1.
Grace Hudson Museum
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The Grace Hudson Museum in Ukiah, California is adjacent to the Sun House where artist Grace Hudson and her husband resided until their deaths. The house and museum are owned and operated by the city of Ukiah, the Hopi sun symbol was adopted by the Hudsons as their family symbol, the Sun House displays the emblem prominently over the door. John Hudson died there in 1936, with no children of her own, Grace Hudson left The Sun House and its land to her nephew, Mark Carpenter. Carpenter preserved the house and its 30,000 collected objects for posterity, giving it to the City of Ukiah which operates the house, today, the Sun House is California Historical Landmark #926, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The Sun House and Museum are within the 4-acre Hudson-Carpenter city park, the museums website says of Grace Hudson that. her work enjoys renewed interest and recognition for its fine and sympathetic portrayals of native peoples
2.
Lyon, Mississippi
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Lyon is a town in Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 350 at the 2010 census, the town is named after the French city of Lyon, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Lyon is located in east-central Coahoma County at 34°13′2″N 90°32′28″W and it is bordered to the west and south by the city of Clarksdale, the county seat. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 0.46 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 418 people,170 households, the population density was 897.0 people per square mile. There were 177 housing units at a density of 379.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 74. 40% White,25. 12% African American and 0. 48% Asian,28. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the family size was 3.00. In the town, the population was out with 23. 4% under the age of 18,8. 9% from 18 to 24,26. 3% from 25 to 44,23. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males, the median income for a household in the town was $34,375, and the median income for a family was $56,042. Males had an income of $43,750 versus $23,611 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,646, about 15. 0% of families and 21. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36. 9% of those under age 18 and 4. 7% of those age 65 or over. The town of Lyon is served by the Coahoma County School District, tennessee Williams grew up in neighboring Clarksdale and referred to the town in his poem The Couple, Lacy Banks, sportswriter for the Chicago Sun-Times Lewis Gleeck, Jr. diplomat and historian, U. S. Consul General to the Phiippines from 1962 to 1968, son House, blues singer and guitarist Charles Mitchell, professional football player
3.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
4.
Delta blues
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The Delta blues style of blues music is one of the earliest. The Mississippi Delta is famous for its fertile soil and for its poverty, Delta blues is regarded as a regional variant of country blues. Guitar and harmonica are its dominant instruments, slide guitar is a hallmark of the style, vocal styles in Delta blues range from introspective and soulful to passionate and fiery. The major labels produced the earliest recordings, consisting mostly of one person singing and playing an instrument, live performances, however, more commonly involved a group of musicians. Current belief is that Freddie Spruell is the first Delta blues artist to have been recorded, record company talent scouts made some of the early recordings on field trips to the South, and some performers were invited to travel to northern cities to record. According to Dixon and Godrich, Tommy Johnson and Ishmon Bracey were recorded by Victor on that companys second field trip to Memphis, in 1928. Robert Wilkins was first recorded by Victor in Memphis in 1928, son House first recorded in Grafton, Wisconsin, in 1930 for Paramount Records. Charley Patton also recorded for Paramount in Grafton, in June 1929 and he also traveled to New York City for recording sessions in January and February 1934. Robert Johnson recorded his only sessions, for ARC, in San Antonio in 1936 and their recordings, numbering in the thousands, now reside in the Smithsonian Institution. However, this claim has been disputed, as John and Alan Lomax had recorded Bukka White in 1939, Lead Belly in 1933 and most likely others. Scholars disagree as to whether there is a substantial difference between blues that originated in the Mississippi Delta and blues from other parts of the country. Delta blues is a style as much as a form, Skip James and Elmore James. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, in big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues and it was not until late in the 1960s that women began to be heard in recorded performances at the level they had previously enjoyed. Other women influenced by Delta blues, who learned some of the most notable of the original artists still living, include Bonnie Raitt, Rory Block. Many Delta blues artists, such as Big Joe Williams, moved to Detroit and Chicago, traveling the Blues Highway, National Geographic Magazine, April 1999, vol. Dixon, R. M. W. and Godrich, J. Blues and Gospel Records, Ferris, William R. Blues from the Delta
5.
Paramount Records
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Paramount Records was an American record label known for its recordings of jazz and blues in the 1920s and early 1930s, including such artists as Ma Rainey and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Paramount Records was founded in 1917 by the Wisconsin Chair Company, the labels offices were located in Port Washington, Wisconsin and the pressing plant was in Grafton. The label was managed by Fred Dennett Key, the Wisconsin Chair Company made wooden phonograph cabinets for Edison Records. In 1915 it started making its own phonographs in the name of its subsidiary and it made phonographs under the Vista brand name through the end of the decade, the line failed commercially. In 1918, a line of gramophone records debuted on the Paramount label, advertisements, however, stated, Paramounts are recorded in our own New York laboratory. In its early years, the Paramount label fared only slightly better than the Vista phonograph line, the product had little to distinguish itself. Paramount released pop recordings with average audio quality pressed on average quality shellac, in the early 1920s, Paramount was accumulating debt while producing no profit. Paramount began offering to press records for other companies on a basis at low prices. Paramount was contracted to press discs for Black Swan Records, when the Black Swan company later floundered, Paramount bought out Black Swan and made records by and for African-Americans. These so-called race music records became Paramounts most famous and lucrative business, Paramounts race record series was launched in 1922 with vaudeville blues songs by Lucille Hegamin and Alberta Hunter. The company had a large mail-order operation which was a key to its early success, most of Paramounts race music recordings were arranged by black entrepreneur J. Mayo Williams. Williams did not know at the time that the market had become Paramounts prime business. Problems with low fidelity and poor pressings continued, Blind Lemon Jeffersons 1926 hits, Got the Blues and Long Lonesome Blues, were quickly rerecorded in the superior facilities of Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used the rerecorded version. Both versions were released on compilation albums, in 1927, Ink Williams moved to competitor Okeh Records, taking Blind Lemon Jefferson with him for just one recording, Matchbox Blues. Paramounts recording of the song can be compared with Okehs on compilation albums. In 1929, Paramount was building a new studio in Grafton, so it sent Charley Patton —sent up by Jackson, Mississippi, storeowner H. C. Speir —to the studio of Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana, where on June 14 he cut 14 famous sides, as the 12000 race series sold well, Paramounts 20000 popular series floundered. Paramount turned to its label, Broadway Records, which was taken over by Paramount following the collapse of Bridgeport Die & Machine Company in 1924
6.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
7.
Slide guitar
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Slide guitar is a particular method or technique for playing the guitar. Instead of altering the pitch of the strings in the manner, an object called a slide is placed upon the string to vary its vibrating length. This slide can then be moved along the string without lifting, creating smooth transitions in pitch and allowing wide, Slide guitar is most often played, With the guitar in the normal position, using a slide on one of the fingers of the left hand. This same technique is used to play steel guitar and the Dobro resonator guitar used in Bluegrass music. The technique of using a slide on a string has been traced to one-stringed African instruments similar to a Diddley bow, the technique was made popular by African American blues artists. The first musician recorded using the style was Sylvester Weaver, who recorded two solo pieces Guitar Blues and Guitar Rag in 1923, Blues legend Muddy Waters was also very influential, particularly in developing the electric Chicago blues slide guitar from the acoustic Mississippi Delta slide guitar. Texas blues musician Johnny Winter developed his style through years of touring with Waters. Slide player Roy Rogers honed his skills by touring with blues artist John Lee Hooker. John Lees cousin Earl Hooker may have been the first to use wah-wah, the sound has since become commonplace in country and Hawaiian music. The Rolling Stones featured a guitar as early as their 1963 recording of the John Lennon/Paul McCartney song I Wanna Be Your Man. Guitarist Brian Jones played slide in a very blues-oriented style, Jones was also one of the first English guitarists to play slide and during the bands early years, he was considered one of the best slide guitarists in the music world. His successors Mick Taylor and Ronnie Wood also displayed their own slide guitar skills while with the band, the album Let It Bleed features Keith Richards on slide guitar for the majority of the album, since the band were in-between guitarists during the making of the album. Rolling Stones vocalist Mick Jagger has also played guitar on occasion. Canned Heats Alan Wilson also helped bring slide guitar to music in the late 1960s. George Harrison experimented with slide guitar during the half of The Beatles career, first using the technique on an early outtake recording of Strawberry Fields Forever. The 1965 songs Drive My Car, and Run For Your Life have slide guitar, Harrison later used slide extensively in his solo career, on songs such as My Sweet Lord, Give Me Love, This Is Love, and Cheer Down. He played slide in the Traveling Wilburys as well as on The Beatles 1995 and 1996 reunion singles Free as a Bird, slides may be used on any guitar, but slides generally and steels in particular are often used on instruments specifically made to play in this manner. Often, the strings are raised a little higher off the fingerboard than they would be for conventional guitar playing—especially if the player isnt going to use the fingers for fretting
8.
