1.
Virginia Military Institute
–
The Virginia Military Institute is a state-supported military college in Lexington, Virginia, the oldest such institution in the United States. Unlike any other Senior Military College in the United States, and in keeping with its principles, VMI enrolls cadets only. VMI offers cadets strict military discipline combined with a spartan, physically and academically demanding environment, the Institute grants degrees in 14 disciplines in engineering, the sciences, and the liberal arts. While VMI has been called the West Point of the South, for example, the living conditions at VMI are far more austere than at the service academies. S. military branches upon graduation. The Board of Visitors is the board of the Virginia Military Institute. The Board appoints the Superintendent and approves appointment of members of the faculty, Code §2. 2-4002, some of its regulations are codified at 8VAC100. The Executive Committee conducts the business of the Board during recesses, the Board has 17 members, including ex officio the Adjutant General of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Regular members are appointed by the Governor for a four-year term, the Executive Committee consists of the Boards President, three Vice Presidents, and one non-alumnus at large, and is appointed by the Board at each annual meeting. Current law makes provision for officers of the Virginia Militia to be subject to orders of the Governor, the cadets are a military corps under the command of the Superintendent and under the administration of the Commandant of Cadets, and constitute the guard of the Institute. In the years after the War of 1812, the state of Virginia built, in the 1830s Lexington attorney John Thomas Lewis Preston belonged to a debate club known as the Franklin Society. After debate and revision of the proposal, the Franklin Society voted in favor of Preston’s concept. Crozet was also the Chief Engineer of Virginia and someone whom Thomas Jefferson referred to as, the board delegated to Preston the task of deciding what to call the new school, and he created the name Virginia Military Institute. Preston was also tasked with hiring VMI’s first Superintendent and he was persuaded that West Point graduate and Army officer Francis Henney Smith, then on the faculty at Hampden–Sydney College, was the most suitable candidate. Preston successfully recruited Smith, and convinced him to become the first Superintendent, after Smith agreed to accept the Superintendent’s position, Preston applied to join the faculty, and was hired as Professor of Languages. Classes began in 1839, and the first cadet to march a sentinel post was Private John Strange, with few exceptions, there have been sentinels posted at VMI every hour of every day of the school year. The Class of 1842 graduated 16 cadets, living conditions were poor until 1850 when the cornerstone of the new barracks was laid. In 1851 Thomas Stonewall Jackson became a member of the faculty, under Jackson, then a major, and Major William Gilham, VMI infantry and artillery units were present at the execution by hanging of John Brown at Charles Town, Virginia in 1859. VMI cadets and alumni played instrumental roles in the American Civil War, on 14 occasions, the Confederacy called cadets into active military engagements
Virginia Military Institute
–
Virginia Military Institute
Virginia Military Institute
Virginia Military Institute
–
Engraving of VMI ca. 1863
Virginia Military Institute
–
Virginia Military Institute Historic District
2.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
3.
Black
–
Black is the darkest color resulting from the absence or complete absorption of light. Like white and grey, it is a color, literally a color without hue. It is one of the four colors in the CMYK color model, along with cyan, yellow. Black is often used to represent darkness, it is the symbolic opposite of white, Black was one of the first colors used by artists in neolithic cave paintings. In the 14th century, it began to be worn by royalty and it became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century. In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, according to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, force, violence, evil, and elegance. More distant cognates include Latin flagrare, and Ancient Greek phlegein, the Ancient Greeks sometimes used the same word to name different colors, if they had the same intensity. Kuanos could mean both dark blue and black, the Ancient Romans had two words for black, ater was a flat, dull black, while niger was a brilliant, saturated black. Ater has vanished from the vocabulary, but niger was the source of the country name Nigeria the English word Negro, old High German also had two words for black, swartz for dull black and blach for a luminous black. These are parallelled in Middle English by the terms swart for dull black, swart still survives as the word swarthy, while blaek became the modern English black. In heraldry, the used for the black color is sable, named for the black fur of the sable. Black was one of the first colors used in art, the Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. They began by using charcoal, and then made more vivid black pigments by burning bones or grinding a powder of manganese oxide, for the ancient Egyptians, black had positive associations, being the color of fertility and the rich black soil flooded by the Nile. It was the color of Anubis, the god of the underworld, who took the form of a black jackal, and offered protection against evil to the dead. For the ancient Greeks, black was also the color of the underworld, separated from the world of the living by the river Acheron and those who had committed the worst sins were sent to Tartarus, the deepest and darkest level. In the center was the palace of Hades, the king of the underworld, Black was one of the most important colors used by ancient Greek artists. In the 6th century BC, they began making pottery and later red figure pottery. In black-figure pottery, the artist would paint figures with a clay slip on a red clay pot
Black
–
Outer space seen from Mars (Image taken by
NASA 's
MER Spirit rover)
Black
–
Neolithic paintings of bulls in the
Lascaux Cave, more than 17,000 years old
Black
–
Statue of Anubis, guardian of the underworld, from the tomb of
Tutankhamun.
Black
–
Greek
Black-figure pottery.
Ajax and
Achilles playing a game, about 540-530 BC. (Vatican Museums).
4.
White
–
White is an achromatic color, a color without hue. An incoming light to the eye that stimulates all its three types of color sensitive cone cells in nearly equal amounts results in white. White is one of the most common colors in nature, the color of sunlight, snow, milk, chalk, limestone, in many cultures white represents or signifies purity, innocence, and light, and is the symbolic opposite of black, or darkness. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, white is the color most often associated with perfection, the good, honesty, cleanliness, the beginning, the new, neutrality, and exactitude. In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, in the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white unicorn symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity, the widows of kings dressed in white rather than black as the color of mourning. It was also used in 20th century modern architecture as a symbol of modernity, simplicity. White is an important color for almost all world religions, the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, has worn white since 1566, as a symbol of purity and sacrifice. In Islam, and in the Shinto religion of Japan, it is worn by pilgrims, in Western cultures and in Japan, white is the most common color for wedding dresses, symbolizing purity and virginity. In many Asian cultures, white is also the color of mourning, the white color on television screens and computer monitors is created with the RGB color model by mixing red, green and blue light at equal intensities. The word white continues Old English hwīt, ultimately from a Common Germanic *χwītaz also reflected in OHG wîz, ON hvítr, the root is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European language *kwid-, surviving also in Sanskrit śveta to be white or bright and Slavonic světŭ light. The Icelandic word for white, hvítur, is derived from the Old Norse form of the word hvítr. Common Germanic also had the word *blankaz, borrowed into Late Latin as *blancus, the antonym of white is black. Some non-European languages have a variety of terms for white. The Inuit language has seven different words for seven different nuances of white, Japanese has six different words, depending upon brilliance or dullness, or if the color is inert or dynamic. White was one of the first colors used in art, the Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. Paleolithic artists used calcite or chalk, they sometimes as a background, sometimes as a highlight, along with charcoal and red, in ancient Egypt, white was connected with the goddess Isis. The priests and priestesses of Isis dressed only in white linen, in Greece and other ancient civilizations, white was often associated with mothers milk. In Greek mythology, the chief god Zeus was nourished at the breast of the nymph Amalthea, in the Talmud, milk was one of four sacred substances, along with wine, honey, and the rose
White
White
White
White
5.
Gold (color)
–
Gold, also called golden, is one of a variety of yellow-orange color blends used to give the impression of the color of the element gold. The web color gold is sometimes referred to as golden to distinguish it from the metallic gold. The use of gold as a term in traditional usage is more often applied to the color metallic gold. The first recorded use of golden as a name in English was in 1300 to refer to the element gold. Metallic gold, such as in paint, is often called goldtone or gold-tone, in heraldry, the French word or is used. In model building, the gold is different from brass. A shiny or metallic silvertone object can be painted with transparent yellow to obtain goldtone, at right is displayed a representation of the color metallic gold which is a simulation of the color of the actual metallic element gold itself—gold shade. The American Heritage Dictionary defines the color metallic gold as A light olive-brown to dark yellow, or a moderate, of course, the visual sensation usually associated with the metal gold is its metallic shine. This cannot be reproduced by a solid color, because the shiny effect is due to the materials reflective brightness varying with the surfaces angle to the light source. Especially in sacral art in Christian churches, real gold was used for rendering gold in paintings, Gold can also be woven into sheets of silk to give an East Asian traditional look. Old gold is a yellow, which varies from heavy olive or olive brown to deep or strong yellow. The widely accepted color old gold is on the rather than the lighter side of this range. The first recorded use of old gold as a name in English was in the early 19th century. The Delta Sigma Pi fraternity, founded in November 7,1907, official colors are designated royal purple, the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternitys colors are garnet and old gold. Old gold is one of two colors of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, maroon and old gold are the colors of Texas State Universitys intercollegiate sports teams. Old Gold and black are the colors of Purdue University Boilermakers intercollegiate sports teams. The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets wear white and old gold, the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, UCF Knights, and Vanderbilt Commodores wear old gold and black. The New Orleans Saints list their official team colors as black, old gold, Golden yellow is the color halfway between amber and yellow on the RGB color wheel
Gold (color)
–
Gold (golden)
Gold (color)
–
Gold
Gold (color)
–
The mask of
Tutankhamun is made of gold.
Gold (color)
–
Golden
Dome in
Al-Kadhimiya Mosque
6.
Rose
–
A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There are over a species and thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies, Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has used in the development of the wide range of garden roses. The leaves are borne alternately on the stem, most roses are deciduous but a few are evergreen or nearly so. The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea, each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals and these may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple superior ovaries that develop into achenes, the aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination, the hips of most species are red, but a few have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–160 seeds embedded in a matrix of fine. Rose hips of some species, especially the dog rose and rugosa rose, are rich in vitamin C. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds. While the sharp objects along a stem are commonly called thorns. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation growing over it. Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer, a few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points. Hesperrhodos contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa stellata, from North America, platyrhodon with one species from east Asia, Rosa roxburghii
Rose
–
Rose
Rose
–
Cross-section through a developing rose hip
Rose
–
Exterior view of rose buds
Rose
–
Rose leaflets
7.
Love
–
Love is a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes that ranges from interpersonal affection to pleasure. It can refer to an emotion of an attraction and personal attachment. Love can also be a virtue representing human kindness, compassion and it may also describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, ones self or animals. Ancient Greeks identified four forms of love, kinship or familiarity, friendship, sexual and/or romantic desire, modern authors have distinguished further varieties of romantic love. Non-Western traditions have also distinguished variants or symbioses of these states, Love has additional religious or spiritual meaning—notably in Abrahamic religions. This diversity of uses and meanings combined with the complexity of the feelings involved makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, compared to other emotional states. Love in its various forms acts as a facilitator of interpersonal relationships and. Love may be understood as a function to human beings together against menaces. The word love can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts, cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus doubly impede the establishment of a universal definition. Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate, abstractly discussed love usually refers to an experience one person feels for another. Love often involves caring for, or identifying with, a person or thing, including oneself, in addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages. The complex and abstract nature of love often reduces discourse of love to a thought-terminating cliché, several common proverbs regard love, from Virgils Love conquers all to The Beatles All You Need Is Love. St. Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, defines love as to will the good of another, bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of absolute value, as opposed to relative value. Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is to be delighted by the happiness of another, meher Baba stated that in love there is a feeling of unity and an active appreciation of the intrinsic worth of the object of love. Biologist Jeremy Griffith defines love as unconditional selflessness, a person can be said to love an object, principle, or goal to which they are deeply committed and greatly value. People can also love material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things, if sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called paraphilia. Interpersonal love refers to love human beings
Love
–
Archetypal lovers
Romeo and Juliet portrayed by
Frank Dicksee
Love
–
Fraternal love (Prehispanic sculpture from 250–900 AD, of
Huastec origin).
Museum of Anthropology in
Xalapa,
Veracruz,
Mexico
Love
–
Pair of Lovers. 1480–1485
Love
–
Grandmother and grandchild,
Sri Lanka
8.
