2 enters operation. Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park station is rebuilt underground, March 16,2010 – Second western extension to Line 2 enters operation, connecting Hongqiao Airport to the metro system
22.
Urban rail transit in China
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Urban rail transit in the Peoples Republic of China encompasses a broad range of urban and suburban electric passenger rail mass transit systems including subway, light rail, tram and maglev. Some classifications also include non-rail bus rapid transport, several Chinese cities had urban electric tramways in the early 20th century, which were dismantled in the 1950s-1970s. Nanjing had a railway from 1907 to 1958. The first subway in China was built in Beijing in 1969, the Tianjin Metro followed in 1984. Since 2000, the growth of transit systems in Chinese cities has accelerated. The Shanghai Metro despite being the worlds longest only started operating in 1993, from 2009 to 2015, China built 87 mass transit rail lines, totaling 3100 km, in 25 cities at the cost of ¥988.6 billion. Today China boasts both the worlds longest and second longest metro systems, out of the top 10 busiest metro systems in the world 4 of them are in China. As of early 2016, China has 3195.6 km of subway lines, hong Kongs MTR Corporation has investment, consulting and management stakes in the rapid transit systems of several mainland Chinese cities. As of January 2016,26 Chinese cities have metro systems and 39 more have metro systems approved according to the National Development, China plans to spend 4.7 trillion yuan on transport infrastructure in the next 3 years. The Chinese government published a transport whitepaper titled Development of Chinas Transport as part of its 13th Five Year Plan, the plan envisions a more sustainable transport system with priority focused on high-capacity public transit particularly urban rail transit and bus rapid transit. All cities with over 3 million residents will start or continue developing urban rail networks, regional railway networks will internally connect and integrate urban agglomerations such as the Jingjinji, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta areas. BRT systems with light blue background are not yet operational but under construction or proposed. org China Bus Rapid Transit Network
23.
Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station
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Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station is one of the three major railway stations in Shanghai, China, the others being Shanghai Railway Station and Shanghai South Railway Station. With a total area of 1.3 million square meters, Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station, located in Minhang District of Shanghai, is a major part of the Hongqiao Comprehensive Transportation Hub. The station achieves a transfer with the Terminal 2 of Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, as well as Line 2. The construction of the station began on July 20,2008 with a total investment of more than CNY15 billion. It was opened on July 1,2010, simultaneously with the opening of the Shanghai–Nanjing High-Speed Railway line, the railway station takes a total area of about 1.3 million square meters and has 16 platforms, most of which are high-speed-rail configuration. The main building of the train station measures 420 meters in length,200 meters in width,80,000 tons of steel was used to construct the train station, twice the amount of steel used to build the Beijing National Stadium. The train station waiting area is more than 10,000 square meters. The station serves 210,000 rail passengers per day, as of 2015, all trains departing from Shanghai Hongqiao belong to the G and D classes. Non-high-speed trains from Shanghai to the North and South of China depart from either the main Shanghai Railway Station or the Shanghai South Railway Station, Hongqiao Railway Station of the Shanghai Metro is served by Line 2 and Line 10. It is also accessible by bus lines and taxi. A solar system of 20,000 solar panels, with an area of 61,000 sq m. With the power output of 6.68 Megawatt, the system can produce 6.3 million kilowatt-hours of electricity per year, the Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station covers 4 floors. Level B1, the level, contains the station exit. Arrivals at all 16 train platforms exit to this level and this level provides access to the Shanghai Metros Hongqiao Railway Station stop, which is the western terminus of the Main Line of Line 10 and is also served by Line 2. The underground level also provides some fast food, such as KFC, Gongfu, Dongfang Jibai, there are three sets of Automated Ticket Machines and four sets of Ticket Windows. Level 1 is where all 30 tracks running through the station are located, most travellers simply transit through here to Level 2, the departure hall. All trains running on the Jinghu High-Speed Railway, Huhang High-Speed Railway, a few vending machines are located near the esclators. Level 2 contains 3 sets of windows and the massive departure hall
24.
