1.
Christmas carol
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A Christmas carol is a carol whose lyrics are on the theme of Christmas, and which is traditionally sung on Christmas itself or during the surrounding holiday season. Christmas carols may be regarded as a subset of the category of Christmas music. The first known Christmas hymns may be traced to 4th century Rome, Latin hymns such as Veni redemptor gentium, written by Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan, were austere statements of the theological doctrine of the Incarnation in opposition to Arianism. Corde natus ex Parentis by the Spanish poet Prudentius is still sung in churches today. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Christmas Sequence or Prose was introduced in Northern European monasteries, in the 12th century the Parisian monk Adam of St. Victor began to derive music from popular songs, introducing something closer to the traditional Christmas carol. In the 13th century, in France, Germany, and particularly, Italy, the songs we know specifically as carols were originally communal songs sung during celebrations like harvest tide as well as Christmas. It was only later that carols begun to be sung in church, many carols which have gained popularity today were printed in Piae Cantiones, a collection of late medieval Latin songs which was first published in 1582. Early, Latin forms of such as Christ was born on Christmas Day, Good Christian Men, Rejoice. Adeste Fideles appears in its current form in the mid-18th century, the origin of the tune is disputed. Carols gained in popularity after the Reformation in the countries where Protestant churches gained prominence and this was a consequence of the fact that the Lutheran reformation warmly welcomed music. The publication of Christmas music books in the 19th century helped to widen the appeal of carols. The first appearance in print of God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen, The First Noel, I Saw Three Ships, the Herald Angels Sing was in Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern by William Sandys. The publication in 1871 of Christmas Carols, New and Old by Henry Ramsden Bramley, in 1916, Charles Lewis Hutchins published Carols Old and Carols New, a scholarly collection which suffered from a short print run and is consequently rarely available today. The singing of carols was further popularised in the 20th century when OUP published one of the most popular books in the English-speaking world. First published in 1961 and edited by David Willcocks and Reginald Jacques, today carols are regularly sung at Christian religious services. Some compositions have words that are not of a religious theme. For example, the 16th century song A Bone, God Wot. appears to be a wassailing song, as recently as 1865, Christmas-related lyrics were adopted for the traditional English folk song Greensleeves, becoming the internationally popular Christmas carol “What Child is This. ”. It is not clear whether the word derives from the French carole or the Latin carula meaning a circular dance
2.
Silent-Night-Chapel
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It stands in place of the former St. Nicholas Church, where on 24 December 1818 the Christmas carol was performed for the first time. This led to the conclusion that the whole place Oberndorf, including the church of St. Nicholas to build about 800 m upstream again. Of refurbishment of damaged St. Thus, the old church was demolished in 1913 and only remembered a debris cone at the historical origin of the now-famous Christmas song far. The 100th anniversary of the song in December 1918 fell into the time immediately after the World War I. The more wanted to put the message of peace Mohr and Gruber, adopted in 1924, but construction of a memorial chapel was under the difficult conditions slowly in the phase of realization. Ultimately, the construction was completed on August 15,1937, meanwhile, the Memorial Chapel was the visible symbol of the song Silent Night. Every year, around the Memorial Chapel and Museum beside it, especially in the Christmas, there are thousands of visitors from around the world. On the 24th of December, every year by 17,00, since 2002, this celebration is transmitted by means of the local webcam on the Internet. The chapel is an octagon in form with a helmet and a lantern. The arched windows were created in 1935 by the Tyrolean Stained Glass, the high altar with a relief Nativity is the sculptor Hermann Hutter from 1915. A Predellenrelief Adoration of the Magi, Crucifixion, escape from Egypt is the sculptor Max Domenig from 1936, replica models of the Silent Night Chapel exist in the leisure park Mini Mundus at Klagenfurt in Carinthia and the model park Mönichkirchen in Lower Austria. Furthermore, there is a 1,1 scale replica in Frankenmuth in the U. S. state of Michigan, the historical monuments of Austria, Salzburg. Bundesdenkmalamt, Verlag Anton Schroll & Co, Vienna,1986, ISBN 3-7031-0599-2, page 290 Template, Weblink Panoramic Views Silent Night Chapel the city of Oberndorf Silent Night website
3.
Joseph Mohr
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Josephus Franciscus Mohr, sometimes spelt Josef was an Austrian Roman Catholic priest and writer, who wrote the words to the Christmas carol Silent Night. Mohr was born in Salzburg on December 11,1792, to an unmarried embroiderer, Anna Schoiberin, and Franz Mohr, a soldier and deserter. The ancestors on his fathers side came from the town of Mariapfarr in the mountainous Lungau region south of Salzburg, as the parents were unmarried, Joseph received the name of his godfather, according to custom. Johann Nepomuk Hiernle, vicar and leader of music at Salzburg Cathedral, enabled Mohr to have an education, as a boy, Mohr would serve simultaneously as a singer and violinist in the choirs of the University Church and at the Benedictine monastery church of St. Peter. From 1808 to 1810, Mohr studied at the Benedictine monastery of Kremsmünster in the province of Upper Austria and he then returned to Salzburg to attend the Lyceum school, and in 1811, he entered the seminary. Since he was of illegitimate birth, a dispensation was required in those days for him to attend seminary. On August 21,1815, Mohr graduated and was ordained as a priest, in the fall of 1815, Mohr was asked to provide temporary help in the village of Ramsau near Berchtesgaden. Mohr then served as assistant priest in Mariapfarr and it was during this time, in 1816, that he penned the words to Silent Night in Mariapfarr. Poor health forced him to return to Salzburg in the summer of 1817, after a short recuperation he began serving as an assistant priest at St. Nicholas in Oberndorf, where he made the acquaintance of Franz Gruber, schoolteacher in neighbouring Arnsdorf. On a cold Christmas Eve in 1818, Mohr walked the three kilometres from his home in Oberndorf bei Salzburg to visit his friend Franz Xaver Gruber in the town of Arnsdorf bei Laufen. Mohr brought with him a poem he had written two years earlier. Gruber composed the melody for Mohrs Stille Nacht in just a few hours, the song was sung at Midnight Mass in a simple arrangement for guitar and choir. Within a few years, arrangements of the carol appeared in churches in the Salzburg Archdiocese, Mohr, a generous man who donated most of his salary to charity, was moved from place to place, and remained in Oberndorf only until 1819. After Oberndorf he was sent to Kuchl, followed by stays in Golling an der Salzach, Bad Vigaun, Adnet, in 1827 he was made pastor of Hintersee, and in 1837 of the Alpine village of Wagrain. Here he created a fund to allow children from families to attend school. Mohr died of disease on December 4,1848, at the age of 55. Mohrs final resting place is in the tiny Alpine ski resort of Wagrain, the Joseph Mohr School stands as a fitting memorial, and close to the grave of the man who wrote the words heard around the world. The village school is named after him and his grave has been kept in a place of honour in the churchyard cemetery
4.
Franz Xaver Gruber
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Franz Xaver Gruber, was an Austrian primary school teacher, church organist and composer in the village of Arnsdorf, who is best known for composing the music to Stille Nacht. Gruber was born on November 25,1787, in the village of Hochburg, Upper Austria and his given name was recorded in the baptismal record as Conrad Xavier, but this was later changed to Franz Xaver. The Hochburger schoolteacher Andreas Peterlechner gave him music lessons, Gruber worked as a weaver until the age of 18, then trained to become a schoolteacher. He completed his education studying with the church organist of Burghausen. In 1807 Gruber became schoolteacher in Arnsdorf and he also became the church caretaker and organist. In 1808 he married a widow, Maria Elisabeth Fischinger Engelsberger and they had two children, both of whom died young. After the death of his first wife in 1825, Gruber married a former student and they had ten children, four of whom survived to adulthood. In 1829 Gruber moved to Berndorf, and in 1835 to Hallein, Salzburg, Maria Gruber died in childbirth in 1841 in Hallein. The following year he married Katherine Wimmer, in 1816 he took on the additional responsibilities of organist and choirmaster at St Nicholas Church in the neighboring village of Oberndorf bei Salzburg. Together with Joseph Mohr, a Catholic priest who wrote the original German lyrics, on Christmas Eve of 1818, Mohr, an assistant pastor at St Nicholas, showed Gruber a six-stanza poem he had written in 1816. He asked Gruber to set the poem to music, the church organ had broken down so Gruber produced a melody with guitar arrangement for the poem. The two men sang Stille Nacht for the first time at Christmas Mass in St Nicholas Church while Mohr played guitar and the choir repeated the last two lines of each verse
5.