Truth
–
Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. Truth may also often be used in modern contexts to refer to an idea of truth to self, the commonly understood opposite of truth is falsehood, which, correspondingly, can also take on a logical, factual, or ethical meaning. The concept of truth is discussed and debated in several contexts, including philosophy, art, Some philosophers view the concept of truth as basic, and unable to be explained in any terms that are more easily understood than the concept of truth itself. Commonly, truth is viewed as the correspondence of language or thought to an independent reality, other philosophers take this common meaning to be secondary and derivative. On this view, the conception of truth as correctness is a derivation from the concepts original essence. Various theories and views of truth continue to be debated among scholars, philosophers, language and words are a means by which humans convey information to one another and the method used to determine what is a truth is termed a criterion of truth. The English word truth is derived from Old English tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ, Middle English trewþe, cognate to Old High German triuwida, like troth, it is a -th nominalisation of the adjective true. Old Norse trú, faith, word of honour, religious faith, thus, truth involves both the quality of faithfulness, fidelity, loyalty, sincerity, veracity, and that of agreement with fact or reality, in Anglo-Saxon expressed by sōþ. All Germanic languages besides English have introduced a distinction between truth fidelity and truth factuality. To express factuality, North Germanic opted for nouns derived from sanna to assert, affirm, while continental West Germanic opted for continuations of wâra faith, trust, pact. Romance languages use terms following the Latin veritas, while the Greek aletheia, Russian pravda, each presents perspectives that are widely shared by published scholars. However, the theories are not universally accepted. More recently developed deflationary or minimalist theories of truth have emerged as competitors to the substantive theories. Minimalist reasoning centres around the notion that the application of a term like true to a statement does not assert anything significant about it, for instance, anything about its nature. Minimalist reasoning realises truth as a label utilised in general discourse to express agreement, to stress claims, correspondence theories emphasise that true beliefs and true statements correspond to the actual state of affairs. This type of theory stresses a relationship between thoughts or statements on one hand, and things or objects on the other and it is a traditional model tracing its origins to ancient Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. This class of theories holds that the truth or the falsity of a representation is determined in principle entirely by how it relates to things, Aquinas also restated the theory as, A judgment is said to be true when it conforms to the external reality. Many modern theorists have stated that this ideal cannot be achieved without analysing additional factors, for example, language plays a role in that all languages have words to represent concepts that are virtually undefined in other languages
Truth
–
Time Saving Truth from Falsehood and
Envy,
François Lemoyne, 1737
Truth
–
Truth, holding a
mirror and a
serpent (1896).
Olin Levi Warner, Library of Congress
Thomas Jefferson Building,
Washington, D.C.
Truth
–
An angel carrying the banner of "Truth", Roslin, Midlothian
Truth
–
Walter Seymour Allward 's Veritas (Truth) outside
Supreme Court of Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario Canada
9.
Honor
–
Accordingly, individuals are assigned worth and stature based on the harmony of their actions with a specific code of honour, and the moral code of the society at large. Dr. Samuel Johnson, in his A Dictionary of the English Language, defined honour as having several senses, the first of which was nobility of soul, magnanimity, and a scorn of meanness. This sort of honour derives from the perceived virtuous conduct and personal integrity of the person endowed with it and this sort of honour is not so much a function of moral or ethical excellence, as it is a consequence of power. Finally, with respect to sexuality, honour has traditionally been associated with chastity or virginity, or in case of married men and women, some have argued that honour should be seen more as a rhetoric, or set of possible actions, than as a code. Honour as a code of behaviour defines the duties of an individual within a social group, margaret Visser observes that in an honour-based society a person is what he or she is in the eyes of other people. A code of honour differs from a code, also socially defined and concerned with justice, in that honour remains implicit rather than explicit. One can distinguish honour from dignity, which Wordsworth assessed as measured against an individuals conscience rather than against the judgement of a community, compare also the sociological concept of face. In the early period, a lords or ladys honour was the group of manors or lands he or she held. The word was first used indicating an estate which gave its holder dignity, the concept of honour appears to have declined in importance in the modern West, conscience has replaced it in the individual context, and the rule of law has taken over in a social context. Popular stereotypes would have it surviving more definitively in more tradition-bound cultures, feudal or other agrarian societies, which focus upon land use and land ownership, may tend to honour more than do contemporary industrial societies. Note that Saint Anselm of Canterbury in Cur Deus Homo extended the concept of honour from his own society to postulate Gods honour. An emphasis on the importance of honour exists in traditional institutions as the military and in organisations with a military ethos. Western observers generally see these honour killings as a way of men using the culture of honour to control female sexuality, various sociologists and anthropologists have contrasted cultures of honour with cultures of law. A culture of law has a body of laws which all members of society must obey and this requires a society with the structures required to enact and enforce laws. Historians have especially examined the American South, social scientists have looked at specialized subcultures such as South Asian Muslims in Britain. Others have compared multiple modern nations, due to the lack of strong institutions, cultivating a reputation for swift and disproportionate revenge increases the safety of ones person and property against aggressive actors. Thinkers ranging from Montesquieu to Steven Pinker have remarked upon the mindset needed for a culture of honour, however cultures of honour can also appear in places like modern inner-city slums. The three conditions exist here as well, lack of resources, crime and theft have a high rewards compared to the alternatives, and law enforcement is generally lax or corrupt
Honor
–
An illustration of the
Burr-Hamilton duel of 1804 –
Alexander Hamilton defends his honor by accepting
Aaron Burr 's challenge.
Honor
–
Wall of Honour,
Royal Military College of Canada
Honor
–
General Akashi Gidayu preparing to commit
seppuku after losing a battle for his master. He had just written his
death poem.
Honor
–
Honor Mosaic c 1914 in the
Pantheon of Illustrious Men, Madrid (Spain)
10.
Lexington, Virginia
–
Lexington is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 7,042 and it is the county seat of Rockbridge County, although the two are separate jurisdictions. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Lexington with Rockbridge County for statistical purposes, Lexington is about 57 miles east of the West Virginia border and is about 50 miles north of Roanoke, Virginia. It was first settled in 1777, Lexington is the location of the Virginia Military Institute and of Washington and Lee University. It was one of the first of what would be many American places named after Lexington, Massachusetts, the Union General David Hunter led a raid on Virginia Military Institute during the American Civil War. Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson are buried here and it is the site of the only house Jackson ever owned, now open to the public as a museum. Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper at his familys farm in Rockbridge County. McCormick Farm is now owned by Virginia Tech and is an agricultural research center. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.5 square miles. The Maury River, a tributary of the James River, forms the northeastern boundary. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen climate classification system, Lexington has a humid subtropical climate, similar to Northern Italy, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,867 people,2,232 households, the population density was 2,753.8 per square mile. The racial makeup was 86. 01% White,10. 38% African American,0. 26% Native American,1. 92% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander and 0. 48% from other races, and 0. 93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 1% of the population,41. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the family size was 2.76. In the city, the population was out with 11. 0% under the age of 18,41. 4% from 18 to 24,14. 5% from 25 to 44,16. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 23 years, for every 100 females there were 123.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 127.2 males, the median income for a household in the city was $28,982, and the median income for a family was $58,529
Lexington, Virginia
–
Downtown Lexington
Lexington, Virginia
–
Lee Chapel
Lexington, Virginia
–
Lexington High School, designed by architect Charles M. Robinson and constructed in 1908, was typical of the modern public schools that cities built during the Progressive Era.
11.
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
Fraternities and sororities are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the fraternity, they are prominent in the United States, and the Philippines, with smaller numbers existing in France, the United Kingdom, Canada. Similar organizations exist in countries as well, including the Studentenverbindungen of German-speaking countries. Similar, but much less common, organizations also exist for secondary school students, in modern usage, the term Greek letter organization is often synonymous with the terms fraternity and sorority. Traditional fraternities of the type described in this article are often called social fraternities, generally, membership in a fraternity or sorority is obtained while an undergraduate student but continues, thereafter, for life. Some of these organizations can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates, the first fraternity in North America to incorporate most of the elements of modern fraternities was Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the College of William and Mary in 1775. The founding of Phi Beta Kappa followed the establishment of two other secret student societies that had existed at that campus as early as 1750. In 1779 Phi Beta Kappa expanded to include chapters at Harvard, by the early 19th century, the organization transformed itself into a scholastic honor society and abandoned secrecy. In 1825 Kappa Alpha Society, the oldest extant fraternity to retain its characteristic, was established at Union College. In 1827, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi were also founded at the same institution, the foundation of this triad established Union College as the Mother of Fraternities. Fraternities represented the intersection between dining clubs, literary societies, and secret initiatory orders such as Freemasonry, as fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods. The first residential home to be built by a fraternity is believed to have been Alpha Delta Phis chapter at Cornell. Alpha Tau Omega became the first fraternity to own a house in the South when, in 1880. Chapters of many fraternities followed suit, purchasing and less often, Phi Sigma Kappas chapter home at Cornell, completed in 1902, is the oldest such house still occupied by its fraternal builders. The term sorority was invented by a professor of Latin who felt the word fraternity was inappropriate for a group of ladies, the first organization to use the term sorority was Gamma Phi Beta, established in 1874. The development of fraternities for women during this time was an accomplishment in the way of womens rights. By mere existence these organizations were defying the odds, the women were able to advance their organizations despite many factors working against them. Today both social and multicultural sororities are present on more than 650 college campuses across the United States, the National Panhellenic Conference serves as the umbrella organization for 26 national sororities, representing over 4 million women at both the collegiate level and in alumni associations
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
The fraternity system in North America began at the
College of William and Mary in 1750.
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
Members of
Phi Kappa Sigma at
Washington & Jefferson College in 1872.
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
U.S. Army soldiers, presumably alumni members of
Sigma Phi Epsilon, display that fraternity's flag in Iraq in 2009.
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
Members of a sorority pictured in 2012. In general, sorority membership is limited to women, while fraternity membership is limited to men.
12.
James Frank Hopkins
–
James Frank Hopkins was a Confederate Army volunteer and founder of the Sigma Nu fraternity at the Virginia Military Institute. At the out break of the war the Hopkins family moved to Arkansas Post near Little Rock. At 15 years old James Frank Hopkins was denied enlistment in the Confederate Army because he was too young, in 1864 he was accepted as a private in a cavalry troop attached Andersons Battalion of Fagans Division. His expert horsemanship was put to use as a courier in several battles in the last year of the war, Hopkins entered Virginia Military Institute in 1866 at 21 years old. 1866 also marked the year that Hopkins rebelled against the hazing of freshman at VMI, Hopkins was the principal founder of Sigma Nu International Fraternity. He served as the Lieutenant Commander of the original Alpha Chapter, and his involvement with the organization continued though his life, as he served as the first Vice-Regent and attended Grand Chapters in 1902,1908, and 1910. On December 15,1913, several weeks before his 68th birthday, James Frank Hopkins died and was buried in the cemetery at Mabelvale. Sigma Nu VMI James Frank Hopkins at Find a Grave
James Frank Hopkins
–
Contents
13.
Greenfield Quarles
–
Greenfield Quarles was a Confederate States Army and United States Army soldier, judge, and one of the founders of the Sigma Nu fraternity. Born in Christian County, Kentucky, his family moved to Arkansas in 1851, Quarles was a graduate of the Virginia Military Institute and during his time, along with James Frank Hopkins and James McIlvaine Riley founded the Sigma Nu Fraternity. In 1873, Quarles married his wife Ida Gist and had a daughter, in his early professional life, Quarles was a public servant having been elected a first district prosecuting attorney, a county judge, and probate judge. Quarles served in the Confederate States Army during the war as a Private. After the war, he became a member of Camp Cawley of the United Confederate Veterans of Helena. During the Spanish–American War, Quarles volunteered with the Arkansas Volunteer Infantry when called upon by the United States Army as a Major, Quarles did not participate in any battles in Cuba during the war. During World War I, Quarles served as an agent to the United States Government. Quarles died at his home in Helena, Arkansas, greenfield Quarles at Find a Grave
Greenfield Quarles
–
Greenfield Quarles in Virginia Military Institute uniform
14.
James McIlvaine Riley
–
James McIlvaine Riley is one of the founders of the Sigma Nu fraternity. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, he entered the Virginia Military Institute in the fall of 1866, Riley was a member of VMIs first baseball team in the fall of 1866, playing second base and eventually serving as the teams captain. While at VMI, James Frank Hopkins, Greenfield Quarles and Riley became close friends, Riley was elected the first Commander of the chapter at VMI, and served as the first Regent of Sigma Nu fraternity, a position he held for ten years. He died at age 61 and is buried in a plot in Bellefontaine Cemetery near the St. Louis Alumni chapter, James McIlvaine Riley at Find a Grave
James McIlvaine Riley
–
James McIlvaine Riley
15.
