1.
Special wards of Tokyo
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The special wards are 23 municipalities that together make up the core and the most populous part of Tokyo, Japan. Together, they occupy the land that was originally Tokyo City before it was abolished in 1943 to become part of the newly created Tokyo Metropolis, the special wards structure was established under the Japanese Local Autonomy Act and is unique to Tokyo. In Japanese, they are known as the 23 wards. Confusingly, all refer to themselves as a city in English. Moreover, in everyday English, Tokyo as a whole is referred to as a city. Thus, the closest English equivalents for the special wards would be the London boroughs, and this is merely a grouping of special wards, there is no associated single government body of wards separate from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. These services are handled by the Tokyo metropolitan government, whereas cities would provide these services themselves. This situation is identical between the Federal District and its 31 administrative regions in Brazil, waste disposal is handled by each ward under direction of the metropolitan government. Unlike other municipalities, special wards were not considered to be local public entities for purposes of the Constitution of Japan. This means that they had no right to pass their own legislation. The denial of elected mayors to the wards was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in the 1963 decision Japan v. Kobayashi et al. The word special distinguishes them from the wards of other major Japanese cities, before 1943, the wards of Tokyo City were no different from the wards of Osaka or Kyoto. These original wards numbered 15 in 1889, large areas from five surrounding districts were merged into the city in 1932 and organized in 20 new wards, bringing the total to 35, the expanded city was also referred to as Greater Tokyo. By this merger, together with ones in 1920 and 1936. The 35 wards of the city were integrated into 22 on March 15,1947 just before the legal definition of special wards was given by the Local Autonomy Law. The 23rd ward, Nerima, was formed on August 1,1947 when Itabashi was split again, the postwar reorganization under the US-led occupation authorities democratized the prefectural administrations but did not include the reinstitution of Tokyo City. Each special ward has its own elected mayor and assembly, in 2000, the National Diet designated the special wards as local public entities, giving them a legal status similar to cities. The wards vary greatly in area and population, and some are expanding as artificial islands are built, setagaya has the most people, while neighboring Ōta has the largest area
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
4.
Prefectures of Japan
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The Prefectures of Japan consist of 47 prefectures. They form the first level of jurisdiction and administrative division of Japan and they consist of 43 prefectures proper, two urban prefectures, one circuit or territory and one metropolis. The Meiji Fuhanken sanchisei administration created the first prefectures to replace the provinces of Japan in 1868, each prefectures chief executive is a directly-elected governor. Ordinances and budgets are enacted by an assembly whose members are elected for four-year terms. Under the current Local Autonomy Law, each prefecture is subdivided into cities and districts and each district into towns, for example, Hokkaido has 14 subprefectures that act as branch offices of the prefecture. Some other prefectures also have offices that carry out prefectural administrative functions outside the capital. Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is a merged city-prefecture, the Wests use of prefecture to label these Japanese regions stems from 16th-century Portuguese explorers and traders use of prefeitura to describe the fiefdoms they encountered there. Its original sense in Portuguese, however, was closer to municipality than province and those fiefs were headed by a local warlord or family. Though the fiefs have long since been dismantled, merged, and reorganized multiple times, and been granted legislative governance and oversight, the Meiji government established the current system in July 1871 with the abolition of the Han system and establishment of the prefecture system. Although there were initially over 300 prefectures, many of them being former Han territories, this number was reduced to 72 in the part of 1871. The Local Autonomy Law of 1947 gave more power to prefectures. In 2003, then-Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi proposed that the government consolidate the current prefectures into about 10 regional states, the plan called for each region to have greater autonomy than existing prefectures. This process would reduce the number of administrative regions and cut administrative costs. As of August 2012, no reorganization has been scheduled, the central government delegates many functions to the prefectures and municipalities, but retains the overall right to control them. Although local government expenditure accounts for 70 percent of government expenditure, the central government controls local budgets, tax rates. Historically, during the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate established bugyō-ruled zones around the nine largest cities in Japan, and 302 township-ruled zones elsewhere. When the Meiji government began to create the system in 1868, the nine bugyō-ruled zones became fu, while the township-ruled zones. Later, in 1871, the government designated Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto as fu, during World War II, in 1943, Tokyo became a to, a new type of pseudo-prefecture
5.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
6.
Japan Standard Time
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Japan Standard Time or JST is the standard timezone in Japan, and is 9 hours ahead of UTC, i. e. it is UTC+09,00. There is no daylight saving time, though its introduction has been debated several times, during World War II, it was often called Tokyo Standard Time. Japan Standard Time is the same as Korean Standard Time, Indonesian Eastern Standard Time, before the Meiji era, each local region had its own timezone in which noon was when the sun was exactly at its zenith. As modern transportation methods, such as trains, were adopted, in 1886, Ordinance 51 was issued in response to this problem, which stated, Ordinance 51 - July 13,1886 The prime meridian passes through Englands Greenwich Observatory. Longitudes are calculated using the prime meridian, counting 180 degrees either east or west, positive degrees are east, negative degrees are west. On January 1,1888,135 degrees east longitude will be set as the meridian for all of Japan. According to this, the time was set 9 hours ahead of GMT. In the ordinance, the first clause mentions GMT, the second defines east longitude and west longitude, the city of Akashi in Hyōgo Prefecture is located exactly on 135 degrees east longitude and subsequently became known as Toki no machi. While Korea came under Japanese rule in 1910, Korea Standard Time of UTC+8,30 continued to be used until 1912, when it was changed to Central Standard Time. Western Standard Time, which was used in Taiwan and some parts of Okinawa, was abolished by Ordinance 529 in 1937 and replaced by Central Standard Time in those areas. Territories occupied by Japan during World War II, including Singapore and Malaya, adopted Japan Standard Time for the duration of their occupation, more recently there have been efforts to bring back DST in Japan, but so far this has not happened. The two-time-zone system was implemented in Japan between January 1896 and September 1937, From October 1937, Central Standard Time was also used in western Okinawa, the IANA time zone database contains one zone for Japan in the file zone. tab, named Asia/Tokyo. From 1948–51, Japan observed DST between May and September every year under an initiative of the U. S. -led occupation army, since then, DST has never been officially implemented nationwide in Japan. Starting in the late 1990s, a movement to reinstate DST in Japan gained some popularity, aiming at saving energy, in the early 2000s, a few local governments and commerce departments promoted unmandated hour-earlier work schedule experiments during the summer without officially resetting clocks. The Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy is expected to propose that the Japanese government begin studying DST in an attempt to combat global warming. Japanese PM Shinzo Abe made a significant effort to introduce daylight saving time, however, it is not clear that DST would conserve energy in Japan. JJY Japanese calendar UTC+09,00 Japanese clock
7.