Oberndorf bei Salzburg
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Oberndorf bei Salzburg is a town in the Austrian state of Salzburg, about 17 km north of the City of Salzburg. It is situated on the river Salzach in the Flachgau district and its twin sister-town across the Salzach Bridge is Laufen in Bavaria. As in the 1890s several floods of the Salzach River destroyed large parts of Oberndorf, the church was finally demolished, a replica can be found in Frankenmuth, Michigan. Oberndorf can be reached from Salzburg by S-Bahn rapid transit railway and the B156 Lamprechtshausener Straße federal highway running from Salzburg toward Braunau am Inn
6.
Intangible cultural heritage
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Intangible cultural heritage is promoted by UNESCO as a counterpart to the World Heritage focusing mainly on intangible aspects of culture. Some of that takes the form of cultural property, formed by tangible artefacts such as buildings or works of art. Many parts of culture, however are intangible, including song, music, dance, drama, skills, cuisine, crafts and festivals. They are forms of culture that can be recorded but cannot be touched or stored in physical form, like in a museum and these cultural vehicles are called Human Treasures by the UN. The Mediterranean diet, the traditional Mexican cuisine and the Japanese dietary culture of washoku are just some examples of this booming phenomenon, digital heritage is a representation of heritage in the digital realm. Digital intangible heritage is a sub-category of Intangible Cultural Heritage, each member of the community possesses a piece of the shared knowledge. Crucial knowledge is passed on during community activities, frequently without any attention to the process. Prior to the UNESCO Convention, efforts had already made by a number of states to safeguard their intangible heritage. Other countries, including South Korea, the Philippines, the United States, Thailand, France, Romania, the Czech Republic, in 2003 UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. This went into effect on 20 April 2006, UNESCO has also created other intangible culture programs, such as a list called Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. This list began in 2001 with 19 items and a further 28 were listed in 2003 and it was superseded in 2008 by the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. The issue still remains open in legal scholarship, document from Newfoundland, Canada Exploring a Model of Living Cultural Heritage New model of Intangible heritage
7.
UNESCO
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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Paris. It is the heir of the League of Nations International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, UNESCO has 195 member states and nine associate members. Most of its offices are cluster offices covering three or more countries, national and regional offices also exist. UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs, education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, on 18 December 1925, the International Bureau of Education began work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development. However, the work of predecessor organizations was largely interrupted by the onset of World War II. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United Kingdom, the United States. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944, a prominent figure in the initiative for UNESCO was Rab Butler, the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom. At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, the Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCOs Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state. The first General Conference took place between 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. Julian Huxley to Director-General and this change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the CICI, in how member states would work together in the organizations fields of competence. In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO claiming that some of the organizations publications amounted to interference in the racial problems. South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, UNESCOs early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947. This project was followed by missions to other countries, including, for example. In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory, in 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults. Ten years later, the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar, Senegal, UNESCOs early activities in culture included, for example, the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960. The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam, during the 20-year campaign,22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo-daro, Fes, Kathmandu, Borobudur, the organizations work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978, since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 and 2005
8.
Bing Crosby
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Harry Lillis Bing Crosby, Jr. was an American singer and actor. The first multimedia star, from 1931 to 1954 Crosby was a leader in sales, radio ratings. His early career coincided with technical recording innovations such as the microphone and this allowed him to develop a laid-back, intimate singing style that influenced many of the popular male singers who followed him, including Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, Dick Haymes, and Dean Martin. Also in 1948, the Music Digest estimated that Crosby recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music, in 1963, Crosby received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award. He is one of only 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the categories of motion pictures, radio, Crosby influenced the development of the postwar recording industry. He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape. In addition to his work with early tape recording, he helped to finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, Crosby died at the age of 74 on October 14,1977, from a sudden heart attack in Alcobendas, Spain. Crosby was born on May 2,1903 in Tacoma, Washington, in 1906, Crosbys family moved to Spokane, and in 1913, Crosbys father built a house at 508 E. Sharp Avenue. The house now sits on the campus of Crosbys alma mater Gonzaga University and he was the fourth of seven children, brothers Larry, Everett, Ted, and Bob, and two sisters, Catherine and Mary Rose. His parents were Harry Lowe Crosby, Sr. a bookkeeper, Crosbys mother was a second generation Irish-American. In 1910, seven-year-old Harry Crosby Jr. was forever renamed, the Sunday edition of the Spokesman-Review published a feature called The Bingville Bugle. Written by humorist Newton Newkirk, The Bingville Bugle was a parody of a hillbilly newsletter filled with gossipy tidbits, minstrel quips, creative spelling, and mock ads. A neighbor, 15-year-old Valentine Hobart, shared Crosbys enthusiasm for The Bugle, and noting Crosbys laugh, took a liking to him, eventually, the last vowel was dropped and the nickname stuck. Crosby later described Jolsons delivery as electric, Crosby graduated from Gonzaga High School in 1920 and enrolled at Gonzaga University. He attended Gonzaga for three years, but did not earn a bachelors degree, as a freshman, he played on the universitys baseball team. The university granted him a doctorate in 1937. In 1923, Crosby was invited to join a new band composed of school students a few years younger than himself. Al Rinker, Miles Rinker, James Heaton, Claire Pritchard and Robert Pritchard, along with drummer Crosby, formed the Musicaladers, the group performed on Spokane radio station KHQ, but disbanded after two years
9.
Christmas Eve
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Christmas Eve is the day before Christmas Day, the festival commemorating the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Christmas Day is observed around the world, and Christmas Eve is widely observed as a full or partial holiday in anticipation of Christmas Day, together, both days are considered one of the most culturally significant celebrations in Christendom and Western society. Many churches still ring their bells and hold prayers in the evening, for example. Since tradition holds that Jesus was born at night, Midnight Mass is celebrated on Christmas Eve, traditionally at midnight, roman Catholics and high church Anglicans traditionally celebrate Midnight Mass, which begins either at or sometime before midnight on Christmas Eve. This ceremony, which is held in churches throughout the world, celebrates the birth of Christ, Midnight Mass is popular in Poland. In recent years churches have scheduled their Midnight Mass as early as 7 pm. In Spanish-speaking areas, the Midnight Mass is sometimes referred to as Misa de Gallo, in the Philippines, the custom has expanded into the nine-day Simbang Gabi, when Filipinos attend dawn Masses from 16 December, continuing daily until Christmas Eve. In 2009 Vatican officials scheduled the Midnight Mass to start at 10 pm so that the 82-year-old Pope Benedict XVI would not have too late a night. Whilst it does not include any kind of Mass, the Church of Scotland has a service beginning just before midnight, the Church of Scotland no longer holds Hogmanay services on New Years Eve, however. The Christmas Eve Services are still very popular, on Christmas Eve, the Christ Candle in the center of the Advent wreath is traditionally lit in many church services. In candlelight services, while singing Silent Night, each member of the congregation receives a candle, lutherans traditionally practice Christmas Eve Eucharistic traditions typical of Germany and Scandinavia. Krippenspiele, special music for organ, vocal and brass choirs. A nativity scene may be erected indoors or outdoors, and is composed of figurines depicting the infant Jesus resting in a manger, Mary, other figures in the scene may include angels, shepherds, and various animals. The figures may be made of any material, and arranged in a stable or grotto, the Magi may also appear, and are sometimes not placed in the scene until the week following Christmas to account for their travel time to Bethlehem. While most home nativity scenes are packed away at Christmas or shortly thereafter, Christmas Vespers are popular in the early evening, and midnight services are also widespread in regions which are predominantly Lutheran. The old Lutheran tradition of a Christmas Vigil in the morning hours of Christmas Day can still be found in some regions. Methodists celebrate the evening in different ways, some, in the early evening, come to their church to celebrate Holy Communion with their families. The mood is very solemn, and the visible light is the Advent Wreath
10.