Hazing
–
Hazing is seen in many different types of social groups, including gangs, sports teams, schools, military units, and fraternities and sororities. The initiation rites can range from relatively benign pranks, to protracted patterns of behavior that rise to the level of abuse or criminal misconduct, Hazing is often prohibited by law or prohibited by institutions such as colleges and universities because they may comprise either physical or psychological abuse. It may also include nudity or sexual assault, in Australian English, hazing is called bastardisation. In Latvian, the word iesvētības, which literally means in-blessings, is used, also standing for religious rites of passage, in Swedish, the term used is nollning, literally zeroing. In Portugal, the term praxe, which literally means practice or habit, is used for initiation, in Brazil, its called trote and is usually practiced at universities by older students against newcomers in the first week of their first semester. In the Italian military, instead, the term used was nonnismo, from nonno, a similar equivalent term exists in the Russian military, where a hazing phenomenon knowing as Dedovshchina exists, meaning roughly grandfather or the slang term gramps. At education establishments in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, in Polish schools, hazing is known as kocenie (literally catting, coming from the noun kot - cat. It often features cat-related activities, like competitive milk drinking, other popular tasks include measuring a long distance with matches. In Israel, the practice is called zubur and exists primarily in Israeli Defense Force combat units, unlike hazing in many other places, zubur is typically used to mark the achievement of important milestones, such as after a pilots first solo flight. Hazing activities can involve forms of ridicule and humiliation within the group or in public, a snipe hunt is such a prank, when a newcomer or credulous person is given an impossible task. e. A variation of this is trading licks and this practice is also used in the military. The hazee may be humiliated by being hosed or by sprinkler, buckets or hoses, covered with dirt or with food, olive or baby oil may be used to show off the bare skin, for wrestling or just slipperiness, e. g. to complicate pole climbing. Cleaning may be limited to a dive into water, hosing down or even paddling the worst off and they may have to do tedious cleaning including swabbing the decks or cleaning the toilets with a toothbrush. In fraternities, pledges often must clean up a mess intentionally made by brothers which can include fecal matter, urine, servitude such as waiting on others or various other forms of housework, often with tests of obedience. In some cases, the hazee may be made to eat raw eggs, peppers, hot sauce, some hazing even includes eating or drinking vile things such as bugs or rotting food. The hazee may have to wear a piece of clothing, outfit. Examples include a uniform, a leash and/or collar, infantile and other humiliating dress, markings may also be made on clothing or bare skin. They are painted, written, tattooed or shaved on, sometimes forming a message or may receive tarring and feathering or branding
Hazing
–
Hazing of
French military pilot at 1,000 hours flight time
Hazing
–
Native American
okipa ceremony as witnessed by
George Catlin, circa 1835
Hazing
–
Tied and blindfolded freshmen from
Universidad de Talca,
Chile
16.
Kappa Alpha Order
–
Kappa Alpha Order is a social fraternity and a fraternal order founded in 1865 at Washington College in Lexington, Virginia. As of December 2015, the Kappa Alpha Order lists 133 active chapters,5 provisional chapters, along with Alpha Tau Omega and Sigma Nu, the order represents a third of the Lexington Triad. Since its establishment in 1865, The Order has initiated more than 150,000 members, Kappa Alpha Order was founded as Phi Kappa Chi on December 21,1865, at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. James Ward Wood, William Archibald Walsh, and brothers William Nelson Scott, within one year, the orders ritual would be expanded upon by Samuel Zenas Ammen, who was dubbed the practical founder. In the years followed, the fraternity spread throughout the Southern United States, as well as other states such as California, Arizona. KA is one-third of the Lexington Triad, along with Alpha Tau Omega, the founders listed Robert E. Lees chivalry and gentlemanly conduct as an inspiration. At the 1923 Convention, Lee was designated as the Spiritual Founder of the Order by John Temple Graves, the Kappa Alpha Order National Administrative Office is located at Mulberry Hill, in Lexington, Virginia. It is documented that Mulberry Hill is where Robert E. Lee spent his first night in Lexington, Mulberry Hill is a Virginia Historic Landmark, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The offices for the Kappa Alpha Order Educational Foundation are also housed there, the Number Is Leadership Institute is an intensive informational and educational retreat for chapter presidents. The retreat is held at Christian conference center, established in 1982, the Kappa Alpha Order Educational Foundation is a 501 charitable organization. KAOEF funds these programs with donations contributed by KA alumni, the Kappa Alpha Journal is the fraternitys magazine. It has been published since 1879, members of the Kappa Alpha Order are entitled to a free subscription to The KA Journal if initiated within the last ten years, or are a member of The Loyal Order. Members initiated between 1936 and 1951 are given a subscription to the publication. The Loyal Order is an program for the Kappa Alpha Order. The national office uses the money from Loyal Order memberships to help defray the cost of distributing the KA Journal, the colors of The Order are traditionally Crimson and Old Gold. The colors represent the blood sacrificed and the spent in defense of the country. The flowers of the Order are the rose and the magnolia blossom. The crimson rose represents masculine might and the magnolia blossom represents purity
Kappa Alpha Order
–
Kappa Alpha Order
17.
Alpha Tau Omega
–
Alpha Tau Omega is an American social fraternity founded at the Virginia Military Institute in 1865. The fraternity has around 250 active and inactive chapters and colonies in the United States and has initiated more than 250,000 members, Alpha Tau Omega represents one-third of the Lexington Triad, along with Kappa Alpha Order and Sigma Nu. The Fraternity does not have chapters or affiliations outside the United States, the fraternitys non-profit organization is The ATO Foundation, which provides scholarships to its members. Alpha Tau Omega was founded at the Virginia Military Institute on September 11,1865 by Otis Allan Glazebrook, Erskine Mayo Ross, and Alfred Marshall. Glazebrooks plan was to use Christian brotherly love as a way to facilitate reconciliation between the North and South in the aftermath of the American Civil War. Anderson who was president during a membership crisis, the fraternity holds several retreats and training conferences. Altitude is a leadership retreat in the Rocky Mountains. Participants must be in good standing with their chapter in order to participate, leaderShape was started in 1986 by the fraternity, and was exclusive to members until 1988. LeaderShape was spun off into its own organization which holds week-long leadership, the presidents retreat is held every January as training for incoming chapter presidents and vice presidents. The Emerging Leaders Conferences, formerly known as the Regional Leadership Conferences, is a training conference. In 1935, Erskine Mayo Ross started the Alpha Tau Omega Foundation with a donation of $5000, the foundation is a 501 not-for-profit organization that provides educational opportunities and scholarships for the members of Alpha Tau Omega. In 2013, the chapter at Cornell University was shut down for repeated alcohol, in 2012, the fraternity at the University of Central Florida was suspended for hazing pledges, including forcing one pledge to stand in a bucket of ice water while fraternity members beat him. In 2008, the chapter at University of Nevada, Reno was put on following controversy over hazing practices. As many as eleven pledges were forced to seek medical attention following their consumption of raw chicken. List of social fraternities and sororities Official website
Alpha Tau Omega
Alpha Tau Omega
–
The Virginia Military Institute.
18.
Lexington Triad
–
The term Triad is used to designate certain historic groupings of seminal college fraternities in North America. The Union Triad is a group of three fraternities founded at Union College in Schenectady, New York, the Kappa Alpha Society, Sigma Phi. These three organizations are among the oldest existing Greek-letter social fraternities in North America, other fraternities which owe their birth to Union College include Psi Upsilon, Chi Psi and Theta Delta Chi. Collectively, these many foundings earned Union College the title Mother of Fraternities, the Miami Triad refers to three fraternities founded at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio in the 19th century, Beta Theta Pi, Phi Delta Theta, and Sigma Chi. Historians of fraternities often compare the significance of the Miami Triad to that of the earlier Union Triad, Delta Zeta sorority was founded at Miami University in 1902, and Phi Kappa Tau fraternity in 1906. Delta Sigma Epsilon sorority began there in 1914, merging in 1956 with Delta Zeta and these numerous Greek organization foundings cause some to refer to the school also as the Mother of Fraternities. This tradition has waned in recent years and some schools have transformed the celebration into new events, the Lexington Triad is a group of three fraternities founded by students from colleges in Lexington, Virginia during Reconstruction following the American Civil War. Members of the triad include Alpha Tau Omega, Kappa Alpha Order, the national headquarters of both the Kappa Alpha Order and Sigma Nu are located in Lexington. The Jefferson Duo includes the fraternities Phi Gamma Delta and Phi Kappa Psi, founded in 1848 and 1852, respectively, at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, a third, Kappa Phi Lambda, was also founded there but dissolved in 1874. In 1865, Jefferson College combined with Washington College to become Washington & Jefferson College, Phi Kappa Sigma, founded at the University of Pennsylvania in 1850, is grouped with Phi Gamma Delta and Phi Kappa Psi to complete the Pennsylvania Triad
Lexington Triad
–
A monument in Lexington honors the members of its Triad
19.
University of Pennsylvania
–
The University of Pennsylvania is a private Ivy League research university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Incorporated as The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, Penn is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, the university coat of arms features a dolphin on the red chief, adopted directly from the Franklin familys own coat of arms. Penn was one of the first academic institutions to follow a multidisciplinary model pioneered by several European universities and it was also home to many other educational innovations. The first school of medicine in North America, the first collegiate school. With an endowment of $10.72 billion, Penn had the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States, all of Penns schools exhibit very high research activity. In fiscal year 2015, Penns academic research budget was $851 million, over its history, the university has also produced many distinguished alumni. S. House of Representatives,8 signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, in addition, some 30 Nobel laureates,169 Guggenheim Fellows, and 80 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, have been affiliated with Penn. In addition, Penn has produced a significant number of Fortune 500 CEOs, in 1740, a group of Philadelphians joined together to erect a great preaching hall for the traveling evangelist George Whitefield, who toured the American colonies delivering open air sermons. The building was designed and built by Edmund Woolley and was the largest building in the city at the time and it was initially planned to serve as a charity school as well, however, a lack of funds forced plans for the chapel and school to be suspended. According to Franklins autobiography, it was in 1743 when he first had the idea to establish an academy, however, Peters declined a casual inquiry from Franklin and nothing further was done for another six years. Unlike the other Colonial colleges that existed in 1749—Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Franklin assembled a board of trustees from among the leading citizens of Philadelphia, the first such non-sectarian board in America. At the first meeting of the 24 members of the Board of Trustees the issue of where to locate the school was a prime concern. The original sponsors of the dormant building still owed considerable construction debts and asked Franklins group to assume their debts and, accordingly, on February 1,1750 the new board took over the building and trusts of the old board. On August 13,1751, the Academy of Philadelphia, using the hall at 4th and Arch Streets. A charity school also was chartered July 13,1753 in accordance with the intentions of the original New Building donors, June 16,1755, the College of Philadelphia was chartered, paving the way for the addition of undergraduate instruction. All three schools shared the same Board of Trustees and were considered to be part of the same institution, the institution of higher learning was known as the College of Philadelphia from 1755 to 1779. In 1779, not trusting then-provost the Rev. William Smiths Loyalist tendencies, the result was a schism, with Smith continuing to operate an attenuated version of the College of Philadelphia. In 1791 the Legislature issued a new charter, merging the two institutions into a new University of Pennsylvania with twelve men from each institution on the new Board of Trustees
University of Pennsylvania
–
"House intended for the President of the United States" (if Philadelphia remained the National Capital of the United States) from "
Birch's Views of Philadelphia " (1800). Home of the College of Philadelphia/University of Pennsylvania. from 1801 to 1829.
University of Pennsylvania
–
Arms of the University of Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania
–
Benjamin Franklin, (1705/06-1790), was the primary founder, President of the Board of Trustees, and a trustee of the
Academy and College of Philadelphia, which merged with the
University of the State of Pennsylvania to form the University of Pennsylvania in 1791. (
Charles Willson Peale, 1785)
University of Pennsylvania
–
Ninth Street Campus (above Chestnut Street): Medical Hall (left) and College Hall (right), both built 1829-1830.
