1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
John A. Wilson (sculptor)
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John Albert Wilson was a Nova Scotian sculptor who produced public art throughout North America. He was a professor in the School of Architecture at Harvard University for 32 years and he is most famous for his American Civil War monuments, the Confederacy Statue in North Carolina and his Washington Grays Monument in Philadelphia. Wilson created his studio at Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, pioneering master of modern architecture Walter Gropius stated the studio is the most beautiful in the world. He was born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, son of John and his grandfather was a stonemason who emigrated from Beauly, Scotland. Wilson attended New Glasgow High School, at the age of fifteen he created a sculpture of a lion out of freestone. In 1896, at age nineteen, he went to Boston, during the day he attended the Cowles Art School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. He attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston to study under Bela Pratt and he worked in the evenings as an usher in a theatre and he worked on the weekends as a professional boxer at the Boston Athletic Club. While at the Fine Arts school, Wilson displayed his work The Crawling Panther at the Boston Art Club and he received attention from the Boston Globe and Boston Herald newspapers for The Crawling Panther. The latter wrote that it was a work by a very young man. He graduated from the School of the Museum of Fine Arts and he then worked as an assistant to Henry Kitson. Beginning in 1906, Wilson taught classes for the Copley Society of Art in Boston and he joined the board of directors in 1913 and remained for 32 years until 1945. In 1927, he was named Director of Classes, one of his students at the Society was John Hovannes. In 1917, Wilson started to teach at Harvard University when the scholarly Abbott Lawrence Lowell was president and he was appointed Instructor in Modelling, School of Architecture, Harvard University. He remained at Harvard for 32 years, retiring in 1949, during his tenure at the Copley Society and Harvard, Wilson taught in various other places. Wilson taught 5 years at the Worcester Art Museum, where he would complete the Hector Monument with his student Evangeline Eells Wheeler. He taught for one year at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and he also taught out of his own studio in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. In 1913, he built his home and his Waban Studio at 101 Waban Hill Rd, Chestnut Hill, after 50 years, when he retired, Wilson returned to New Glasgow and lived for five years. He retired at East River, Potters Bridges, New Glasgow, Wilson died on December 8,1954 at Aberdeen Regional Hospital, New Glasgow
John A. Wilson (sculptor)
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John A. Wilson sculpting
Washington Grays Monument (1907)
John A. Wilson (sculptor)
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Washington Grays Monument,
Philadelphia
John A. Wilson (sculptor)
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John A Wilson in studio creating
Washington Grays Monument,
Boston
John A. Wilson (sculptor)
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Firemen's Memorial
3.
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Chapel Hill is a city in Orange County, North Carolina, and the home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and UNC Health Care. The population was 57,233 at the 2010 census, Chapel Hill is the 15th-largest city in North Carolina. Chapel Hill, Durham, and Raleigh make up the three corners of the Research Triangle, so named in 1959 with the creation of Research Triangle Park, a research park between Durham and Raleigh. Chapel Hill is one of the cities of the Durham-Chapel Hill MSA. Chapel Hill sits atop a hill which was occupied by a small Anglican chapel of ease, built in 1752. The Carolina Inn now occupies the site of the original chapel, in 1819, the town was founded to serve the University of North Carolina and grew up around it. The town was chartered in 1851, and its main street, in 1968, only a year after its schools became fully integrated, Chapel Hill became the first predominantly white municipality in the South to elect an African American mayor, Howard Lee. Lee served from 1969 until 1975 and, among other things, helped establish Chapel Hill Transit, several hybrid and articulated buses have been added recently. All buses carry GPS transmitters to report their location in time to a tracking web site. Buses can transport bicycles and have wheelchair lifts, in 1993, the town celebrated its bicentennial, which resulted in the establishment of the Chapel Hill Museum. On February 10,2015, three students were killed in their home, Finley Forest Condominiums, next to the Friday Center for Continuing Education. Their next-door neighbor, Craig Stephen Hicks, was arrested by police, Chapel Hill is located in the southeast corner of Orange County. It is bounded on the west by the town of Carrboro, however, most of Chapel Hills borders are adjacent to unincorporated portions of Orange and Durham Counties rather than shared with another municipality. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 21.3 square miles. Durham, North Carolina, is the core of the four-county Durham-Chapel Hill MSA, the US Office of Management and Budget also includes Chapel Hill as a part of the Raleigh-Durham-Cary Combined Statistical Area, which has a population of 1,749,525 as of Census 2010. According to the 2010 U. S. Census,57,233 people in 20,564 households resided in Chapel Hill, the population density was 2,687 people per square mile. The racial composition of the town was 72. 8% White,9. 7% African American,0. 3% Native American,11. 9% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,2. 7% some other race, and 2. 7% of two or more races. About 6. 4% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race, about 30. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Franklin Street, Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Confederate soldier
Silent Sam,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill by
John Wilson
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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A mural at Amber Alley between
Franklin and Rosemary Street
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Even the fire trucks in Chapel Hill show support for
UNC.
4.
North Carolina
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North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
North Carolina
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North Carolina topographic map
North Carolina
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Flag
North Carolina
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The
Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the
Blue Ridge Parkway.
North Carolina
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Deer in the
Eno River as it flows through the Piedmont region of North Carolina
5.
John Wilson (sculptor)
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John Albert Wilson was a Nova Scotian sculptor who produced public art throughout North America. He was a professor in the School of Architecture at Harvard University for 32 years and he is most famous for his American Civil War monuments, the Confederacy Statue in North Carolina and his Washington Grays Monument in Philadelphia. Wilson created his studio at Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, pioneering master of modern architecture Walter Gropius stated the studio is the most beautiful in the world. He was born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, son of John and his grandfather was a stonemason who emigrated from Beauly, Scotland. Wilson attended New Glasgow High School, at the age of fifteen he created a sculpture of a lion out of freestone. In 1896, at age nineteen, he went to Boston, during the day he attended the Cowles Art School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. He attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston to study under Bela Pratt and he worked in the evenings as an usher in a theatre and he worked on the weekends as a professional boxer at the Boston Athletic Club. While at the Fine Arts school, Wilson displayed his work The Crawling Panther at the Boston Art Club and he received attention from the Boston Globe and Boston Herald newspapers for The Crawling Panther. The latter wrote that it was a work by a very young man. He graduated from the School of the Museum of Fine Arts and he then worked as an assistant to Henry Kitson. Beginning in 1906, Wilson taught classes for the Copley Society of Art in Boston and he joined the board of directors in 1913 and remained for 32 years until 1945. In 1927, he was named Director of Classes, one of his students at the Society was John Hovannes. In 1917, Wilson started to teach at Harvard University when the scholarly Abbott Lawrence Lowell was president and he was appointed Instructor in Modelling, School of Architecture, Harvard University. He remained at Harvard for 32 years, retiring in 1949, during his tenure at the Copley Society and Harvard, Wilson taught in various other places. Wilson taught 5 years at the Worcester Art Museum, where he would complete the Hector Monument with his student Evangeline Eells Wheeler. He taught for one year at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and he also taught out of his own studio in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. In 1913, he built his home and his Waban Studio at 101 Waban Hill Rd, Chestnut Hill, after 50 years, when he retired, Wilson returned to New Glasgow and lived for five years. He retired at East River, Potters Bridges, New Glasgow, Wilson died on December 8,1954 at Aberdeen Regional Hospital, New Glasgow
John Wilson (sculptor)
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John A. Wilson sculpting
Washington Grays Monument (1907)
John Wilson (sculptor)
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Washington Grays Monument,
Philadelphia
John Wilson (sculptor)
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John A Wilson in studio creating
Washington Grays Monument,
Boston
John Wilson (sculptor)
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Firemen's Memorial
6.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
Confederate States of America
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Alexander Stephens CSA Vice President; old Whig friend of Lincoln; author of 'Cornerstone Speech'
Confederate States of America
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Flag (1861–1863)
Confederate States of America
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William L. Yancey, Alabama Fire-Eater, "The Orator of Secession".