Mississippi State Penitentiary
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Mississippi State Penitentiary, also known as Parchman Farm, is a prison farm, the oldest prison, and the only maximum security prison for men in the state of Mississippi. Begun with four stockades in 1901, the Mississippi Department of Corrections facility was constructed largely by state prisoners and it is located on about 28 square miles in unincorporated Sunflower County, in the Mississippi Delta region. It has beds for 4,840 inmates, inmates work on the prison farm and in manufacturing workshops. It holds male offenders classified at all custody levels—A and B custody and it also houses the male death row—all male offenders sentenced to death in Mississippi are held in MSPs Unit 29—and the state execution chamber. The superintendent of Mississippi State Penitentiary is Earnest Lee, there are two wardens, three deputy wardens, and two associate wardens. Wrongly accused of having a rate of criminality, black males often struggled for years to get out of the convict lease system. Due to abuses and corruption, the state ended this program after December 31,1894, the State of Mississippi began to acquire property to build its first correctional facilities. But, as Douglas Blackmon explores in his book, Slavery by Another Name, a study of the lease system. Generations of black men were trapped in the system, in 1900 the Mississippi State Legislature appropriated US$80,000 for the purchase of the Parchman Plantation, a 3, 789-acre property in Sunflower County. What is now the property was located at a railroad spur called Gordon Station. The state of Mississippi purchased land in Sunflower County in January 1901 to establish a state prison, in 1901 four stockades were constructed, and the state moved prisoners to begin clearing land for crop cultivation. The land was undeveloped Mississippi Delta bottomland and forest, fertile but dense with undergrowth, around the time the Mississippi State Penitentiary opened, Sunflower County residents objected to having executions performed at the prison. They feared that the county would be stigmatized as a death county, Mississippi originally performed executions of condemned criminals in their counties of conviction. Prisoners worked as laborers in its operations, in the fiscal year 1905, Parchmans first year of operations, the State of Mississippi earned $185,000 from Parchmans operations. Originally Parchman was one of two prisons designated for men, with the other prisons housing other racial and gender groups. In 1909 the State of Mississippi acquired 2,000 acres adjacent to the MSP territory, as time passed, the state began to consolidate most penal operations in Parchman, making other camps hold minor support roles. In 1916 MDOC bought the OKeefs Plantation in Quitman County, near Lambert, originally this plantation was a separate institution, the Lambert Farm. The facility later became Camp B, by 1917 the Parchman property had been fully cleared
9.
Charley Patton
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Charley Patton, also known as Charlie Patton, was an American Delta blues musician. Considered by many to be the Father of the Delta Blues, he created a body of American music. The musicologist Robert Palmer considered him one of the most important American musicians of the twentieth century, Patton spelled his name Charlie, but many sources, including record labels and his gravestone, use the spelling Charley. Patton was born in Hinds County, Mississippi, near the town of Edwards, most sources say he was born in April 1891, but the years 1881,1885 and 1887 have also been suggested. Pattons parentage and race also are uncertain, biographer John Fahey described Patton as having light skin and Caucasian features. Patton was considered African-American, but because of his light complexion there has been speculation that he was Mexican or Cherokee and it is now generally agreed that Patton was of mixed heritage, with both white and black ancestors, as well as a Cherokee grandmother. In 1897, his family moved 100 miles north to the 10, 000-acre Dockery Plantation, there, Patton developed his musical style, influenced by Henry Sloan, who had a new, unusual style of playing music, which is now considered an early form of the blues. Patton performed at Dockery and nearby plantations and began an association with Willie Brown, tommy Johnson, Fiddlin Joe Martin, Robert Johnson, and Chester Burnett also lived and performed in the area, and Patton served as a mentor to these younger performers. He was popular across the southern United States and performed annually in Chicago, in 1934, unlike most blues musicians of his time, who were often itinerant performers, Patton played scheduled engagements at plantations and taverns. He gained popularity for his showmanship, sometimes playing with the guitar down on his knees, behind his head, Patton settled in Holly Ridge, Mississippi, with his common-law wife and recording partner, Bertha Lee, in 1933. He died on the Heathman-Dedham plantation, near Indianola, on April 28,1934 and his death certificate states that he died of a mitral valve disorder. The death certificate does not mention Bertha Lee, the only informant listed is one Willie Calvin, Pattons death was not reported in the newspapers. A memorial headstone was erected on Pattons grave, paid for by musician John Fogerty through the Mt. Zion Memorial Fund in July 1990, the spelling of Pattons name was dictated by Jim ONeal, who also composed the epitaph. Screamin and Hollerin the Blues, The Worlds of Charley Patton and it also features recordings by many of his friends and associates. The set won three Grammy Awards in 2003, for Best Historical Album, Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package, another collection of Patton recordings, The Definitive Charley Patton, was released by Catfish Records in 2001. Pattons song Pony Blues was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress in 2006, the board annually selects recordings that are culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. In 2013, Jack Whites Third Man Records teamed up with Document Records to reissue The Complete Recorded Works in Chronological Order of Charley Patton, Blind Willie McTell and the Mississippi Sheiks. The marker commemorates the lyrics of Pattons Peavine Blues, which refer to the branch of the Yazoo, the marker notes that riding on the railroad was a common theme of blues songs and was seen as a metaphor for travel and escape
10.
Mississippi Delta
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The Mississippi Delta is the distinctive northwest section of the U. S. state of Mississippi which lies between the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers. The region has been called The Most Southern Place on Earth, because of its racial, cultural. It is two hundred miles long and seventy miles across at its widest point, encompassing circa 4,415,000 acres, or, some 7,000 square miles of alluvial floodplain. Originally covered in hardwood forest across the bottomlands, it was developed as one of the richest cotton-growing areas in the nation before the American Civil War. As the riverfront areas were developed first and railroads were slow to be constructed, both black and white migrants flowed into Mississippi, using their labor to clear land and sell timber in order to buy land. By the end of the 19th century, black farmers made up two-thirds of the independent farmers in the Mississippi Delta, in 1890 the white-dominated state legislature passed a new state constitution effectively disenfranchising most blacks in the state. In the next three decades, most blacks lost their lands due to credit and political oppression. African Americans had to resort to sharecropping and tenant farming to survive and their political exclusion was maintained by the whites until after the gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. African Americans developed the forms of blues and jazz. As the agricultural economy does not support many jobs or businesses, lumbering is important and new crops such as soybeans have been cultivated in the area by the largest industrial farmers. At times, the region has suffered heavy flooding from the Mississippi River, despite the name, this region is not part of the delta of the Mississippi River. Rather, it is part of a plain, created by regular flooding of the Mississippi. The land is flat and contains some of the most fertile soil in the world and it is two hundred miles long and seventy miles across at its widest point, encompassing circa 4,415,000 acres, or, some 7,000 square miles of alluvial floodplain. On the east, it is bounded by extending beyond the Yazoo River. The shifting river delta at the mouth of the Mississippi on the Gulf Coast lies some 300 miles south of this area, the two should not be confused. The Delta is strongly associated as the place where several genres of music originated, including the Delta blues and rock. The mostly black sharecroppers and tenant farmers had lives marked by poverty and hardship but they expressed their struggles in music became the beat, rhythm and songs of cities. Gussow examines the conflict between blues musicians and black ministers in the region between 1920 and 1942, the ministers condemned blues music as devils music
11.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
12.
Willie Brown (musician)
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Willie Lee Brown was an American blues guitar player and vocalist. He performed and recorded with other blues musicians, including Son House and Charlie Patton. Brown is considered one of the musicians of the Delta blues genre. Brown was best known as a player, performing mostly with House, Patton. He recorded four sides for Paramount Records in Grafton, Wisconsin, in 1930 and he made three recordings for the Library of Congress in 1941, accompanied by House. In 1952, Brown briefly joined House in Rochester, New York, but soon returned to Tunica, Mississippi, where he died the same year. Although known mostly as an accompanist rather than a soloist, Brown recorded three highly rated solo performances, M & O Blues, Make Me a Pallet on the Floor, and Future Blues. He disappeared from the scene during the 1940s, together with House. Brown was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1900 and he learned to play the guitar as a teenager. He played with such notables as Charley Patton, Son House and he was not a self-promoting frontman, preferring to second other musicians. Little is known for certain about the man whom Johnson called my friend Willie Brown, Brown played with Patton on M & O Blues and Future Blues, recorded for Paramount Records in 1930. Both songs appear on the album Son House & the Great Delta Blues Singers 1928–1920 and are included in JSPs box set of Pattons recordings. At least four other songs Brown recorded for Paramount have never been found and it has been said that Brown played with other musicians, in addition to House and Patton, including Luke Thomson and Thomas Clubfoot Coles. There has been speculation and some dispute about whether Brown played backup on Rowdy Blues, the musicologist David Evans reconstructed the early biography of a Willie Brown living in Drew, Mississippi, until 1929. He was married by 1911, when he was 10 or 11 and he is recalled as singing and playing guitar with Patton and others in the neighborhood of Drew. Informants with conflicting memories led Gayle Dean Wardlow and Steve Calt to conclude that this was a different Willie Brown, alan Lomax, writing in 1993, suggesting that the William Brown he recorded in Arkansas in 1942 was the same man as the Paramount artist. The recording was for a joint project between Fisk University and the Library of Congress documenting the music of Coahoma County, Mississippi, in 1941 and 1942. Writing over fifty years later, Lomax seemed to have forgotten that he had actually recorded Brown the previous summer with Son House, Fiddlin Joe Martin, Brown played second guitar on three performances by the group and recorded one solo, Make Me a Pallet on the Floor
13.