20.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
American Civil War
–
New Orleans the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills, shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North, South and Border states.
American Civil War
–
Clockwise from top:
Battle of Gettysburg,
Union Captain John Tidball's artillery,
Confederate prisoners,
ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of
Richmond, Virginia,
Battle of Franklin
American Civil War
–
Sen. Stephen Douglas, author of the
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854
American Civil War
–
Sen. John J. Crittenden, of the 1860
Crittenden Compromise
21.
Confederate States Army
–
The Confederate States Army was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. S. Military Academy and colonel of a regiment during the Mexican War. In March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a more permanent Confederate States Army, the better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men. This does not include a number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as construction of fortifications. Since these figures include estimates of the number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war. These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces, although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription, primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer. In the absence of records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, one estimate of Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. These numbers do not include men who died from causes such as accidents. Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16,1865 and June 28,1865, by the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted. The Confederacys government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April, by the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4,1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. The Confederacy seized federal property, including nearly all U. S. Army forts, Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U. S. control when he took office, especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C. S. troops under the command of General P. G. T, Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13,1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14. The Northern states were outraged by the Confederacys attack and demanded war and it rallied behind Lincolns call on April 15, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the Union intact. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army and it was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army
Confederate States Army
–
Private
Edwin Francis Jemison, whose image became one of the most famous portraits of the young soldiers of the war
Confederate States Army
–
CSA M1857 Napoleon Artillery Piece
Confederate States Army
–
General
Robert Edward Lee, famous Southern General
Confederate States Army
–
Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor, 1863
22.
Nashville, Tennessee
–
Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
Nashville, Tennessee
–
From top left: 2nd Avenue, Kirkland Hall at
Vanderbilt University, the
Parthenon, the Nashville skyline,
Nissan Stadium,
Dolly Parton performing at the
Grand Ole Opry, and
Ryman Auditorium
Nashville, Tennessee
–
Nashville riverfront shortly after the
Civil War
Nashville, Tennessee
–
A satellite image of Nashville
Nashville, Tennessee
–
Downtown Nashville
23.
Brown v. Board of Education
–
The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. Handed down on May 17,1954, the Warren Courts unanimous decision stated that educational facilities are inherently unequal. As a result, de jure segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a victory of the Civil Rights Movement. For much of the sixty years preceding the Brown case, race relations in the United States had been dominated by racial segregation, racial segregation in education varied widely from the 17 states that required racial segregation to the 16 in which it was prohibited. Brown was influenced by UNESCOs 1950 Statement, signed by a variety of internationally renowned scholars. This declaration denounced previous attempts at scientifically justifying racism as well as morally condemning racism, another work that the Supreme Court cited was Gunnar Myrdals An American Dilemma, The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. Myrdal had been a signatory of the UNESCO declaration, the research performed by the educational psychologists Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark also influenced the Courts decision. The Clarks doll test studies presented substantial arguments to the Supreme Court about how segregation affected black schoolchildrens mental status, the plaintiffs were thirteen Topeka parents on behalf of their 20 children. The suit called for the district to reverse its policy of racial segregation. The plaintiffs had been recruited by the leadership of the Topeka NAACP, notable among the Topeka NAACP leaders were the chairman McKinley Burnett, Charles Scott, one of three serving as legal counsel for the chapter, and Lucinda Todd. The named plaintiff, Oliver L. Brown, was a parent, a welder in the shops of the Santa Fe Railroad, an assistant pastor at his church. He was convinced to join the lawsuit by Scott, a childhood friend, as directed by the NAACP leadership, the parents each attempted to enroll their children in the closest neighborhood school in the fall of 1951. They were each refused enrollment and directed to the segregated schools, linda Brown Thompson later recalled the experience in a 2004 PBS documentary. Like I say, we lived in a neighborhood and I had all of these playmates of different nationalities. And so when I found out that day that I might be able to go to their school, I was just thrilled, you know. And I remember walking over to Sumner school with my dad that day and going up the steps of the school, and I remember going inside and my dad spoke with someone and then he went into the inner office with the principal and they left me out. To sit outside with the secretary, and while he was in the inner office, I could hear voices and hear his voice raised, you know, as the conversation went on
Brown v. Board of Education
–
On May 17, 1954, these men, members of the U.S. Supreme Court, ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.
Brown v. Board of Education
–
Educational segregation in the US prior to Brown
Brown v. Board of Education
–
U.S. circuit judges Robert A. Katzmann,
Damon J. Keith, and
Sonia Sotomayor at a 2004 exhibit on the
Fourteenth Amendment,
Thurgood Marshall, and Brown v. Board of Education
24.
Dartmouth College
–
Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, Dartmouth is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution, with a total student enrollment of about 6,400, Dartmouth is the smallest university in the Ivy League. Undergraduate admissions is highly competitive, with a rate of 10. 4% for the Class of 2021. Dartmouths 269-acre campus is in the rural Upper Valley region of New England, the university functions on a quarter system, operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms. Dartmouth is known for its focus, strong Greek culture. Its 34 varsity sports teams compete intercollegiately in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I, Dartmouth is consistently included among the highest-ranked universities in the United States by several institutional rankings. According to a Forbes study, despite its small size. In a New York Times corporate study, Dartmouths graduates were shown to be among the most sought-after and valued in the world. Dartmouth has produced prominent alumni, including 170 members of the U. S. Senate. Cabinet officials,3 Nobel Prize laureates,2 U. S. Supreme Court justices, diplomats, scholars in academia, literary and media figures, professional athletes, and Olympic medalists. Dartmouth was founded by Eleazar Wheelock, a Congregational minister from Columbia, Connecticut, wheelocks ostensible inspiration for such an establishment resulted from his relationship with Mohegan Indian Samson Occom. Occom became a minister after studying under Wheelock from 1743 to 1747. Wheelock founded Moors Indian Charity School in 1755, the Charity School proved somewhat successful, but additional funding was necessary to continue schools operations, and Wheelock sought the help of friends to raise money. Occom, accompanied by the Reverend Nathaniel Whitaker, traveled to England in 1766 to raise money from churches, with these funds, they established a trust to help Wheelock. The head of the trust was a Methodist named William Legge, in seeking to expand the school into a college, Wheelock relocated it to Hanover, in the Province of New Hampshire. The move from Connecticut followed a lengthy and sometimes frustrating effort to find resources, the reference to educating Native American youth was included to connect Dartmouth to the Charity School and enable use of the Charity Schools unspent trust funds. The College granted its first degrees in 1771, given the limited success of the Charity School, however, Wheelock intended his new college as one primarily for whites. An institution called Dartmouth University occupied the buildings and began operating in Hanover in 1817
Dartmouth College
–
The Charter of Dartmouth College on display in
Baker Memorial Library. The Charter was signed on December 13, 1769, on behalf of
King George III of Great Britain.
Dartmouth College
Dartmouth College
–
The earliest known image of Dartmouth appeared in the February 1793 issue of Massachusetts Magazine. The engraving may also be the first visual proof of
cricket being played in the United States.
Dartmouth College
–
Lithograph of the President's House, Thornton Hall, Dartmouth Hall, and Wentworth Hall, circa 1834
25.
Chairman of the board
–
The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
Chairman of the board
–
Chairman of a Swedish and American society of relatives of over 5000 members, in
Stockholm in 2015 with the society's banner flying
26.
Jon Hamm
–
Jonathan Daniel Jon Hamm is an American actor, director, and television producer best known for playing advertising executive Don Draper for the AMC television drama series, Mad Men. For much of the mid-1990s, he lived in Los Angeles, making appearances in television series Providence, The Division, What About Brian, during 2000, he made his feature movie debut in the space adventure movie Space Cowboys. The next year, he had a role in the independent comedy. He gained wide recognition when Mad Men began broadcast during July 2007 and he directed two episodes of the show. During 2008, Hamm appeared in a remake of the science fiction movie The Day The Earth Stood Still and his first leading movie role was in the 2010 independent thriller Stolen. He also had supporting roles in the movies The Town, Sucker Punch, Hamm has received 16 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performances in Mad Men,30 Rock, and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt. His other television credits include featuring in the Sky Arts series A Young Doctors Notebook and guest roles in Parks and Recreation and Wet Hot American Summer, First Day of Camp. He provided his voice to the animated movie Shrek Forever After during 2010, Hamm was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Deborah and Daniel Hamm. His father managed a family trucking company, and his mother was a secretary and he is of German, English, and Irish descent, his surname originates with German immigrants. Hamms parents divorced when he was two old, and he lived in Missouri in Creve Coeur with his mother until her death from colon cancer. Hamm then lived with his father and his first acting role was as Winnie the Pooh for first grade. At 16, he was cast as Judas for the play Godspell and he attended John Burroughs School, a private school in Ladue, where he was a member of the football, baseball, and swim teams. During this time, he dated future actress Sarah Clarke and his father died when Jon was 20. After graduation during 1989, Hamm enrolled at the University of Texas, there, Hamm was arrested for participating with a violent hazing incident that occurred during November 1990, involving another student, Mark Sanders. Sanders was beaten with a paddle and a broom, while Hamm was leading him around the fraternity house, the incident resulted in the fraternity being ended on campus. Hamm completed the terms of a deferred adjudication, and the charges were dismissed during August 1995, Hamm then enrolled at the University of Missouri. At Missouri he answered an advertisement from a company seeking players for a production of A Midsummer Nights Dream, auditioned. Other roles followed, such as Leon Czolgosz in Assassins, after graduating during 1993 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English, Hamm returned to his high school to teach eighth-grade acting
Jon Hamm
–
At Paley Center in 2014
Jon Hamm
–
Hamm in November 2008
Jon Hamm
–
Hamm with former partner
Jennifer Westfeldt at the
60th Primetime Emmy Awards, 2008
Jon Hamm
–
Hamm on the set of
The Town in September 2009.
27.
University of Texas
–
Founded in 1881 as The University of Texas, its campus is in Austin, Texas—approximately 1 mile from the Texas State Capitol. The institution has the nations seventh-largest single-campus enrollment, with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty, UT Austin was inducted into the American Association of Universities in 1929, becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected. It is a center for academic research, with research expenditures exceeding $550 million for the 2014–2015 school year. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory, among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Emmy Award, the Turing Award, and the National Medal of Science, as well as many other awards. UT Austin student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference and its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university. The first mention of a university in Texas can be traced to the 1827 constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. Although Title 6, Article 217 of the Constitution promised to establish education in the arts and sciences. On April 18,1838, An Act to Establish the University of Texas was referred to a committee of the Texas Congress. On January 26,1839, the Texas Congress agreed to set aside fifty leagues of land towards the establishment of a publicly funded university, in addition,40 acres in the new capital of Austin were reserved and designated College Hill. In 1845, Texas was annexed into the United States, interestingly, the states Constitution of 1845 failed to mention higher education. On February 11,1858, the Seventh Texas Legislature approved O. B,102, an act to establish the University of Texas, which set aside $100,000 in United States bonds toward construction of the states first publicly funded university. The legislature also designated land reserved for the encouragement of railroad construction toward the universitys endowment, Texas secession from the Union and the American Civil War delayed repayment of the borrowed monies. At the end of the Civil War in 1865, The University of Texas endowment was just over $16,000 in warrants, the more valuable lands reverted to the fund to support general education in the state. The legislature additionally appropriated $256,272.57 to repay the funds taken from the university in 1860 to pay for frontier defense, the 1883 grant of land increased the land in the Permanent University Fund to almost 2.2 million acres. Under the Act of 1858, the university was entitled to just over 1,000 acres of land for every mile of railroad built in the state. On March 30,1881, the legislature set forth the structure and organization. By popular election on September 6,1881, Austin was chosen as the site, galveston, having come in second in the election was designated the location of the medical department. On November 17,1882, on the original College Hill, smite the earth, smite the rocks with the rod of knowledge and fountains of unstinted wealth will gush forth
University of Texas
–
The university's Old Main building in 1903
University of Texas
–
The University of Texas at Austin
University of Texas
–
The Tower, completed in 1937, stands 307 ft (94 m) tall and dons
different colors of lighting on special occasions.
University of Texas
–
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
28.