Confederate States of America
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William Henry Gist, Governor of South Carolina, called the Secessionist Convention.
7.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, also known as UNC, or simply Carolina, is a public research university located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. It is one of the 17 campuses of the University of North Carolina system, the first public institution of higher education in North Carolina, the school opened its doors to students on February 12,1795. The university offers degrees in over 70 courses of study through fourteen colleges, in 1952, North Carolina opened its own hospital, UNC Health Care, for research and treatment, and has since specialized in cancer care. The schools students, alumni, and sports teams are known as Tar Heels, the campus covers 729 acres of Chapel Hills downtown area, encompassing the Morehead Planetarium and the many stores and shops located on Franklin Street. Students can participate in over 550 officially recognized student organizations, the student-run newspaper The Daily Tar Heel has won national awards for collegiate media, while the student radio station WXYC provided the worlds first internet radio broadcast. North Carolina is one of the members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Competing athletically as the Tar Heels, North Carolina has achieved success in sports, most notably in mens basketball, womens soccer. As a result, Womans College was renamed the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, in 1955, UNC Chapel Hill officially desegregated its undergraduate divisions. During World War II, UNC Chapel Hill was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission, during the 1960s, the campus was the location of significant political protest. Prior to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, protests about local racial segregation which began quietly in Franklin Street restaurants led to mass demonstrations, the climate of civil unrest prompted the 1963 Speaker Ban Law prohibiting speeches by communists on state campuses in North Carolina. The law was criticized by university Chancellor William Brantley Aycock and university President William Friday. A group of UNC Chapel Hill students, led by Student Body President Paul Dickson, filed a lawsuit in U. S. federal court, and on February 20,1968, the Speaker Ban Law was struck down. From the late 1990s and onward, UNC Chapel Hill expanded rapidly with a 15% increase in student population to more than 28,000 by 2007. Professor Oliver Smithies was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2007 for his work in genetics, additionally, Aziz Sancar was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015 for his work in understanding the molecular repair mechanisms of DNA. The current chancellor is Carol Folt, the first woman to hold the post, UNC Chapel Hills 729-acre campus is dominated by two central quads, Polk Place and McCorkle Place. Adjacent to Polk Place is a sunken brick courtyard known as the Pit where students will gather, the Morehead–Patterson Bell Tower, located in the heart of campus, tolls the quarter-hour. In 1999, UNC Chapel Hill was one of sixteen recipients of the American Society of Landscape Architects Medallion Awards and was identified as one of 50 college or university works of art by T. A, gaines in his book The Campus as a Work of Art. The universitys campus is divided into three regions, usually referred to as north campus, middle campus, and south campus
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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University of North Carolina course catalog from June 1819
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Confederate soldier
Silent Sam, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill by sculptor
John Wilson.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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The
Morehead Planetarium, designed by
Eggers & Higgins, first opened in 1949.
8.
Franklin Street (Chapel Hill)
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Franklin Street is a prominent thoroughfare in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The street in downtown Chapel Hill is notable for its festivities, nightlife, the stretch of college-oriented businesses continues west into neighboring Carrboro. The three-mile length is divided into West and East Franklin Streets, West Franklin begins at the intersection of South Merrit Mill Road where Carrboros East Main Street ends. West Franklin moves east-northeast through the historic business district to Columbia Street. East Franklin continues the path through the business district, passing campus. East Franklin Street ends just beyond Ephesus Church Road, where it morphs into U. S. Highway 15-501 towards Durham. Named after Benjamin Franklin by the commissioners of the University, the street has been in use under its current name since the 1790s, the stretch of Franklin from Columbia to Raleigh streets borders the campus, allowing views of wooded McCorkle Place. McCorkle Place is home to some of the schools oldest structures, Old East and Old West Dormitories, Person Hall, the South Building, many of the homes are featured on an annual holiday tour that benefits the Chapel Hill Preservation Society. After playwright Paul Green won the Pulitzer Prize in 1927, he used his wealth to buy a house on East Franklin Street. Greens career is documented in the exhibition The Paul Green Legacy at the Chapel Hill Museum, the site of the high school became what is currently the University Square shopping center. White Chapel Hill High School merged with the black Lincoln High School to form the new Chapel Hill High School, Franklin Street has long been a popular destination for entertainment and nightlife for Carolina students, Chapel Hill locals and visitors from Carrboro, Hillsborough, Durham and Raleigh. Flower ladies sold their goods on Franklin Street for more than 50 years from the 1920s on, shortly thereafter, Dr. Martin Luther King visited and spoke on the UNC campus, thrusting Chapel Hill into the national debate on civil rights. Colonial Drug was also the home of the Big O. The Rat was the first restaurant in the area to employ an entirely African-American staff, long a popular spot with students and alumni, the restaurant, which extends over a catacomb-like basement with many different rooms, was filled with UNC memorabilia and history. The Rat was one of the oldest continuously operating businesses in Chapel Hill and its decor and memorabilia were auctioned off, leaving just the bones of the structure. The future of its location is unknown. Customers included Michael Jordan, Jerry Stackhouse and Roy Williams, Suttons Drugstore, Largely unchanged since it opened in 1923, Suttons operates one of the last remaining traditional soda fountains in North Carolina. Photos on the walls feature patrons from over the last three decades, the manager, Don Pinney, has worked there for 30 years, during which time some of the same customers have traditionally come in for breakfast every morning
Franklin Street (Chapel Hill)
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Franklin Street streetscape
Franklin Street (Chapel Hill)
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The Varsity Theatre is a prominent landmark on Franklin Street.
Franklin Street (Chapel Hill)
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East Franklin Street
crosswalk
Franklin Street (Chapel Hill)
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View of a Franklin Street victory celebration
9.