Austrian Empire
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The Austrian Empire was an empire in Central Europe created out of the realms of the Habsburgs by proclamation in 1804. It was an empire and one of Europes great powers. Geographically it was the second largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire and it was also the third most populous after Russia and France, as well as the largest and strongest country in the German Confederation. Proclaimed in response to the First French Empire, it overlapped with the Holy Roman Empire until the dissolution in 1806. The Ausgleich of 1867 elevated Hungarys status and it became a separate entity from the Empire entirely, joining with it in the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Changes shaping the nature of the Holy Roman Empire took place during conferences in Rastatt, on 24 March 1803, the Imperial Recess was declared, which reduced the number of ecclesiastical states from 81 to only 3 and the free imperial cities from 51 to 6. This measure was aimed at replacing the old constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, taking this significant change into consideration, the German Emperor Francis II created the title Emperor of Austria, for himself and his successors. In 1804 the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was ruler of the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, founded the Empire of Austria. In doing so he created a formal overarching structure for the Habsburg Monarchy, to safeguard his dynastys imperial status he adopted the additional hereditary title of Emperor of Austria. Hungarys affairs remained administered by its own institutions as they had been beforehand, thus under the new arrangements no Imperial institutions were involved in its internal government. The fall and dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire was accelerated by French intervention in the Empire in September 1805, on 20 October 1805, an Austrian army led by general Karl Mack von Leiberich was defeated by French armies near the town of Ulm. The French victory resulted in the capture of 20,000 Austrian soldiers, Napoleons army won another victory at Austerlitz on 2 December 1805. Francis was forced into negotiations with the French from 4 to 6 December 1805, the French victories encouraged rulers of certain imperial territories to assert their formal independence from the Empire. On 10 December 1805, the prince-elector Duke of Bavaria proclaimed himself King, finally, on 12 December, the Margrave of Baden was given the title of Grand Duke. In addition, each of these new countries signed a treaty with France, the Treaty of Pressburg between France and Austria, signed in Pressburg on 26 December, enlarged the territory of Napoleons German allies at the expense of defeated Austria. Certain Austrian holdings in Germany were passed to French allies—the King of Bavaria, the King of Württemberg, Austrian claims on those German states were renounced without exception. On 12 July 1806, the Confederation of the Rhine was established, comprising 16 sovereigns and this confederation, under French influence, put an end to the Holy Roman Empire. On 6 August 1806, even Francis recognized the new state of things and proclaimed the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, as he did not want Napoleon to succeed him
11.
Salzach
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The Salzach is a river in Austria and Germany. It is a tributary of the Inn and is 225 kilometres in length. Its drainage basin comprises large parts of the Northern Limestone and Central Eastern Alps, the rivers name is derived from the German word Salz, meaning salt. Until the 19th century, shipping of salt down the Salza was an important part of the local economy, the shipping ended when the parallel Salzburg-Tyrol Railway line replaced the old transport system. The Salzach is the river in the Austrian state of Salzburg. The source is located on the edge of the Kitzbühel Alps near Krimml in the western Pinzgau region, from here, it runs eastwards through a large valley via Bruck south of Lake Zell to Schwarzach im Pongau. It then turns northwards, passes Sankt Johann im Pongau, flows in-between the Berchtesgaden Alps and the Tennen Mountains to Hallein, cities on the banks in this lower section include Laufen and its sister town Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Tittmoning, and Burghausen. All these towns have border crossings, the river finally joins the Inn in Haiming between Burghausen and Braunau. Currently, there are 12 hydroelectric power plants on the Salzach, the power plants are listed beginning at the headwaters, Salza Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft, Die Salzach - ein Fluss bewegt. Norbert Winding und Dieter Vogel, Die Salzach, verlag Kiebitz Buch, Vilsbiburg 2003, ISBN 3-9807800-1-5
12.
Tamsweg District
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Bezirk Tamsweg is an administrative district in the federal state of Salzburg, Austria. It is congruent with the Lungau region, the administrative centre of the district is Tamsweg. The area of the Lungau plateau is 1,019.69 km², with a population of 21,283, and population density 21 persons per km². It is located within the Central Eastern Alps, confined by the Hohe Tauern range in the west, the Niedere Tauern in the north, the region is separated from the Salzburg Pongau region by the Radstädter Tauern Pass crossing the Niedere Tauern. In the south, the Katschberg Pass road leads to the state of Carinthia. Since 1974, the Tauern Autobahn underpasses both ranges via the Tauern Road Tunnel and the Katschberg Tunnel, in the east, the upper Mur River, originating near Muhr, flows towards Murau in Styria, accompanied by the narrow-gauge Taurach Railway and the Mur Valley Railway. Beside some pastoral economy, Lungau largely depends on tourism, the district is divided into 15 municipalities, three of them are market towns
13.
Organist
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An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ. An organist may play solo organ works, play with an ensemble or orchestra, in addition, an organist may accompany congregational hymn-singing and play liturgical music. The majority of organists, amateur and professional, are involved in church music, playing in churches. The pipe organ still plays a part in the leading of traditional western Christian worship, with roles including the accompaniment of hymns, choral anthems. The degree to which the organ is involved depending on the church. It also may depend on the standard of the organist, as most churches can afford to employ only one musician, the organist is usually also responsible for directing and rehearsing the choir. In the twentieth-century, many pipe organs were replaced by electronic and digital organs. Sometimes the organist will be assisted by an organ scholar, the post of organist at most of the great cathedrals includes recital work and choral training. Another function of an organist is often as teacher to future players, few organists hold historically special positions such as Carol Williams who is the Civic Organist of San Diego, the last true Civic Organist position still active in this the USA. Since the strengths and weaknesses of the organ are difficult to understand without a deal of playing experience. Since the majority of pre-twentieth-century organs were installed in churches, classical literature was almost exclusively written for liturgical use. A few carry on the tradition today, there are many organists employed in the production of popular and jazz music. In the United States most of them play the Hammond organ, the Royal College of Organists in the United Kingdom is the oldest institution of organ studies. From that sprang the American Guild of Organists, the Gesellschaft der Orgelfreunde in Germany, all these institutions are oriented toward the organist involved in classical music rather than popular music. There is also the American Theatre Organ Society
14.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
15.
Zillertal
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The Zillertal is a valley in Tyrol, Austria that is drained by the Ziller river. It is the widest valley south of the Inntal and lends its name to the Zillertal Alps, the Tux Alps lie to its west, while the lower grass peaks of the Kitzbühel Alps are found to the east. The Zillertal is one of the areas in Tyrol most visited by tourists. The Zillertal branches from the Inn trench near Jenbach, about 40 km northeast of Innsbruck, along the way, two more Gründe and the Gerlos valley, which leads to the Gerlos Pass and into Salzburg, branch off. Unlike other side valleys of the Inntal, the Zillertal rises constantly, permanent settlements cover about 9% of the entire area of the Zillertal municipalities. Near the Tuxer Joch, a pass between the Wipptal and the Tux valley, there have been finds from middle Stone Age. The oldest remains of settlements in the Zillertal date back to the Illyrians during the late Bronze, the earliest written record of the Zillertal dates from 889, when Arnulf of Carinthia granted land to the Archbishop of Salzburg in the Cilarestal. Ownership of the valley was divided along the river Ziller. In 1248, the land west of the Ziller was acquired by the Counts of Tyrol, in 1805, the Treaty of Pressburg ended the War of the Third Coalition and forced Austria to cede Tyrol to Bavaria. For the purposes of this treaty, the Zillertal was considered part of Salzburg, the people of the Zillertal nevertheless joined Andreas Hofers Tyrolean Insurrection of 1809 in the Battle of the Ziller Bridge. Later that year, the insurrection was defeated and the Zillertal briefly became Bavarian until the Congress of Vienna in 1814/1815, the Zillertal was known for its itinerant tradesmen, farm doctors and singing families. In the second half of the 19th century refuge huts were erected, the use of water power took off in the 1970s. In the second half of the 20th century, after the end of mining in the valley, in 2003, tourists stayed a total of 6 million nights in the valley, mostly during winter sports holidays. The periphery of the area is home to a number of factories, four large reservoirs in the Gründe supply water to a total of eight hydroelectric power stations, generating slightly more than 1,200 GWh per year. The Zillertal is particularly renowned for its musical tradition, more recently, the Schürzenjäger band have had tremendous success in German-speaking countries with their crossover mix of Volksmusik and pop
16.
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
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Amalie Theresa was born on 6 April 1807 at the Hofburg Imperial Palace in Hofburg, Vienna and died the next day. Her mother fell ill after giving birth to her and died less than a week afterwards, as a daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor, she was born with the title Archduchess of Austria and the style Imperial and Royal Highness
17.
Alexander I of Russia
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Alexander I reigned as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825. He was the son of Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg, Alexander was the first Russian King of Poland, reigning from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland. He was sometimes called Alexander the Blessed and he was born in Saint Petersburg to Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, later Emperor Paul I, and succeeded to the throne after his father was murdered. He ruled Russia during the period of the Napoleonic Wars. As prince and emperor, Alexander often used liberal rhetoric, in the first years of his reign, he initiated some minor social reforms and major, liberal educational reforms, such as building more universities. He promised constitutional reforms and a desperately needed reform of serfdom in Russia, Alexander appointed Mikhail Speransky, the son of a village priest, as one of his closest advisors. The Collegia was abolished and replaced by the The State Council, plans were also made to set up a parliament and sign a constitution. In foreign policy, he changed Russias position relative to France four times between 1804 and 1812 among neutrality, opposition, and alliance and he fought a small-scale naval war against Britain between 1807 and 1812. He and Napoleon could never agree, especially about Poland, the tsars greatest triumph came in 1812 as Napoleons invasion of Russia proved a total disaster for the French. As part of the coalition against Napoleon he gained some spoils in Finland and Poland. He formed the Holy Alliance to suppress revolutionary movements in Europe that he saw as threats to legitimate Christian monarchs. He helped Austrias Klemens von Metternich in suppressing all national and liberal movements, in the second half of his reign he was increasingly arbitrary, reactionary and fearful of plots against him, he ended many earlier reforms. He purged schools of teachers, as education became more religiously oriented as well as politically conservative. Speransky was replaced as advisor with the artillery inspector Aleksey Arakcheyev. Alexander died of typhus in December 1825 while on a trip to southern Russia and he left no children as heirs and both of his brothers wanted the other to become emperor. After a period of confusion that included the failed Decembrist revolt of liberal army officers, he was succeeded by his younger brother. Alexander and his younger brother Constantine were raised by their grandmother, some sources allege that she planned to remove her son Paul I from the succession altogether. From the free-thinking atmosphere of the court of Catherine and his Swiss tutor, Frédéric-César de La Harpe, but from his military governor, Nikolay Saltykov, he imbibed the traditions of Russian autocracy
18.