Shinjuku Station
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Shinjuku Station is a major railway station in Shinjuku and Shibuya wards in Tokyo, Japan. The station itself has 36 platforms, including an arcade, above ground arcade. There are well over 200 exits, another 17 platforms can be accessed through hallways to 5 directly connected stations without surfacing outside. These consist of eight island platforms on a north-south axis. The JR section alone handles an average of 1.5 million passengers a day, the terminus for the private Odakyu Odawara Line is parallel to the JR platforms on the west side, and handles an average of 490,000 passengers daily. This is a commuter route stretching southwest through the suburbs and out towards the coastal city of Odawara. The ten platforms are built on two levels beneath the Odakyu department store, three express service tracks on the level and two tracks on the level below. Each track has platforms on both sides in order to separate boarding and alighting passengers. Chest-high platform screen doors were added to platforms 4 and 5 in September 2012, the Keio Line concourse is located to the west of the Odakyu line concourse, two floors below ground level under Keio department store. It consists of three platforms stretching north to south, approximately 720,000 passengers use this section daily, which makes it the busiest amongst the non-JR Group railways of Japan. This suburban commuter line links Shinjuku to the city of Hachiōji to the west, chest-high platform edge doors were introduced on the Keio Line platforms in March 2014. The doors are different colours for each platform, the doors on platform 2 are green. The concourse is managed by Keio Corporation but is in a location to the main Keio platforms. Further south are the two north-to-south Toei Ōedo subway line platforms, Tokyo Metros two Marunouchi Line underground platforms stretch east-west to the north of the JR and Odakyu facilities, directly below the Metro Promenade underground mall. Many department stores and shopping malls are built directly into the station, the Metro Promenade in turn connects to Shinjuku Subnade, another underground shopping mall, which leads onto Seibu Railways Seibu-Shinjuku station. On April 4,2016, the new bus terminal and commercial facilities nearby south exit, named Busta Shinjuku, considerable numbers of the coaches and the airport buses depart from this new terminal. The figures below are the number of passengers entering and exiting each day released by each train operator. The figure for JR East only includes entering passengers, the passenger figures for the JR East station in previous years are as shown below
8.
Shibuya Station
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Shibuya Station is a railway station in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan, operated jointly by East Japan Railway Company, Keio Corporation, Tokyu Corporation, and Tokyo Metro. Shibuya station is undergoing major renovations as a part of a long-term site redevelopment plan. While all rail and subway lines continue to operate, some station exits, the east side of the main station has since March 2013 been transformed due to the provision of through train services between the Tokyu Toyoko Line and the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line. The Shibuya Hikarie building, also owned by the Tokyu Group was opened in 2012 and features department store retail, restaurants, the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line, originally built and operated by a Tokyu keiretsu company, continues to use platforms on the third floor of the station building. The JR lines are on the floor in a north–south orientation. There are six exits from the main JR/Tokyu/Tokyo Metro complex, the Hachikō Exit on the west side, named for the nearby statue of the dog Hachikō and adjacent to Shibuyas famous scramble crossing, is a particularly popular meeting spot. The Tamagawa Exit on the west side leads to the Keiō Inokashira Line station, the Yamanote Line is served by two side platforms with two tracks. The Saikyo Line and Shonan-Shinjuku Line is served by one platform with two tracks. The Saikyo Line platform is located to the south of the Yamanote Line platforms, there is one underground island platform on the third basement level, serving two tracks. Two underground island platforms on the basement level serve four tracks. Two side platforms serving two tracks, the Keio station consists of two bay platforms serving two tracks. Shibuya Station first opened on March 1,1885 as a stop on the Shinagawa Line, a predecessor of the present-day Yamanote Line. The station was expanded to accommodate the Tamagawa Railway, the Toyoko Line, the Teito Shibuya Line, the Tōkyō Rapid Railway, the Den-en-toshi Line, the Hanzōmon Line. Between 1925 and 1935, an Akita dog named Hachiko waited for his deceased owner, in 1946 the infamous Shibuya incident, a gang fight involving hundreds of people, occurred in front of the station. Between December 2008 and March 2009, piezoelectric mats were installed at Shibuya Station as a small scale test, from 22 February 2013, station numbering was introduced on Keio lines, with Shibuya Station becoming IN01. The former above-ground Tokyu Toyoko Line terminal station platforms were taken out of use after the last train service on 15 March 2013, from the start of the revised timetable on 16 March 2013, Toyoko Line services used the underground platforms 3-6 shared with Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line services. The station had four 8-car long bay platforms numbered 1 to 4, JR East is in the process of rebuilding the station, with reconstruction work starting in earnest in fiscal 2015. Tokyu also plans to open a 16-story commercial/residential complex at the station in 2018, in fiscal 2013, the JR East station was used by 378,539 passengers daily, making it the fifth-busiest JR East station
9.
Population
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A population is the number of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding. In sociology, population refers to a collection of humans, Demography is a social science which entails the statistical study of human populations. This article refers mainly to human population, in population genetics a sexual population is a set of organisms in which any pair of members can breed together. This means that they can regularly exchange gametes to produce normally-fertile offspring and this also implies that all members belong to the same species. If the gamodeme is very large, and all gene alleles are uniformly distributed by the gametes within it, however, there may be low frequencies of exchange with these neighbours. This may be viewed as the breaking up of a sexual population into smaller overlapping sexual populations. The overall rise in homozygosity is quantified by the inbreeding coefficient, note that all homozygotes are increased in frequency – both the deleterious and the desirable. The mean phenotype of the collection is lower than that of the panmictic original – which is known as inbreeding depression. It is most important to note, however, that some lines will be superior to the panmictic original, while some will be about the same. The probabilities of each can be estimated from those binomial equations, in plant and animal breeding, procedures have been developed which deliberately utilise the effects of dispersion. It can be shown that dispersion-assisted selection leads to the greatest genetic advance and this is so for both allogamous and autogamous gamodemes. In ecology, the population of a species in a certain area can be estimated using the Lincoln Index. As of todays date, the population is estimated by the United States Census Bureau to be 7.496 billion. The US Census Bureau estimates the 7 billion number was surpassed on 12 March 2012, according to papers published by the United States Census Bureau, the world population hit 6.5 billion on 24 February 2006. The United Nations Population Fund designated 12 October 1999 as the day on which world population reached 6 billion. This was about 12 years after world population reached 5 billion in 1987, the population of countries such as Nigeria, is not even known to the nearest million, so there is a considerable margin of error in such estimates. Researcher Carl Haub calculated that a total of over 100 billion people have probably been born in the last 2000 years, Population growth increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace from 1700 onwards. In 2007 the United Nations Population Division projected that the population will likely surpass 10 billion in 2055
10.
Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
11.
Yamanote Line
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The Yamanote Line is a railway loop line in Tokyo, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company. However, in everyday usage the Yamanote Line refers to the entire 34.5 km loop line served by local trains. Trains run from 04,26 to 01,18 the next day at intervals as short as 2.5 minutes during peak periods, a complete loop takes 59 to 65 minutes. All trains stop at each station, trains are put into and taken out of service at Ōsaki and sometimes Ikebukuro. Certain trains also start from Tamachi in the mornings and end at Shinagawa in the evenings, trains which run clockwise are known as sotomawari and those counter-clockwise as uchi-mawari. The line also acts as a fare zone destination for JR tickets from locations outside Tokyo and this refers to stations on the Yamanote Line as well as the Chūō-Sōbu Line between Sendagaya and Ochanomizu. The line colour used on all rolling stock, station signs and diagrams is JNR Yellow Green No.6, the ridership of the Yamanote Line in 2015 is 1,097,093 passengers. However, in case the Yamanote Line refers to JR Easts internal definition of the entire rail corridor between Shinagawa and Tabata stations via Shinjuku. As such ridership of the local service connecting its 29 stations is divided into several corridors making a complete count of only the Yamanote Loop unavailable. Ridership of the Saikyō and Shōnan–Shinjuku Lines sharing the corridor on the parallel Yamanote freight line are included in the ridership of the Yamanote Line, while the ridership of the Yamanote Line between Tabata and Shinagawa Station is excluded and counted as part of the Tōhoku and Tōkaidō Main Lines. Due to the Yamanote Lines central location connecting most of Tokyos major commuter hubs and commercial areas, sections of the line were running over 250% capacity in the 1990s and remained above 200% for most of the 2000s. As of 2016, the busiest section of the runs at 167% capacity. Yamanote literally refers to inland, hillier districts or foothills, in Tokyo, Yamanote lies along the western side of the Yamanote Line loop. Yamanote-sen is officially written in Japanese without the no, which makes its pronunciation ambiguous in print. The characters 山手 may also be pronounced yamate, as in Yamate-dōri, the Seishin-Yamate Line in Kobe and the Yamate area of Yokohama also use this pronunciation. After World War II, SCAP ordered all train placards to be romanized, and it was thus alternatively known as Yamanote and Yamate until 1971, when the Japanese National Railways changed the pronunciation back to Yamanote. Some older people still refer to the line as the Yamate Line, stations are listed in order clockwise from Shinagawa to Tabata, but for operational purposes trains officially start and terminate at Ōsaki. All trains on the Yamanote Line are local trains stop at all stations
12.
Wards of Japan
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A ward is a subdivision of the cities of Japan that are large enough to have been designated by government ordinance. Wards are used to each city designated by government ordinance. The 23 special wards of Tokyo have a status, and are not the same as other entities referred to as ku. Wards are local entities directly controlled by the municipal government and they handle administrative functions such as koseki registration, health insurance, and property taxation. Many wards have affiliated residents organizations for a number of tasks, for more information, see Special wards of Tokyo. The special wards of Tokyo are not normal wards in the sense of the term
13.
Tokyo Prefecture
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Tokyo Prefecture is a former Japanese government entity which existed between 1869 and 1943. In 1943, the municipalities, including the traditional city of Tokyo. Japans Evolving Nested Municipal Hierarchy, The Race for Local Power in the 2000s, historical Development of Japanese Local Governance
14.
Tokyo City
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Tokyo City was a municipality in Japan and part of Tokyo-fu which existed from 1 May 1889 until its merger with its prefecture on 1 July 1943. The historical boundaries of Tokyo City are now occupied by the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the new merged government became what is now Tokyo, also known as the Tokyo Metropolis, or, ambiguously, Tokyo Prefecture. In 1868, the city of Edo, seat of the Tokugawa government, was renamed Tokyo. The extent of Tokyo Prefecture was initially limited to the former Edo city, in Tokyo Prefecture, this created 15 wards and six counties/districts. The Tokyo city council/assembly was first elected in May 1889, each ward also retained its own assembly. From 1926, the mayor was elected by the elected city council/assembly from its own ranks, the city hall of Tokyo was located in the Yūrakuchō district, on a site now occupied by the Tokyo International Forum. Tokyo became the second-largest city in the world upon absorbing several outlying districts in July 1932 and this system remained in place until 1947 when the current structure of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government was formed. Capital of Japan Politics of Tokyo City Steiner, Kurt, Local Government in Japan Historical Development of Japanese Local Governance
15.
Keio Inokashira Line
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It is not physically connected to the Keio Main Line Network, but a transfer is available at Meidaimae Station. This line is 1,067 mm gauge, unlike other Keio lines which are 1,372 mm gauge, Keio operates two types of trains on the line, all-stations Local services and limited-stop Express services. During the daytime off-peak, two locals and one express operate every 12 minutes on the line, the line opened in 1933, dual track connecting Shibuya in Tokyo to Inokashira-kōen, owned by Teito Electric Railway, part of the Odakyu Group. The track gauge used was the same 1,067 mm as for other Odakyu lines, the line was extended to Kichijōji in April 1934. After World War II, Greater Tokyu was divided, and the Inokashira Line came under Keio ownership. A line known as the Daita Link Line connected Daita-nichōme Station on the Inokashira Line with Setagaya-Nakahara Station on the Odakyū Odawara Line from June 1945, the track and overhead wire was entirely removed in 1953, although some traces of the trackbed remain today. Two stations, Tōdaimae and Komaba, closed in July 1965 and were replaced by a new station, from 25 February 1969, following the voltage being increased to 1500 VDC, air-conditioned trains were introduced on the Inokashira Line. From 30 April 1971, the 3000 series trains were lengthened to 5-cars, from 22 February 2013, station numbering was introduced on Keio lines. Inokashira Line stations were numbered prefixed with the letters IN
16.