Getty Images
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Getty Images, Inc. is an American stock photo agency, with headquarters in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is a supplier of stock images for business and consumers with an archive of 80 million still images and illustrations and it targets three markets—creative professionals, the media, and corporate. Getty has distribution offices around the world and capitalizes on the Internet, as Getty has acquired other older photo agencies and archives, it has digitized their collections, enabling online distribution. Getty Images now operates a commercial website which allows clients to search and browse for images, purchase usage rights. Costs of images vary according to the resolution and type of rights associated with each image. The company also offers photo services for corporate clients. In 1995, Mark Getty and Chief Executive Officer Jonathan Klein co-founded Getty Investments LLC, Mark Getty is the companys chairman. In September 1997, Getty Communications, as it was called at the time, merged with PhotoDisc, in April 2003, Getty Images entered into a partnership with Agence France-Presse to market each others images. Getty Images acquired the Michael Ochs Archives in February 2007, the Michael Ochs Archives were described by The New York Times as the premier source of musician photography in the world. In 2008, the equity firm Hellman & Friedman acquired Getty Images. In 2012, H&F put Getty up for sale, as of the ensuing sale to Carlyle Group, the company was said to have an archive that included 80 million stills and illustrations. In 2015, Jonathan Klein became the chairman and Dawn Airey was hired as Chief executive officer of Getty Images. By 1999 it had acquired one of the largest agencies, Tony Stone Images, the Hulton collection was sold by the BBC to Brian Deutsch in 1988, when it was renamed Hulton Deutsch. In 1996, the Hulton collection was sold on once more, with the acquisition of the Hulton library, Getty Images took ownership of the rights to some 15 million photographs from the British press archives dating back to the Nineteenth Century. Hulton Getty also included photographs from the Keystone Collection, as well as images by photographers such as Bert Hardy, Bill Brandt, Weegee. Getty has branched out into stock audio, music and sound effects, and also video with the acquisition of EyeWire and Energy Film Library. In 2000, Getty acquired one of its competitors, Archive Photos of New York. The Archive Photos library was combined with the Hulton Getty collection to form a new subsidiary, Archive Photos had been formed in 1990 from the merger of Pictorial Parade and Frederick Lewis Stock Photos, two well-established US photo agencies
25.
HighBeam Research
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It is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. The company was established in August 2002 after Patrick Spain, who had just sold Hoovers, the new company was called Alacritude, LLC. ELibrary had a library of 1,200 newspaper, magazine, original investors included Prism Opportunity Fund of Chicago and 1 to 1 Ventures of Stamford, Connecticut. Spain stated, There was a gap between free search like Google and high-end offerings like LexisNexis and Factiva. Later in 2002, it bought Researchville. com, by 2003, it had increased its archive base to articles from 2,600 publishers. In 2004, it was renamed HighBeam Research, in 2005, it increased its publisher base to 3,500 publishers. In 2006, Oxford University Press, Knight Ridder and The Washington Post archives were added, in 2008, it was purchased by Cengage Learning. Highbeam features many articles by the UK based Trinity Mirror Group, highbeam Research is a partner in the Womensforum network and a major content provider for the WomensForum womens issues research website. Official website Alacritude at the Wayback Machine
26.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
27.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
28.
Hangzhou Railway Station
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Hangzhou Railway Station ) is located in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province of China. It is affiliated to Shanghai Railway Bureau, and is also the terminal of the Shanghai–Hangzhou Railway, the station was built in 1906 as a stop along Jiang-Shu railway, and then was called Qing Tai Men Station. It was opened on 23 August 1907 as the railway was put into use, because the station was hundreds of meters away from Hangzhou City at that time, the residents inside the city found it inconvenient. Thus, Ma Yifu, a scholar returning from America, suggested the move into the city. The building of the station started in 1909 and completed in 1910. The station was bombarded twice in October by Japanese, and Hangzhou was occupied on 24 December, during Japanese occupation in Hangzhou, the station was rebuilt from 26 March 1941 to 21 March 1942, and its appearance resembled the style in Japans Nara period. As the passenger load continuously grew, the capacity could hardly cope with the future demands. Therefore, the old station was pulled down in 1997, and the new station was erected in 1999, Hangzhou East Railway Station Hangzhou South Railway Station Hangzhou Metro Hangzhou Railway Station Hangzhou Train Travel Guide and Timetable
29.