Missouri State University
–
Missouri State University, formerly Southwest Missouri State University, is a public university located in Springfield, Missouri, United States. Founded in 1905 as the Fourth District Normal School, it is the second largest university. In 2011, students represented 50 states, the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, the Springfield campus is one of two degree-granting institutions within the Missouri State University System, the other being a two-year campus in West Plains, Missouri. A bachelor of science in business from MSU is offered at the Missouri State University Branch Campus Dalian in the Peoples Republic of China. In addition to its campus, MSU maintains a fruit research station in Mountain Grove. The school is classified by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education as one of six colleges and universities in Missouri. In the 2014 U. S. News and World Report, Missouri State University was formed as the Fourth District Normal School, by legislative action on March 17,1905. Like other normal schools of the day, the primary purpose was the preparation of teachers for the public school system. The university was founded on June 11,1906 with the first class totaling 543 students in an off-campus facility. The first permanent campus building was Academic Hall and its cornerstone was laid on August 10,1907 and construction was completed in January 1909. The building is now known as Carrington Hall, named after William T. Carrington and it serves as the Universitys administrative center. The Fourth District Normal School became Southwest Missouri State Teachers College in 1919 to reflect its regional, throughout the interwar period, the Colleges programs expanded to include liberal arts and sciences in the curriculum, thus facilitating a name change to Southwest Missouri State College in 1945. A burgeoning student population throughout the 1950s and 1960s resulted in the establishment of residence halls and this led to a third name change in 1972, to Southwest Missouri State University. In 1973, enrollment surpassed 10,000 students for the first time, in 1990, enrollment surpassed 20,000 students for the first time, but further attempts to rename the school throughout the 1990s and early 2000s also failed. However, the legislature did grant the university a statewide mission in Public Affairs in 1995. In 2004, with the election of Springfield native Matt Blunt to the governorship and it was opposed by the University of Missouri System, which feared that the name change would lead to duplication of academic programs and ongoing battles for students and state funding. The bill to rename the University finally passed the Missouri Senate, on March 1,2005, after more than seven hours of debate, the bill passed the Missouri House. Governor Blunt signed it into law on March 17, 2005—the centennial anniversary of the University—at the Plaster Student Union where several student leaders, for the 2009 fiscal year the University awarded 4,093 degrees
Missouri State University
–
Carrington Hall
Missouri State University
–
Missouri State University
Missouri State University
–
Glass Hall (left) houses the MSU COBA
Missouri State University
–
View toward Missouri State University's Historic Quadrangle
29.
Arizona State University
–
Arizona State University is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area, and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona. The 2016 university ratings by U. S. News & World Report rank ASU No.1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the year in a row. ASU is the largest public university by enrollment in the U. S and it had approximately 82,060 students enrolled in 2014, including 66,309 undergraduate and 15,751 graduate students. ASUs charter, approved by the board of regents in 2014, is based on the New American University model created by ASU President Crow, ASU is classified as a research university with very high research activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. The Center for Measuring University Performance ranks ASU 31st among top U. S. public research universities, ASU was classified as a Research I institute in 1994, making it one of the nations newest major research universities. Students compete in 25 varsity sports, the Arizona State Sun Devils are members of the Pac-12 Conference and have won 23 NCAA championships. Along with multiple clubs and recreational facilities, ASU is home to more than 1,100 registered student organizations. To keep pace with the student populations growth, the university continuously renovates, the demand for new academic halls, athletic facilities, student recreation centers, and residential halls is being addressed with donor contributions and public-private investments. The campus consisted of a single, four-room schoolhouse on a 20-acre plot largely donated by Tempe residents George, classes began with 33 students on February 8,1886. The school accepted high school students and graduates, and awarded high school diplomas, in 1923 the school stopped offering high school courses and added a high school diploma to the admissions requirements. In 1925 the school became the Tempe State Teachers College and offered four-year Bachelor of Education degrees as well as two-year teaching certificates, in 1929, the legislature authorized Bachelor of Arts in Education degrees as well, and the school was renamed the Arizona State Teachers College. Under the 30-year tenure of president Arthur John Matthews the school was given all-college student status, the first dormitories built in the state were constructed under his supervision. Of the 18 buildings constructed while Matthews was president, six are still in use, Matthews envisioned an evergreen campus, with many shrubs brought to the campus, and implemented the planting of Palm Walk, now a landmark of the Tempe campus. His legacy is being continued to this day with the campus having been declared a nationally recognized arboretum. During the Great Depression, Ralph W. Swetman was hired as president for a three-year term, although enrollment increased by almost 100 percent during his tenure due to the depression, many faculty were terminated and faculty salaries were cut. In 1933, Grady Gammage, then president of Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff, became president of ASU, like his predecessor, Gammage oversaw construction of a number of buildings on the Tempe campus. He also oversaw the development of the graduate programs. The schools name was changed to Arizona State College in 1945, at the time, two other names considered were Tempe University and State University at Tempe
Arizona State University
–
President Theodore Roosevelt addresses a crowd of students on the steps of the Old Main at Arizona State University, March 20, 1911.
Arizona State University
–
Seal of Arizona State University
Arizona State University
–
Old Main on the Arizona State University campus, circa 1890
Arizona State University
–
ASU's
Gammage Auditorium, designed by
Frank Lloyd Wright
30.
Southern Utah University
–
Southern Utah University is a public university located in Cedar City, Utah, United States, founded in 1898. Originally a normal school, Southern Utah University now graduates over 1,700 students each year with baccalaureate and graduate degrees from its six colleges, SUU offers more than 85 undergraduate degrees and eight graduate programs. There are more than 8,000 students that attend SUU, SUU’s 17 athletic teams compete in Division 1 of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Thunderbirds. SUU joined the Big Sky Conference in September 2012, in the spring of 1897, Cedar City was notified it had been chosen as the site for the Branch Normal School, the region’s first teaching training school in southern Utah. For the next three months, citizens labored to complete Ward Hall on Main Street for the first school year, in September, the school opened its doors. Cedar City residents came together and in January 5,1898 and it took them four days to reach the sawmills, located near present-day Brian Head Ski Resort. Upon arrival, they realized the wagons they brought with them could not carry logs through the heavy snow, the way back was just as hard as the trip up. The snow continued to fall destroying the trail they originally took and it was this phase of their march that an old sorrel horse proved valuable. Placed at the front of the party, the horse would walk into the drifts, then he would pause for a rest and then get up and start over again. “Old Sorrel” was credited with being the savior of the expedition, from January through July they kept up their labors and when September 1898 arrived, Old Main was almost completed. It had a chapel for religious assemblies, a library and reading room. Milton Bennion was first principal for the Branch Normal School, courageous and young, Bennion brought a code of integrity to the students of BNS. He established a student body. Bennion directed 161 students during his time as principal, the BNS started classes with four teachers, now known as the Founding Four. Bennion, who acted as principal, taught history, geography, Howard R. Driggs acted as the first English professor at BNS until 1905. During his career, Dr. Driggs was both a professor of English education and historian of the American West, SUU still honors his name with the Howard R. Driggs Collection located in the Gerald R. Sherratt Library and plays host to a semi-annual lectures by national scholars. The third, George W. Decker was a southern Utah native and was adamant about teaching from the point of view rather from a book. Students loved him so much that a request by the student body to proper authorities was the point to his appointment as the fourth principal of BNS
Southern Utah University
–
Dedication of Old Main
Southern Utah University
–
The second oldest buildings on campus, the Braithwaite Liberal Arts Center (left), built in 1899, and the oldest building on campus, Old Main (right), built in 1898. Part of the R. Haze Hunter Conference Center, dedicated in the 1920s, can be seen on the far right
Southern Utah University
–
Fred C. Adams Theatre on SUU's campus
31.
University of Mississippi
–
The University of Mississippi is an American public research university located in Oxford, Mississippi. It is the state of Mississippis flagship and largest university, with an enrollment of 24,250 in fall 2016. It is both a sea-grant and space-grant institution and is classified as an R1, Doctoral University — Highest Research Activity. Across all its campuses, it comprises approximately 2,200 faculty members,10,600 staff members, and 24,000 students, and has a total budget of roughly $2 billion. About 55 percent of its undergraduates and 60 percent overall come from Mississippi, the Mississippi Legislature chartered the University of Mississippi on February 24,1844. The university opened its doors to its first class of 80 students four years later in 1848, for 23 years, the university was Mississippis only public institution of higher learning, and for 110 years it was the states only comprehensive university. When the university opened, the campus consisted of six buildings, constructed from 1846 to 1848, the Lyceum is the oldest building on campus. Originally, the Lyceum housed all of the classrooms and faculty offices of the university, the buildings north and south wings were added in 1903, and the Class of 1927 donated the clock above the eastern portico. The Lyceum is now the home of the administration offices. The columned facade of the Lyceum is represented on the official crest of the university, in 1854, the university established the fourth state-supported, public law school in the United States, and also began offering engineering education. With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, classes were interrupted when almost the entire student body from the University of Mississippi enlisted in the Confederate army. The Lyceum was used as a hospital during the Civil War for both Union and Confederate soldiers, especially those who were wounded at the battle of Shiloh, two hundred-fifty soldiers who died in the campus hospital were buried in a cemetery on the grounds of the university. During the post-war period, the university was led by former Confederate general A. P. Stewart and he served as Chancellor from 1874-1886. The university became coeducational in 1882 and was the first such institution in the Southeast to hire a female faculty member, Sarah McGehee Isom, the student yearbook was published for the first time in 1897. A contest was held to solicit suggestions for a title from the student body. Elma Meek, a student, submitted the entry of Ole Miss. Meeks source for the term is unknown, some historians theorize she made a diminutive of old Mississippi or derived the term from ol missus and this sobriquet was not only chosen for the yearbook, but also became the name by which the university was informally known. Ole Miss is defined as the schools intangible spirit, which is separate from the tangible aspects of the university, the university began medical education in 1903, when the University of Mississippi School of Medicine was established on the Oxford campus
University of Mississippi
–
The Lyceum,
William Nichols, architect (1848).
University of Mississippi
–
The University of Mississippi
University of Mississippi
–
James Meredith walking to class at the University of Mississippi, accompanied by
U.S. Marshals.
University of Mississippi
–
Civil Rights Monument (statue of James Meredith sculptor: Rod Moorhead) on the Ole Miss campus.
32.
Emory University
–
Emory University is a private research university in metropolitan Atlanta, located in the Druid Hills section of DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. The university was founded as Emory College in 1836 in Oxford, in 1915, the college relocated to metropolitan Atlanta and was rechartered as Emory University. The university is the second-oldest private institution of education in Georgia. Emory University, the Georgia Institute of Technology, and Peking University in Beijing, the university operates the Confucius Institute in Atlanta in partnership with Nanjing University. Emory has a faculty research partnership with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science. Emory University students come from all 50 states,6 territories of the United States, the university operates the Winship Cancer Institute, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and many disease and vaccine research centers. Emory University is the coordinator of both the NIAIDs Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center and the U. S. Health Departments National Ebola Training and Education Center, the university is one of four institutions involved in the NIAIDs Tuberculosis Research Units Program. The university is partnered with the Carter Center, the National Science Foundation ranked the university 36th among academic institutions in the United States for research and development expenditures. Emory University research is funded primarily by government agencies, namely the National Institutes of Health. In 1995 Emory University was elected to the Association of American Universities, Emory College was founded in 1836 in Oxford, Georgia by the Methodist Episcopal Church. The college was named in honor of the departed Methodist bishop John Emory, ignatius Alphonso Few was the colleges first president. In 1854, the Atlanta Medical College, a forerunner of Emory University School of Medicine, was founded, on April 12,1861, the American Civil War began. Emory College was closed in November 1861 and all of its students enlisted on the Confederate side, in late 1863 the war came to Georgia and the college was used as hospital and later a headquarters for the Union Army. The university produced many officers who served in the war, including General George Thomas Anderson who fought in every major battle in the eastern theater. Thirty five Emory students lost their lives and much of the campus was destroyed during the war, Emory College, as with the entire Southeastern United States, struggled to overcome financial devastation during the Reconstruction Era. In 1880, Atticus Greene Haygood, Emory College President, delivered a speech expressing gratitude for the end of slavery in the United States, which captured the attention of George I. Seney gave Emory College $5,000 to repay its debts, $50,000 for construction, in the 1880s, the technology department was launched by Isaac Stiles Hopkins, a polymath professor at Emory College
Emory University
–
Glenn Memorial United Methodist Church, Emory University
Emory University
–
Seal of Emory University
Emory University
–
Asa Griggs Candler, founder of
The Coca-Cola Company, provided a land grant for Emory College to relocate to
metropolitan Atlanta and be rechartered as Emory University. Based on large donations from the
Candler,
Woodruff,
Goizueta, and Rollins families, Emory University is colloquially referred to as "
Coca-Cola University."