United Daughters of the Confederacy
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The name United Daughters of the Confederacy is a registered trademark, registered with the U. S. The organization was incorporated on July 18,1919, the trustees of the corporation are the President-General, Recording Secretary-General, and Treasurer-General. The UDC is an organization and it meets the requirements of the United States Internal Revenue Service Code 501 as a tax-exempt organization. The headquarters is located in the Memorial Building to the Women of the Confederacy,328 North Boulevard, Richmond and it was designed by Theus Bros. of Savannah. They were strikingly successful at raising money to build monuments, lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial of Confederate dead and they also raised money to care for the widows and children of the Confederate dead. Most of these memorial associations gradually merged into the United Daughters of the Confederacy, Memory and memorials became the central focus of the organization. The number of clubs devoted to filiopietism and history was staggering. Brundage notes that after womens suffrage came in 1920, the role of the womens organizations eroded. After 1900 the UDC became an umbrella organization coordinating local memorial groups, the UDC women specialized in sponsoring local memorials. After 1945, they were active in placing historical markers along Southern highways, the UDC has also been active in national causes during wartime. According to the organization, during World War I, it funded 70 hospital beds at the American Military Hospital on the Western front and contributed over US$82,000 for French, the homefront campaign raised $24 million for war bonds and savings stamps. Members also donated $800,000 to the Red Cross, during World War II, they gave financial aid to student nurses. The UDC donated $50,000 for the construction of a Confederate memorial hall on the campus of Vanderbilt University in 1935. By August 2016, the university returned $1.2 million to the UDC after the board of trust, backed by anonymous donors and they also recommended structures for the memoirs. By the turn of the century, a dozen memoirs by southern women were published. They constituted part of the public memory about the antebellum years. The Children of the Confederacy, also known as the CofC, is an organization to the UDC. The official name is Children of the Confederacy of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and it comprises children from birth through the time of the Children of the Confederacy Annual General Convention following their 18th birthday
United Daughters of the Confederacy
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UDC marker at the
Jefferson Davis Memorial Historic Site
United Daughters of the Confederacy
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Official Badge
United Daughters of the Confederacy
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"Children of the Confederacy Creed"
plaque at the
Texas State Capitol
10.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
American Civil War
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New Orleans the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills, shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North, South and Border states.
American Civil War
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Clockwise from top:
Battle of Gettysburg,
Union Captain John Tidball's artillery,
Confederate prisoners,
ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of
Richmond, Virginia,
Battle of Franklin
American Civil War
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Sen. Stephen Douglas, author of the
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854
American Civil War
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Sen. John J. Crittenden, of the 1860
Crittenden Compromise
11.
Confederate States Army
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The Confederate States Army was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. S. Military Academy and colonel of a regiment during the Mexican War. In March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a more permanent Confederate States Army, the better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men. This does not include a number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as construction of fortifications. Since these figures include estimates of the number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war. These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces, although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription, primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer. In the absence of records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, one estimate of Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. These numbers do not include men who died from causes such as accidents. Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16,1865 and June 28,1865, by the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted. The Confederacys government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April, by the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4,1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. The Confederacy seized federal property, including nearly all U. S. Army forts, Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U. S. control when he took office, especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C. S. troops under the command of General P. G. T, Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13,1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14. The Northern states were outraged by the Confederacys attack and demanded war and it rallied behind Lincolns call on April 15, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the Union intact. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army and it was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army
Confederate States Army
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Private
Edwin Francis Jemison, whose image became one of the most famous portraits of the young soldiers of the war
Confederate States Army
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CSA M1857 Napoleon Artillery Piece
Confederate States Army
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General
Robert Edward Lee, famous Southern General
Confederate States Army
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Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor, 1863
12.
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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Chestnut Hill is an affluent New England village located six miles west of downtown Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Like all Massachusetts villages, Chestnut Hill is not a municipal entity. Chestnut Hills borders are defined by the 02467 ZIP Code. Chestnut Hill is not a designation, the name refers to several small hills that overlook the 135-acre Chestnut Hill Reservoir rather than one particular hill. Chestnut Hill is best known as the home of Boston College, part of the Boston Marathon route, because of the significance of its landscape and architecture, the National Register of Historic Places, in 1986, designated parts of Chestnut Hill as historic districts. Examples of Colonial, Italianate, Shingle, Tudor Revival, and Victorian architectural styles are evident in the country estates. The Boston College campus is itself an example of Collegiate Gothic architecture. Hammond Pond Reservation, an extensive forest preserve and protected wetlands, goes through Chestnut Hill, kennard Park and Conservation Area This is a post-agricultural forest grown up on 19th century farmland. The mixed and conifer woodlands reveal colonial stone walls, a red maple swamp with century-old trees, and a sensitive fern marsh. )The Mall at Chestnut Hill The Street at Chestnut Hill Chestnut Hill Square The Shops At Putterham Chestnut Hill is served by three branches of the Green Line of the MBTA, Bostons light rail system. Stations include, B Line, Chestnut Hill Avenue, South Street, Boston College C Line, Cleveland Circle D Line, Reservoir, Boston College Main Campus Historic District—140 Commonwealth Ave. Chestnut Hill Historic District—roughly bounded by Middlesex Rd. Reservoir Ln, there are also a number of private schools including Mount Alvernia Academy, Brimmer and May School and The Chestnut Hill School. Children may opt to attend school in neighboring villages or in Boston, Chestnut Hill is home to Boston College and Pine Manor College. Fessenden House in Chestnut Hill is a US National Landmark as well as a US Historic Place
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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Boston College 's
Gasson Hall building across the
Chestnut Hill Reservoir
13.
Daniel A. Bean
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Daniel Augustine Bean was born in Brownfield, Maine on May 20,1846. He was a soldier in the American Civil War and the first to die from the community of Brownfield, Beans father was Major Sylvanus B. Bean who had already served in the Aroostook War in 1839. In October,1861, at his home in Brownfield, Sylvanus enlisted twenty-one men from that, at age 15, on November 2, his son Daniel enlisted in Company A, 11th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment along with his friend from Brownfield Elias P. Morton. Bean and his friend Elias P. Morton were both wounded in the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31,1862, Bean was then detailed in the quartermaster department the following month. On June 1,1864, Bean fought in Company A ten miles from Bermuda Hundred in a skirmish at the end of the Bermuda Hundred Campaign. Bean was wounded in the conflict along with 13 others, one soldier died, on his way to the hospital at Fort Monroe Bean was wounded again at the back of the second reserved picket. He was taken to Fort Monroe, Virginia where he had surgery to remove a bullet, before his father Sylvanus could see Bean at the field hospital, Daniel died on June 6. Daniel was buried at Plot, D2820, Hampton National Cemetery, City of Hampton, on September 15,1890 the Grand Army of the Republic post no. 160, dept. of Maine, was named Daniel A. Bean and, as said by Sergeant Major Elias P. Morton of the Eleventh Maine, the name of one of the best and bravest soldiers who went from Brownfield. Decades later Daniels friend Elias P. Morton of Augusta and the Town of Brownfield paid for a monument to be made to Bean, in 1911, John A. Wilson created a statue of Private Daniel A. Bean of Brownfield, Maine, 11th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The statue of Daniel Bean stands in Brownfield, Maine, where the roads to Hiram, of all the Civil War memorials erected by Maine towns, this remarkable monument was the only one cast in the image of a real person. The absence of weapons distinguishes it even further, the boy stands as he would have on his last day at home, giving his oath of induction. The monument was unveiled by Beans two sisters, while the band played The Star-Spangled Banner, Maine Civil War Monuments - Daniel A. Bean Sylvanus Bangs Bean Silent witness to war by William Marvel Concord Montitor December 172006
Daniel A. Bean
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Daniel A. Bean
Daniel A. Bean
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Union private Daniel A. Bean of
Brownfield, Maine,
11th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment by
John A. Wilson
Daniel A. Bean
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Daniel's father Sylvanus Bangs Bean
14.