Lower Saxony
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Lower Saxony is a German state situated in northwestern Germany and is second in area, with 47,624 square kilometres, and fourth in population among the sixteen Länder of Germany. In rural areas Northern Low Saxon, a dialect of Low German, and Saterland Frisian, a variety of Frisian, are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining. Lower Saxony borders on the North Sea, the states of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Netherlands. Furthermore, the state of Bremen forms two enclaves within Lower Saxony, one being the city of Bremen, the other, its city of Bremerhaven. In fact, Lower Saxony borders more neighbours than any other single Bundesland, the states principal cities include the state capital Hanover, Braunschweig, Lüneburg, Osnabrück, Oldenburg, Hildesheim, Wolfenbüttel, Wolfsburg and Göttingen. The northwestern area of Lower Saxony, which lies on the coast of the North Sea, is called East Frisia, in the extreme west of Lower Saxony is the Emsland, a traditionally poor and sparsely populated area, once dominated by inaccessible swamps. The northern half of Lower Saxony, also known as the North German Plains, is almost invariably flat except for the hills around the Bremen geestland. Towards the south and southwest lie the northern parts of the German Central Uplands, the Weser Uplands, between these two lie the Lower Saxon Hills, a range of low ridges. Thus, Lower Saxony is the only Bundesland that encompasses both maritime and mountainous areas, Lower Saxonys major cities and economic centres are mainly situated in its central and southern parts, namely Hanover, Braunschweig, Osnabrück, Wolfsburg, Salzgitter, Hildesheim and Göttingen. Oldenburg, near the coastline, is another economic centre. To the north, the Elbe river separates Lower Saxony from Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the banks just south of the Elbe are known as Altes Land. Due to its local climate and fertile soil, it is the states largest area of fruit farming. Most of the territory was part of the historic Kingdom of Hanover. It was created by the merger of the State of Hanover with several states in 1946. Lower Saxony has a boundary in the north in the North Sea. The state and city of Bremen is an enclave surrounded by Lower Saxony. The Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region is a body for the enclave area. To the southeast the state border runs through the Harz, low mountains that are part of the German Central Uplands, in northeast Lower Saxony is Lüneburg Heath
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Frederick William IV of Prussia
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Frederick William IV, the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, reigned as King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861. In politics, he was a conservative, and in 1849 rejected the title of Emperor of the Germans offered by the Frankfurt Parliament as not the Parliaments to give, in 1857, he suffered a stroke and was left incapacitated until his death. Born to Frederick William III by his wife Queen Louise, he was the favourite son. Frederick William was educated by tutors, many of whom were experienced civil servants. He also gained experience by serving in the Prussian Army during the War of Liberation against Napoleon in 1814. In 1823 he married Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria, since she was a Roman Catholic, the preparations for this marriage included difficult negotiations which ended with her conversion to Lutheranism. There were two wedding ceremonies—one in Munich, and another in Berlin, the couple had a very harmonious marriage, but childless. Frederick William opposed the idea of a unified German state, believing that Austria was divinely ordained to rule over Germany, Frederick William became King of Prussia on the death of his father in 1840. Through a personal union, he became the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel. In 1842, he gave his fathers menagerie at Pfaueninsel to the new Berlin Zoo, despite being a devout Lutheran, his Romantic leanings led him to settle the Cologne church conflict by releasing the imprisoned Clemens August von Droste-Vischering, the Archbishop of Cologne. He also patronized further construction of Cologne Cathedral, Cologne having become part of Prussia in 1815, in 1844, he attended the celebrations marking the completion of the cathedral, becoming the first king of Prussia to enter a Roman Catholic building. He committed himself to German unification, formed a government, convened a national assembly. Once his position was more secure again, however, he quickly had the army reoccupy Berlin and in December dissolved the assembly, therefore, Frederick William would only accept the imperial crown after being elected by the German princes, as per the former empires ancient customs. In the kings eyes, only a reconstituted College of Electors could possess such authority, with the failed attempt by the Frankfurt Parliament to include the Habsburgs into a newly unified German Empire, the Parliament turned to Prussia. Seeing Austrian ambivalence towards Prussia taking a powerful role in German affairs. All German states, excluding those of the Habsburgs, would be unified under Hohenzollern authority, the German Confederation remained the common government of German Europe. The lower house was elected by all taxpayers, but in a system based on the amount of taxes paid. This constitution remained in effect until the dissolution of the Prussian kingdom in 1918, Frederick William IV is buried with his wife in the crypt underneath the Church of Peace in the park of Sanssouci, at Potsdam
20.
Manuscript
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A manuscript is any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to being mechanically printed or reproduced in some automated way. More recently, it is understood to be a written, typed, or word-processed copy of a work. Before the arrival of printing, all documents and books were manuscripts, manuscripts are not defined by their contents, which may combine writing with mathematical calculations, maps, explanatory figures or illustrations. Manuscripts may be in form, scrolls or in codex format. Illuminated manuscripts are enriched with pictures, border decorations, elaborately embossed initial letters or full-page illustrations. The traditional abbreviations are MS for manuscript and MSS for manuscripts, while the forms MS. ms or ms. for singular, and MSS. mss or mss. for plural are also accepted. The second s is not simply the plural, by an old convention, it doubles the last letter of the abbreviation to express the plural, just as pp. means pages. Before the invention of printing in China or by moveable type in a printing press in Europe. Historically, manuscripts were produced in form of scrolls or books, manuscripts were produced on vellum and other parchment, on papyrus, and on paper. In Russia birch bark documents as old as from the 11th century have survived, in India, the palm leaf manuscript, with a distinctive long rectangular shape, was used from ancient times until the 19th century. Paper spread from China via the Islamic world to Europe by the 14th century, when Greek or Latin works were published, numerous professional copies were made simultaneously by scribes in a scriptorium, each making a single copy from an original that was declaimed aloud. Manuscripts in Tocharian languages, written on leaves, survived in desert burials in the Tarim Basin of Central Asia. Volcanic ash preserved some of the Roman library of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum, ironically, the manuscripts that were being most carefully preserved in the libraries of antiquity are virtually all lost. Originally, all books were in manuscript form, in China, and later other parts of East Asia, woodblock printing was used for books from about the 7th century. The earliest dated example is the Diamond Sutra of 868, in the Islamic world and the West, all books were in manuscript until the introduction of movable type printing in about 1450. Manuscript copying of books continued for a least a century, as printing remained expensive, private or government documents remained hand-written until the invention of the typewriter in the late 19th century. In the Philippines, for example, as early as 900AD, specimen documents were not inscribed by stylus and this type of document was rare compared to the usual leaves and bamboo staves that were inscribed. However, neither the leaves nor paper were as durable as the document in the hot
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Joseph Haydn