Emory University
–
On March 30, 1983,
Kim Dae-jung, while in
political exile in the US, gave a speech on human rights and democracy at Emory University and accepted an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the institution. Kim would go on to serve as the 8th
President of South Korea.
33.
University of Virginia
–
The University of Virginia, frequently referred to simply as Virginia, is a public research university and the flagship for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson, UVA is known for its foundations, student-run honor code. UNESCO designated UVA as Americas first and only collegiate World Heritage Site in 1987, the university was established in 1819, and its original governing Board of Visitors included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation, former Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVAs first two rectors and the Academical Village and Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study. The universitys research endeavors are highly recognized, in 2015, Science honored UVA faculty for discovering two of its top 10 annual scientific breakthroughs, from the fields of Medicine and Psychology. UVA is one of 62 institutions in the Association of American Universities and it is the only AAU member university in Virginia. UVA is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation, the university was the first non-founding member, and the first university of the American South, to attain AAU membership in 1904. UVAs academic strength is broad, with 121 majors across the eight undergraduate, students compete in 26 collegiate sports and UVA leads the Atlantic Coast Conference in mens NCAA team national championships with 17. UVA is second in womens NCAA titles with 7, UVA was awarded the Capital One Cup in 2015 after fielding the top overall mens athletics programs in the nation. Students come to attend the university in Charlottesville from all 50 states and 147 countries, the historic 1, 682-acre campus is internationally protected by UNESCO and considered one of the most beautiful collegiate grounds in the country. UVA additionally maintains 2,913 acres southeast of the city, the university also manages the College at Wise in Southwest Virginia, and until 1972 operated George Mason University and the University of Mary Washington in Northern Virginia. In 1817, three Presidents and Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court John Marshall joined 24 other dignitaries at a meeting held in the Mountain Top Tavern at Rockfish Gap, after some deliberation, they selected nearby Charlottesville as the site of the new University of Virginia. Farmland just outside Charlottesville was purchased from James Monroe by the Board of Visitors as Central College, the school laid its first buildings cornerstone late in that same year, and the Commonwealth of Virginia chartered the new university on January 25,1819. John Hartwell Cocke collaborated with James Madison, Monroe, and Joseph Carrington Cabell to fulfill Jeffersons dream to establish the university, Cocke and Jefferson were appointed to the building committee to supervise the construction. The universitys first classes met on March 7,1825, another innovation of the new university was that higher education would be separated from religious doctrine. Jefferson opined to philosopher Thomas Cooper that a professorship of theology should have no place in our institution, Jefferson was intimately involved in the university to the end, hosting Sunday dinners at his Monticello home for faculty and students until his death. Thus, he eschewed mention of his accomplishments, such as the Louisiana Purchase. This was a source of frustration for Jefferson, who assembled the students during the schools first year, on October 3,1825, to such behavior
University of Virginia
–
Thomas Jefferson is the founder of the University of Virginia
University of Virginia
–
University of Virginia
University of Virginia
–
James Madison was the 2nd rector of the University of Virginia until 1836
University of Virginia
–
Edwin Alderman was UVA's first president between 1904 and 1931, and instituted many reforms toward modernization
34.
University of North Carolina Wilmington
–
The University of North Carolina at Wilmington, sometimes referred to as UNC Wilmington, is a public, co-educational university located in Wilmington, North Carolina, United States. UNCW enrolls 15,740 undergraduate, graduate and doctoral students each year as part of the 17-campus University of North Carolina System, UNCW opened its doors on September 4,1947 as Wilmington College. Further accreditation came in 1952 from the Southern Association of Colleges, six years later, July 1,1969, the name of the school was changed to The University of North Carolina at Wilmington, making UNCW the fifth campus of the University of North Carolina system. On August 22,1977, UNCW was authorized to offer its first graduate programs at the masters level, the school offers 54 bachelors degrees,29 masters degrees and four doctoral degrees, Ed. D. Marine Biology and Psychology and a Doctorate in Nursing Practice, the university offers degrees in humanities, sciences, health, business and professional fields. The university’s highly ranked marine science program draws a variety of undergraduate and graduate students from across the United States, the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean is a draw for incoming freshmen. Teal is the school color of UNCW, with navy. The average high school GPA was 4.13 for incoming freshmen in 2016, in 2000, the Student Recreation Center was opened to students, staff, and faculty members. It houses three basketball courts, exercise machines, a training area, an indoor running track. It also includes an exercise room which supports multiple clubs and activities, including Yoga, Pilates. In 2012, the Student Recreation Center completed an expansion of facilities and this construction doubled the size of the existing Recreation Center. Some notable Lumina events included a multi-part, high-definition screening of BBCs Planet Earth series over the span of several weekends, Galloway Hall is UNCWs first residence facility on campus, and has a standard hall-style double room arrangement with shared bathrooms for the entire hall. Housing 400 students, predominately first-years, Galloway has a social atmosphere. Graham-Hewlett and Belk residence halls are configured in suite-style hall arrangements with up to eight individuals sharing a bathroom, graham-Hewlett houses 384 residents and Belk houses 192 residents, and both facilities consist of predominately first-year students. Originally a co-ed facility, Belk Hall was all female for some years before returning co-ed beginning in the 2016-2017 academic year. Schwartz Hall houses 160 residents, and is home to mostly first-year students, a double room layout features shared bathrooms but is distinguished by its pod layout in contrast with the typical hall style areas. Newer residence halls on campus include Honors, Innovation and Cornerstone Hall and are arranged with a courtyard between them to form what is referred to as Tri-House. These residence halls were constructed in the late 1990s and early 2000s and are home to the living and learning communities, in addition to standard residence halls, UNCW also has on-campus apartments and suites
University of North Carolina Wilmington
–
University of North Carolina Wilmington
35.
Old Dominion University
–
Old Dominion University, also known as ODU, is a public, co-educational research university located in Norfolk, Virginia, United States, with two satellite campuses in the Hampton Roads area. Its campus covers over 251 acres straddling the city neighborhoods of Larchmont, Highland Park, Old Dominion University is classified as a Carnegie Doctoral, Higher Research Activity University. Old Dominion University provides nearly $2 billion annually to the regional economy, the university offers 168 undergraduate and graduate degree programs to over 24,000 students and is one of the nations largest providers of online distance learning courses. Old Dominion University has approximately 124,000 alumni in all 50 states and 67 countries, the foundations of Old Dominion University began in the minds of administrators and officials at the College of William and Mary in the first decades of the twentieth century. Notable among these men were Robert M. Hughes, a W&M Board of Visitors member from 1893–1917, Chandler, the 18th president of that school. In 1924 after becoming the director of the William and Mary extension in Norfolk, Joseph Healy began organizing classes and finding locations for faculty and he along with the collective efforts of Robert M. Hughes, Dr. J. A. C. Chandler, and A. H. Foreman, a two-year branch division was established on March 13,1930, on September 3,1930 H. Edgar Timmerman becomes the Divisions first director. The Division, as it was called, which started out in the old Larchmont School building. Tuition for the first year was 50 USD, the following September, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, more commonly known as Virginia Tech, began offering classes at The Division, expanding the number of courses taught. Old Dominion began educating teachers and engineers, created in the first year of the Great Depression, the college benefited from federal funding as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal. The Public Works Administration provided funds for the Administration Building, now Rollins Hall, and Foreman Field, named after A. H Foreman, lewis Warrington Webb first joined the faculty in 1932 as an instructor of engineering and would later be called the Father of Old Dominion. After serving 10 years as an instructor at the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary and he also served as Director of the Defense and War Training Program at the college from 1940-1944. Through its defense and training classes, the Norfolk Division makes a contribution to the war effort. The program also allows the school to open during a period when most young men were serving their country. The program attracts many women, who learn aircraft repair, drafting, in 1946 Webb was appointed Director of the Norfolk Division. Dr. Webbs dream was to see the Norfolk Division become an independent institution, the two-year Norfolk Division rapidly evolved into a four-year institution, and he saw that dream fulfilled in 1962 when the Norfolk Division gained its independence from William and Mary. On February 16,1962, the William and Mary system was dissolved under General Assembly legislation which was signed by Gov. Albertis S. Harrison, later that year the Norfolk Division was renamed to the Old Dominion College. Dr. Webb served as the first President of Old Dominion College from 1962-1969 and he held the position of rector until 1970 and the College of Engineering was named in his honor in 2004
Old Dominion University
–
JAC Chandler
Old Dominion University
Old Dominion University
–
Original sign from the Norfolk Division
Old Dominion University
–
Old Larchmont School Building were the first classes were held
36.
University of Central Florida
–
The University of Central Florida, or UCF, is an American metropolitan public research university in Orlando, Florida. It is the largest university in the United States by undergraduate enrollment, as the academic scope expanded beyond its original focus on engineering and technology, Florida Tech was renamed The University of Central Florida in 1978. UCFs space roots continue as the university leads the NASA Florida Space Grant Consortium. While initial enrollment was only 1,948 students, enrollment today amounts to some 60,821 students from 140 countries and all 50 states and Washington, D. C. The majority of the student population is located on the main campus just 13 miles east-northeast of downtown Orlando. The university offers over 200 degrees through thirteen colleges and twelve satellite campuses in Central Florida, since its founding, UCF has awarded more than 290,000 degrees, including 55,000 graduate and professional degrees, to over 250,000 alumni worldwide. Its official colors are black and gold, and the university logo is a Pegasus, the universitys intercollegiate sports teams, commonly known as the UCF Knights and represented by mascot Knightro, compete in NCAA Division I and the American Athletic Conference. Prominent residents and local leaders began lobbying the Florida State Legislature to increase access to education on the Space Coast. The university was founded as a non-segregated and coeducational university, with the mission of educating students for promising space-age careers in engineering and other technological professions. On January 24,1964, the Board of Regents purchased 1,000 acres of remote forest, local residents donated another 227 acres, and raised more than $1 million in funds to secure the land acquisition. In December 1965, the Board of Regents appointed Charles Millican the first president of the new university, Millican with the consultation of a citizen advisory group, chose the name Florida Technological University, as well as co-designed the schools distinctive Pegasus seal. Millican is also responsible for the universitys slogan – Reach for the Stars –, Millican was also responsible for the universitys unique pedestrian oriented concentric circle campus layout, which was based on plans by Walt Disney and has become a model for other universities. Millican and then-Governor Claude Kirk presided over FTUs groundbreaking in March 1967, eighteen months after the groundbreaking, the inaugural classes were held in the schools first academic building, the library on October 7,1968. 1,948 students were enrolled in degree programs within five colleges, and were led by 90 instructors. FTU graduated its first class of 423 seniors on June 14,1970, with astronaut, Millican was also responsible for selecting the official colors of the university, and had a role in selecting its first mascot, the Citronaut, a mix between an orange and an astronaut. The Citronaut temporarily proved unpopular, so in 1969 the student newspaper–The Central Florida Future–encouraged mascot suggestions from students, the search for a replacement proved unsuccessful until 1970, when Judy Hines, a night nurse, proposed Vincent the Vulture. He served as the unofficial mascot for more than a year. In late 1971, students voted and selected the Knight of Pegasus as the official athletic mascot
University of Central Florida
–
Foucault pendulum featuring the university's original seal
University of Central Florida
–
Seal of The University of Central Florida
University of Central Florida
–
Then-
United States Senator Joe Biden delivering the university's 1978 commencement address
University of Central Florida
–
Former
President Bill Clinton campaigning for
Barack Obama at the
CFE Arena in October 2008
37.