Anglo Saxon
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The Anglo-Saxons are a people who have inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century. Historically, the Anglo-Saxon period denotes the period in Britain between about 450 and 1066, after their settlement and up until the Norman conquest. The early Anglo-Saxon period includes the creation of an English nation, with many of the aspects that survive today, including government of shires. During this period, Christianity was re-established and there was a flowering of literature, charters and law were also established. The term Anglo-Saxon is popularly used for the language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons in England, in scholarly use, it is more commonly called Old English. The history of the Anglo-Saxons is the history of a cultural identity and it developed from divergent groups in association with the peoples adoption of Christianity, and was integral to the establishment of various kingdoms. Threatened by extended Danish invasions and occupation of eastern England, this identity was re-established, the visible Anglo-Saxon culture can be seen in the material culture of buildings, dress styles, illuminated texts and grave goods. Behind the symbolic nature of these emblems, there are strong elements of tribal. The elite declared themselves as kings who developed burhs, and identified their roles and peoples in Biblical terms, above all, as Helena Hamerow has observed, local and extended kin groups remained. the essential unit of production throughout the Anglo-Saxon period. Use of the term Anglo-Saxon assumes that the words Angles, Saxons or Anglo-Saxon have the meaning in all the sources. Assigning ethnic labels such as Anglo-Saxon is fraught with difficulties and this term began to be used only in the 8th century to distinguish the Germanic groups in Britain from those on the continent. The Old English ethnonym Angul-Seaxan comes from the Latin Angli-Saxones and became the name of the peoples Bede calls Anglorum, Anglo-Saxon is a term that was rarely used by Anglo-Saxons themselves, it is not an autonym. It is likely they identified as ængli, Seaxe or, more probably, also, the use of Anglo-Saxon disguises the extent to which people identified as Anglo-Scandinavian after the Viking age or the conquest of 1016, or as Anglo-Norman after the Norman conquest. The earliest historical references using this term are from outside Britain, referring to piratical Germanic raiders, Saxones who attacked the shores of Britain, procopius states that Britain was settled by three races, the Angiloi, Frisones, and Britons. The term Angli Saxones seems to have first been used in writing of the 8th century. The name therefore seemed to mean English Saxons, the Christian church seems to have used the word Angli, for example in the story of Pope Gregory I and his remark, Non Angli sed angeli. The terms ænglisc and Angelcynn were also used by West Saxon King Alfred to refer to the people, at other times he uses the term rex Anglorum, which presumably meant both Anglo-Saxons and Danes. Alfred the Great used Anglosaxonum Rex, the term Engla cyningc is used by Æthelred
Anglo Saxon
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Page with
Chi Rho monogram from the Gospel of Matthew in the
Lindisfarne Gospels c. 700, possibly created by
Eadfrith of Lindisfarne in memory of
Cuthbert
Anglo Saxon
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The migrations according to Bede who wrote some 300 years after the event, however there is evidence that the original settlers came from many of these continental locations
Anglo Saxon
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Æthelstan presenting a
gospel book to (the long-dead) St
Cuthbert (934); Corpus Christi College Cambridge MS 183, fol. 1v
Anglo Saxon
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The
Oseberg ship prow,
Viking Ship Museum, Oslo, Norway.
15.
Daily Tar Heel
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The Daily Tar Heel is the independent student newspaper of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It was founded on February 23,1893, and became a newspaper in 1929. The paper places a focus on university news and sports, but it also includes coverage of Orange County. It is published five days a week during the school year, all editorial content is overseen by student editors and a volunteer student staff of about 250 people. It is the largest news organization in Orange County, the Daily Tar Heel circulates 18,000 free copies to more than 200 distribution locations throughout campus and in the surrounding community -- Chapel Hill, Carrboro, and Durham. Its estimated print readership of 38,000 makes it the largest community newspaper in Orange County, revenues from advertising are self-generated through a student-run advertising staff. The student journalists are responsible for all content under the direction of the student editor-in-chief. The 2016-17 editor is Jane Wester, a new editor is selected each spring and serves for one year. The editor is the face of the paper and hires the rest of the editorial staff. The paper employs seven full-time professionals, about 75 paid part-time students, the student editor has full control over the editorial content of the paper. Business matters are overseen by a full-time, professional manager, Betsy ODonovan. The newspaper was first published on February 23,1893 as a weekly tabloid called The Tar Heel. It aimed to promote the discussion of all points pertaining to the advancement. Funded by the athletic association, it placed much of its emphasis on campus sports and Greek life. By 1920, the size had increased to 6 pages. In 1923, it out from under the auspices of the athletic association and became governed by the Student Publications Union Board. Students paid a fee of $5.50 to fund the publications, publication increased to three days in 1925 and published the first summer edition in 1927. The student body voted in favor of increasing funding to the DTH in 1929 in a vote of 666 to 128, the vote enabled the paper, then led by editor Walter Spearman, to publish six times a week
Daily Tar Heel
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Front page, April 21, 2006
Daily Tar Heel
–
Front page of the first issue of The Tar Heel, later renamed to The Daily Tar Heel
Daily Tar Heel
–
The DTH office.
Daily Tar Heel
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Academics
16.
Martin Luther King, Jr
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Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, with the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize the 1963 nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech, on October 14,1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches, in the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War, alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled Beyond Vietnam. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D. C. to be called the Poor Peoples Campaign, Kings death was followed by riots in many U. S. cities. Ray, who fled the country, was arrested two months later at London Heathrow Airport, King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, hundreds of streets in the U. S. have been renamed in his honor, and a county in Washington State was also renamed for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, King was born on January 15,1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King. It was during this time he chose to be called Martin Luther King in honor of the German reformer Martin Luther, King had Irish ancestry through his paternal great-grandfather, as well as African ancestry. King was a child, between an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. King sang with his choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the movie Gone with the Wind. His mother was an accomplished organist and choir leader, and she took him to various churches to sing and he received attention for singing I Want to Be More and More Like Jesus. King later became a member of the choir in his church. King said that his father regularly whipped him until he was fifteen, King saw his fathers proud and fearless protests against segregation, such as King Sr. When King was a child, he befriended a boy whose father owned a business near his familys home. When the boys were six, they started school, King had to attend a school for African Americans, King lost his friend because the childs father no longer wanted the boys to play together. King suffered from depression throughout much of his life, in his adolescent years, he initially felt resentment against whites due to the racial humiliation that he, his family, and his neighbors often had to endure in the segregated South
Martin Luther King, Jr
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King in 1964
Martin Luther King, Jr
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King's high school alma mater was named after African-American scholar
Booker T. Washington.
Martin Luther King, Jr
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King at a Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C.
Martin Luther King, Jr
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Lyndon Johnson and
Robert Kennedy with Civil Rights leaders, June 22, 1963
17.