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Joseph Haydn was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. Haydn spent much of his career as a musician for the wealthy Esterházy family at their remote estate. Until the later part of his life, this isolated him from other composers and trends in music so that he was, as he put it, yet his music circulated widely and for much of his career he was the most celebrated composer in Europe. He was a friend and mentor of Mozart, a teacher of Beethoven, Joseph Haydn was born in Rohrau, Austria, a village that at that time stood on the border with Hungary. His father was Mathias Haydn, a wheelwright who served as Marktrichter. Haydns mother Maria, née Koller, had worked as a cook in the palace of Count Harrach. Neither parent could read music, however, Mathias was a folk musician. According to Haydns later reminiscences, his family was extremely musical. Haydns parents had noticed that their son was musically gifted and knew that in Rohrau he would have no chance to obtain serious musical training, Haydn therefore went off with Frankh to Hainburg 12 kilometres away, he never again lived with his parents. Life in the Frankh household was not easy for Haydn, who later remembered being frequently hungry and he began his musical training there, and could soon play both harpsichord and violin. The people of Hainburg heard him sing treble parts in the church choir, Haydn passed his audition with Reutter, and after several months of further training moved to Vienna, where he worked for the next nine years as a chorister. Haydn lived in the Kapellhaus next to the cathedral, along with Reutter, Reutters family, and the other four choirboys, the choirboys were instructed in Latin and other school subjects as well as voice, violin, and keyboard. Reutter was of help to Haydn in the areas of music theory and composition. However, since St. Stephens was one of the musical centres in Europe. Like Frankh before him, Reutter did not always bother to make sure Haydn was properly fed, by 1749, Haydn had matured physically to the point that he was no longer able to sing high choral parts. Empress Maria Theresa herself complained to Reutter about his singing, calling it crowing, one day, Haydn carried out a prank, snipping off the pigtail of a fellow chorister. This was enough for Reutter, Haydn was first caned, then summarily dismissed and he had the good fortune to be taken in by a friend, Johann Michael Spangler, who shared his familys crowded garret room with Haydn for a few months. Haydn immediately began his pursuit of a career as a freelance musician and he was also briefly in Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitzs employ, playing the organ in the Bohemian Chancellery chapel at the Judenplatz
22.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. Born in Salzburg, he showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood, already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty. At 17, Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court, while visiting Vienna in 1781, he was dismissed from his Salzburg position. He chose to stay in the capital, where he achieved fame, during his final years in Vienna, he composed many of his best-known symphonies, concertos, and operas, and portions of the Requiem, which was largely unfinished at the time of his death. The circumstances of his death have been much mythologized. He was survived by his wife Constanze and two sons and he composed more than 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral music. He is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers, Ludwig van Beethoven composed his own early works in the shadow of Mozart, and Joseph Haydn wrote, posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on 27 January 1756 to Leopold Mozart and Anna Maria, née Pertl and this was the capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, an ecclesiastic principality in what is now Austria, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was the youngest of seven children, five of whom died in infancy and his elder sister was Maria Anna Mozart, nicknamed Nannerl. Mozart was baptized the day after his birth, at St. Ruperts Cathedral in Salzburg, the baptismal record gives his name in Latinized form, as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He generally called himself Wolfgang Amadè Mozart as an adult, Leopold Mozart, a native of Augsburg, Germany, was a minor composer and an experienced teacher. In 1743, he was appointed as fourth violinist in the establishment of Count Leopold Anton von Firmian. Four years later, he married Anna Maria in Salzburg, Leopold became the orchestras deputy Kapellmeister in 1763. During the year of his sons birth, Leopold published a textbook, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule. When Nannerl was 7, she began lessons with her father. Years later, after her brothers death, she reminisced, He often spent much time at the clavier, picking out thirds, which he was ever striking, and his pleasure showed that it sounded good. In the fourth year of his age his father, for a game as it were, began to teach him a few minuets and he could play it faultlessly and with the greatest delicacy, and keeping exactly in time. At the age of five, he was composing little pieces
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Ludwig van Beethoven
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Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he one of the most famous. His best-known compositions include 9 symphonies,5 piano concertos,1 violin concerto,32 piano sonatas,16 string quartets, his great Mass the Missa solemnis, and one opera, Fidelio. At the age of 21 he moved to Vienna, where he began studying composition with Joseph Haydn and he lived in Vienna until his death. By his late 20s his hearing began to deteriorate, and by the last decade of his life he was almost completely deaf. In 1811 he gave up conducting and performing in public but continued to compose, many of his most admired works come from these last 15 years of his life. Beethoven was the grandson of Ludwig van Beethoven, a musician from the town of Mechelen in the Duchy of Brabant in the Flemish region of what is now Belgium, who at the age of twenty moved to Bonn. Ludwig was employed as a singer at the court of the Elector of Cologne, eventually rising to become, in 1761. The portrait he commissioned of himself towards the end of his life remained proudly displayed in his grandsons rooms as a talisman of his musical heritage. Ludwig had one son, Johann, who worked as a tenor in the musical establishment and gave keyboard. Johann married Maria Magdalena Keverich in 1767, she was the daughter of Johann Heinrich Keverich, Beethoven was born of this marriage in Bonn. There is no record of the date of his birth, however. Of the seven children born to Johann van Beethoven, only Ludwig, the second-born, caspar Anton Carl was born on 8 April 1774, and Nikolaus Johann, the youngest, was born on 2 October 1776. Beethovens first music teacher was his father and he later had other local teachers, the court organist Gilles van den Eeden, Tobias Friedrich Pfeiffer, and Franz Rovantini. Beethovens musical talent was obvious at a young age, some time after 1779, Beethoven began his studies with his most important teacher in Bonn, Christian Gottlob Neefe, who was appointed the Courts Organist in that year. Neefe taught Beethoven composition, and by March 1783 had helped him write his first published composition, Beethoven soon began working with Neefe as assistant organist, at first unpaid, and then as a paid employee of the court chapel conducted by the Kapellmeister Andrea Luchesi. His first three piano sonatas, named Kurfürst for their dedication to the Elector Maximilian Friedrich, were published in 1783, Maximilian Frederick noticed Beethovens talent early, and subsidised and encouraged the young mans musical studies. Maximilian Fredericks successor as the Elector of Bonn was Maximilian Francis, the youngest son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, echoing changes made in Vienna by his brother Joseph, he introduced reforms based on Enlightenment philosophy, with increased support for education and the arts
24.
Episcopal Church (United States)
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The Episcopal Church is the United States-based member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The current presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, in 2014, the Episcopal Church had 1,956,042 baptized members. In 2011, it was the nations 14th largest denomination, in 2015, Pew Research estimated that 1.2 percent of the adult population in the United States, or 3 million people, self-identify as mainline Episcopalians/Anglicans. The Episcopal Church describes itself as Protestant, yet Catholic, the Episcopal Church is an apostolic church, tracing its bishops back to the apostles via holy orders. The Book of Common Prayer, a collection of traditional rites, blessings, liturgies, the Episcopal Church was active in the Social Gospel movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the church has pursued a more liberal course. It has opposed the death penalty and supported the civil rights movement, some of its leaders and priests are known for marching with influential civil rights demonstrators such as Martin Luther King Jr. The Church calls for the legal equality of gay and lesbian people. Due to the process of editing or making additions to the Prayer Book, the BCP still describes marriage as being the union of a man. The Episcopal Church ordains women and LGBT people to the priesthood, the diaconate, in 2003, Gene Robinson was the first non-celibate openly gay person ordained as a bishop in documented Christian history. There are two names of the Episcopal Church specified in its constitution, The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. The latter is the commonly used name. In other languages, an equivalent is used, until 1964, the only official name in use was The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. In the 19th century, High Church members advocated changing the name and they were opposed by the churchs evangelical wing, which felt that the Protestant Episcopal label accurately reflected the Reformed character of Anglicanism. After 1877, alternative names were proposed and rejected by the General Convention. A commonly proposed alternative was the American Catholic Church, by the 1960s, opposition to dropping the word Protestant had largely subsided. The 66th General Convention voted in 1979 to use the name The Episcopal Church in the Oath of Conformity of the Declaration for Ordination, the evolution of the name can be seen in the churchs Book of Common Prayer. The alternate name The Episcopal Church in the United States of America has never been a name of the church but is commonly seen in English
25.