Tokyo Metro Ginza Line
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The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line is a subway line in Tokyo, Japan, operated by the Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro. The official name is Line 3 Ginza Line and it is 14.3 km long and serves the wards of Shibuya, Minato, Chūō, Chiyoda, and Taitō. The line holds the distinction of being the oldest subway line in Asia, on maps, diagrams and signboards, the line is shown using the color orange, and its stations are given numbers using the letter G. Almost all Ginza Line trains operate on the full length from Asakusa to Shibuya. However, two trains depart in the morning from Toranomon, and some late-night trains from Shibuya are taken out of service at Ueno. Along with the Marunouchi Line, it is self-enclosed and does not have any through services with other railway lines. On weekdays, trains run every two minutes in the peak, every 2 minutes and 15 seconds in the evening peak. The first trains start from Shibuya and Asakusa at 05,01, and the last ones reach Shibuya at 00,37, being the oldest line on the Tokyo Metro, stations are also the closest to the surface—generally no more than one and a half stories underground. The western end of the line emerges to the surface and enters Shibuya Station located on the third-floor of a building that is located in a depression. The Ginza Line was conceived by a businessman named Noritsugu Hayakawa and he founded the Tokyo Underground Railway in 1920, and began construction in 1925. The portion between Ueno and Asakusa was completed on December 30,1927 and publicized as the first underground railway in the Orient, upon its opening, the line was so popular that passengers often had to wait more than two hours to ride a train for a five-minute trip. On January 1,1930, the subway was extended by 1.7 km to temporary Manseibashi Station, the Great Depression slowed down construction, but the line finally reached its originally planned terminus of Shinbashi on June 21,1934. In 1938, the Tōkyō Rapid Railway, a company tied to the predecessor of todays Tokyu Corporation, the two lines began through-service interoperation in 1939 and were formally merged as the Teito Rapid Transit Authority in July 1941. The Ginza Line name was applied in 1953 to distinguish the line from the new Marunouchi Line, in the postwar economic boom, the Ginza Line became increasingly crowded. Automatic train control and Train automatic stopping controller were activated on the Ginza Line on July 31,1993 and this allowed for an increase in the maximum operating speed limit from 55 km/h to 65 km/h, which came into effect on August 2,1993. The newest station on the line, Tameike-Sannō Station, opened in 1997 to provide a connection to the newly built Namboku Line, since April 2012, the Ginza Line uses a fleet of 40 six-car Tokyo Metro 1000 series EMUs which have a maximum speed of 80 km/h. Each car is 16 m long and 2.55 m wide and they are powered by a third rail electrified at 600 V DC. The facility is capable of holding up to 20 6-car formations, major inspections are carried out at Tokyo Metros Nakano depot on the Marunouchi Line, forwarding over a connecting track at Akasaka-Mitsuke
17.
Occupation of Japan
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The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, with support from the British Commonwealth. Unlike in the occupation of Germany, the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan and this foreign presence marked the only time in Japans history that it had been occupied by a foreign power. It transformed the country into a democracy that recalled New Deal priorities of the 1930s politics by Roosevelt. Japan surrendered to the Allies on August 14,1945, when the Japanese government notified the Allies that it had accepted the Potsdam Declaration. At Yalta, Stalin made sure Roosevelt was clear on the promise he had made that urged assistance from the USSR on intervening in the war in Japan with the U. S, (On the following day, Emperor Hirohito announced Japans unconditional surrender on the radio. The announcement was the emperors first ever planned radio broadcast and the first time most citizens of Japan ever heard their sovereigns voice. This date is known as Victory over Japan, or V-J Day, and marked the end of World War II, Japanese officials left for Manila, Philippines on August 19 to meet MacArthur and to be briefed on his plans for the occupation. On August 28,1945,150 US personnel flew to Atsugi and they were followed by USS Missouri, whose accompanying vessels landed the 4th Marine Division on the southern coast of Kanagawa. MacArthur arrived in Tokyo on August 30, and immediately decreed several laws, No Allied personnel were to assault Japanese people. No Allied personnel were to eat the scarce Japanese food, flying the Hinomaru or Rising Sun flag was initially severely restricted. This restriction was lifted in 1948 and completely lifted the following year. On September 2,1945, Japan formally surrendered with the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, on September 6, US President Truman approved a document titled US Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan. The document set two main objectives for the occupation, eliminating Japans war potential and turning Japan into a nation with pro-United Nations orientation. At the head of the Occupation administration was General MacArthur, who was supposed to defer to an advisory council set up by the Allied powers. Looking back to his work in Japan, MacArthur described the Japanese reactions as acting similar to a boy of twelve and were at odds of putting away their troubled past. On V-J Day, US President Harry Truman appointed General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, during the war, the Allied Powers had planned to divide Japan amongst themselves for the purposes of occupation, as was done for the occupation of Germany. The Soviet Union had some intentions of occupying Hokkaidō, had this occurred, there might have eventually been a communist state in the Soviet zone of occupation. However, unlike the Soviet occupations of East Germany and North Korea, even with these measures, millions of people were still on the brink of starvation for several years after the surrender
18.
Yoyogi Park
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Yoyogi Park is a large park in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan, located adjacent to Harajuku Station and Meiji Shrine. Yoyogi Park stands on the site from where the first successful powered flight in Japan took place by Captain Yoshitoshi Tokugawa on 19 December 1910. The area later became a parade ground. From September 1945, the site housed the military barracks known as the Washington Heights for U. S. officers during the Allied occupation of Japan, in 1964, the area was used for the Tokyo Olympics housing the main athletes village and the Yoyogi National Gymnasium. The distinctive building, which was designed by Kenzo Tange, hosted the swimming and diving, in 1967 most of the area north of the gymnasium complex and south of Meiji Shrine was turned into Yoyogi Park. The park is a popular Tokyo destination, on Sundays, it is especially busy when it is used as a gathering place for Japanese rock music fans, jugglers, comedians, martial arts clubs, cosplayers and other subculture and hobby groups. In spring, thousands of people visit the park to enjoy the cherry blossom during hanami, the landscaped park has picnic areas, bike paths, cycle rentals and public sport courts. Tokyos failed bid to host the 2016 Summer Olympics included a proposal to redevelop Yoyogi Park, a new volleyball arena was to be built west of the Yoyogi National Gymnasium. It would have replaced an existing soccer field and athletic field, the arena would have remained after the Olympics as a multiple use venue. In Tokyos 2020 Summer Olympics bid, Yoyogi National Gymnasium is the venue for handball events. In 2014, Tokyo experienced one of its worst dengue outbreaks in 100 years. The first case was reported on August 27,2014, using gene sequencing techniques, scientists determined that the outbreak originated in Yoyogi Park. Dozens of visitors to the area contracted the disease, leading to the closure on September 4. No further cases were discovered after September 18, and the park re-opened to the public on October 31, Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building Map Tokyo Metropolitan Parks Guide, Yoyogi Information
19.