Black Student Movement
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The Black Student Movement is an organization at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It is the second largest student-run organization and one of the largest cultural organizations on the schools campus, the organization was created on November 7,1967 to combat problems of black recruit, admissions, and integration on UNC-CH campus. Black Student Movement has created many subgroups and committees such as and they voted to disband the chapter and instead form the Black Student Movement. The state NAACP leadership intervened and the two organizations then co-existed, although the organization had white sympathizers, it was all-black. The Black Student Movement was officially recognized by the UNC administration in December 1967, in the fall of 1967, UNC reported 113 African American Students enrolled out of 13,352. On December 11,1968, the Black Student Movement presented a list of 23 demands to J, Students and faculty alike felt as though the Chancellors response was dismissive and organized sit-ins. UNC faculty members organized a petition supporting the BSM, the SSOC organized a protest through the university, the town, and South Building in support of the BSM’s demands on February 7,1969. The BSM held a rally on February 8 to discuss Chancellor Sitterson’s responses to their demands, athletes Charlie Scott, the first black basketball player at the university, and Bill Chamberlain attended this rally and publicly supported the BSM. A partnership between students and food-workers began in December 1968, after the BSM presented their demands. Amongst these demands was the urging of the University to begin working immediately to alleviate the intolerable working conditions of the Black non-academic employees, the food-workers wanted to address the low wages, lack of holding supervisors accountable, and some sexual harassment claims. They believed that their “supervisors who worked for the University were engaging in labor practices. ”Provoked by Sittersons response to their demands. With encouragement from BSM core members, Preston Dobbins, Reggie Hawkins, Jack McLean and Eric Clay, after a conflict with workers and a supervisor, the workers met with the BSM to plan a protest that Sunday. On February 23,1969, food-workers came to work and set up their counters, when the doors were opened, workers walked out and sat down at cafeteria tables. BSM recruited about 400 students to stand in line and bang their trays on the counters, the following morning, nearly 100 dining hall employees refused to report to work, forcing 3 of the 4 dining facilities to close for the day. The protest would continue to last for almost a month marking UNCs first serious labor dispute, the protest was supported by the BSM, students, faculty, community members, even people from other schools. Their actions tried to force administration to deal with the issue, during the protest, the BSM, SSOC, and other students ran through Lenoir flipping tables, which forced police with riot gear to intervene. As a result, the administration closed Lenoir, in a meeting with Governor Robert W. Scott, Chancellor Sitterson and UNC System President William C. Friday argued to keep Lenoir Hall closed until Thursday lunch and downplayed the need to bring in the Highway Patrol to maintain order, many UNC students, white and black, and faculty were mobilized by the table-turning incident and the Governors response
Black Student Movement
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Academics
18.
Rodney King
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Rodney Glen King was an African American taxi driver, who became internationally known after being beaten by Los Angeles Police Department officers following a high-speed car chase on March 3,1991. A witness, George Holliday, videotaped much of the beating from his balcony, the footage shows four officers surrounding King, several of them striking him repeatedly, while other officers stood by. Parts of the footage were aired around the world, and raised concern about police treatment of minorities in the United States. Four officers were charged with assault with a weapon and use of excessive force. Three were acquitted of all charges, the jury acquitted the fourth of assault with a deadly weapon but failed to reach a verdict on the use of excessive force. The jury deadlocked at 8–4 in favor of acquittal at the state level, the acquittals also led to the federal governments obtaining grand jury indictments for violations of Kings civil rights. The trial of the four in a district court ended on April 16,1993. The other two were acquitted again, King was born in Sacramento, California, the son of Ronald King and Odessa King. He and his four siblings grew up in Altadena, California, King attended John Muir School and often talked about being inspired by his Social Science teacher Robert E. Jones, an openly gay man who was found dead with a fellow student Ronald McClendon. Kings father died in 1984 at the age of 42, July 27,1987, According to a complaint filed by his wife, King beat her while she was sleeping, then dragged her outside the house and beat her again. King was charged with battery and pleaded no contest and he was placed on probation and ordered to obtain counseling. On November 3,1989, King robbed a store in Monterey Park and he threatened to hit the Korean store owner with an iron bar, then hit him with a pole. King stole two hundred dollars in cash during the robbery and was caught, convicted and sentenced to two years imprisonment and he was released after serving one year of the sentence, on December 27,1990. King had three daughters, one by Carmen Simpson, when he was a teenager, and one by each of his two wives, both of Kings marriages, to Danetta Lyles and Crystal Waters, ended in divorce. Prior to driving onto the Foothill Freeway, the three men had spent the night watching a game and drinking at a friends house in Los Angeles. Five hours after the incident, Kings blood-alcohol level was found to be slightly below the legal limit. This suggests that his blood alcohol level may have fallen from 0. 19% while he was driving, at 12,30 a. m. officers Tim and Melanie Singer, husband-and-wife members of the California Highway Patrol, noticed Kings car speeding on the freeway. The officers pursued King, and the pursuit reached high speeds, King would later admit he attempted to outrun the police at dangerously high speeds because a charge of driving under the influence would violate his parole for a previous robbery conviction
Rodney King
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King in April 2012
Rodney King
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Screenshots of King lying down and being approached by
LAPD officers
Rodney King
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King with fiancée Cynthia Kelly in April 2012, two months before his death. Kelly was one of the jurors in King's civil suit against the city of Los Angeles when he was awarded $3.8 million.
19.
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
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Martin Luther King Jr. Day is an American federal holiday marking the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. It is observed on the third Monday of January each year, the holiday is similar to holidays set under the Uniform Monday Holiday Act. King was the spokesman for nonviolent activism in the Civil Rights Movement. The campaign for a holiday in Kings honor began soon after his assassination in 1968. President Ronald Reagan signed the holiday into law in 1983, at first, some states resisted observing the holiday as such, giving it alternative names or combining it with other holidays. It was officially observed in all 50 states for the first time in 2000, the idea of Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a holiday was promoted by labor unions in contract negotiations. Senator Edward Brooke introduced a bill in Congress to make Kings birthday a national holiday, the bill first came to a vote in the U. S. House of Representatives in 1979. However, it fell five short of the number needed for passage. Only two other figures have national holidays in the U. S. honoring them, George Washington, soon after, the King Center turned to support from the corporate community and the general public. The success of this strategy was cemented when musician Stevie Wonder released the single Happy Birthday to popularize the campaign in 1980 and hosted the Rally for Peace Press Conference in 1981. Six million signatures were collected for a petition to Congress to pass the law, senators Jesse Helms and John Porter East led opposition to the holiday and questioned whether King was important enough to receive such an honor. Helms criticized Kings opposition to the Vietnam War and accused him of espousing action-oriented Marxism, Helms led a filibuster against the bill and on October 3,1983, submitted a 300-page document to the Senate alleging that King had associations with communists. New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan declared the document a packet of filth, threw it on the Senate floor, President Ronald Reagan originally opposed the holiday, citing cost concerns. But on November 2,1983, Reagan signed a bill, proposed by Representative Katie Hall of Indiana, the bill had passed the House of Representatives by a count of 338 to 90, a veto-proof margin. The holiday was observed for the first time on January 20,1986, the bill also established the Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Holiday Commission to oversee observance of the holiday, and Coretta Scott King, in 2000, Utah became the last state to have a holiday named after King when Human Rights Day was officially changed to Martin Luther King Jr. Day. Later that year, Mecham proclaimed the third Sunday in January to be Martin Luther King Jr. /Civil Rights Day in Arizona, in 1990, Arizona voters were given the opportunity to vote on giving state employees a paid MLK holiday. That same year, the National Football League threatened to move Super Bowl XXVII, both measures failed to pass, with only 49% of voters approving Prop 302, the more popular of the two options, although some who voted no on 302 voted yes on Prop 301
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
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Martin Luther King Jr. in 1964
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
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Sign from 1969 promoting a holiday to honor the anniversary of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
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In honor of the Martin Luther King Day of Service, President
Barack Obama serves lunch in the dining room at
So Others Might Eat, a soup kitchen in Washington, January 18, 2010.
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
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A Martin Luther King Day march in Oregon.
20.