Trinity Church (Manhattan)
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Trinity Church is an historic, active, well-endowed parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of New York. It is located near the intersection of Wall Street and Broadway, in the lower Manhattan section of New York City, Trinity, a traditional High church, is a very active parish around Episcopal Church and the worldwide Anglican Communion in missionary, outreach, and fellowship. The Trinity Church has been significant to New York City’s history for over 300 years, in 1696, Governor Benjamin Fletcher approved the purchase of land in Lower Manhattan by the Church of England community for construction of a new church. The parish received its charter from King William III on May 6,1697 and its land grant specified an annual rent of 60 bushels of wheat. The first rector was William Vesey, a protege of Increase Mather, the first Trinity Church building, a modest rectangular structure with a gambrel roof and small porch, was constructed in 1698, on Wall Street, facing the Hudson River. It was built because in 1696, members of the Church of England protested to obtain a “charter granting the church legal status” in New York City, according to historical records, Captain William Kidd lent the runner and tackle from his ship for hoisting the stones. Anne, Queen of Great Britain, increased the land holdings to 215 acres in 1705. Later, in 1709, William Huddleston founded Trinity School as the Charity School of the church, in 1754, Kings College was chartered by King George II of Great Britain, and instruction began with eight students in a school building near the church. Six days later, most of the volunteer firemen followed General Washington north. The Rev. Whig patriots were appointed as vestrymen, in 1787, Provoost was consecrated as the first Bishop of the newly formed Diocese of New York. Following his 1789 inauguration at Federal Hall, George Washington attended Thanksgiving service, presided over by Bishop Provoost, at St. Pauls Chapel and he continued to attend services there until the second Trinity Church was finished in 1790. St. Pauls Chapel is currently part of the Parish of Trinity Church and is the oldest public building in use in New York City. Construction on the second Trinity Church building began in 1788, it was consecrated in 1790, St. Paul’s Chapel was used while the second Trinity Church was being built. The second Trinity Church was built facing Wall Street, it was 200 feet tall, Building a bigger church was beneficial because the population of New York City was expanding. The church was torn down after being weakened by severe snows during the winter of 1838–39, the second Trinity Church was politically significant because President Washington and members of his government often worshiped there. Additional notable parishioners included John Jay and Alexander Hamilton, the third and current Trinity Church began construction in 1839 and was finished in 1846. When the Episcopal Bishop of New York consecrated Trinity Church on Ascension Day 1846, its soaring Neo-Gothic spire, surmounted by a gilded cross, Trinity was a welcoming beacon for ships sailing into New York Harbor. In 1843, Trinity Churchs expanding parish was divided due to the burgeoning cityscape, the newly formed parish would build Grace Church, to the north on Broadway at 10th street, while the original parish would re-build Trinity Church, the structure that stands today
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Lullaby
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A lullaby, or cradle song, is a soothing song or piece of music, usually played for or sung to children. In some societies they are used to pass down cultural knowledge or tradition, perhaps one of the most important uses of lullabies is as a sleep aid for infants. As a result, the music is simple and repetitive. Lullabies can be found in countries, and have existed since ancient times. Lullabies tend to share exaggerated melodic tendencies, including simple pitch contours, large pitch ranges and these clarify and convey heightened emotions, usually of love or affection. When there is harmony, infants almost always prefer consonant intervals over dissonant intervals, furthermore, if there is a sequence of dissonant intervals in a song, an infant will usually lose interest and it becomes very difficult to regain its attention. To reflect this, most lullabies contain primarily consonant intervals, tonally, most lullabies are simple, often merely alternating tonic and dominant harmonies. In addition to pitch tendencies, lullabies share several structural similarities, the most frequent tendencies are intermittent repetitions and long pauses between sections. This dilutes the rate of material and appeals to infants slower capacity for processing music, lullabies are usually in triple meter or 6/8 time, giving them a characteristic swinging or rocking motion. This mimics the movement a baby experiences in the womb as a mother moves, in addition, infants preference for rhythm shares a strong connection with what they hear when they are bounced, and even their own body movements. The tempos of lullabies tend to be slow, and the utterances are short. Again, this aids in the processing of the song. Lullabies almost never have instrumental accompaniments, infants have shown a strong preference for unaccompanied lullabies over accompanied lullabies. Again, this appeals to more limited ability to process information. Lullabies are often used for their nature, even for non-infants. One study found lullabies to be the most successful type of music or sound for relieving stress and these characteristics tend to be consistent across cultures. It was found that adults of various cultural backgrounds could recognize, infants have shown a strong preferences for songs with these qualities. Lullabies are often used to pass down or strengthen cultural roles and practices, in an observation of the setting of lullabies in Albanian culture, lullabies tended to be paired with the rocking of the child in a cradle
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Time signature
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The time signature is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats are to be contained in each bar and which note value is to be given one beat. A mid-score time signature, usually following a barline, indicates a change of meter. | Simple time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other, The lower numeral indicates the value that represents one beat. The upper numeral indicates how many beats there are grouped together in a bar. For instance,24 means two quarter-note beats per bar—38 means three eighth-note beats per bar, the most common simple time signatures are 24,34, and 44. The symbol is used for 44 time, also called common time or imperfect time. In modern notation, it is used in place of 22 and is called alla breve or, colloquially, in compound meter, subdivisions of the main beat are in three equal parts, so that a dotted note becomes the beat unit. Compound time signatures are named as if they were simple time signatures, in which the part of the beat unit is the beat. The lower number is most commonly an 8, as in 98 or 128,34 is a simple signature that represents three quarter notes. To the ear, a bar may seem like one singular beat, for example, a fast waltz, notated in 34 time, may be described as being one in a bar. Terms such as quadruple, quintuple, and so on are also occasionally used, as mentioned above, though the score indicates a 34 time, the actual beat division can be the whole bar, particularly at faster tempos. Correspondingly, at slow tempos the beat indicated by the time signature could in actual performance be divided into smaller units, on a formal mathematical level the time signatures of, e. g.34 and 38 are interchangeable. In a sense, all simple triple time signatures, such as 38,34,32, etc. —and all compound duple times, such as 68,616, a piece in 34 can be easily rewritten in 38, simply by halving the length of the notes. Other time signature rewritings are possible, most commonly a simple time signature with triplets translates into a compound meter, though formally interchangeable, for a composer or performing musician, different time signatures often have different connotations. First, a note value in the beat unit implies a more complex notation. Second, beaming affects the choice of actual beat divisions and it is, for example, more natural to use the quarter note/crotchet as a beat unit in 64 or 22 than the eight/quaver in 68 or 24. Third, time signatures are traditionally associated with different music styles—it might seem strange to notate a rock tune in 48 or 42. For all meters, the first beat is stressed, in time signatures with four groups in the bar
28.
Siciliana
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The siciliana or siciliano is a musical style or genre often included as a movement within larger pieces of music starting in the Baroque period. It is in a slow 68 or 128 time with lilting rhythms, making it resemble a slow jig or tarantella. It was used for arias in Baroque operas, and often appears as a movement in instrumental works, loosely associated with Sicily, the siciliana evokes a pastoral mood, and is often characterized by dotted rhythms that can distinguish it within the broader musical genre of the pastorale. These madrigal rhythms may themselves derive from the dactylic hexameter of the poetry of ancient Greece. Monelle notes that the texts of Scarlattis siciliana arias are generally lamenting, several written references to the genre are known from earlier in the 1600s, and sicilianas are described in musical dictionaries since 1703. Other well-known Baroque sicilianas are, the movement of Antonio Vivaldis Concerto Grosso, Op.3. 11, from Lestro armonico, the first movement of Giuseppe Tartinis Devils Trill Sonata for violin, works in siciliana rhythm appear occasionally in the Classical period. 488, the F minor Adagio from the Piano Sonata, K.280, other examples of Classical sicilianas are the third movement of Domenico Cimarosas Oboe Concerto, the last movement of Carl Maria von Webers Violin Sonata No. 5, and the movement of Anton Reichas Clarinet Quintet in F major. The guitar virtuoso Mauro Giuliani was very fond of the siciliana style, a notable example is the second movement of his Guitar Concerto No.1 in A major, Op.30. Another siciliana written for guitar is Franz Xaver Grubers renowned Christmas carol, in the Romantic era, Brahms wrote a siciliana as the 19th variation in his Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel for solo piano. In another set of variations by Brahms, the orchestral Variations on a Theme by Haydn, the second of Moritz Moszkowskis Trois Morceaux poétiques, Op.42, is a Siciliano. The opening aria of Mascagnis masterpiece Cavalleria rusticana is the Siciliana O Lola, the orchestral suite from Pelléas et Mélisande by Gabriel Fauré includes his well-known Sicilienne, which he had composed for an incomplete project in 1893. Examples of sicilianas in 20th-century music include Igor Stravinskys Serenata from his ballet Pulcinella, Ottorino Respighis Siciliana from Ancient Airs and Dances,3, and Malcolm Arnolds Siciliano from the Little Suite No.1 for Brass. Sergei Rachmaninoff utilized siciliana style and rhythms in three of his Op.32 Preludes for piano, the B-flat minor, the B minor, and the B major. Maurice Duruflés Suite for Organ contains a Sicilienne notable for its Impressionist harmonies, hungarian composer György Kurtág references the style in a surprising way in his 1987 magnum opus, Kafka-Fragmente Op.24, for soprano and violin in the movement Der wahre Weg. Nino Rotas Godfather Waltz is a classic siciliana at the start of his Grammy-winning score for the 1972 film, perhaps the most notable example of siciliana style in the 20th century inhabits the Intrada and Rhapsody from Gerald Finzis exquisite cantata, Dies Natalis
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Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
30.