Middle Tennessee State University
–
Middle Tennessee State University, commonly abbreviated as MTSU or MT, is a comprehensive coeducational public university in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. MTSU is most prominently known for its Recording Industry, Aerospace, Music, the university has partnered in research endeavors with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the United States Army, and the United States Marine Corps. In 2009, Middle Tennessee State University was ranked among the nations top 100 public universities by Forbes magazine, MTSU student athletes compete intercollegiately as the Blue Raiders, as a part of Division I Football Bowl Subdivision athletics in the Conference USA. On November 29,2012, MTSU Athletics announced it had accepted an invitation to the conference and its president is Sidney A. McPhee. One of the earliest calls for a normal school occurred in 1855 when a Wilson County, Tennessee, politician wanted to build a school in Lebanon. Education efforts collapsed shortly with the breakout of the American Civil War, later, state superintendents and teachers traveled around the state giving speeches about the dire need of teacher preparation. In 1909, the Tennessee General Assembly moved to provide for the improvement of the system of Public Education of the State of Tennessee, that is to say, to establish a General Education Fund. Following the intent of the act that one was to be located in each of the divisions of the state. Middle Tennessee State Normal School opened on September 11,1911, the school was often abbreviated as S. T. C. In 1943, the General Assembly designated the institution a state college and this new status marked a sharp departure from the founding purpose and opened the way for expanding curricular offerings and programs. In 1965, the institution was advanced to university status, changing its name to Middle Tennessee State University, during the progressive movement from a two-year normal to a university, several significant milestones may be identified. In 1936, the Bachelor of Arts program was added, responding to the expressed needs of the institutions service area, the Graduate School was established in 1951. To effect better communications and improve administrative supervision, the concept was introduced in 1962. As Middle Tennessee State University developed and grew, the Doctor of Arts program was added in 1970 and these degree programs became attractive centerpieces for other efforts to improve and enhance institutional roles. Library resources were increased and sophisticated computer services were developed to aid instruction and administration. A highly trained faculty enabled the university to continue growth in program offerings, in 1991, the universitys six schools—five undergraduate and the graduate school—became colleges. In 1998, MTSUs Honors program became the Honors College, the first in the state, in 2002, approval was granted to redesignate three D. A. programs to Doctor of Philosophy programs, expanding the progressive institutions offerings. Ph. D. degree offerings now include computational sciences, mathematics and science education, molecular biosciences, economics, English, human performance, public history, since 1911, MTSU has graduated more than 100,000 students
Middle Tennessee State University
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1952 aerial photograph of the university
Middle Tennessee State University
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Middle Tennessee State University
Middle Tennessee State University
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Middle Tennessee State Teachers College Training School, now known as the Homer Pittard Campus School, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Middle Tennessee State University
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James E. Walker Library
38.
Miami University
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Miami University, is a public research university located on a 2, 138-acre campus in Oxford, Ohio,35 miles north of Cincinnati. Founded in 1809, although classes were not held until 1824, Miami University is the 10th oldest public university, the university also has regional campuses in Hamilton, Middletown and West Chester, as well as the Dolibois European Center in Luxembourg. Miami University is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a university with a high research activity. It is affiliated to the University System of Ohio, in its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked the university 79th among national universities and the 30th top public university in the United States. Additionally, Miami University is ranked 2nd best national university for undergraduate teaching, Miami University is considered one of the original eight Public Ivy schools that provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League. Miami University has a tradition of Greek life, five social Greek-letter organizations were founded at the university earning Miami the nickname “Mother of Fraternities. ”Today, Miami University hosts over 50 fraternity and sorority chapters. Miami is renowned for its campus beauty, having been called The most beautiful campus that ever there was by Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Robert Frost, additionally, Forbes ranked the city of Oxford first on its 2016 list of the best college towns in the United States. Miamis athletic teams compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and are known as the Miami RedHawks. They compete in the Mid-American Conference in all varsity sports except ice hockey, the land was located within the Symmes Purchase, Judge John Cleves Symmes, the owner of the land, purchased the land from the government with the stipulation that he lay aside land for an academy. The Ohio Legislature appointed three surveyors in August of the year to search for a suitable township, and they selected a township off of Four Mile Creek. The Legislature passed An Act to Establish the Miami University on February 2,1809, and a board of trustees was created by the state, the township originally granted to the university was known as the College Township, and was renamed Oxford, Ohio, in 1810. The University temporarily halted due to the War of 1812. Cincinnati tried to move Miami to the city in 1822 and to divert its income to a Cincinnati college, Miami created a grammar school in 1818 to teach frontier youth, but, it was disbanded after five years. Robert Hamilton Bishop, a Presbyterian minister and professor of history, was appointed to be the first President of Miami University in 1824, the first day of classes at Miami was on November 1,1824. At its opening, there were 20 students and two faculty members in addition to Bishop, the curriculum included Greek, Latin, Algebra, Geography, and Roman history, the University offered only a Bachelor of Arts. An English Scientific Department was started in 1825, which studied modern languages, applied mathematics and it offered a certificate upon completion of coursework, not a full diploma. Miami students purchased a press, and in 1827 published their first periodical. It promptly failed, but it laid the foundation for the weekly Literary Register, the current Miami Student, founded in 1867, traces its foundation back to the Literary Register and claims to be the oldest college newspaper in the United States
Miami University
–
Elliott Hall was modeled after
Yale's Connecticut Hall.
Miami University
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Miami University
Miami University
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Alumni Hall in winter
Miami University
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The "Beta Bells" of Miami University were built with funds donated by the
Beta Theta Pi fraternity on its Centennial in 1939.
39.
Purdue University
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Purdue University is a public research university located in West Lafayette, Indiana and is the main campus of the Purdue University system. The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science, technology, the first classes were held on September 16,1874, with six instructors and 39 students. The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates, over 70 master’s and doctoral programs, in addition, Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations. In 1865, the Indiana General Assembly voted to take advantage of the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862, communities throughout the state offered their facilities and money to bid for the location of the new college. Popular proposals included the addition of a department at Indiana State University or at what is now Butler University. By 1869, Tippecanoe County’s offer included $150,000 from Lafayette business leader and philanthropist John Purdue, $50,000 from the county, and 100 acres of land from local residents. On May 6,1869, the General Assembly established the institution in Tippecanoe County as Purdue University, classes began at Purdue on September 16,1874, with six instructors and 39 students. Professor John S. Hougham was Purdue’s first faculty member and served as acting president between the administrations of presidents Shortridge and White, a campus of five buildings was completed by the end of 1874. Purdue issued its first degree, a Bachelor of Science in chemistry, in 1875, emerson E. White, the university’s president from 1876 to 1883, followed a strict interpretation of the Morrill Act. He intended not only to students for industrial work, but also to prepare them to be good citizens. Part of White’s plan to distinguish Purdue from classical universities included an attempt to ban fraternities. This ban was overturned by the Indiana Supreme Court and led to White’s resignation. The next president, James H. Smart, is remembered for his call in 1894 to rebuild the original Heavilon Hall one brick higher after it had destroyed by a fire. Purdue’s engineering laboratories included testing facilities for a locomotive and a Corliss steam engine, one of the most efficient engines of the time. The School of Agriculture was sharing its research with farmers throughout the state with its cooperative extension services, programs in education and home economics were soon established, as well as a short-lived school of medicine. By 1925 Purdue had the largest undergraduate engineering enrollment in the country, President Edward C. Elliott oversaw a campus building program between the world wars. Inventor, alumnus, and trustee David E. Ross coordinated several fundraisers, donated lands to the university, ross’s gifts and fundraisers supported such projects as Ross–Ade Stadium, the Memorial Union, a civil engineering surveying camp, and Purdue University Airport. Purdue Airport was the country’s first university-owned airport and the site of the country’s first college-credit flight training courses, amelia Earhart joined the Purdue faculty in 1935 as a consultant for these flight courses and as a counselor on women’s careers
Purdue University
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John Purdue, the University's eponymous benefactor
Purdue University
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Purdue University
Purdue University
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Purdue University, 1904
Purdue University
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University Hall
40.
University of North Georgia
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The University of North Georgia is an educational institution that was established by the University System of Georgia Board of Regents on January 8,2013. The consolidation of North Georgia College & State University and Gainesville State College was announced on January 10,2012, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools approved the consolidation December 11,2012. The combined institution has campus locations in Dahlonega, Oakwood, Watkinsville, Blue Ridge, with over 16,000 enrolled students, the University of North Georgia is the sixth largest public university in the state of Georgia. Within UNG, there are five colleges collectively offer over one hundred bachelors and associate degrees, as well as thirteen masters degrees. 696 students are involved in the universitys ROTC program, which has given it the designation as The Military College of Georgia, the university is one of six senior military colleges in the United States. North Georgia Agricultural College began as a branch of the Georgia College of Agriculture, William Pierce Price, a local congressman, persuaded officials at UGA to use part of the funds to establish a branch of the newly created college in Dahlonega, Georgia, Prices birthplace and home. The college opened classes in 1873 with 177 students,98 males and 79 females, classes were originally held in the old U. S. mint building that was shut down during the Civil War. After the college was awarded the power to grant degrees in 1876, the first graduating class of four consisted of three men and one woman, making North Georgia the first public institution in the state to award a degree to a female. The college had always had a presence, since land-grant schools were required to teach military tactics. The National Defense Act of 1916 that created the ROTC also helped establish the presence that is felt on the campus today. In 1929 the designation of Agricultural was dropped from the name, by 1932 the college was reduced to a two-year junior college. World War II saw a decline in enrollment because of the number of male students joining the war effort and this changed when an Army Specialized Training Program was placed at the college to train junior officers. After the war the college grew because of young servicemen and veterans using their GI bill benefits to attend school, by 1946 the college was reinstated as a four-year college. In the 1950s, Dahlonega provided gold for the leafing of the capitol building and it was also at this time that similar efforts to gold leaf Price Memorial Hall were begun, a project that did not see fruition until 1973. The University of North Georgia has campuses located in Dahlonega, Oakwood, Watkinsville, Cumming, collectively, there is 794 acres of land among the Dahlonega, Oakwood, and Watkinsville campuses. UNGs Dahlonega campus has existed since its establishment as North Georgia Agricultural College in 1873 and it was not until 1879 that the oldest surviving structure, Price Memorial Hall, was constructed upon the former site of the Dahlonega Mint. Today the gold-leafed steeple of the Price Memorial Hall building remains one of the most striking features of the UNG skyline, much of the campus has been developed around the The William J. Livsey Drill Field, more commonly known as simply the Drill Field. Until it was consolidated with North Georgia College & State University in 2013, now known as the Gainesville campus, it is located adjacent to Lanier Technical Colleges campus within the city limits of Oakwood
University of North Georgia
–
Built in 1879 at the former site of the Dahlonega Mint, the Price Memorial Hall Building is the oldest surviving building on UNG's campus.
University of North Georgia
–
University of North Georgia
University of North Georgia
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The only known photograph of the United States Branch Mint at Dahlonega after it became North Georgia Agricultural College in 1873. The building burned in 1878.
University of North Georgia
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David W. Lewis was the first president of UNG (1873-1885)
41.
University of Nevada, Reno
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The University of Nevada, Reno is a public research university located in Reno, Nevada. Founded October 12,1874, Nevada is the land grant institution for the state of Nevada. According to the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the University of Nevada is a university with high research activity. It is home to the School of Medicine, with campuses in both of Nevadas major urban centers, Las Vegas and Reno, and a network that extends to much of rural Nevada. The faculty are considered worldwide and national leaders in areas such as environmental literature, journalism, Basque studies. The school includes 16 clinical departments and five nationally recognized basic science departments and it is also home to the School of Journalism, which has produced six Pulitzer Prize winners. The Nevada State Constitution established the State University of Nevada in Elko, Nevada, in 1881, it became Nevada State University. In 1885, the Nevada State University moved from Elko to Reno, in 1906, it was renamed the University of Nevada and finally, University of Nevada, Reno in 1969 soon after University of Nevada, Las Vegas was granted full autonomy. The University of Nevada remained the only academic institution in the state of Nevada until 1965. Bachelors, masters and doctoral programs are offered through, Nevada sponsors a center dedicated to Basque studies due to the large Basque population in Northern Nevada, in addition, the university maintains and sponsors many centers, institutes & facilities. The university and surrounding community is served by several campus libraries, the libraries are, Mathewson-IGT Knowledge Center. Opened on August 11,2008 it was a $75.3 million project began in September 2005. Basque Library Special Collections and University Archives DeLaMare Library Mary B, within the College of Business at the University of Nevada, the part-time MBA program was ranked 24th in the United States in 2014 by Bloomberg Businessweek. The University of Nevada, Reno is the institution of Nevada. The campus is located just north of downtown Reno overlooking Truckee Meadows, the universitys first building, Morrill Hall, was completed in 1887 and still stands on the historic quad at the campus southern end. The hall is named after U. S, senator Justin Morrill, author of the 1862 Land-Grant College Act. Lincoln Hall and Manzanita Hall were both opened in 1896, the Quad is located in the southern part of the campus, surrounded by Morrill Hall and the Mackay School of Mines. This quadrangle is modeled after Thomas Jefferson’s at the University of Virginia, the northern end of the Quad contains a statue of John William Mackay, created by Mount Rushmore designer Gutzon Borglum
University of Nevada, Reno
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Manzanita Lake in the southwestern part of the campus.