Coahoma County, Mississippi
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Coahoma County is a county located in the U. S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 26,151, the Clarksdale, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Coahoma County. It is located in the Mississippi Delta region of Mississippi, Coahoma County was established February 9,1836, and is located in the northwestern part of the state in the fertile Yazoo Delta region. The name Coahoma is a Choctaw word meaning red panther, in 1836, Port Royal was designated as the first county seat. In 1841, high waters on the Mississippi River flooded Port Royal, in 1930, the county seat was given exclusively to Clarksdale, which had a population of 7,500 in 1920. Clarksdale is now the largest and most important city in the county, and was named for John Clark, a brother-in-law of Governor James L. Alcorn, whose home, Eagle’s Nest, was in this county. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 583 square miles. Future Interstate 69 U. S. Highway 49 U. S.75. 5% were Black or African American,22. 9% White,0. 5% Asian,0. 1% Native American,0. 5% of some other race and 0. 5% of two or more races. As of the census of 2000, there were 30,622 people,10,553 households, the population density was 55 people per square mile. There were 11,490 housing units at a density of 21 per square mile. 6. 90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the family size was 3.42. In the county, the population was out with 33. 00% under the age of 18,10. 30% from 18 to 24,25. 30% from 25 to 44,19. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 84.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $22,338, and the median income for a family was $26,640. Males had an income of $26,841 versus $19,611 for females. The per capita income for the county was $12,558, about 29. 80% of families and 35. 90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45. 90% of those under age 18 and 31. 50% of those age 65 or over. Colleges Coahoma Community College Coahoma County was previously in the area of the Mississippi Delta Community College
14.
Robert Johnson
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Robert Leroy Johnson was an American blues singer-songwriter and musician. His landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing, guitar skills, Johnsons shadowy and poorly documented life and death at age 27 have given rise to much legend. One Faustian myth says that he sold his soul to the devil at a crossroads of Mississippi highways to achieve success. As an itinerant performer who played mostly on street corners, in juke joints, after the reissue of his recordings in 1961, on the LP King of the Delta Blues Singers, his work reached a wider audience. Johnson is now recognized as a master of the blues, particularly of the Mississippi Delta blues style and he is credited by many rock musicians as an important influence, the blues and rock musician Eric Clapton has called Johnson the most important blues singer that ever lived. Johnson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in its first induction ceremony, in 1986, as an influence on rock. In 2010, David Fricke ranked Johnson fifth in Rolling Stone magazines 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, Johnson was born in Hazlehurst, Mississippi, possibly on May 8,1911, to Julia Major Dodds and Noah Johnson. Julia was married to Charles Dodds, a prosperous landowner and furniture maker. Charles Dodds had been forced by a mob to leave Hazlehurst following a dispute with white landowners. Julia left Hazlehurst with baby Robert but after two years sent the boy to Memphis to live with her husband, who had changed his name to Charles Spencer, about 1919, Robert rejoined his mother in the Mississippi Delta area around Tunica and Robinsonville, Mississippi. Julias new husband, known as Dusty Willis, was 24 years her junior, Robert was remembered by some residents as Little Robert Dusty, but he was registered at Tunicas Indian Creek School as Robert Spencer. In the 1920 census he is listed as Robert Spencer, living in Lucas, Arkansas, with Will, Robert was at school in 1924 and 1927. The quality of his signature on his marriage suggests that he was relatively well educated for a boy of his background. A school friend, Willie Coffee, who was interviewed and filmed in later life, recalled that as a youth Robert was already noted for playing the harmonica and jaw harp. Coffee recalled that Robert was absent for long periods, which suggests that he may have been living and studying in Memphis. After school, Robert adopted the surname of his natural father and she died in childbirth shortly after. Surviving relatives of Virginia told the blues researcher Robert Mack McCormick that this was a punishment for Roberts decision to sing secular songs. McCormick believed that Johnson himself accepted the phrase as a description of his resolve to abandon the life of a husband
15.
Muddy Waters
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McKinley Morganfield, better known as Muddy Waters, was an American blues musician who is often cited as the father of modern Chicago blues. Muddy Waters grew up on Stovall Plantation near Clarksdale, Mississippi, and by age 17 was playing the guitar and he was recorded in Mississippi by Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress in 1941. In 1943, he moved to Chicago to become a full-time, in 1946, he recorded his first records for Columbia Records and then for Aristocrat Records, a newly formed label run by the brothers Leonard and Phil Chess. These songs included Hoochie Coochie Man, I Just Want to Make Love to You, in 1958, he traveled to England, laying the foundations of the subsequent blues boom there. His performance at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1960 was recorded and released as his first live album, Muddy Waters influence was tremendous, not just on blues and rhythm and blues but on rock and roll, hard rock, folk music, jazz, and country music. His use of amplification is often cited as the link between Delta blues and rock and roll, Muddy Waters birthplace and date is not conclusively known. He stated that he was born in Rolling Fork, Mississippi in 1915, a 1955 interview in the Chicago Defender is the earliest he claimed 1915 as his year of birth, which he continued to use in interviews from that point onward. The 1920 census lists him as five years old as of March 6,1920, the Social Security Death Index, relying on the Social Security card application submitted after his move to Chicago in the mid-1940s, lists him as being born April 4,1913. His gravestone gives his year as 1915. Muddy Waters grandmother, Della Grant, raised him after his mother died shortly after his birth, Grant gave him the nickname Muddy at an early age because he loved to play in the muddy water of nearby Deer Creek. Waters was added later, as he began to play harmonica. The remains of the cabin on Stovall Plantation where Waters lived in his youth are now at the Delta Blues Museum in Clarksdale and he had his first introduction to music in church, I used to belong to church. I was a good Baptist, singing in the church, so I got all of my good moaning and trembling going on for me right out of church, he recalled. By the time, he was 17, he had purchased his first guitar, I sold the last horse that we had. Made about fifteen dollars for him, gave my grandmother seven dollars and fifty cents, I kept seven-fifty, the people ordered them from Sears-Roebuck in Chicago. He started playing his songs in joints nearby his hometown, mostly in a owned by Colonel William Howard Stovall. In August 1941, Alan Lomax went to Stovall, Mississippi and he brought his stuff down and recorded me right in my house, Muddy recalled in Rolling Stone, and when he played back the first song I sounded just like anybodys records. Man, you dont know how I felt that Saturday afternoon when I heard that voice, later on he sent me two copies of the pressing and a check for twenty bucks, and I carried that record up to the corner and put it on the jukebox
16.
Alan Lomax
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Alan Lomax was an American field collector of folk music of the 20th century. He was also a folklorist, ethnomusicologist, archivist, writer, scholar, political activist, oral historian, and film-maker. Lomax produced recordings, concerts, and radio shows in the US and in England and he collected material first with his father, folklorist and collector John A. With the start of the Cold War, Lomax continued to out for a public role for folklore. He devoted much of the part of his life to advocating what he called Cultural Equity. In the 1970s and 1980s Lomax advised the Smithsonian Institutions Folklife Festival and produced a series of films about music, American Patchwork. In his late seventies, Lomax completed a memoir, The Land Where the Blues Began, linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation. Because of childhood asthma, chronic ear infections, and generally frail health, in Dallas, he entered the Terrill School for Boys. Lomax excelled at Terrill and then transferred to the Choate School in Connecticut for a year, because of his mothers declining health, however, rather than going to Harvard as his father had wished, Lomax matriculated at the University of Texas at Austin. The hardest thing Ive had to learn is that Im not a genius, at the University of Texas Lomax read Nietzsche and developed an interest in philosophy. He joined and wrote a few columns for the paper, The Daily Texan. At this time he also he began collecting records and taking his dates to black-owned night clubs. During the spring term his mother died, and his youngest sister Bess, Although the Great Depression was rapidly causing his familys resources to plummet, Harvard came up with enough financial aid for the 16-year-old Lomax to spend his sophomore year there. He enrolled in philosophy and physics and also pursued a long-distance informal reading course in Plato and he also became involved in radical politics and came down with pneumonia. His grades suffered, diminishing his financial aid prospects and he did his first field collecting without his father with Zora Neale Hurston and Mary Elizabeth Barnicle in the summer of 1935. He returned to the University of Texas that fall and was awarded a BA in Philosophy, summa cum laude, Alan Lomax married Elizabeth Harold Goodman, then a student at the University of Texas, in February 1937. They were married for 12 years and had a daughter, Anne, Elizabeth assisted him in recording in Haiti, Alabama, Appalachia, and Mississippi. Elizabeth also wrote radio scripts of folk operas featuring American music that were broadcast over the BBC Home Service as part of the war effort
17.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
18.