Center for Global Initiatives
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The Center for Global Initiatives is a research center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It is part of the National Resource Center program of the U. S. Department of Education, CGI offers grants and scholarships to students and faculty to travel abroad, complete internships, and develop internationally focused courses. CGI also serves as the home to the Fulbright Program at UNC-Chapel Hill, CGI was founded as the University Center for International Studies in 1993. The name was changed in 2007 to Center for Global Initiatives, CGI is the institutional home to the following programs, A participatory development NGO operating in the Kibera slum of Nairobi, Kenya. Website A mentoring program that pairs UNC-Chapel Hill students with Latino high school students with the goal of increasing college access, website CGI offers a variety of funding opportunities to undergraduate and graduate students, faculty, and staff. These awards are intended to support undergraduate and masters-level, as well as international Ph. D. candidates gain global experience, especially those with little to no prior experience. These scholarships support UNC students who demonstrate financial need to undertake an independent internationally oriented experience and they were established at UNC in 2004 by a donation from The Starr Foundation
Center for Global Initiatives
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The FedEx Global Education Center, location of the Center for Global Initiatives, in August 2014.
Center for Global Initiatives
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Academics
21.
Center for the Study of the American South
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This group recognized the value of an umbrella organization that could help faculty and students studying the South to communicate, collaborate, and combine resources. They presented their idea to the UNC Board of Governors, which established the CSAS in 1992 with Reed as acting director, harry Watson, professor of history at UNC, has been the director of the CSAS since 1999. The stated mission of the CSAS is The primary focus of the CSAS is supporting inter-departmental research within UNC, examples include Philip F. Gura, who studies banjo music in the nineteenth century, and Jocelyn R. Neal, who studies country music and dance. The CSAS also houses and supports the Program for Public Life, a dedicated to raising public awareness of political issues in the South
Center for the Study of the American South
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CSAS on
Franklin Street
Center for the Study of the American South
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Academics
22.
UNC School of Information and Library Science
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The school was founded by Louis Round Wilson and opened in the fall of 1931. Currently, the U. S. News & World Report ranks the School of Information and Library Science second among information, both professional degree programs in library science and information science are accredited by the American Library Association. The MSLS has maintained its ALA accreditation since 1934, and the MSIS program has maintained it since its inception in 2000, there were 32 full-time teaching faculty members and about 45 adjunct and visiting faculty members at SILS in 2014. In addition to serving as the campus library, Wilson Library was the official home of SILS until 1970. They would soon rename that very same library as Wilson Library, previously, Manning Hall used to be the home of the Universitys Law School. It was Louis Round Wilson that initiated the creation of SILS in order to offer opportunity through sending out trained librarians for the South to tap the vast reservoir of human knowledge. A grant of $100,00 was offered to the school to them for three years and make permanent its conditional accreditation from the American Library Association. Ten years later, the ALA would later grant another $100,000 to the school, the first classes in the school officially began on September 17,1931. In 1988, the school would change its name to School of Information. These courses wouldnt count for credit until 1909, some courses that were offered in 1931 include functions and use of libraries, cataloging and classification, administration of libraries, etc. Recommended electives came from other departments other than the school itself and would continue to expand to different departments, in 1932, the school was provisionally accredited as a type II library school by the board of education for Librarianship of the ALA. Two years later it would be accredited for both type 2 and type 3 library training, as well as getting membership in the Association of American Library Schools. In 1947, the university approved the proposed master of school librarianship program and 3 years later the school officially offered the first courses in this program. This would later be discontinued in 1958, in 1941, the degree granted from the school would change from bachelor of arts to bachelor of science in library science. In 1951, the university approved the program leading to the master of science in library science degree. In 1974, the school would introduce a revised masters program, by 1953, the school presented its first candidates for the MSLS degree and two years later the bachelor of science in library science was discontinued by the schools administration board. In 2000, SILS became the first school to have its MSIS program accredited for a seven years by the ALA. The schools MSLS program, continually accredited since 1934, also received full accreditation, the year after, the school announced the introduction of the dual masters degree programs with the Kenan-Flagler Business School and the School of Public Health
UNC School of Information and Library Science
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University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Information & Library Science
UNC School of Information and Library Science
UNC School of Information and Library Science
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Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
UNC School of Information and Library Science
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National Science Foundation Logo
23.
UNC School of Media and Journalism
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The first University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill journalism class was taught in 1909 in the English department. The Department of Journalism was founded in 1924 and it became a school in 1950. In 1990, Mass Communication was added to the name, in 1999, the school moved into Carroll Hall. The school has been accredited since 1958 by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism. The school has 51 full-time faculty, and enrolled are approximately 800 undergraduate students and 100 graduate students and it is now called the UNC School of Media and Journalism. The school has nearly 9,000 alumni in all 50 states and 29 countries, twenty-four of the schools former students and faculty members have won or been part of 28 Pulitzer Prizes, including the late editorial cartoonist Jeff MacNelly, a three-time Pulitzer winner. Susan King has been dean of the school since January 1,2012, King came to the school from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, where she was vice president for external affairs and program director for the journalism initiative. Dulcie Straughan was interim dean of the school in 2011, jean Folkerts served as dean of the school from 2006 to 2011. Folkerts followed Tom Bowers, who had served as dean for one year and had been on the faculty since 1971. Bowers followed Richard Cole, who was dean of the School for 26 years, the School is home to the North Carolina Journalism, Advertising, Public Relations and Broadcasting Halls of Fame. English professor Edward Kidder Graham taught the first journalism course at UNC, English 16, “Journalism. ”The two-credit course was described as history of journalism, the technique of style, the structure of the news story. The Department of Journalism was founded in 1924 with Gerald W. Johnson, with a six-course curriculum, students could earn a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism degree. The department offered its first broadcast journalism course, Journalism 67, “Radio News and Features, in 1946, faculty member Stuart Sechriest taught the first photography course, Journalism 80, “News Photography. ”Lola Lee Mustard became the school’s first female faculty member in 1948. Led by UNC journalism graduate Holt McPherson in 1949, the School of Journalism Foundation of North Carolina was incorporated to raise funds to advance journalism at the school, the money collected provided student aid, chaired professorships and equipment. The foundation continues to fulfill this mission today, the department became the School of Journalism Sept.1,1950, with Skipper Coffin as dean. Coffin was succeeded in 1953 by Norval Neil Luxon, at the time an assistant to the president of Ohio State University, Luxon created the master’s of arts program in 1955, and the first M. A. degree was awarded in 1957. The doctoral program began in 1964, the school was first accredited by the American Council on Education in Journalism in 1958. Since that time, the school has earned reaccreditation every six years, the school moved into Howell Hall during the fall semester of 1960
UNC School of Media and Journalism
UNC School of Media and Journalism
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Academics
24.