University of Nevada, Reno
–
University of Nevada
University of Nevada, Reno
–
The fountain located in the University of Nevada Honor Court
University of Nevada, Reno
–
View of the Campus in front of UNR Knowledge Center
42.
Initiation
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Initiation is a rite of passage marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It could also be an admission to adulthood in a community or one of its formal components. In an extended sense it can signify a transformation in which the initiate is reborn into a new role. A person taking the initiation ceremony in traditional rites, such as depicted in these pictures, is called an initiate. Mircea Eliade discussed initiation as a religious act by classical or traditional societies. He defined initiation as a change in existential condition, which liberates man from profane time. Initiation recapitulates the history of the world. And through this recapitulation, the world is sanctified anew. Can perceive the world as a work, a creation of the Gods. Eliade differentiates between types of initiations in two ways, types and functions and this real valuation of ritual death finally led to conquest of the fear of real death. Function is to reveal the meaning of existence to the new generations and to help them assume the responsibility of being truly men. It reveals an open to the trans-human, a world that, in our philosophical terminology. Puberty Rites- collective rituals whose function is to effect the transition from childhood or adolescence to adulthood and they represent above all the revelation of the sacred. Entering into a Secret Society- Mystical Vocation- the vocation of a man or a shaman. This is limited to the few who are destined to participate in an intense religious experience than is accessible to the rest of the community. These can be broken into two types, puberty rites, by virtue of which adolescents gain access to the sacred, to knowledge, specialized initiations, which certain individuals undergo in order to transcend their human condition and become protégés of the Supernatural Beings or even their equals. Dissonance is then thought to produce feelings of group attraction among initiates after the experience. Rewards during initiations have important consequences in that initiates who feel more rewarded express stronger group identity, as well as group attraction, initiations can also produce conformity among new members
Initiation
–
Initiation ceremony, Korogo Village, Sepik River,
Papua New Guinea, 1975. Franz Luthi
Initiation
–
Freemasonry initiation. 18th century
43.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
44.
Fraternities and sororities
–
Fraternities and sororities are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the fraternity, they are prominent in the United States, and the Philippines, with smaller numbers existing in France, the United Kingdom, Canada. Similar organizations exist in countries as well, including the Studentenverbindungen of German-speaking countries. Similar, but much less common, organizations also exist for secondary school students, in modern usage, the term Greek letter organization is often synonymous with the terms fraternity and sorority. Traditional fraternities of the type described in this article are often called social fraternities, generally, membership in a fraternity or sorority is obtained while an undergraduate student but continues, thereafter, for life. Some of these organizations can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates, the first fraternity in North America to incorporate most of the elements of modern fraternities was Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the College of William and Mary in 1775. The founding of Phi Beta Kappa followed the establishment of two other secret student societies that had existed at that campus as early as 1750. In 1779 Phi Beta Kappa expanded to include chapters at Harvard, by the early 19th century, the organization transformed itself into a scholastic honor society and abandoned secrecy. In 1825 Kappa Alpha Society, the oldest extant fraternity to retain its characteristic, was established at Union College. In 1827, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi were also founded at the same institution, the foundation of this triad established Union College as the Mother of Fraternities. Fraternities represented the intersection between dining clubs, literary societies, and secret initiatory orders such as Freemasonry, as fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods. The first residential home to be built by a fraternity is believed to have been Alpha Delta Phis chapter at Cornell. Alpha Tau Omega became the first fraternity to own a house in the South when, in 1880. Chapters of many fraternities followed suit, purchasing and less often, Phi Sigma Kappas chapter home at Cornell, completed in 1902, is the oldest such house still occupied by its fraternal builders. The term sorority was invented by a professor of Latin who felt the word fraternity was inappropriate for a group of ladies, the first organization to use the term sorority was Gamma Phi Beta, established in 1874. The development of fraternities for women during this time was an accomplishment in the way of womens rights. By mere existence these organizations were defying the odds, the women were able to advance their organizations despite many factors working against them. Today both social and multicultural sororities are present on more than 650 college campuses across the United States, the National Panhellenic Conference serves as the umbrella organization for 26 national sororities, representing over 4 million women at both the collegiate level and in alumni associations
Fraternities and sororities
–
The fraternity system in North America began at the
College of William and Mary in 1750.
Fraternities and sororities
–
Members of
Phi Kappa Sigma at
Washington & Jefferson College in 1872.
Fraternities and sororities
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U.S. Army soldiers, presumably alumni members of
Sigma Phi Epsilon, display that fraternity's flag in Iraq in 2009.
Fraternities and sororities
–
Members of a sorority pictured in 2012. In general, sorority membership is limited to women, while fraternity membership is limited to men.
45.
Freemasonry
–
The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow, and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft Freemasonry, members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, the basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the Lodge. The Lodges are usually supervised and governed at the level by a Grand Lodge or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry, each Grand Lodge is independent, modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups. Continental Freemasonry is now the term for the liberal jurisdictions who have removed some, or all. The Masonic Lodge is the organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the formal business of any small organisation. In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, at the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song. The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies, candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft. In all of ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs. Another ceremony is the installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, in other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge. Most Lodges have some sort of calendar, allowing Masons. Often coupled with events is the obligation placed on every Mason to contribute to charity. This occurs at both Lodge and Grand Lodge level, Masonic charities contribute to many fields from education to disaster relief. These private local Lodges form the backbone of Freemasonry, and a Freemason will necessarily have been initiated into one of these, there also exist specialist Lodges where Masons meet to celebrate anything from sport to Masonic research
Freemasonry
–
Lodge in Palazzo Roffia,
Florence set out for French (Moderns) ritual
Freemasonry
–
The Masonic
Square and Compasses. (Found with or without the letter
G)
Freemasonry
–
Freemasons Hall, London, home of the
United Grand Lodge of England
Freemasonry
–
Freemasons' Hall, London, c. 1809
46.
Odd Fellows
–
Odd Fellows or Oddfellows, also Odd Fellowship or Oddfellowship, is an international fraternity consisting of lodges first documented in 1730 in London. The first, Loyal Aristarcus Lodge No,9, connotes earlier ones in the 18th century. Notwithstanding, convivial meetings were held in much revelry and, often as not, names of several British pubs still today suggest past Odd Fellows affiliations. Early known Odd Fellows from the time include John Wilkes and Sir George Savile, 8th Baronet, advocating civil liberties and reliefs, political repressions such as the Unlawful Oaths Act and the Unlawful Societies Act, resulted in neutral amalgamation of the Grand United Order of Oddfellows in 1798. Henceforth, the fraternity has remained religiously and politically independent, George IV of the United Kingdom admitted in 1780, was the first documented of many Odd Fellows to also attend freemasonry, yet with both societies remaining mutually independent. In 1810, further instigations led to the establishment of the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity in England, Odd Fellows spread overseas, including formally chartering the fraternity in the United States in 1819. Likewise, by the century, the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity become the largest and richest fraternal organisation in the United Kingdom. To this day, beyond recreational activities, Odd Fellows promote philanthropy, in total, members of all international branches combined are estimated in the millions worldwide. Several theories aim to explain the background of the name Odd Fellows. In the 18th century United Kingdom, major trades were organised in guilds or other forms of syndicates, one theory has it that odd fellows, people who exercised unusual, miscellaneous odd trades, eventually joined together to form a larger group of odd fellows. The name was adopted at a time when the severance into sects and classes was so wide that persons aiming at social union. Possibly, it met a mixed reaction from the classes, who may have seen them as a source of revenue by taxes. Any suggestion of history before the 18th century is considered mere speculation, the Odd Fellows are one of the earliest and oldest fraternal societies, but their early history is obscure and largely undocumented. Due to increased trade during the Middle Ages, guilds came to make up a part of the urban culture, hence, people of an odd assortment of trades speculatively brought the background of the early history of Odd Fellows. When the English King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church, the guilds were viewed by him as supporting the Pope, queen Elizabeth I took from the guilds the responsibility for training apprentices, and by the end of her reign, most guilds had been suppressed. Although some of these legends are at best dubious, the evolution from the guilds is more reliably documented, by the 13th century, the tradesmens guilds had become established and prosperous. During the 14th century, with the growth of trade, the guild Masters moved to protect their power by restricting access to the guilds, in response, the less experienced Fellows set up their own rival guilds. The exact origin of Oddfellowship is involved in obscurity and it must have had a beginning, but just when and where, no historian has ever been able to ascertain
Odd Fellows
–
The triple links, a recurring symbol among odd fellows internationally, connoting the motto of "Amicitia Amor et Veritas"; English: "Friendship, Love and Truth".
Odd Fellows
–
John Wilkes (1725–1797), initially a young radical journalist, then gradually more conservative; one of the first documented odd fellows.
Odd Fellows
–
Sir George Savile, 8th Baronet (1726–1784), an odd fellow who famously advocating
civil liberties and reliefs in the United Kingdom, including
Catholic emancipation. Subsequently, the odd fellows became religiously and politically independent.
Odd Fellows
–
King
George IV of the United Kingdom (1762–1830), admitted in 1780, was the first documented of many odd fellows to also attend
freemasonry, yet with both societies remaining mutually independent.
47.
Secret society
–
A secret society is a club or an organization whose activities, events, and inner functioning are concealed from non-members. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence, the term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla insurgencies, that hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence. Anthropologically and historically, secret societies are deeply interlinked with the concept of the Männerbund, a purported family tree of secret societies has been proposed, although it may not be comprehensive. Alan Axelrod, author of the International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders, defines a secret society as an organization that, shows a strong inclination to favor its own. David V. Barrett, author of Secret Societies, From the Ancient and Arcane to the Modern and Clandestine, uses slightly different terms to define what does and does not qualify as a secret society. Barrett goes on to say that a characteristic common to most of them is the practice of rituals which non-members are not permitted to observe. Because some secret societies have political aims, they are illegal in several countries, poland, for example, has included a ban on secret political parties and political organizations in its constitution. Many student societies established on university campuses in the United States have been considered secret societies, perhaps one of the most famous secret collegiate societies is Skull and Bones at Yale University. One of the best known British secret societies is the Cambridge Apostles, founded as an essay, in France, Vandermonde is the secret society of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. Notable examples in Canada include Episkopon at the University of Torontos Trinity College, Secret societies are disallowed in a few colleges. The goals of the society remain unknown, but it is believed that they are involved in cryptography, the International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders. Secret Societies in America, The North American Review, Vol.164, conspiracy Theories and Secret Societies For Dummies. Geheimgesellschaften, Kulturhistorische Sozialstudien, Secret Societies, Comparative Studies in Culture, Society, the Mythology of the Secret Societies. Pledged, The Secret Life of Sororities, New York, Hamilton Printing & Publishing Company. Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries, Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, a comprehensive, though dated, review of the subject. Useful histories of Secret Societies in Australia and of Rise and Fall of English Freemasonry on non-commercial site <www. fraternalsecrets. org>
Secret society
–
"Secret Society Buildings at Yale College", by Alice Donlevy ca. 1880. Pictured are: Psi Upsilon (Beta Chapter), 120 High Street. Left center: Skull & Bones (Russell Trust Association), 64 High Street. Right center:
Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi Chapter), east side of York Street, south of Elm Street. Bottom: Scroll and Key (Kingsley Trust Association), 490 College Street.
Secret society
–
The
Thuggee were a secret cult of assassins who worshipped the
Hindu goddess
Kali.