Fisk University
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Fisk University is a private historically black university founded in 1866 in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The 40-acre campus is a district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1930, Fisk was the first African-American institution to gain accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges, accreditations for specialized programs quickly followed. AMA support meant the organization tried to use its sources across the country to aid education for freedmen, enrollment jumped from 200 to 900 in the first several months of the school, indicating freedmens strong desire for education, with ages of students ranging from seven to seventy. The school was named in honor of General Clinton B, Fisk of the Tennessee Freedmens Bureau, who made unused barracks available to the school, as well as establishing the first free schools for white and black children in Tennessee. In addition, he endowed Fisk with a total of $30,000, the American Missionary Associations work was supported by the United Church of Christ, which retains an affiliation with the university. Fisk opened to classes on January 9,1866, James Dallas Burrus, John Houston Burrus, Virginia E. Walker, and America W. Robinson graduated as well and became a member of the Fisk Jubilee Singers. Walker became a missionary while the Burrus brothers were both prominent educators and, during their careers, professors at Fisk. Cravath organized the College Department and the Mozart Society, the first musical organization in Tennessee, rising enrollment added to the needs of the university. In 1870 Adam Knight Spence became principal of the Fisk Normal School, with a strong interest in religion and the arts, Adam Spence supported the start of a student choir. In 1871 the student choir went on a tour in Europe. They toured to raise funds to build the first building for the education of freedmen and they raised nearly $50,000 and funded construction of the renowned Jubilee Hall, now a designated National Historic Landmark. On April 12,1873, the Jubilee Singers sailed for England where they sang before an audience in the presence of the Queen. During the 1880s Fisk had a building program, as well as expanding its curriculum offerings. By the turn of the 20th century, it added black teachers and staff to the university, from 1915 to 1925, Fayette Avery McKenzie was President of Fisk. McKenzies tenure, before and after World War I, was during a turbulent period in American history, McKenzie was eventually forced to resign when his strict policies on dress code, extracurricular activities and other aspects of student life led to student protests. In 1947 Fisk heralded its first African-American president with the arrival of Charles Spurgeon Johnson, Johnson was a premier sociologist, a scholar who had been the editor of Opportunity magazine, a noted periodical of the Harlem Renaissance. In 1952, Fisk was the first predominantly black college to earn a Phi Beta Kappa charter, organized as the Delta of Tennessee Chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa National Honor Society that December, the chapter inducted its first student members on April 4,1953
19.
Rochester, New York
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Rochester is a city on the southern shore of Lake Ontario in the western portion of the U. S. state of New York, and the seat of Monroe County. The citys population was the third largest — after New York City. This area, which is part of the Western New York region, had a population of 1,079,671 at the time of the 2010 Census, a Census estimate of July 1,2012, raised that number to 1,082,284. Rochester was one of Americas first boomtowns, and rose to prominence as the site of many mills along the Genesee River. Several of the universities have renowned research programs. In addition, Rochester is the site of important inventions and innovations in consumer products. Until 2010, the Rochester metropolitan area was the second-largest regional economy in New York State, internal Revenue Service, after the New York City metropolitan area. Rochesters GMP has since ranked just below that of Buffalo, New York, the 25th edition of the Places Rated Almanac rated Rochester as the most livable city in 2007, among 379 U. S. metropolitan areas. In 2010 Forbes rated Rochester as the third-best place to raise a family, in 2012 Kiplinger rated Rochester as the fifth-best city for families, citing low cost of living, top public schools, and a low jobless rate. Of the 19 places in the United States named Rochester at least eight were named directly after Rochester, New York, having been founded or settled by former residents. These include Rochester, Indiana, Rochester, Texas, Rochester, Iowa, Rochester, Kentucky, Rochester, Michigan, Rochester, Minnesota, Rochester, Nevada, and Rochester, Ohio. The Seneca tribe of Native Americans lived in and around Rochester until they lost their claim to most of land in the Treaty of Big Tree in 1797. Settlement before the Seneca tribe is unknown, development of modern Rochester followed the American Revolution, and forced cession of their territory by the Iroquois after the defeat of Great Britain. Allied with the British, four major Iroquois tribes were forced from New York. As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown, they were given a land grant on the Grand River in Canada. Rochester was founded shortly after the American Revolution by a wave of English-Puritan descended immigrants from New England who were looking for new agricultural land and they would be the dominant cultural group in Rochester for over a century. They chose the site because its three cataracts on the Genesee offered great potential for water power, beginning in 1811, and with a population of 15, the three founders surveyed the land and laid out streets and tracts. In 1817, the Brown brothers and other landowners joined their lands with the Hundred Acre Tract to form the village of Rochesterville, by 1821, Rochesterville was the seat of Monroe County
20.
American folk music revival
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The American folk-music revival was a phenomenon in the United States that began during the 1940s and peaked in popularity in the mid-1960s. The revival brought forward styles of American folk music that had, in times, contributed to the development of country and western, jazz. The folk revival in New York City was rooted in the resurgent interest in dancing and folk dancing there in the 1940s. The Weavers had a big hit in 1950 with the single of Lead Bellys Goodnight and this was number one on the Billboard charts for thirteen weeks. On its flip side was Tzena, Tzena, Tzena, an Israeli dance song that reached number two on the charts. This was followed by a string of Weaver hit singles sold millions, including So Long Its Been Good to Know You. The Weavers career ended abruptly when they were dropped from Deccas catalog because Pete Seeger had been listed in the publication Red Channels as a probable subversive, radio stations refused to play their records and concert venues canceled their engagements. Pete Seeger and Lee Hays were called to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1955, two singers of the 1950s who sang folk material but crossed over into the mainstream were Odetta and Harry Belafonte, both of whom sang Lead Belly and Josh White material. Odetta, who had trained as a singer, performed traditional blues, spirituals. Belafonte had hits with Jamaican calypso material as well as the folk song-like sentimental ballad Scarlet Ribbons, the Kingston Trio avoided overtly political or protest songs and cultivated a clean-cut, collegiate persona. They were discovered while playing at a club called the Cracked Pot by Frank Werber. Their first hit was a rendition of an old-time folk murder ballad, Tom Dooley. This went gold in 1958 and sold more than three million copies, the success of the album and the single earned the Kingston Trio a Grammy award for Best Country & Western Performance at the awards inaugural ceremony in 1959. At the time, no folk-music category existed in the Grammys scheme, the Kingston Trios popularity would be followed by that of Joan Baez, whose debut album Joan Baez, reached the top ten in late 1960 and remained on the Billboard charts for over two years. She did not try to imitate the style of her source material, however. Her popularity would place Baez on the cover of Time Magazine in November 1962, Baez, unlike the Kingston Trio, was openly political, and as the civil rights movement gathered steam, aligned herself with Pete Seeger, Guthrie and others. Harry Belafonte was also present on occasion, along with Odetta, whom Martin Luther King introduced as the queen of folk music. Also on hand were the SNCC Freedom Singers, the personnel of which went on to form Sweet Honey in the Rock, young singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, playing acoustic guitar and harmonica, had been signed and recorded for Columbia by producer John Hammond in 1961
21.
John P. Hammond
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John Paul Hammond is an American blues singer and guitarist. He is a descendant of Cornelius Vanderbilt, the patriarch of the prominent Vanderbilt family and he has a brother, Jason, and a stepsister, Rosita Sarnoff, the daughter of his fathers second wife, Esme OBrien Sarnoff. Hammonds middle name, Paul, is in honor of a friend of his father, the younger Hammond was raised by his mother and saw his father only a few times a year while growing up. He began playing guitar in school, partially inspired by the album Jimmy Reed at Carnegie Hall. He attended Antioch College for one year but dropped out to pursue a music career, by the mid-1960s he was touring nationally and living in Greenwich Village. He befriended and recorded with electric blues musicians in New York, including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton. Hammond usually plays acoustically, choosing National Reso-Phonic Guitars, and sings in a barrelhouse style, since 1962, when he made his debut on Vanguard Records, he has made thirty-four albums. In the 1990s he began recording on the Point Blank Records label, Hammond has earned one Grammy Award and been nominated for four others. He also provided the soundtrack for the 1970 film Little Big Man, although critically acclaimed, Hammond has received only moderate commercial success. To his regret, they never recorded together and it has been suggested that Hammond deserves some credit for helping boost the Band to wider recognition. He recorded with members of the Band in 1965 and recommended them to Bob Dylan, with whom they undertook a famed. Hammond hosted the 1991 UK television documentary The Search for Robert Johnson, Hammond has had a longstanding friendship with the songwriter Tom Waits and has performed Waits songs on occasion. In 2001, he released Wicked Grin, an album consisting entirely of Waits compositions, with one exception, Waits played guitar and sang backing vocals on the album and was also its producer. In 2003, he released Ready for Love, produced by David Hidalgo of Los Lobos and it included a Mick Jagger and Keith Richards song, The Spider and the Fly. His 2009 album, entitled Rough and Tough, was a 2010 nominee for the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album, in 2011, Hammond was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame of the Blues Foundation. Hammond married his first wife, Dana McDevitt, a daughter of John Burke McDevitt, in 1991, Hammond married his second wife, Marla. Hammond discography 2006 Interview 2007 Interview with NPRs Scott Simon
22.