Geography of Shanghai
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The geography of Shanghai is characterised by its location on the Yangtze River Delta on Chinas east coast and its proximity to the Pacific Ocean via the East China Sea. The vast majority of Shanghais land area is flat, apart from a few hills in the southwest corner, due to its location on the alluvial plain of the Yangtzes river delta. Shanghai is located in the middle of Chinas east coast, near the mouth of the Yangtze River, being one of the cities in the Yangtze River Delta region. It is bordered by the Yangtze River to the north, the East China Sea to the east, Hangzhou Bay to the south, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west. The city is equidistant to Beijing and Hong Kong, and is located at 31°12′N 121°30′E, roughly the same latitude as San Diego, New Orleans, Bermuda, Marrakech, Cairo, Jerusalem. Cities within mainland China that lie on approximately the same longitude include Fuxin, Jinzhou, Dalian, Yantai, Ningbo, the municipality lies about due north of Taipei and Manila. Suzhou Creek is 125 km long and has a width of 70 to 80 meters. The Municipality of Shanghai administers a number of islands around its peninsula, including most of Chongming Island, the second-largest island of mainland China. Chongming, Changxing, and Hengsha comprise the permanently inhabited islands of Shanghai, while the citys 19 uninhabited islands covered 226.27 km2 in 2006, most of Shanghais islands are small alluvial islands created by the natural deposition of vast amounts of silt by the Yangtze River. The major islands of Chongming, Changxing, and Hengsha in Chongming County were formed in this way, the natural expansion of these islands has been greatly accelerated by reclamation projects, with Chongming more than doubling in size between 1950 and 2010. Unlike the islands of Chongming County, Jiuduansha was expanded and protected as a nature reserve to make up for the wetlands destroyed by the creation of Pudong International Airport. It is an important spawning ground for Shanghais hairy crab community, as well as other maritime, a few islands in Hangzhou Bay off Jinshan District are rocky islands. Dajinshan, Xiaojinshan, and Fushan are municipal nature reserves, the peak of Dajinshan is the highest point in the Municipality of Shanghai, with altitude of 103.4 meters. Shanghai does not administer the islands of Greater and Lesser Yangshan, instead, the belong to Zhejiang Province, despite being linked via the Donghai Bridge to Pudong. Similarly, Chongmings absorption of Jiangsus Yonglongsha shoal produced a long, Shanghai has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four distinct seasons. In contrast, and in spite of being the peak tourist season, summer in Shanghai is very warm and humid, the city is also susceptible to typhoons, none of which in recent years has caused considerable damage. The most pleasant seasons are Spring, although changeable, and Autumn, Pudong is located on the east side and is the location of Shanghais rapid development, including its new famous skyline and the Lujiazui financial district. The outer districts, or suburbs, surround the city proper, and are Baoshan, Minhang, Jiading, Jinshan, Songjiang, Qingpu, Nanhui, Fengxian, and the rural eastern part of Pudong
30.
History of Shanghai
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The history of Shanghai spans over a thousand years and closely parallels the development of modern China. Originally a small village, Shanghai developed during the late Qing dynasty as one of Chinas principal trading ports. Since the economic reforms of the early 1990s the city has burgeoned to become one of Asias major financial centers and the worlds busiest container port. Around 6000 BCE, only the part of the Shanghai region encompassing todays Qingpu, Songjiang. The modern Jiading, Minhang and Fengxian districts emerged around 1,000 BC while the area remained underwater. The earliest Neolithic settlements known in this date to the Majiabang culture. This was overlapped by the Songze culture between around 3800–3300 BCE, by the 4th and 5th centuries CE, during the Eastern Jin dynasty, a thriving fishing industry had developed along the Song River—now known as Suzhou Creek, —a tributary of the Huangpu River. The character Hu is still used as an abbreviation to denote the city, qinglong Zhen, the Garrison of the Green Dragon, the first garrison in this area, was founded in 746 during the Tang dynasty in what is now the Qingpu District of Shanghai. Five years later, Huating Zhèn followed, demonstrating the growth of the region, later on, the areas proximity to Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song dynasty, proved beneficial. As a result, the flourishing and prosperous town earn the sobriquet Little Hangzhou, according to official government sources, Shanghai first became a city in 1291 during the Yuan dynasty. At this time, five of Huating Zhens villages were amalgamated to form a new Shanghai County on the site of the city centre. This new settlement had a population of about 300,000 with many engaged in the shipping trade, by the early 15th century, Shanghai had become important enough for Ming dynasty engineers to begin dredging the Huangpu River. In 1553, a city wall was built around the Old Town as a defense against the depredations of the Wokou, Shanghai had its first contact with the Jesuits in 1603 when the Shanghai scholar-bureaucrat Xu Guangqi was baptized by Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci. Xu later bequeathed some of his land in Shanghai, todays Xujiahui, meaning Xu family village, by the end of the Ming dynasty in 1664, Shanghai had become a major cotton and textile center with a population that would soon reach 200,000. During the late Qing dynasty, Shanghais economy began to rival that of the larger market at Suzhou. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, exports of cotton, silk, in 1832, the British East India Company explored Shanghai and the Yangzi River as a potential trading center for tea, silk, and opium, but was rebuffed by local officials. The British then forced the Chinese to import British opium by waging the First Opium War between 1839 and 1842, the Qing military forces proved no match for the British. The war finally ended with the Treaty of Nanjing and Shanghai was one of five Chinese cities to be opened up to British consuls, merchants, and their families