1964 Summer Olympics
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The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan, from October 10 to 24,1964. The 1964 Summer Games were the first Olympics held in Asia, Tokyo was chosen as the host city during the 55th IOC Session in West Germany, on May 26,1959. These games were also the first to be telecast internationally without the need for tapes to be overseas, as they had been for the 1960 Olympics four years earlier. The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3, the first geostationary communication satellite and these were also the first Olympic Games to have color telecasts, albeit partially. Certain events like the sumo wrestling and judo matches, sports huge in Japan, were tried out using Toshibas new color transmission system, history surrounding the 1964 Olympics was chronicled in the 1965 documentary film Tokyo Olympiad, directed by Kon Ichikawa. The games were scheduled for mid-October to avoid the citys midsummer heat and humidity, the previous Olympics in Rome in 1960 started in late August and experienced hot weather. The following games in 1968 in Mexico City also began in October, the 1964 Olympics were also the last to use a traditional cinder track for the track events. A smooth synthetic all-weather track was used for the first time at the 1968 Olympics, the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held in Tokyo. Tokyo won the rights to the Games on May 26,1959, at the 55th IOC Session in Munich, West Germany, over bids from Detroit, Brussels and Vienna. Toronto was an early bidder again in 1964 after the attempt for 1960. Yūji Koseki composed the song of the opening ceremony. Yoshinori Sakai, who lit the Olympic Flame, was born in Hiroshima on August 6,1945, kumi-daiko was first exhibited to a world-wide audience at the Festival of Arts presentation. Judo and womens volleyball, both sports in Japan, were introduced to the Olympics. Japan won gold medals in three events, but Dutchman Anton Geesink won the Open category. The Japanese womens volleyball won the gold medal, with the final being broadcast live. The womens pentathlon was introduced to the athletics events, soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina won two gold medals, a silver medal and two bronze medals. She held the record for most Olympic medals at 18 which stood until broken by American swimmer Michael Phelps in 2012, czechoslovakian gymnast Věra Čáslavská wins 3 gold medals, including the individual all-around competition, crowning her the new queen over the reigning champion Larisa Latynina. Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser won the 100 m freestyle event for the time in a row
20.
109 (department store)
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109 is a department store in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. The store is operated by Tokyu Malls Development, a subsidiary of the Tokyu Group, the building, located just across the street from Shibuya Station, opened in April 1979. Tokyu, the operator, designed the building as a Fashion Community containing small retail stores targeting the early-30s female consumer. Tokyu intended the store to compete with Seibu Department Stores, which was making inroads into the Shibuya area, the name of the building,109, is a form of word play and is taken from the Japanese characters tō and kyū as in Tōkyū. The interior of the building is designed to move shoppers in a loop on each floor from the elevators past various shops, a movie theater was originally planned for the top floor, but the fire department would not grant approval due to emergency-evacuation routes not meeting appropriate standards. Although originally targeted at women in their 30s, the later became more known as a sanctuary for young women from the gyaru subculture. Minatomirai 109 - April 2010 Shibuya 109 Abeno - April 2011 SHIBUYA109 東京ガイド, archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008, Tokyu Malls Development Shibuya 109 109Mens Kohrinbo 109109 Machida Shizuoka 109
21.
Kogal
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Kogal is a Japanese fashion culture that involves schoolgirls wearing an outfit based on their uniform, but with very short skirts. The short skirts are worn irrespective of the season, the girls may also wear loose socks, scarves and have dyed hair. The word kogal is anglicized from kogyaru, a contraction of kōkōsei gyaru, the girls refer to themselves as gyaru, although this word is applied to several other fashion looks as well. Aside from the miniskirt or microskirt, and the socks, kogals favor platform boots, makeup. They may also dye their hair brown and get artificial suntans and they have a distinctive slang peppered with English words. They are often, but not necessarily, enrolled students, centers of kogal culture include the Harajuku and Shibuya districts of Tokyo, in particular Shibuyas 109 Building. Pop singer Namie Amuro promoted the style, Kogals are avid users of photo booths, with most visiting at least once a week, according to non-scientific polls. While critics condemned the gyaru as shallow, materialistic, and devoted to conspicuous consumption, admirers describe them as kindhearted, active women in exuberant health. The word kogal is a contraction of kōkōsei gyaru and it originated as a code used by disco bouncers to distinguish adults from minors. The term is not used by the girls it refers to and they call themselves gyaru, a Japanese pronunciation of the English word gal. The term gyaru was first popularized in 1972 by an ad for a brand of jeans. In the 1980s, a gyaru was a dressed woman. When written 子, ko means young woman, so kogyaru is sometimes understood in the sense of young gal, however, if this was the meaning originally intended, wakai gyaru would be more logical. Kogals have been accused of conspicuous consumption, living off their parents, critics decry their materialism as reflecting a larger psychological or spiritual emptiness in modern Japanese life. Some kogals support their lifestyle with allowances from wealthy parents, living a parasite single existence that grates against traditional principles of duty and industry. Others have charged that the phenomenon is less about the girls and their fashions than a media practice to fetishize school uniforms. I wish that I were in school at a different time. Now, with kogal being such an issue in Japan, nobody can see me for me and they only see me as kogal, like the ones they see on TV
22.