Alan Wilson (musician)
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Alan Christie Wilson was a co-founder, leader, and primary composer for the American blues band Canned Heat. He played harmonica, guitar, and sang with the group live, Wilson was lead singer on Canned Heats two biggest U. S. hit singles. His death at age 27 prefigured that of some of the other artists of the 1960s. Wilson was born and grew up in the Boston suburb of Arlington, some of Wilsons first efforts at performing music publicly came during his teen years with a jazz ensemble he formed with other musically oriented friends from school. It was around this time that Wilson developed a fascination with blues music after a friend played a Muddy Waters record for him. After graduating from Arlington High School, he majored in music at Boston University and played the Cambridge and his biggest influences included Skip James, Robert Johnson, Son House, Charley Patton, Tommy Johnson, John Lee Hooker, Muddy Waters, and Bukka White. James, in particular, was an exalted figure in Wilsons personal music journey. In high school, Wilson studied James 1931 recordings with great ardor, subsequently, Wilson began singing similar to James high pitch. Wilson eventually perfected the high tenor, for which he would become known, after Son Houses rediscovery in 1964, it was evident that House had forgotten his songs due to his long absence from music. Wilson showed him how to play again the songs House had recorded in 1930 and 1942, Wilson played Houses old recordings for him and demonstrated them on guitar to revive Houses memory. House recorded Father of the Delta Blues for Columbia Records in 1965, two of three selections on the set featured Wilson on harmonica and guitar. Al plays second guitar on Empire State Express and harp on Levee Camp Moan, al never recorded before, but he has backed John Hurt, Skip James, Sleepy John Estes, Bukka White and many others. He is good, and the record will prove it, during his time performing in Cambridge, Wilson met American guitarist John Fahey. From Fahey, he acquired the nickname Blind Owl owing to his nearsightedness, roundish facial features. In one instance when he was playing at a wedding, he laid his guitar on the wedding cake because he did not see it. As Canned Heats drummer, Fito de la Parra, wrote in his book, Without the glasses, with Faheys encouragement, Wilson moved with Fahey to Los Angeles with the aim of having Wilson assist Fahey with his UCLA masters thesis on Charley Patton. It was in Los Angeles that Wilson met Bob Hite, a blues enthusiast. With Canned Heat, Wilson performed at two prominent concerts of the 1960s era, the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967 and Woodstock in 1969
23.
Canned Heat
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Canned Heat is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1965. The group has been noted for its interpretations of blues material and for its efforts to promote interest in type of music. The music and attitude of Canned Heat afforded them a large following, Canned Heat appeared at most major musical events at the end of the 1960s, performing blues standards along with their own material and occasionally indulging in lengthy psychedelic solos. Two of their songs – Going Up the Country and On the Road Again – became international hits, Going Up the Country was a remake of the Henry Thomas song Bull Doze Blues, recorded in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1927. On the Road Again was a version of the 1953 Floyd Jones song of the same name. Since the early 1970s, numerous changes have occurred, although the current lineup includes all three surviving members of the classic lineup, de la Parra, Mandel, and Taylor. For much of the 1990s and 2000s, de la Parra was the member from the bands 1960s lineup. He wrote a book about the bands career, Larry Taylor, whose presence in the band has not been steady, is the other surviving member from the earliest lineups. Mandel, Walter Trout and Junior Watson are among the guitarists who gained fame for playing in later editions of the band, British blues pioneer John Mayall found several musicians for his band among former members of Canned Heat. Canned Heat was started within the community of blues collectors, Bob Hite had been trading blues records since his early teens and his house in Topanga Canyon was a meeting place for people interested in music. In 1965 some blues devotees there decided to form a jug band, the initial configuration comprised Bob Hite as vocalist, Alan Wilson on bottleneck guitar, Mike Perlowin on lead guitar, Stu Brotman on bass and Keith Sawyer on drums. Perlowin and Sawyer dropped out within a few days, so guitarist Kenny Edwards stepped in to replace Perlowin, another of Bobs friends, Vestine, asked if he could join the band and was accepted while keeping Edwards on temporarily. Soon Edwards departed and at the same time Frank Cook came in to replace Holmes as their permanent drummer. Otis ran the board for a dozen tracks, including two versions of Rollin and Tumblin, Spoonful by Willie Dixon, and Louise by John Lee Hooker all from his studio off of Vine Street in Los Angeles. Over a summer hiatus in 1966 Stuart Brotman effectively left Canned Heat after he had signed a contract for an engagement in Fresno with an Armenian belly-dance revue. Canned Heat had contacted Brotman, touting a recording contract which had to be signed the next day, Brotman would go on to join the world-music band Kaleidoscope with David Lindley, replacing Chris Darrow. After joining up with managers Skip Taylor and John Hartmann, Canned Heat finally found a permanent bassist in Larry Taylor and they recorded Rollin and Tumblin backed with Bullfrog Blues became Canned Heats first single. The first official album, Canned Heat, was released three months later in July 1967, all tracks were re-workings of older blues songs
24.
Bonnie Raitt
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Bonnie Lynn Raitt is an American blues singer-songwriter, musician, and activist. During the 1970s, Raitt released a series of roots-influenced albums which incorporated elements of blues, rock, folk, in 1989, after several years of critical acclaim but little commercial success, she had a major hit with the album Nick of Time. Raitt has received 10 Grammy Awards and she is listed as number 50 in Rolling Stones list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time and number 89 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. Raitt was born in Burbank, California and she is the daughter of the Broadway musical star John Raitt and his first wife, the pianist Marjorie Haydock, and was raised in the Quaker tradition. She began playing guitar at Camp Regis-Apple Jack in Paul Smiths, NY, later she gained notice for her bottleneck-style guitar playing. Raitt says she played a little at school and at camp, Camp Regis-Applejack, Raitt is of Scottish ancestry, with her ancestors being those who constructed Rait Castle near Nairn. After graduating from Oakwood Friends School in Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1967 Raitt entered Radcliffe College, majoring in social relations and she said her plan was to travel to Tanzania, where President Julius Nyerere was creating a government based on democracy and socialism. Raitt became friends with blues promoter Dick Waterman, during her second year of college Raitt took a semester off and moved to Philadelphia with Waterman and other local musicians. Raitt says it was an opportunity that changed everything, in the fall of 1970, while opening for Mississippi Fred McDowell at the Gaslight Cafe in New York, she was seen by a reporter from Newsweek, who began to spread the word about her performance. Scouts from major companies were soon attending her shows to watch her play. She eventually accepted an offer from Warner Bros. which soon released her album, Bonnie Raitt. While admired by those who saw her perform, and respected by her peers and her critical stature continued to grow but record sales remained modest. Her second album, Give It Up, was released in 1972 to universal acclaim, though many still regard it as her best work. 1973s Takin My Time was also met critical acclaim. Raitt was beginning to receive press coverage, including a 1975 cover story for Rolling Stone. By now, Raitt was already experimenting with different producers and different styles, in 1976, Raitt made an appearance on Warren Zevons eponymous album with his friend Jackson Browne and Fleetwood Macs Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks. 1977s Sweet Forgiveness album gave Raitt her first commercial breakthrough when it yielded a hit single in her remake of Runaway, recast as a heavy rhythm and blues recording based on a rhythmic groove inspired by Al Green, Raitts version of Runaway was disparaged by many critics. However, the commercial success prompted a bidding war for Raitt between Warner Bros. and Columbia Records
25.
The White Stripes
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The White Stripes were an American rock duo formed in 1997 in Detroit, Michigan. The group consisted of Jack White and Meg White, after releasing several singles and three albums within the Detroit music scene, The White Stripes rose to prominence in 2002, as part of the garage rock revival scene. The band recorded two albums, Get Behind Me Satan in 2005 and Icky Thump in 2007. The White Stripes used a low-fidelity approach to writing and recording and their music featured a melding of garage rock and blues influences and a raw simplicity of composition, arrangement, and performance. The bands discography consists of six albums, one live album. Their last three albums each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album, as a senior in high school, Jack Gillis, met Megan White at the Memphis Smoke—the restaurant where she worked and where he would read his poetry at open mic nights. The two became friends, and began to frequent the shops, local music venues. By this time, Gillis was already playing drums with friends, including his upholstery apprenticeship mentor. In 1994, he got his first professional job as the drummer for the Detroit cowpunk band Goober & the Peas, after a courtship, Gillis and White got married on September 21,1996, contrary to convention, he took his wifes surname. Shortly after, Goober and the Peas broke up, but Jack continued to play in bands, such as the garage punk band The Go, The Hentchmen. In 1997—allegedly on Bastille Day—Meg first began to learn to play the drums, in Jacks words, When she started to play drums with me, just on a lark, it felt liberating and refreshing. There was something in it opened me up. The couple then became a band and, while they considered calling themselves Bazooka and Soda Powder, Jack explained the band names origin this way, Meg loves peppermints, and we were going to call ourselves The Peppermints. But since our last name was White, we decided to call it The White Stripes and it revolved around this childish idea, the ideas kids have—because they are so much better than adult ideas, right. White has explained that used these colors to distract from the fact that they were young. They were also noted for their lack of a bass player, the White Stripes had their first live performance on August 14,1997, at the Gold Dollar bar in Detroit. They began their career as part of the Michigan underground garage rock scene, playing with bands such as The Hentchmen, The Dirtbombs, The Gories. In 1998, Dave Buick—owner of an independent, Detroit-based, garage-punk label called Italy Records—approached the band at a bar, Jack initially declined, believing it would be too expensive, but he eventually reconsidered when he realized that Buick was offering to pay for it
26.