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Timeline of Shanghai
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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Shanghai, China. 5th-7th century CE - Fishing village develops where Suzhou Creek enters the Huangpu River,751 CE - Area becomes part of Huating county. 976 CE - Longhua Temple rebuilt, 12th century - Market town develops. 1292 - Town becomes county seat,1732 - Customs office relocated to Shanghai from Songjiang. 1789 - Guyi Garden becomes communal property,184219 June, Shanghai taken by British forces. Shanghai opens to foreigners per Treaty of Nanking,1845 David Sassoon & Sons in business. British settlement established on outskirts of Old City,1846 - Richards Hotel and Restaurant in business. 1850 North-China Herald newspaper begins publication,1851 - Jardine, Matheson & Co. branch built. 1853 Small Swords Society occupies Old City,1854 Imperial Maritime Custom Offices installed. Shanghai Municipal Council formed by westerners,1855 - Shanghai Race Club founded. 1857 - Royal Asiatic Society North-China Branch established,1859 - Astor House Hotel in business. 1860 August, Taiping rebels unsuccessfully attempt to take city, New Northern Gate built into city wall. Correspondents Club formed by British residents,1863 - Hongkou becomes part of American Concession. 1865 Kiangnan Arsenal and Long Men College established, hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation branch opens. 1866 - Butterfield & Swire in business,1868 - Musee de Zikawei founded. 1869 - Holy Trinity Church dedicated,1872 - Shen Bao newspaper begins publication. Natural history museum established by Royal Asiatic Society North-China Branch,1876 - Woosung Railway begins operating. 1889 - Ostasiatischer Lloyd newspaper begins publication,1896 - Nanyang Public School and Consulate-General of Russia in Shanghai established
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Politics of Shanghai
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The Politics of Shanghai is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland of the Peoples Republic of China. In the last few decades the city has produced many of the eventual senior leaders, including Jiang Zemin, Zhu Rongji, Wu Bangguo. The Mayor of the Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government is the highest ranking official in Shanghai. Since Shanghai is a municipality of China, the mayor occupies the same level in the order of precedence as provincial governors. Before 1941, Shanghai had an administration, the International Settlement, the French Concession. The Chinese city was invaded by the Japanese in 1937 and the concessions were occupied by the Japanese in 1941. After the occupation, the foreign powers formally ceded the territory to the Nationalist Government in Chongqing, prior to the establishment of the office of Mayor of Shanghai, the citys administration was overseen by the circuit intendant. The office was abolished at the fall of the Qing
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Huangpu District, Shanghai
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Huangpu District, makes up the eastern part of Shanghais traditional urban core and is today the most central of Shanghais 18 districts. The Huangpu District is one of the most densely populated districts in the world. The Huangpu District is located in central Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China on the bank of Huangpu River, after which the district is named. It is opposite to Pudong and is bounded by Suzhou Creek to the north, todays Huangpu District is sometimes referred to as new Huangpu to distinguish it from the pre-merger Huangpu District which existed before 2000. In 2000, the pre-merger Huangpu and Nanshi districts were combined to form a new district, in June 2011, the existing Huangpu District was combined with Luwan District to form a further new district, again called Huangpu. As a result of merger, it currently has an area of 20.43 square kilometres and 678,670 inhabitants. Of the three districts that make up todays Huangpu, the pre-merger Huangpu District is located to the north, bounded by Suzhou Creek in the north. South of the per-merger Huangpu District was Nanshi District, bounded by the Huangpu River to the east, west of Nanshi District was Luwan District, bounded by the Huangpu River to the south. Each of these have a history and character. The former Nanshi District, literally southern city, was the core of Shanghai. It included the old, walled city as well as the nearby docklands on both sides of the Huangpu River, Shanghai County was established at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. A city wall was built to repel the Wokou, and this Ming Dynasty wall defined the extent of urban Shanghai for the few centuries. In 1842, the north of the old city was established as the British concession in Shanghai. At the time, the concession was referred to by locals as the city while the walled Chinese city was the southern city. From this reference was derived the name Nanshi. Upon the defeat of Japan at the end of World War II, in 1945, after the Republic of China government took control, the old city was divided into the Third District and the Fourth District. In 1959 these were merged to form Nanshi District, the pre-merger Huangpu District was largely located in the former Shanghai International Settlement. In the later part of the 19th century and the early 20th century, the International Settlement was handed back to the Chinese government in 1943