Harajuku
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Harajuku is a district in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. Harajuku is the name given to a geographic area spreading from Harajuku Station to Omotesando. In popular reference Harajuku also encompasses many smaller backstreets such as Takeshita Street, Harajuku is known internationally as a center of Japanese youth culture and fashion. In the pre Edo period, the area came to be known as Harajuku was a small post town on the Kamakura Highway. It was said that in the Gosannen War, Minamoto no Yoshiie mustered his soldiers in this area, in the Edo period, an Iga clan residence was put in Harajuku to defend Edo, due to its strategic location south of the Koshu Road. Other than the mansion of the Hiroshima Domain feudal lord Asano, the livelihood of the farmers consisted mainly of rice cleaning and flour milling with the watermill at the Shibuya River. However, due to the quality of the land, production never succeeded. It is said that local farmers often performed rain-making invocations at local shrines in an attempt to improve their fortunes, there are also the tales Oyama-Afuri Shrine of Tanzawa and Worship on the day trip to Mt Haruna remaining. At the start of the Meiji period in 1868, the land around Harajuku Village was owned by the shogunate, in November of the same year, the towns and villages of Shibuya Ward, including Harajuku Village, were placed under the jurisdiction of the Tokyo Prefecture. In 1906, Harajuku Station was opened as a part of the expansion of the Yamanote Line, in 1919, with the establishment of Meiji Shrine, Omotesando was widened and reordered as a formal approach route. In 1940, the Tōgō Shrine was built and consecrated in honor of Imperial Japanese Navy Marshal-Admiral Marquis Tōgō Heihachirō, in the final period of the Pacific War in 1945, much of the area was burned to the ground during the Great Tokyo Air Raid. During the postwar occupation, military housing in the area named Washington Heights was constructed on land now occupied by Yoyogi Park and the Yoyogi National Gymnasium. Shops that appealed to the US soldiers and their families, such as Kiddyland, Oriental Bazaar, in 1964, swimming, diving and basketball events for the Tokyo Olympics were held in the neighbouring Yoyogi National Gymnasium. In 1965, the name of the area in the Japanese address system was changed from Harajuku to Jingumae. The name Harajuku has persisted due to the naming of the nearby JR East Harajuku Station. The area from Harajuku station to the area surrounding Takeshita Street was called Takeshita-cho, coming into the 1970s, fashion-obsessed youth culture experienced a transition from Shinjuku to Harajuku, then to Shibuya. Palais France, a building that sold clothing and accessories, furniture. In 1978, the fashion building Laforet Harajuku was opened, in the 1980s, Takeshita Street became known for teenage street dancing groups called takenoko-zoku
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Zelkova
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Zelkova is a genus of six species of deciduous trees in the elm family Ulmaceae, native to southern Europe, and southwest and eastern Asia. They vary in size from shrubs to trees up to 35 m tall. The leaves are alternate, with serrated margins, and a base to the leaf blade. The fruit is a dry, nut-like drupe, produced singly in the leaf axils, the Sicilian Zelkova Z. sicula, only discovered in 1991, is listed as an endangered species. The only known population comprises a number of low shrubs suffering from severe overgrazing. Z. sicula and Z. abelicea are the two considered to be at most risk of extinction. These two Zelkova species are the two with the most restricted natural distribution—both are small island endemics, the Zelkova with the widest natural distribution, Z. serrata, is also the most common Zelkova in botanic garden collections Zelkova serrata and Z. carpinifolia are grown as ornamental trees. The wood is hard, used for making furniture, the name Zelkova derives from the native name of Z. carpinifolia in one of the Kartvelian languages, as shown by the Georgian name, ძელქვა. ძელ dzel meaning bar, and ქვა kva meaning rock, the tree was often used for making rock-hard and durable bars for building
24.
Sendagaya
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Sendagaya is an area within Shibuya ward, one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo. Sendagaya is nestled in a green area in Shibuya ward between Shinjuku ward and Shinjuku Gyoen to the north. The National Stadium, also known as Olympic Stadium, Tokyo is located to the east, Meiji Shrine and Yoyogi Station are found to the west. Jingumae and Harajuku are directly south, many important cultural and sporting venues are located in and around Sendagaya. Sendagaya is a mix of old, new, and incredibly futuristic designs, from Sendagaya Station, the main station in Sendagaya, bustling Shinjuku is a tranquil 10-minute walk away along the Imperial Gardens western wall. Sendagaya Entrance to the gardens is 2 minutes away from Sendagaya Station, Sendagaya, particularly 3-chome, is home to dozens of clothing and accessory design workshops, studios, offices, and fashion related agencies, including the mega-brand Bape. The narrow streets are filled daily with the hustle and bustle of courier companies picking up next seasons designs, Sendagaya includes several theaters and organizations related to the arts, such as the National Noh Theatre, designed by Hiroshi Oe and completed in 1983. A few minutes walk from the station, is the Hato no Mori Hachiman Shrine and this small shrine is a place of historical importance in Shibuya. Within the shrine, there is a stage for Japanese performing arts and a fujizuka and this fujitsuka is one of the few that survive in Tokyo. A number of complex are found nearby Sendgaya Station including the Olympic Stadium, Tokyo built for the 1958 Asian Games. The Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, built in 1991, was designed by Japanese architect, Head Office GAP Japan Head Office Japan Shogi Hall. This is the location for the recording of NHKs exciting shogi show, sazaby/Afternoon Tea Sendagaya Intes, a delicate, thin and narrow glass office building Tel Well Japan The Fujita Vente Museum used to be found here, but has been closed. The building now belongs to GlaxoSmithKline, JR Sendagaya Station on the Chūō-Sobu Line is the main station. Yoyogi Station and Shinanomachi Station are the JR Chūō-Sobu Line stations on either side of Sendagaya, kokuritsu Kyogijo Station, on the Toei Oedo Line, sits in front of Sendagaya Station. Kitasando Station, nearby on Meiji Dori, on the new Fukutoshin Line, is run by the Tokyo Metro. A little further on foot are the stations of Gaienmae in Minato-ku on the Ginza Line, Omotesandō on the Ginza Line, Chiyoda Line and Hanzomon Line, also, JR Harajuku on the Yamanote Line can be found nearby. The Royal Platform, used by the Japanese Imperial Family during special occasions, is located along the Yamanote Line in Sendagaya 3-chome, the Shuto Expressway passes above Sendagaya running beside the Sobu Line tracks. On/Off ramps for the expressway are in Sendagaya and the neighbouring Shinanomachi area, two major urban routes - Meiji Avenue (明治通り and Gaien Nishi Avenue - run through Sendagaya
25.