Autograph
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Autograph also refers to a famous persons artistic signature. This term is used in particular for the practice of collecting autographs of celebrities, the hobby of collecting autographs is known as philography. What might be considered the oldest autograph is a Sumerian clay table from about 3100 BC which includes the name of the scribe Gar. Ama. No ancient written autographs have been found, and the earliest one known for a historical figure is that of El Cid from 1098. Some of the most popular categories of subjects are presidents, military soldiers, athletes, movie stars, artists, social and religious leaders, scientists, astronauts. Some collectors may specialize in fields or general topics or specific documents. Sports memorabilia signed by a team can often be sold for hundreds or thousands of dollars. Some celebrities still enjoy signing autographs for free for fans, keeping it an interesting hobby and this is one of the main reasons why some celebrities will only distribute their signatures for a price. Joe DiMaggio was able to more money on signing fees than he made in his playing career. Bill Russell does not sign at all in public, and only sparingly at private sessions, michael Jordan reportedly did not sign for most of his career because of safety concerns about frenzied attempts to get his signature, which is worth hundreds of dollars. Jordan has frequently signed at more events, such as golf tournaments. Pete Rose was paid to sign 30 baseballs with the inscription Im sorry I bet on baseball, michael Jacksons experience was typical, he often signed just a handful of autographs as he rushed from his hotel to his vehicle. Some collectors take note of which celebrities are the most gracious or the least forthcoming, some dealers would locate a celebritys home address and write to them repeatedly asking for autographs. The celebrities soon grew tired of the practice and limited their responses, because of the many autographs a celebrity might sign over time, some check requests against a record of past requests. Boxer George Foreman, for instance, records the names and addresses of every person requesting an autograph to limit such abuses, canadian sculptor Christian Cardell Corbet has his assistant research all requested autographs and also records all sent out. Some famous people flatly refuse to autograph anything for fans, such as the actors Paul Newman and Greta Garbo, celebrities sometimes authorized secretaries to sign their correspondence. In the early months of World War II, U. S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall felt obligated to sign every condolence letter sent to the families of slain soldiers. But as the rate increased, he was forced to assign an assistant to forge his signature to the letters
31.
United States Army Band
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The United States Army Band, also known as Pershings Own, is the premier musical organization of the United States Army, founded in 1922. Before 2002, the United States Army Band was the only Washington-based military band to have participated in a theater of combat operations. S. Army Herald Trumpets, The Army Strings, and The Army Brass Quintet. The United States Army Band was established on January 25,1922 by General of the Armies John J. Pershing, in its early years, the band was featured on RCA, CBS, the Mutual Broadcasting Network, and other networks. The band also completed four tours between 1928 and 1931 and was noted for its professionalism during a trip to Spain for the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929. In June 1943, the United States Army Band was called overseas to perform in North Africa, the band received a campaign streamer for their efforts during the Rhineland Campaign. Notable musicians included Metropolitan Opera bass Jerome Hines, composers Paul Hindemith and Percy Grainger, similarly, several well-known entertainers and recording artists were band members during this period. Eddie Fisher, Robert Dini, and Steve Lawrence were very popular during the 1950s, as were harpist Lloyd Lindroth, future Metropolitan Opera tenor George Shirley, throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the United States Army Band continued to perform and serve with distinction. In 1963, the participated in the state funeral of John F. Kennedy with Army Band Bugler Keith Clark performing Taps during final interment at Arlington National Cemetery. Brucker Hall, the training and performance facility, was constructed in the mid-1970s. Also during this era, the Army Blues, the Army Brass Quintet, the Army Chorale, in 1984, the band recorded and participated in the filming of Francis Ford Coppolas movie Gardens of Stone. In November 1997, the United States Army Band culminated its rich 75-year history with a concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Guest artists included Walter Cronkite, Charles Osgood, and Metropolitan Opera stars Roberta Peters, in April 2000, Colonel Gary F. Lamb returned to the United States Army Band and this was the first time since 1945 that members of the band performed in a theater of foreign operations. Other celebrities that have accompanied recent tours include country singer Mark Wills, comedian Al Franken, Colonel Lamb retired in June 2005 and was succeeded by Colonel Thomas Rotondi, Jr. whose previous assignment was Commander/Conductor of the United States Military Academy Band in West Point, New York. The U. S. Army Band official website The short film A NATION SINGS is available for download at the Internet Archive
32.
Ernestine Schumann-Heink
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Ernestine Schumann-Heink was a German Bohemian, later American, operatic contralto. She was noted for the size, beauty, tonal richness, flexibility and she was born Ernestine Amalie Pauline Rössler to a German-speaking family in the town of Libeň, Bohemia, Austrian Empire, which is now part of the city of Prague, Czech Republic. When Ernestine was three years old, the moved to Verona. In 1866, at the outbreak of the Austro-Prussian War, the moved to Prague. At wars end, the Roesslers moved to Podgórze, now part of Kraków, the family moved again to Graz when Tini was thirteen. Here she met Marietta von LeClair, an opera singer. Heink took a job at the customs house and was soon transferred to Hamburg. Ernestine remained in Dresden to pursue her career, and eventually rejoined her husband when she secured a position at the Hamburg Opera and she went on to have four children with Heink. One of their children, Ferdinand Schumann-Heink was a prolific, though mostly unbilled, other children were Hans Schumann-Heink, and Arthur Schumann-Heink. Ernest Heink was again out of work when Saxons were banned from government positions. Ernestine, pregnant, did not follow him, they were divorced in 1893 and that same year she married actor Paul Schumann, with whom she had three more children. Her second marriage lasted until Paul Schumanns death in 1904 and she left the production after 50 performances and soon returned to opera. Her breakthrough into leading roles was provided when prima donna Marie Goetze argued with the director of the Hamburg opera and he asked Ernestine to sing the title role of Carmen, without rehearsal, which she did to great acclaim. Goetze, in a fit of pique, cancelled out of the role of Fidès in Le prophète, to be performed the following night, Schumann-Heink replaced Goetze as Ortrud in Lohengrin the following evening, one more time without rehearsal, and was offered a ten-year contract. After the divorce from her first husband, she married Curt Paul Schuman around 1895, while fighting a legal battle in Germany over her late husbands estate, she filed her United States naturalization papers on February 10,1905, and became a citizen on March 3,1908. Schumann-Heinks first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City was in 1899 and she recorded the first of her many musical gramophone performances in 1900. On May 27,1905 in Chicago, Illinois she married her manager William Rapp, in 1909, she created the role of Klytaemnestra in the debut of Richard Strausss Elektra, of which she said she had no high opinion, calling it a fearful din. Strauss was not entirely captivated by Schumann-Heink either, according to one story, during rehearsals he admonished the orchestra, I can still hear Madame Schumann-Heink
33.
Max Reger
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Johann Baptist Joseph Maximilian Reger, commonly known as Max Reger, was a German composer, pianist, organist, conductor, and academic teacher. Reger first composed mainly Lieder, chamber music, choral music and works for piano and he later turned to orchestral compositions, such as the popular Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Mozart, and to works for choir and orchestra such as Gesang der Verklärten, Der 100. Psalm, Der Einsiedler and the Hebbel Requiem, born in Brand, Bavaria, Reger studied music theory in Sondershausen, then piano and theory in Wiesbaden. The first compositions to which he assigned numbers were chamber music. A concert pianist himself, he composed works for piano and organ. His first work for choir and piano to which he assigned a number was Drei Chöre. Reger returned to his home in 1898, where he composed his first work for choir and orchestra, Hymne an den Gesang. From 1899, he courted Elsa von Bercken who first rejected him and he composed many songs such as Sechs Lieder, Op.35, on love poems by five authors. Reger moved to Munich in September 1901, where he obtained concert offers, during his first Munich season, Reger appeared in ten concerts as an organist, chamber pianist and accompanist. Income from publishers, concerts and private teaching enabled him to marry in 1902, because his wife Elsa was a divorced Protestant, he was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. He continued to compose without interruption, for example Gesang der Verklärten, in 1907, Reger was appointed musical director at the Leipzig University Church, a position he held until 1908, and professor at the Royal Conservatory in Leipzig. In 1908 he began to compose Der 100, Psalm, Op.106, a setting of Psalm 100 for mixed choir and orchestra, for the 350th anniversary of Jena University. Part I was premiered on 31 July that year, Reger completed the composition in 1909, premiered in 1910 simultaneously in both Chemnitz and Breslau. In 1911 Reger was appointed Hofkapellmeister at the court of Duke Georg II of Saxe-Meiningen and he retained his master class at the Leipzig conservatory. In 1913 he composed four poems on paintings by Arnold Böcklin, including Die Toteninsel. He gave up the position in 1914 for health reasons. In response to World War I, he thought in 1914 already to compose a work to commemorate the fallen of the war. He began to set the Latin Requiem but abandoned the work as a fragment and he composed eight motets forming Acht geistliche Gesänge für gemischten Chor, Op.138, as a master of new simplicity
34.