Dallas Green (musician)
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Dallas Michael John Albert Green is a Canadian singer-songwriter who records under the alias City and Colour. He plays melodic acoustic and folk music and is accompanied by a rotating number of Canadian indie rock musicians. He is also known for his contributions as the vocalist, guitarist, in 2005, he debuted his first full-length album, Sometimes, which achieved Platinum certification in 2006. City and Colour began performing in small intimate venues while Alexisonfire disappeared for some time, the name City and Colour comes from his own name, Dallas, a city, and Green, a colour. His reasoning for the name was that he felt queasy putting the album out under the name Dallas Green, Green was born on September 29,1980 in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Green was named after Philadelphia Phillies manager Dallas Green, Green started playing piano at the age of 8 and writing music since he was around the age of 14. Regarding the songs released on his first album, Sometimes, Green said that he had been writing material for it as early as when he was 16 years old, before joining Alexisonfire, Green was in a band called Helicon Blue, producing several songs before breaking up. The three piece band also featured Marcel Lanteigne on bass and vocal, and Nicholas Osczypko on drums, Dallas began playing with Alexisonfire in late 2001. They released four albums and several EPs before disbanding in 2011 due to Dallas decision to focus on his work in City, Dallas came up with the name of the band from an episode on Discovery Channel. This specific episode was about contortionism, in this show there was a segment on a stripper who added contortionism into her show, as well as lactating and breathing fire. The womans stage name was Alexis Fire, and the segment was called Alexisonfire and he thought that this would be a cool name for a band, and that is where it all started. In 2003, Dallas appeared on Jude the Obscures album The Coldest Winter and he contributed vocals to Neverending White Lights collaborative album Act 1, Goodbye Friends of the Heavenly Bodies, released in 2005, on the song The Grace. Green provided additional vocals on the track INRihab with Every Time I Die as well as on the track Black Albino Bones with Fucked Up on their second full-length album, Green began releasing City and Colour songs on the Internet for fans to download. Eventually, he compiled and rewrote several of songs to make his first album. The full-length debut was released on November 1,2005 to a good reception, the cover art was designed by Scott McEwan, in a tattoo-esque style, Green still may decide to have some of them inked at a later point in time. Green indicated that his view that the best music for is sad music and he also said that he love music to sort of escape to and the idea of sad music that people could identify with. Green said of the album that, a lot of songs are written on some of the experiences Ive been through and stuff. I just write songs when I’m bummed out and I feel happier, Sometimes was re-released on Vagrant Records on January 13,2009, which was the first time the album was available in physical form in the United States
27.
John Mooney (musician)
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John Mooney is an American blues guitarist and singer based in New Orleans, Louisiana. He has developed a music style by combining Delta blues. As a guitarist, he is known for his slide guitar work. John Mooney was born in East Orange, NJ and raised in Rochester, New York, United States, the following year, he met Son House, a Mississippi bluesman who became a huge musical influence on him. In 1976, Mooney moved to New Orleans, and soon he was playing with host of musicians in the New Orleans R&B circuit including Earl King, The Meters, Snooks Eaglin and he released his first album Comin Your Way on Blind Pig Records in 1979. In 1981, he formed his own band Bluesiana with whom he has been recording and touring since. He has released albums from different labels including Against the Wall on nationally distributed House of Blues label in the U. S. and also others from German labels CrossCut. In 2000, he returned to Blind Pig to release Gone to Hell which featured Dr. John as a special guest, all I Want followed two years later on the label. His latest release Big Ol Fiya was nominated for Blues Music Awards Contemporary Blues Album of the Year in 2006, John Mooney has three children, Zachea, Sienna, and Devon Mooney. His eldest son, Zack, was ranked third in the nation in Yu-Gi-Oh
28.
Clarksdale, Mississippi
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Clarksdale is a city in Coahoma County, Mississippi, and seat of the county. The western boundary of the county is formed by the Mississippi River, located in the Mississippi Delta region, Clarksdale is an agricultural and trading center. It has been home to blues musicians. Clarksdale is named after John Clark, who founded the city in the mid-19th century, Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians occupied the Delta region prior to the arrival of European settlers. A similar forced removal of the Chickasaw Nation began in 1837, once in Indian Territory, following the removal of the Indians, European-American settlers migrated to the Delta region, where the fertile soil was excellent for growing cotton. They brought or purchased African-American slaves to work the cotton plantations developed in the county. John Clark founded the town in 1848 when he bought land in the area, Clark married the sister of James Lusk Alcorn, a major planter who owned a nearby plantation. Alcorn became a politician, elected by the legislature as US Senator. Thriving from the trade and associated business, Clarksdale soon earned the title The Golden Buckle on the Cotton Belt. African-American slaves made the work and built the wealth of King Cotton in the state. U. S. Census data shows Coahoma County, Mississippis 1860 population was 1,521 whites and 5,085 slaves, James Alcorn was a major planter, owning 77 slaves. When slavery was abolished, many black families labored as sharecroppers and they gained some independence but were often at a disadvantage in negotiations with white planters. Historian Nicholas Lemann writes segregation strengthened the grip of the system by ensuring that most blacks would have no arena of opportunity in life except for the cotton fields. Those gains were short-lived, as insurgent white paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts worked to suppress black voting from 1868 on, by 1875 white Democrats took control of the state legislature in Mississippi. They later passed Jim Crow laws, including legal segregation of public facilities, on October 9,1875, whites in Clarksdale began hearing rumors that General Peace was preparing his troops to plunder the town, rumors spread that he was planning to murder the whites. A white militia was formed, and they suppressed Peace’s revolt, across Mississippi, white militias frequently formed in response to similar fears of armed black revolt. In Clarksdale it is the story of the riot of October 9,1875. After the Reconstruction era and construction in 1879 of the Louisville, New Orleans and Texas Railway through the town, in 1886, the towns streets were laid out, it was not until 1913 that any were paved
29.
Deacon
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Deacon is a ministry in Christian Churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. In many traditions the diaconate, the term for an office, is a clerical office. The word deacon is derived from the Greek word diákonos, which is a standard ancient Greek word meaning servant, waiting-man, minister, or messenger. One commonly promulgated speculation as to its etymology is that it literally means through the dust, female deacons are mentioned by Pliny the Younger in a letter to the emperor Trajan dated c. The title deaconess is not found in the Bible, however, a woman, Phoebe, is mentioned at Romans 16, 1–2 as a deacon of the church in Cenchreae. Nothing more specific is said about her duties or authority, the exact relationship between male and female deacons varies. A biblical description of the qualities required of a deacon, and of his household, can be found in 1 Timothy 3, prominent historical figures who played major roles as deacons and went on to higher office include Saint Athanasius of Alexandria, Thomas Becket and Reginald Pole. On June 8, A. D.536 a serving Roman deacon was raised to Pope and his father, Pope Agapetus, had died and the office had been vacant for over a month. The title is used for the president, chairperson, or head of a trades guild in Scotland. The diaconate is one of the orders in the Catholic, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox. The other major orders are those of bishop and presbyter, the diaconate continued in a vestigial form as a temporary, final step along the course toward ordination to priesthood. In Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican churches, deacons assist priests in their pastoral and administrative duties and they have a distinctive role in the liturgy of the Eastern and Western Churches. In the Eastern Church, deacons have a profound presence in the Divine Liturgy. In the Western Church, Pope St. Today, deacons are also granted permission to preach, beginning around the fifth century, there was a gradual decline in the permanent diaconate in the Latin church. It has however remained a part of the Eastern Catholic Churches. These men are known as permanent deacons in contrast to those continuing their formation, there is no sacramental or canonical difference between the two, however, as there is only one order of deacons. The permanent diaconate formation period in the Roman Catholic Church varies from diocese to diocese as it is determined by the local ordinary, although they are assigned to work in a parish by the diocesan bishop, once assigned, deacons are under the supervision of the parish pastor. Unlike most clerics, permanent deacons who also have a profession have no right to receive a salary for their ministry
30.
Tallulah, Louisiana
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Tallulah is a small city in and the parish seat of Madison Parish in northeastern Louisiana, United States. The 2010 population was 7,335, a decrease of 1,854, or 20.2 percent, the city is nearly 77 percent African American. Tallulah is the city of the Tallulah Micropolitan Statistical Area. The Madison Parish Sheriffs office operates the Steve Hoyle Rehabilitation Center in Tallulah, after the railroad was built, she had nothing else to do with him. Feeling rejected, he named the stop for an old girlfriend named Tallulah. The Confederates in Tallulah offered no resistance, numerous potential Confederate troops in the area were turned down for enlistment because of a lack of weapons. Tallulah was the first U. S. city to offer shoppers an indoor shopping mall, a businessman built Blooms Arcade in 1925, in the style of European arcades. It was one hall with stores on either side much like the ones today, the hall opened into the street on both ends. This landmark is still in Tallulah on U. S. Route 80 on the historical registry, as of late 2013, it has been restored to its original character and functions as an apartment complex. On April 24,2010, an EF4 tornado touched down near Tallulah, the tornado also damaged a tanker in a chemical plant causing a small nitrogen leak. The tornado continued on the ground across the Mississippi River, as the tornado gained strength, it struck Yazoo, Holmes, and Choctaw counties in Mississippi, causing 10 fatalities and extensive destruction. Significant damage to a plant with injuries, trapped people. There were fifty-four tornadoes reported that day, Tallulah and Madison Parish have been the center of numerous members of the prominent Sevier family, who are descended from John Sevier, a soldier in the American Revolution. Later serving as first Governor of Tennessee, he was the namesake for the city of Sevierville, george Washington Sevier, Sr. the father of Andrew L. Sevier, was a member of the Madison Parish Police Jury and served as the parish tax assessor from 1891–1916. Andrew Leonard Sevier, Sr. was a member of the Louisiana State Senate from 1932 until his death in 1962 and his widow, the former Irene Newman Jordan, served the rest of his term. Andrew Jackson Sevier, Jr. served as sheriff of Madison Parish from 1904 until his death in office in 1941 and he was succeeded for the rest of his term by his widow, Mary Louise Day Sevier. A cousin of the Seviers, Henry Clay Sevier, was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1936–52, James D. Sevier, Sr. and his son, also named James, held the office of tax assessor for more than four decades. Except for the years 1887–90, there was at least one member of the Sevier family in public office for the 122 years preceding 2005
31.