Information technology
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Information technology is the application of computers to store, study, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology, the term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that the new technology not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology, based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development, pre-mechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, electronic. This article focuses on the most recent period, which began in about 1940, devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick. Electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s, the electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was the worlds first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. Colossus, developed during the Second World War to decrypt German messages was the first electronic digital computer, although it was programmable, it was not general-purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. It also lacked the ability to store its program in memory, programming was carried out using plugs, the first recognisably modern electronic digital stored-program computer was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948. The development of transistors in the late 1940s at Bell Laboratories allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I, by comparison the first transistorised computer, developed at the University of Manchester and operational by November 1953, consumed only 150 watts in its final version. Early electronic computers such as Colossus made use of punched tape, a strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes. IBM introduced the first hard drive in 1956, as a component of their 305 RAMAC computer system. Most digital data today is stored magnetically on hard disks. Until 2002 most information was stored on analog devices, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog for the first time. As of 2007 almost 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally, 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007. Database management systems emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly, one of the earliest such systems was IBMs Information Management System, which is still widely deployed more than 50 years later
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Binary number
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The base-2 system is a positional notation with a radix of 2. Because of its implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates. Each digit is referred to as a bit, the modern binary number system was devised by Gottfried Leibniz in 1679 and appears in his article Explication de lArithmétique Binaire. Systems related to binary numbers have appeared earlier in multiple cultures including ancient Egypt, China, Leibniz was specifically inspired by the Chinese I Ching. The scribes of ancient Egypt used two different systems for their fractions, Egyptian fractions and Horus-Eye fractions, the method used for ancient Egyptian multiplication is also closely related to binary numbers. This method can be seen in use, for instance, in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, the I Ching dates from the 9th century BC in China. The binary notation in the I Ching is used to interpret its quaternary divination technique and it is based on taoistic duality of yin and yang. Eight trigrams and a set of 64 hexagrams, analogous to the three-bit and six-bit binary numerals, were in use at least as early as the Zhou Dynasty of ancient China. The Song Dynasty scholar Shao Yong rearranged the hexagrams in a format that resembles modern binary numbers, the Indian scholar Pingala developed a binary system for describing prosody. He used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables, Pingalas Hindu classic titled Chandaḥśāstra describes the formation of a matrix in order to give a unique value to each meter. The binary representations in Pingalas system increases towards the right, the residents of the island of Mangareva in French Polynesia were using a hybrid binary-decimal system before 1450. Slit drums with binary tones are used to encode messages across Africa, sets of binary combinations similar to the I Ching have also been used in traditional African divination systems such as Ifá as well as in medieval Western geomancy. The base-2 system utilized in geomancy had long been applied in sub-Saharan Africa. Leibnizs system uses 0 and 1, like the modern binary numeral system, Leibniz was first introduced to the I Ching through his contact with the French Jesuit Joachim Bouvet, who visited China in 1685 as a missionary. Leibniz saw the I Ching hexagrams as an affirmation of the universality of his own beliefs as a Christian. Binary numerals were central to Leibnizs theology and he believed that binary numbers were symbolic of the Christian idea of creatio ex nihilo or creation out of nothing. Is not easy to impart to the pagans, is the ex nihilo through Gods almighty power. In 1854, British mathematician George Boole published a paper detailing an algebraic system of logic that would become known as Boolean algebra
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Ebisu, Shibuya
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Ebisu is major district of Shibuya-ku in Tokyo, Japan. It was developed on the site of a brewery and is now home to Yebisu Garden Place. It is renowned for its concentration of bars and restaurants. Ebisu is a district and neighborhood of the Special Ward of Shibuya-ku. It is located south of Shibuya and north of Meguro, Ebisu is accessed by the JR Yamanote Line and Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line via Ebisu Station. Ebisu was founded around 1928 as a community developed around the Japan Beer Brewery Company facilities which began brewing Yebisu Beer in 1890. After the breweries were moved to Chiba in 1988, the area underwent an urban development resulting in the construction of Yebisu Garden Place. Following the construction of Yebisu Garden Place in 1994, the area around Ebisu Station developed rapidly, the district and railway station of Ebisu takes its name from the Yebisu Beer brand, which in turn was named after Ebisu. The spelling Yebisu is intentionally archaic, with or without the y the pronunciation is the same as Ebisu. Ebisu is renowned for food and drink, with a concentration of restaurants, cafés, izakaya, ramen shops, bars. Yebisu Garden Place is a shopping and cultural centre located in Ebisu and it has a sloped promenade leading to a large central plaza covered by a wide glass arch. The area regularly hosts events and markets on weekends and it is accessible via the Ebisu Skywalk from JR Ebisu Station East Exit, which takes approximately 5 minutes on foot. The publication The Diplomat has its headquarters in the Ebisu MF Building
28.
Hiroo, Shibuya
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Hiroo is a district of Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. Abutting on opulent Ebisu, Minami-Azabu, Nishi-Azabu and Minami-Aoyama, Hiroo is one of the most prominent upmarket residential, as of November,2016, the population of this district is 15,371. The postal code for Hiroo is 150-0012, according to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, as of 2016, the residential land prices on Hiroo 2-chōme and 3-chōme are as high as ¥1,130, 000/m2 and ¥1,010, 000/m2, respectively. Located on Minami-Azabu, the Hiroo Station of Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line is the nearest subway station to Hiroo, Hiroo is located in the southeast area of the district of Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. The boundaries of Hiroo are Nishi-Azabu, Minato and Minami-Aoyama, Minato to the north, Minami-Azabu, Minato is located to the east and Higashi, Shibuya is located to the west. There are two universities in Hiroo and its important alumnae include the former UN High Commissioner for Refugees Sadako Ogata and Empress of Japan Michiko. The Japanese Red Cross College of Nursing owns one of its two campuses in Hiroo, although reorganized into a four-year college recently in 1986, the origin of the nursing school dates back to 1890, when nursing education was launched at the Japanese Red Cross Hospital. Hiroo is also home to the International School of the Sacred Heart which was founded in 1908 and is located on the grounds as the University of the Sacred Heart. It offers education in English for girls from the ages of three to eighteen, the university offers education to women in Japanese. There are several Japanese schools in the area as well, including Hiroo Senior High School, the Rainbow International Montessori School also has a facility located in the same area. Adjacent to Hiroo, the district of Minami-Azabu is home to Arisugawa Park, the park consists of several paths and walkways, a baseball field, soccer field, childrens amusement areas and a man-made waterfall that empties into a pond full of koi and ducks. The park is situated in the vicinity of Hiroo Station. Hiroo is home to several embassies, Embassy of Peru, Croatia, Czech Republic, Burkina Faso, Tajikistan, Congo, Hiroo Station is the nearest subway station to several prominent embassies in Minato, Embassy of France, Germany, Norway, and Pakistan. The New Sanno Hotel is a hotel operated by the U. S. Navy. While the hotel technically is located in Minami-Azabu, it is nearby the Hiroo subway station, the hotel opened in 1983 after moving from a location nearby Akasaka Mitsuke Station. The large number of visitors to the hotel contributes to the international atmosphere in Hiroo. At the time, this area was a large flatland of susuki grass, tsukushigahara was a popular strolling and play area and was recorded in the Illustrated Collection of Famous Places in Edo. The area surrounding the present-day Hiroo 5-chome shopping street town was designated a shopping town in Shotoku 3
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Higashi, Shibuya
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Higashi is a residential district of the Shibuya ward in Tokyo surrounded by the prime residential areas of Hiroo, Ebisu, Daikanyama and Aoyama. Prince Hitachi and Princess Hitachi have their residence in a palace in large gardens off Komazawadori in Higashi. The main campus of the Kokugakuin University is in Higashi, all law and Shinto studies students, as well as 3rd and 4th year literature and economics students populate the Shibuya campus. At the end of January,2006, it was decided that the name of the main building, Shibuya station on the Yamanote line serves as the nearest rail station. There are bus services from Shibuya and Ebisu, serving the educational campuses in Higashi and the Japanese Red Cross Medical Center in Hiroo
30.