University of North Carolina School of Law
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The University of North Carolina School of Law is a professional school within the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Established in 1845, Carolina Law is among the oldest law schools in the nation and is the oldest law school in North Carolina and it is consistently ranked in the top-tier of law schools, and its 2014 US News and World Report ranking is 31st. Further, according to the US News and World Report, Carolina Law is among the top 10 public law schools in the Nation -- and 17th in reputation among lawyers and judges and 20th among scholars. In 2013, U. S. News & World Report also ranked Carolina Law 2nd in the nation on “return on investment” for its J. D. program. The law school has just over 700 students at any time, the entering class of first-year law students in 2013 was composed of 238 students from 28 states, the District of Columbia, and China. Seventy percent of students were from North Carolina, and students of color made up 24 percent of the class, men and women were each 50 percent of the class. UNC Law has increased their tuition 71% for in-state residents since 2007-2008 at a time when law school graduates have faced a sharply declining legal job market. According to UNCs 2013 ABA-required disclosures, 69% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, in 1845, William Horn Battle was named the first professor of law, and legal instruction began at the university. In the years following, assistant professors and later an organized faculty, in 1915, Margaret Berry became the first female to graduate from the law school. In the 1920s, the school taking on much of the character of a modern law school. University President Harry Woodburn Chase was instrumental in leading the efforts for this reorganization over notable opposition, in 1951, Harvey Beech, J. Kenneth Lee, Floyd McKissick and James Robert Walker Jr. were the first four black students enrolled at the law school in June 1951. McKissick and other students had argued in court that a state law school for blacks in Durham was not equal to that in Chapel Hill. In March 1951, a U. S. Court of Appeals agreed and ordered UNC to stop excluding black applicants, sylvia X. Allen became the first black female student to graduate in 1962, and did so as the mother of six children. The law school is located in Van Hecke-Wettach Hall, towards the southeastern side of the Chapel Hill campus, neighboring the School of Government. Van Hecke-Wettach Hall includes the Kathrine R. Everett Law Library, charles Daye, Deputy Director Center on Poverty, Work & Opportunity - Gene Nichol, Director. Center for Law and Government - Michael J. Civil Clinic, juvenile Justice Clinic, third year law students defend and represent juvenile defendants. Immigration Law and Policy Clinic Consumer Financial Transaction Clinic Domestic Violence Representation Project The school is home to five student-edited law journals, the oldest, the North Carolina Law Review, was founded in 1922. This journal features an annual North Carolina issue reviewing developments in the states law, the total cost of attendance at UNC for the 2013-2014 academic year is $44,983 for NC residents and $61,614 for out-of-state students
University of North Carolina School of Law
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Van Hecke-Wettach Hall
University of North Carolina School of Law
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The 1999 addition to Van Hecke-Wettach Hall commonly referred to as the "
Rotunda "
University of North Carolina School of Law
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Academics
25.
UNC School of Medicine
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The University of North Carolina School of Medicine is a professional school within the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It offers a Doctor of Medicine degree along with combined Doctor of Medicine / Doctor of Philosophy or Doctor of Medicine / Master of Public Health degrees. It is one of the top ranked schools in the country. In 2007, the school received $298 million in research funding, the first year curriculum consists of four blocks covering the basic medical sciences. Each block combines daily lectures by faculty from diverse fields, the first block, titled Molecules to Cells, includes Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Genetics. The second, Structure and Development, is primarily an Anatomy course, the third block is Integrative Function and its Cellular Basis, which is a multisystem Physiology and Histology course which also revisits Cellular and Molecular Biology. This allows students to gain an understanding of how the microscopic structure of a tissue affects its physiologic function. The final block, Host Defense and Microbial Pathogens, covers Microbiology, Virology, in addition to the four core blocks, students have weekly Medicine and Society small groups, where they discuss the role and effects of health care in our society. They also apply their fledgling medical knowledge through occasional case study small groups, first-year students learn basic physical exam skills via the weekly Introduction to Clinical Medicine small groups, and shadow physicians throughout North Carolina during two Community Weeks. The second year begins with the Tools for Diagnosis and Therapy course, the second year curriculum is divided into organ system blocks that are 3–8 weeks in length. As in first year, these offer a highly integrated curriculum, each block covers the physiology, pathology, diagnosis. Each semester ends with a capstone Clinical Cases course, which students to fully exercise their knowledge of diagnosis. Students also participate in Humanities & Social Science Seminars that meet once a week for half the year, Clinical exposure expands through the continuation of the Introduction to Clinical Medicine small groups and an additional three Community Weeks. Lastly, students training in the conduction and critical reading of medical research through the Clinical Epidemiology course. At the end of year, students take the USMLE Step 1 Exam. The third and fourth years take place at UNC Hospitals and other institutions throughout the state such as Carolinas Medical Center in Charlotte, the third year focuses on core specialties of medicine and certain subspecialties. The fourth year students to gain experience in specialties of their interest through several dozen electives. Every fourth-year student completes at least one Acting Internship, a period in which the student assumes the role of an intern in care of patients
UNC School of Medicine
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N.C. Memorial Hospital and N.C. Children's Hospital, the main clinical teaching facilities for the UNC School of Medicine
UNC School of Medicine
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Academics
26.
UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health
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Discovering local solutions and applying them globally – and vice versa – is at the heart of the School’s research, teaching and service. Accelerating those solutions – transforming them more quickly from the academy to the community – is central to the School’s mission, the UNC Gillings School has been ranked the top public school of public health by U. S. News & World Report since the magazine began its evaluations. The School has remained consistently in the top three of all public health schools, most recently, the 2016 edition of U. S. News & World Report graduate school rankings listed the School as tied at second place overall. Several of the departments and programs have been recognized as among the best in the country. It is named for donors Joan Gillings and Dennis Gillings, a former UNC professor, the UNC Gillings School has eight academic units that offer masters and doctoral degrees. Notable among these are the Water Institute at UNC, the UNC Nutrition Obesity Research Center, the Schools service and outreach arm, the North Carolina Institute for Public Health, brings public health scholarship and practice communities together across the state. The Gillings Global Gateway™ advances the School’s global health activities in research, service and teaching through partnerships, internships, outreach, the School also collaborates with many external centers and institutes specializing in health care research and practice and works with other schools within and beyond UNC. The UNC Division of Public Health was organized in 1936 within the School of Medicine at the University of North Carolina, separate status as a school of public health was granted in 1939, making the School the first school of public health established within a state university. The school awarded its first graduate degrees in 1940, in 1949, UNC added Schools of Dentistry and Nursing. Along with the Schools of Public Health, Medicine and Pharmacy, the Gillings School is one of only a few public health schools in the U. S. to be located on a single campus with four other health-profession schools. Through the years, the School has grown into a collection of seven different departments, the Departments of Epidemiology, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Health Policy and Administration and Public Health Nursing were in place when the school was founded. The Department of Health Behavior and Health Education was added in 1942, Nutrition in 1946, Biostatistics in 1949 and Maternal, the Gillings School’s Department of Maternal and Child Health is thought to be the only such department within a public health school in the country. Seven deans have led the School, from Rosenau to Edward G. McGavran, MD, Fred Mayes, MD, Bernard Greenberg, PhD, Michel Ibrahim, MD, PhD, William L. Roper, MD, MPH, and Barbara K. Rimer, DrPH. Dreaming of a Time, a history of the first 50 years of the School, is available online
UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health
UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health
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Academics
27.