Mississippi River
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The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States, it rises in northern Minnesota, with its many tributaries, the Mississippis watershed drains all or parts of 31 U. S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and fifteenth largest river in the world by discharge, the river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the way of life as first explorers, then settlers. The river served first as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. Formed from thick layers of the silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country. In recent years, the river has shown a shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta. The word itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe name for the river, see below in the History section for additional information. In addition to historical traditions shown by names, there are at least two measures of a rivers identity, one being the largest branch, and the other being the longest branch. Using the largest-branch criterion, the Ohio would be the branch of the Lower Mississippi. Using the longest-branch criterion, the Middle Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock-Hellroaring Creek River would be the main branch and its length of at least 3,745 mi is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon, and perhaps the Yangtze River among the longest rivers in the world. The source of this waterway is at Browers Spring,8,800 feet above sea level in southwestern Montana and this is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase Trans-Mississippi as used in the name of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it, the New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy. These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway, the Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri. The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca,1,475 feet above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County, however, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams. From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river
32.
Vicksburg, Mississippi
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Vicksburg is the only city and county seat of Warren County, Mississippi, United States. It is located 234 miles northwest of New Orleans on the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers, and 40 miles due west of Jackson and it is located on the Mississippi River across from the state of Louisiana. The city has increased in population since 1900, when 14,834 people lived here, the population was 26,407 at the 2000 census. In 2010, it was designated as the city of a Micropolitan Statistical Area with a total population of 49,644. This MSA includes all of Warren County, the area which is now Vicksburg was long occupied by the Natchez Native Americans as part of their historical territory along the Mississippi. The Natchez spoke a language isolate not related to the Muskogean languages of the major tribes in the area. Before the Natchez, other cultures had occupied this strategic area for thousands of years. The first Europeans who settled the area were French colonists, who built Fort-Saint-Pierre in 1719 on the bluffs overlooking the Yazoo River at present-day Redwood. They conducted fur trading with the Natchez and others and started plantations, on 29 November 1729, the Natchez attacked the fort and plantations in and around the present-day city of Natchez. They killed several hundred settlers, including the Jesuit missionary Father Paul Du Poisson, as was the custom, they took a number of women and children as captives. The Natchez War was a disaster for French Louisiana, and the population of the Natchez District never recovered. But, aided by the Choctaw, traditional enemies of the Natchez, the French defeated and scattered the Natchez and their allies, the Choctaw Nation took over the area by right of conquest and inhabited it for several decades. Under pressure from the US government, in 1801 the Choctaw agreed to cede nearly 2,000,000 acres of land to the US under the terms of the Treaty of Fort Adams. The treaty was the first of a series that led to the removal in 1830 of most of the Choctaw to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Some Choctaw remained in Mississippi, citing article XIV of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, they became citizens of the state and they struggled to maintain their culture against the pressure of the binary slave society, which classified people as only white or black. In 1790, the Spanish founded a military outpost on the site, when the Americans took possession in 1798 following the American Revolutionary War and a treaty with Spain, they changed the name to Walnut Hills. The small village was incorporated in 1825 as Vicksburg, named after Newitt Vick and they captured and hanged five gamblers who had shot and killed a local doctor. The historian Joshua D. Rothman calls this event the deadliest outbreak of violence in the slave states between the Southampton Insurrection and the Civil War
33.
Algiers, New Orleans
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Algiers is one of the oldest neighborhoods in New Orleans and, with English Turn, the only Orleans Parish community located on the West Bank of the Mississippi River. Algiers is also known as the 15th Ward, one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans, jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, was granted a large tract of land on the west bank of the river opposite New Orleans in 1719. The name is believed to have come from the proximity to the city as compared to France, another theory is that a soldier returning from fighting in Algeria decided it looked just like that country when viewed from a ship. Others claim some connection to Arabs or Egypt and Algeria and Tunisia in the far past for the area, some Arab groups were and are related not only to North Africa and Moors, but also to Asia as well as India. Columbus reported flags on ships of other powers on some of his travels to the Americas, towns in the South named Egypt or Little Egypt or Tunica are real. It is possible, even likely, that some of this tradition is real, a powder magazine was built here for safety reasons and because it stood on higher ground. A slaughterhouse was also established and Algiers went by the name of Slaughterhouse Point for some time. With the importation of African slaves in the 18th century, this area was used as an area until those who survived the sea voyage recovered enough to be dispatched across the river to be sold. Algiers was also an area for the Cajuns who survived the Great Upheaval. The oldest part of Algiers is Algiers Point, across the river from the French Quarter, the Duverjes built their plantation home in Algiers in about 1812. They would become the first family of Algiers and their home would become the Algiers Courthouse. Algiers Point has been connected with the foot of Canal Street in downtown New Orleans by the Canal Street Ferry since 1827 and it is one the oldest continuously operated ferry services in North America. Part of the Battle of New Orleans, in January 1815, was fought on the West Bank in what is now Algiers, original earthworks remain, marked with a historical marker on General Meyer Avenue in the Aurora neighborhood. Much land in Algiers and elsewhere in south Louisiana was owned by John McDonogh and his estate was willed to public schools in Baltimore and New Orleans. McDonoghs home was located on the south of Algiers point. McDonoghs grave is in the McDonogh Cemetery in Gretna, Algiers was incorporated as a city in 1840. Shipbuilding was an important industry here, in the 1850s, Algiers became a major railroad center and eastern terminus of the New Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railroad. Ferries were utilized for nearly a century to carry passengers, freight, later, the railroad yard at Algiers would be the eastern repair shop for the Southern Pacific Railroad
34.
East St. Louis, Illinois
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East St. Louis is a city in St. Clair County, Illinois, United States across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri in the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois. Once a bustling industrial center like many cities in the Rust Belt, in 1950, East St. Louis was the fourth largest city in Illinois when population peaked at 82,366. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 27,006, one of the highlights of the citys waterfront is the Gateway Geyser. Located on the grounds of Malcolm W. Martin Memorial Park, designed to complement the Gateway Arch across the river in St. Louis, it shoots water to a height of 630 feet, the same height as the Arch. Native Americans had long inhabited both sides of the Mississippi River, before the Civil War, settlers reported up to 50 mounds in the area that became East St. Louis, but most were lost to 19th-century development and later roadbuilding. East St. Louis lies within the American Bottom area of the present day Metro-East area of St. Louis and this name was given after the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and European Americans began to settle in the area. The village was first named Illinoistown, East St. Louis was founded in 1797 by Captain James Piggott, a Revolutionary War veteran. In that year Piggott began operating a service across the Mississippi River. When Piggott died in 1799, his widow sold the business, moved to St. Louis County. Famed actress Virginia Mayo was a great granddaughter of Captain Piggott. The municipality called East St. Louis was established on April 1,1861, Illinoistown residents voted on a new name that day, and 183 voted to rename the town East St. Louis. Though it started as a town, East St. Louis soon grew to a larger city at the center of a growing economy in St. Louis. A period of industrial growth followed the American Civil War. Industries in East St. Louis made use of the availability of Illinois coal as fuel. Another early industry was meatpacking and stockyards, concentrated in one area to limit their nuisance to other jurisdictions, in the expansion, many businessmen became overextended in credit, and a major economic collapse followed the Panic of 1873. This was due to railroad and other manufacturing expansion, land speculation, the economic recession began in the East and steadily moved west, severely crippling the railroads, the main system of transportation. In response, railroad companies began dramatically lowering workers wages, forcing employees to work without pay and these wage cuts and additional money-saving tactics prompted strikes and massive unrest. While most of the strikes in the cities during 1877 were accompanied by violence
35.
Pastor
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A pastor is usually an ordained leader of a Christian congregation. When used as an ecclesiastical styling or title, the term may be abbreviated to Pr or Ps, a pastor also gives advice and counsel to people from the community or congregation. The word pastor derives from the Latin noun pastor which means shepherd and relates to the Latin verb pascere - to lead to pasture, set to grazing, cause to eat. The term pastor also relates to the role of elder within the New Testament, many Protestant churches call their ministers pastors. Present-day usage of the word is rooted in the Biblical image of shepherding, the Hebrew Bible uses the Hebrew word רעה. English-language translations of the New Testament usually render the Greek noun ποιμήν as shepherd, the two words occur a total of 29 times in the New Testament, most frequently referring to Jesus. For example, Jesus called himself the Good Shepherd in John 10,11, the same words in the familiar Christmas story refer to literal shepherds. 1 Corinthians 9,7 - Paul says, of himself and the apostles, in the United States, the term pastor is used by Catholics for what in other English-speaking countries is called a parish priest. The Latin term used in the Code of Canon Law is parochus, the parish priest is the proper clergyman in charge of the congregation of the parish entrusted to him. Many Protestants use the term pastor as a title or as a job title, United Methodists, for example, ordain to the office of deacon and elder, each of whom can use the title of pastor depending upon their job description. These pastors may be lay people, seminary students, or seminary graduates in the ordination process, and cannot exercise any functions of clergy outside the charge where they are appointed. The use of the pastor can also be regional in some denominations, including some parts of the Methodist, Presbyterian, Seventh-day Adventist, American Churches of Christ. The use of the pastor to refer to the common Protestant title of modern times dates to the days of John Calvin. Both men, and other Reformers, seem to have revived the term to replace the Catholic priest in the minds of their followers, the pastor was considered to have a role separate from the board of presbyters. In some Lutheran churches, ordained clergy are called priests, while in others the term pastor is preferred, ordained clergy are called priests in the Episcopal Church, as in all other branches of the Anglican Communion. Bercot, David W. Will The Real Heretics Please Stand Up, newAdvent. org, The Catholic Encyclopedias entry on the term pastor. LifeWay. com, Articles to help the pastor in the roles of preacher, missionary, leader, shepherd, and person
36.