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Changning District
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Changning District, is a district of Shanghai, China. It has an area of 37.19 square kilometres. The district government is located at 1320 Yuyuan Rd. Zhongshan Park is located in the district, Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport is located in Changning. China Eastern Airlines has its headquarters, the China Eastern Airlines Building, China Cargo Airlines has its headquarters on the airport property. Spring Airlines has its headquarters in the Homeyo Hotel in Changning, juneyao Airlines has its headquarters in the district. Huazhu Hotels or China Lodging, which operates Hanting Hotels and other brands, has its headquarters in the district, renren Inc. has its Shanghai office in the SOHO Zhong Shan Square in Changning District. The Shanghai Zoo is located in the district, New Town Central Park opened in 2000. Shanghai Yanan High School, a well known for its mathematics program. Shanghai New Hongqiao High School is a private school, Changning District travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website of Changning District Official website of Changning District
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Jing'an District
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Jingan District, is one of the central districts of Shanghai. It has an area of 37 km², the district borders the Hongkou District to the east, Huangpu District to the east and south, Putuo District to the west, Baoshan District to the north and Changning District to the west. On 4 November 2015, Zhabei District merged with Jingan District bringing Shanghai down to 15 districts and one county. Jingan District was named after Jingan Temple, an ancient traditional Chinese Buddhist temple, todays temple is a new replica of the old one, located in the southern part of the district. An Art Deco dancehall is just across the street, around the neighborhood are bar streets, although some areas develop, Jingan Park, located opposite to the temple, is quite popular among locals, it used to be a graveyard for foreigners in the old Shanghai. Historically, the part of the district, what used to be Zhabei, has been highly populated with working class residents. Development in the part of the district has been rapid. West Nanjing Road is one of Shanghais premier shopping districts, and is home to five-star hotels, key landmarks on West Nanjing Road include the Shanghai Exhibition Centre and the Shanghai Centre. The southern part of the district is one of Shanghais key central business and it contains numerous large office buildings, hotels, and many shopping venues at the street level. The district comprises a prominent portion of the Shanghai skyline, the district is also known for having many high-rise residential buildings. The northern part of the used to be the place of agglomeration of traditional industries such as flavor factory. In the last decade, the municipality decided to move the old industry out in order to space for more promising ones such as the hi-tech. It has attracted foreign companies to build offices, apartments. It is also where the Shanghai Multimedia Valley is located to attract media, major companies located in Zhabei include TÜV Rheinland, Royal Philips Electronics and Shanghai Bell Alcatel Business Systems Co. China Resources Beverage, the distributor of Cestbon water, has its east China regional office on the floor of the Huanzhi International Building in the district. Daning Lingshi Park, the biggest green area in the area, is surrounded by a series of cultural facilities such as the Zhabei Stadium. The Shanghai University, Yanchang Campus is also located near the Daning Lingshi Park, Jingan District travel guide from Wikivoyage Jingan District website Jingan District website Zhabei District travel guide from Wikivoyage Shanghai Zhabei Government Portal Shanghai Circus World
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Putuo District, Shanghai
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Putuo District, is a municipal district of Shanghai Municipality, Peoples Republic of China. It covers an area of 54.83 km2, Putuo District borders Baoshan District to the north, Jingan District to the east and south east, Changning District to the south west and Jiading District to the west. The name of Putuo District comes from Putuo Road, located within the district, suzhou Creek crosses the Putuo District and makes up the eastern boundary of the area, shared by Jingan District. The Shanghai Putuo District Peoples Government is located on Daduhe Road, the Zhenru Temple, Jade Buddha Temple, and Changfeng Park are located in the district. The Shanghai West Railway Station is in Putuo District, east China Normal University has a Putuo campus. Putuo District has eight subdistricts and two townships, below is a list of subdistricts and towns in Putuo District. Mami, a Chinese maternity wear brand, has its headquarters in the district, lianhua Supermarket has its Shanghai office in the district. In 2009, the total registered population was 872,600. The natural growth rate of households was -1. 99‰, at the end of 2009, there was a resident population of 1,135,900. The Putuo district is home to populations representing 44 minorities, the largest of whom are Chinese Muslims from the countrys northwest and they account for a total minority population of 70%. In 2014, 100% of children residing in Putuo District are enrolled in compulsory education, the station serves the, Shanghai-Nanjing Intercity High-Speed Railway, and the, Beijing-Shanghai Railway. There are 34 public diesel bus routes,4 electric bus routes and 85 long-distance bus routes running through Putuo District, due to regulations set out by the Chinese government, in March 2014, the bureau was renamed to Shanghai Post Putuo District Branch. Putuo District, Shanghai travel guide from Wikivoyage
China Railway