UNC School of Social Work
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The University of North Carolina School of Social Work is a graduate school offering M. S. W. and Ph. D. degrees. Also offered are dual degree programs coordinated jointly with UNCs School of Public Health, School of Law, School of Government, and Duke Universitys Divinity School. In 2008, U. S. News & World Report ranked the School of Social Work fourth among social work programs at public universities, the roots of the School of Social Work go deep into the welfare system of North Carolina. In 1919, the State legislature passed a law required every county to organize for public welfare services. Just one year later, in September 1920, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill established the School of Public Welfare, from the beginning, the School had a strong commitment to public service with a basic orientation to sociology and social problems. The School was productively and cordially related to county welfare departments, in 1932, the School of Public Welfare was expanded into the School of Public Administration, with the Division of Public Welfare and Social Work as one of its components. Later, the Division was known as the Division of Public Welfare, in 1950, by action of the Board of Trustees of the University, the Division became known as the School of Social Work. At this time, the School affiliated with the American Association of Schools of Social Work, in 1952, when these organizations were merged into the Council on Social Work Education, the School became an accredited member. Public and voluntary agencies have provided field learning experiences in full cooperation with the School, the arrangements for field experience have varied through the years from the concurrent to the block system. The pattern in recent years has been the concurrent system with block placements available on a selective basis, the School began with a strong commitment to education for the public social services. It shared the post-World War II preoccupation with a clinical emphasis and it responded to Americas awakening to poverty and civil rights with a range of field and classroom learning opportunities in work with groups and communities. By the early 1970s, it widened its base of instruction
UNC School of Social Work
UNC School of Social Work
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Academics
28.
Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope
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The Southern Astrophysical Research telescope is a modern 4. 1-meter aperture optical and near-infrared telescope located on Cerro Pachón, Chile at 2,738 metres elevation. Partners have guaranteed shares varying from 10 to 30 percent of the observing time, the telescope uses active optics on its primary and secondary mirrors to attain median image quality 0.7 arcsec at a wavelength of 500 nm. Multiple instruments are available on standby, mounted at unusually high weight-capacity Nasmyth foci, switching is accomplished within a few minutes by rotating the 45° tertiary mirror. The pointing of this mirror is adjusted at high speed to prevent image blur from vibrations induced by wind-shake of the telescope structure, US astronomers access the telescope remotely over the Internet 2. Chilean and Brazilian astronomers use their high-speed networks, an on-site operator controls where the telescope points while the remote astronomer controls the instrument and data retrieval. The SOAR telescope dome is a $2 million, 66-foot-diameter, weatherproof structure weighing over 70 tons
Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope
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Wide view of several observatories from the air, including Cerro Pachón which includes SOAR
Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope
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Academics
29.
North Carolina Tar Heels
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The North Carolina Tar Heels are the athletic teams representing the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The name Tar Heel is a used to refer to individuals from the state of North Carolina. Since the school fostered the oldest collegiate team in the Carolinas, the Tar Heels are also referred to as North Carolina, UNC, or The Heels. The mascot of the Tar Heels is Rameses, a Dorset Ram, Carolina has won 43 NCAA Division I team national championships in seven different sports, ninth all-time, and 52 individual national championships. They also appeared in the College World Series in 1960,1966,1978,1989,2008,2009,2011 and 2013, Carolina has enjoyed long success as one of the top basketball programs in the country. Overall, the Tar Heels have won six NCAA National Championships and were awarded one for the 1923–24 season by the Helms Foundation. Under coach Frank McGuire, the team won its 1st NCAA championship in 1957, after McGuire left, legendary coach Dean Smith established the team as a powerhouse in college basketball. In 31 years at Carolina, Smith set the record for the most wins of any college basketball head coach. Under Smith, the Tar Heels won two championships and had numerous talented players come through the program. Smith is also credited with coming up with the four corners offense, more recently, the Tar Heels won the national championship in 2005,2009, and 2017 under coach Roy Williams. Ward also won the British Amateur in 1952 and the U. S. Amateur in 1955 and 1956, the teams best finish was second place in 1953 and 1991. Tar Heel golfers who have had success at the professional level include Davis Love III, under Lam, the Tar Heels were a consistent top 25 NCAA team. Lam led the Tar Heels to 15 ACC tournament titles in addition to being named ACC coach of the year 10 times, following the Lam era, Mock was named ACC Coach of the Year in 2005 and 2006 in addition to claiming two ACC team titles. In 2015, Mock was fired as head wrestling coach and he was shortly replaced by Olympic bronze medalist and Oklahoma State University graduate Coleman Scott. The Tar Heel wrestling program boasts many ACC champions, All-Americans, koll is now the head coach at Cornell University where he has led the program to new heights with multiple top 10 NCAA finishes. Fisher,1998 ACC champion and Most Outstanding wrestler, who went on to become a wrestler on the international stage where he was as high as second on the United States Olympic latter. Fisher also went on to become a coach for multiple Division 1 wrestling programs including Iowa State. They also took 6th in 1995, carmichael Arena is currently the home to the Tar Heels Wrestling team located centrally on campus
North Carolina Tar Heels
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North Carolina Tar Heels baseball
North Carolina Tar Heels
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2008 men's basketball players Wayne Ellington, Danny Green, Tyler Hansbrough, Ty Lawson, and Deon Thompson
North Carolina Tar Heels
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2007 field hockey team with President George W. Bush
North Carolina Tar Heels
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2006 football team playing Virginia Tech
30.
North Carolina Tar Heels baseball
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The North Carolina Tar Heels baseball team, commonly referred to as Carolina, represents the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in NCAA Division I college baseball. They compete in the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference, the Tar Heels play their home games on campus at Boshamer Stadium, and are currently coached by Mike Fox. The programs first recorded game took place in 1867, when the Tar Heels defeated a Raleigh all-star team, the programs next recorded games were played in 1891. Thereafter, the University sponsored a varsity baseball program on a regular basis from that season onwards. In 1921, the University of North Carolina became a member of the Southern Conference. Bunny Hearn became head coach of the Tar Heel baseball program in 1932, the Tar Heels would win six Southern Conference baseball titles during the Hearn era, as well as two wartime Ration League titles in 1943 and 1945. In 1947, Hearn suffered a stroke and chose to relinquish his coaching duties. Walter Rabb would thereafter take over as coach of the Tar Heel baseball program. During the 1948 season, the qualified for its first NCAA Tournament. North Carolinas record in the tournament was 1-2, North Carolina left the Southern Conference in 1953, opting to become a founding member of the newly formed Atlantic Coast Conference. The Tar Heels won their first ACC baseball title in 1960, the programs first College World Series appearance also came in 1960. In 1964, the Tar Heels won their second ACC baseball title, no other team in ACC baseball history has ever been undefeated in conference play. The Tar Heels would appear in the College World Series three more times during the 20th century, the Tar Heels reached the College World Series in four consecutive years between 2006 and 2009, and five times in six years between 2006 and 2011. They reached the championship series in both 2006 and 2007, but lost on both occasions to the Oregon State Beavers. The Tar Heels made a third trip to Omaha in 2008. While Boshamer Stadium was being renovated and rebuilt during the 2008 season, the Tar Heels returned to Chapel Hill in February 2009, following the completion of the extensive renovations to Boshamer Stadium. The Tar Heels reached the 2009 College World Series, the fourth consecutive College World Series appearance. The Tar Heels once again reached the College World Series in 2011, the Tar Heels were the top overall seed in the 2013 NCAA Baseball Tournament, during which they reached the 2013 College World Series once again
North Carolina Tar Heels baseball
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North Carolina Tar Heels baseball team, 1885
North Carolina Tar Heels baseball
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Night game at
Boshamer Stadium, 2009
North Carolina Tar Heels baseball
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Academics