Alfred Schnittke
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Alfred Schnittke was a Soviet and German composer. Schnittkes early music shows the influence of Dmitri Shostakovich. He developed a technique in works such as the epic Symphony No.1. As his health deteriorated, Schnittkes music started to abandon much of the extroversion of his polystylism and retreated into a more withdrawn, Schnittkes father, Harry Viktorovich Schnittke, was Jewish and born in Frankfurt. He moved to the Soviet Union in 1927 and worked as a journalist and his mother, Maria Iosifovna Schnittke, was a Volga German born in Russia. Schnittkes paternal grandmother, Tea Abramovna Katz, was a philologist, translator, alfred Schnittke was born in Engels in the Volga-German Republic of the Russian SFSR. He began his education in 1946 in Vienna, where his father had been posted. It was in Vienna, Schnittkes biographer Alexander Ivashkin writes, where he fell in love with music which is part of life, part of history and culture, Schnittkes experience in Vienna gave him a certain spiritual experience and discipline for his future professional activities. It was Mozart and Schubert, not Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff, whom he kept in mind as a point in terms of taste, manner. This reference point was essentially Classical, in 1948, the family moved to Moscow. Schnittke completed his work in composition at the Moscow Conservatory in 1961. Evgeny Golubev was one of his composition teachers, thereafter, he earned his living chiefly by composing film scores, producing nearly 70 scores in 30 years. Schnittke converted to Christianity and possessed deeply held beliefs, which influenced his music. Schnittke and his music were often viewed suspiciously by the Soviet bureaucracy and his First Symphony was effectively banned by the Composers Union. After he abstained from a Composers Union vote in 1980, he was banned from travelling outside of the USSR, in 1985, Schnittke suffered a stroke that left him in a coma. He was declared dead on several occasions, but recovered and continued to compose. In 1990, Schnittke left the Soviet Union and settled in Hamburg and he suffered several more strokes before his death on August 3,1998, in Hamburg, at the age of 63. He was buried, with honors, at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow
35.
Daniel Mann
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Daniel Mann, also known as Daniel Chugerman, was an American film and television director. Mann was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Helen and Samuel Chugerman and he was a stage actor since childhood, and attended Erasmus Hall High School, New Yorks Professional Childrens School and the Neighborhood Playhouse. He entered films in 1952 as a director, and is known for his excellent ear for dialogue, most of Manns films were adaptations from the stage and literature. Mann died of heart failure in Los Angeles, California, in November 1991 and he is buried in the Jewish Cemetery Hillside Memorial Park. He had three children with his wife, actress Mary Kathleen Williams, Michael Mann, Erica Mann Ramis and his daughter is the widow of director Harold Ramis
36.
Hanna-Barbera
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Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc. was an American animation studio that dominated American television animation for over three decades in the mid 20th century. In late 1966, it was sold to Taft Broadcasting and spent two decades as its subsidiary and it is officially considered the very first major animation studio to successfully produce cartoons exclusively for television. For their achievements, Hanna and Barbera together won seven Academy Awards, eight Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the pair was also inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1993. Hanna-Barberas fortunes declined in the mid-1980s when the profitability of Saturday morning cartoons was eclipsed by weekday afternoon syndication, in late 1991, the animation studio was purchased from Taft by Turner Broadcasting System, who used much of its back catalog to program its new channel, Cartoon Network. After Turner purchased the company, Hanna and Barbera continued to serve as creative consultants, Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996 and the studio became a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Animation, into which Hanna-Barbera was absorbed after Hanna died in 2001, Cartoon Network Studios continued the projects for the channels output. Barbera went on to work for Warner Bros, Animation until his death in 2006. As of 2017, the studio exists as a unit used to market properties and productions associated with the Hanna-Barbera library. Melrose, New Mexico native William Hanna and New York City-born of Italian heritage Joseph Barbera first met while working at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1939. Their first directorial production and collaboration was the Academy Award-nominated Puss Gets the Boot, Hanna and Barbera served as directors of the shorts for over 20 years, with Barbera in charge of the stories and pre-production and Hanna in charge of supervising the animation. Hanna also provided the screams, yelps and yells for Tom Cat, in addition to the series being nominated for twelve more Oscars, seven of the cartoons won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject between 1943 and 1953. The trophies were awarded to their producer Fred Quimby, who was not involved in the development of the shorts. In addition to their work on the cartoons, the two men moonlighted on outside projects, including the title sequences and commercials for the CBS sitcom I Love Lucy. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer decided in early 1957 to close its cartoon studio, as it felt it had acquired a reasonable backlog of shorts for re-release, Hanna and Barbera, contemplating their future while completing the final Tom and Jerry cartoons, began producing animated TV commercials. During their last year at MGM, they developed a concept for an animated TV program about a dog, a coin toss determined that Hanna would have precedence in the naming the new studio. Harry Cohn, president and head of Columbia Pictures, took an 18 percent ownership in Hanna and Barberas new company, H-B Enterprises, Screen Gems became the new studios distributor and its licensing agent, handling merchandizing of the characters from the animated programs. Sidney and several Screen Gems alumni became members of the board of directors. H-B Enterprises was one of the first American cartoon studios to produce cartoons specifically for TV broadcast
37.
Lynn Redgrave
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Lynn Redgrave, OBE was an English actress. A member of the Redgrave family, Lynn trained in London before making her debut in 1962. By the mid-1960s, she had appeared in films, including Tom Jones and Georgy Girl which won her a New York Film Critics Award and nominations for an Academy Award. In 1967, she made her Broadway debut and performed in stage productions in New York while making frequent returns to Londons West End. She performed with her sister Vanessa in Three Sisters in London and she made a return to films in the late 1990s in films such as Shine and Gods and Monsters for which she received another Academy Award nomination. Redgrave is the person to have been nominated for all of the Big Four American entertainment awards without winning any of them. Redgrave was born in Marylebone, London, to actors Sir Michael Redgrave and her sister is actress Vanessa Redgrave, her brother was actor and political activist Corin Redgrave. Her grandfather was silent screen leading man Roy Redgrave, after training in Londons Central School of Speech and Drama, Redgrave made her professional debut in a 1962 production of A Midsummer Nights Dream at the Royal Court Theatre. Following a tour of Billy Liar and repertory work in Dundee, she made her West End debut at the Haymarket, hunters The Tulip Tree with Celia Johnson and John Clements. During that time, she appeared in such as Tom Jones, Girl with Green Eyes, The Deadly Affair. For the last of these roles, she gained the New York Film Critics Award, the Golden Globe, in 1967, she made her Broadway debut in Black Comedy with Michael Crawford and Geraldine Page. London appearances included Michael Frayns The Two of Us with Richard Briers at the Garrick, David Hares Slag at the Royal Court, in 1974, she returned to Broadway in My Fat Friend. There soon followed Knock Knock with Charles Durning, Mrs. Warrens Profession with Ruth Gordon, and Saint Joan. In the 1985-86 season, she appeared with Rex Harrison, Claudette Colbert, in 1983, she played Cleopatra in an American television version of Antony and Cleopatra opposite Timothy Dalton. In 1988, she narrated a television documentary, Silent Mouse. In the early winter of 1991, she starred with Stewart Granger, highlights of her early film career also include The National Health, Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex*, The Happy Hooker, and Getting It Right. In the United States, she was seen on television series as Teachers Only, House Calls, Centennial. She also starred in BBC productions such as The Faint-Hearted Feminist, A Woman Alone, Death of a Son, Calling the Shots, and Fighting Back
38.
Buster & Chauncey's Silent Night
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Buster & Chaunceys Silent Night is a 1998 direct-to-video animated featurette, inspired by the tale of the creation of the Christmas carol Silent Night. Later on, the melody Chauncey has been playing repeatedly on his violin inspires the organist, father Joseph, who has written a poem, uses the melody to compose Silent Night and perform it for the first time. The Queen then offers to take Christina to Vienna and Christina says goodbye to her new friends, Buster, Silent Night was the first in-house animated production for Columbia TriStar Home Video, and was produced by Buzz Potamkin through his own company, Project X Productions. It featured Phil Hartman in one of his last roles, the film was released months after his death, marie Osmond, one of its stars, sang the title tune. The film features Glee actress Lea Michele in one of her first film roles, on October 13,1998, Columbia TriStar released Buster & Chaunceys Silent Night on videocassette. The film aired on the lineup of cables Disney Channel two months later. Overseas, it was shown in Canada. On Latin America, the film airs occasionally on Cartoon Network since 2001, and most recently on Disney Channel since 2012, on Great Britains Five, and on the Movie Channel in Israel. The film was reissued on DVD on September 19,2000, by late 2002, plans for a sequel were discussed shortly after the original release, but never materialized. At the DVD Verdict review site, Judge Gary Militzer gave it a score of 43. Unfortunately certainly cannot stand alongside those timeless, beloved holiday classics, lois Alter Mark of Entertainment Weekly commented, Probably not. The scattershot story and uninspired animation wont hold most kids attention, writing in the Los Angeles Times, Lynne Heffley said, The animation is standard, but the message about the meaning of the season, based on the writing of the soulful Christmas carol, comes through. List of American films of 1998 List of animated feature films Buster & Chaunceys Silent Night at the Internet Movie Database Buster & Chaunceys Silent Night at Rotten Tomatoes
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Media related to Stille Nacht at Wikimedia Commons