Yoyogi
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Yoyogi is a neighbourhood in the northern part of Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. The area encompassed by Yoyogi is typically defined two ways, Only the five Yoyogi districts. The former Yoyogi Village, corresponding roughly to the south of National Route 20, east of Tokyo Route 420, north of the districts of Uehara and Tomigaya. This larger definition of Yoyogi is generally used by residents and government to deliver services such as police, fire, Yoyogi is composed of ten districts. Yoyogi 1-chōme, Home of the juku chain Yoyogi Seminar as well as college preparatory schools. There are also several businesses catering to those who use Yoyogi Station, Yoyogi 2-chōme, The Nishi-Shinjuku skyscraper district is directly north of this area. There are numerous offices and shops due to the proximity to the exit of Shinjuku Station. Yoyogi 3-chōme, This area was once called Yamaya-chō and is composed of small apartment buildings. Yoyogi 4-chōme and Yoyogi 5-chōme, Close to Meiji Shrine and Yoyogi Park, Yoyogi Kamizono-chō, This district covers Meiji Shrine and Yoyogi Park, as a result, there are few actual residents. Moto-Yoyogi-chō, Close to Yoyogi-Hachiman and Yoyogi-Uehara stations as well as Yamate-dōri, Uehara, Nishihara, Ōyamachō, These three districts together with Tomigaya are often referred to as Yoyogi-Uehara. Yoyogi Station is located in the easternmost part of Yoyogi only 700 meters south of Shinjuku Station, JR Yoyogi Station has two platforms for the Chūō-Sōbu and Yamanote lines. Platforms for the Toei Ōedo Line subway line are located underneath Tokyo Metropolitan Route 414 west of the JR station, east Japan Railway Company have its headquarters in Yoyogi. Square Enix and subsidiary Taito Corporation share the Shinjuku Bunka Quint Building in Yoyogi, square Enix is no longer headquartered here, but at the Higashi-Shinjuku Station
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Shibuya
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Shibuya is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. As of May 1,2016, it has an population of 221,801. The total area is 15.11 km², the name Shibuya is also used to refer to the shopping district which surrounds Shibuya Station, one of Tokyos busiest railway stations. This area is known as one of the centers of Japan, particularly for young people. Shibuya was historically the site of a castle in which the Shibuya family resided from the 11th century through the Edo period. Following the opening of the Yamanote Line in 1885, Shibuya began to emerge as a terminal for southwestern Tokyo and eventually as a major commercial. The village of Shibuya was incorporated in 1889 by the merger of the villages of Kami-Shibuya, Naka-Shibuya and Shimo-Shibuya within Minami-Toshima County, the village covered the territory of modern-day Shibuya Station area as well as the Hiroo, Daikanyama, Aoyama and Ebisu areas. Shibuya became a town in 1909, the town of Shibuya merged with the neighboring towns of Sendagaya and Yoyohata to form Shibuya Ward of Tokyo City in 1932. Tokyo City became Tokyo Metropolis in 1943, and the special ward was established on March 15,1947. A statue of Hachikō was built adjacent to the station, during the occupation of Japan, Yoyogi Park was used as a housing compound for U. S. personnel known as Washington Heights. The U. S. military left in 1964, and much of the park was repurposed as venues for the 1964 Summer Olympics, the ward itself served as part of the athletics 50 km walk and marathon course during the 1964 games. Shibuya has achieved popularity among young people since the early 1980s. There are several famous fashion department stores in Shibuya, Shibuya 109 is a major shopping center near Shibuya Station, particularly famous as the origin of the kogal subculture. Called Ichi-Maru-kyū, which translates as 1–0–9 in Japanese, the name is actually a pun on that of the corporation that owns it — Tōkyū, during the late 1990s, Shibuya also became known as the center of the IT industry in Japan. It was often called Bit Valley in English, a pun on both Bitter Valley, the translation of Shibuya, as well as bit, the computer term for binary digits. Shibuya includes many commercial and residential districts such as Daikanyama, Ebisu, Harajuku, Hiroo, Higashi, Omotesandō, Sendagaya. The mayor is Toshitake Kuwahara, an independent backed by the Liberal Democratic Party, Shibuya mayoral election,2003 Meiji Shrine, Shinto shrine dedicated to the souls of Emperor Meiji and Empress Shōken, surrounded by a 700, 000-square-meter forest. Shinjuku Gyoen, former Imperial gardens now open to the public as a park, Yoyogi Park, once a training base for the Imperial Japanese Army, later the Washington Heights housing area for the Occupation of Japan, then the lodgings for contestants in the Tokyo Olympics
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Hatagaya, Shibuya
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Hatagaya is an area within Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. It is served by Hatagaya Station on the Keio New Line and it is also served by bus, linking Shinjuku, Nakano, Shibuya, Asagaya and Yoyogi. Olympus and Terumo have offices there, the main shopping district in Hatagaya is Rokugo dori which is a main street along which there are many shops, restaurants and bars
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