Baptists
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Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency, salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons, Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity. Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, in accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christs atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious persecution of English dissenters under King James I. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies, in the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening contributed to Baptist growth in both New England and the South. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent, the largest Baptist denomination is the Southern Baptist Convention, with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 15 million. Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations and this view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal and it was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical truth had been discovered, during the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation, there also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Churchs direction, some chose to stay and they became known as Puritans and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction, historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christs College, Cambridge, reared in the Church of England, he became Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist, and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of great danger, Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others, in 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled The Character of the Beast, or The False Constitution of the Church. In it he expressed two propositions, first, infants are not to be baptized, and second, Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism. Hence, his conviction was that a church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith
37.
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
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The Christian Methodist Episcopal Church is a historically black denomination within the broader context of Methodism. Its also occasionally considered to be a mainline denomination and they ordained their own bishops and ministers without their being officially endorsed or appointed by the white-dominated body. They called this fellowship the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church in America, among their duties are responsibility for appointing clergy to serve local churches as pastor, for performing ordinations, and for safeguarding the doctrine and discipline of the Church. The General Conference, a meeting every four years, comprises a number of clergy. In each Annual Conference, CME bishops serve for four-year terms, CME Church bishops may be male or female. In 2006, there were an estimated 850,000 members in 3,500 churches, the Methodist Articles of Religion state the churchs primary beliefs. Church has set forth a Social Creed, sunday worship services in the CME denomination commonly include a Responsive Reading from scripture. A leader reads a line of scripture and the congregation reads a response, Bible passages are not arranged by topic, responsive readings are. Often, a responsive reading consists of excerpts from several Bible passages. The CME Responsive Readings are published in The Hymnal of the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, items 1–545 are songs, and items 546–604 are Responsive Readings. The official Responsive Readings are from the King James Version of the Bible, the official logo or symbol of the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church was originally authorized by Bishop B. Julian Smith for the Centennial General Conference held in Memphis,1970. It was officially adopted by the General Conference in 1974 as the denominations connectional marker, designed by Will E. Chambers, the logo shows the place of the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church in the rapidly changing urbanized society and its relation to Gods people. The total Cross is a sign of the victory through the blood of Jesus Christ. Since the early 20th century the CME Church has explored the possibility of merging with other African American Methodist churches that are similar in doctrine. In 1918 representatives of the CME Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Church, and this Birmingham Plan was approved by the CME General Conference but did not win enough support in the annual conferences. Bishops of each church reopened the question in 1999, adopting a timeline for an eventual merger and these Churches agreed to recognize each other’s churches, share sacraments, and affirm their clergy and ministries. The Post-Civil War Racial Separations in Southern Protestantism, Church History 46#4 pp 453–73 Gravely, the Social, Political and Religious Significance of the Foundation of the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, Methodist History 18, 3-25 Pettigrew, M. C. From Miles to Johnson, One Hundred Years of Progress, 1870-1970 Phillips, from the Farm to the Bishopric, An Autobiography excerpt Phillips, Charles Henry
38.
Juke joint
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Juke joint is the vernacular term for an informal establishment featuring music, dancing, gambling, and drinking, primarily operated by African American people in the southeastern United States. The term juke is believed to derive from the Gullah word joog or jug, a juke joint may also be called a barrelhouse. Classic juke joints found, for example, at rural crossroads, plantation workers and sharecroppers needed a place to relax and socialize following a hard week, particularly since they were barred from most white establishments by Jim Crow laws. Set up on the outskirts of town, often in buildings or private houses, juke joints offered food, drink. Owners made extra money selling groceries or moonshine to patrons, or providing cheap room, the origins of juke joints may be the community rooms that were occasionally built on plantations to provide a place for blacks to socialize during slavery. Although uncommon in populated areas, such places were often seen as necessary to attract workers to sparsely populated areas lacking bars and other social outlets. As well, much like on-base Officers Clubs, such Company-owned joints allowed managers to keep an eye on their underlings, constructed simply like a field hands shotgun-style dwelling, these may have been the first juke joints. During the prohibition in the United States it became common to see squalid independent juke joints at highway crossings and these were almost never called juke joint, but rather were named such as Lone Star or Colored Cafe. They were often only on weekends. Juke joints may represent the first private space for blacks, paul Oliver writes that juke joints were the last retreat, the final bastion for black people who want to get away from whites, and the pressures of the day. Jooks occurred on plantations, and classic juke joints found, for example, dancing was done to so-called jigs and reels, to music now thought of as old-timey or hillbilly. Through the first years of the century, the fiddle was by far the most popular instrument among both white and black Southern musicians. The banjo was popular before guitars became widely available in the 1890s, dance forms evolved from ring dances to solo and couples dancing. Some blacks opposed the amorality of the raucous jook crowd, until the advent of the Victrola, and juke boxes, at least one musician was required to provide music for dancing, but as many as three musicians would play in jooks. In larger cities like New Orleans, string trios or quartets were hired. Mance Lipscomb, Texas guitarist and singer, So far as what was called blues, that didnt come till round 1917. What we had in my coming up days was music for dancing, and it was of all different sorts. Musicians of that time had a degree of versatility that is now extremely rare, the outside yard was filled with trash. Inside they are dusty and squalid with the walls stained to shoulder height, jukes figure prominently in her studies of African American folklore
39.
Plantations in the American South
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A plantation is an area of land or water where one crop is specifically planted for widespread commercial sale. The crops grown include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, sisal, oil seeds, oil palms, rubber trees, protectionist policies and natural comparative advantage have sometimes contributed to determining where plantations were located. Among the earliest examples of plantations were the latifundia of the Roman Empire, Plantation agriculture grew rapidly with the increase in international trade and the development of a worldwide economy that followed the expansion of European colonial empires. Like every economic activity, it has changed over time, Industrial plantations are established to produce a high volume of wood in a short period of time. Plantations are grown by state forestry authorities and/or the paper and wood industries, christmas trees are often grown on plantations as well. In southern and southeastern Asia, teak plantations have replaced the natural forest. Industrial plantations are managed for the commercial production of forest products. Individual blocks are usually even-aged and often consist of just one or two species and these species can be exotic or indigenous. Forest genetic resources are the basis for genetic alteration, selected individuals grown in seed orchards are a good source for seeds to develop adequate planting material. Wood production on a plantation is generally higher than that of natural forests. In 2000, while plantations accounted for 5% of global forest, in the first year, the ground is prepared usually by the combination of burning, herbicide spraying, and/or cultivation and then saplings are planted by human crew or by machine. The saplings are usually obtained in bulk from industrial nurseries, which may specialize in breeding in order to produce fast growing disease-. In the first few years until the canopy closes, the saplings are looked after, after the canopy closes, with the tree crowns touching each other, the plantation is becoming dense and crowded, and tree growth is slowing due to competition. This stage is termed pole stage, when competition becomes too intense, it is time to thin out the section. There are several methods for thinning, but where topography permits, the most popular is row-thinning, many trees are removed, leaving regular clear lanes through the section so that the remaining trees have room to expand again. The removed trees are delimbed, forwarded to the forest road, loaded onto trucks, a typical pole stage plantation tree is 7–30 cm in diameter at breast height. Such trees are not suitable for timber, but are used as pulp for paper and particleboard. As the trees grow and become dense and crowded again, the process is repeated
40.
Mississippi Department of Corrections
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The Mississippi Department of Corrections is a state agency of Mississippi that operates prisons. It has its headquarters in Jackson, in March 2017, Pelicia Hall was appointed by Governor Bryant as Commissioner, she is the first woman to hold this position. An attorney, she has extensive criminal justice and private law experience, in 1843 a penitentiary in four city squares in central Jackson was developed as Mississippis first state prison. The prison in Jackson was destroyed during the Civil War, instead, the state conducted convict leasing, leasing prisoners to third parties for their labor. The lessees held custody of the inmates and provided their room and board, the state made substantial amounts of money from these arrangements, which created an incentive to have minor infractions criminalized in order to arrest more people and sentence them. Most prisoners were freedmen, the state used this system to extract labor from former slaves, after ending the convict leasing system, the State of Mississippi began to acquire property to build prisons. The state bought the Rankin Farm in 1895 in Rankin County,12 miles from Jackson, later the state purchased the Oakley Farm, located in Hinds County,25 miles from Jackson. The state government purchased land in Sunflower County in January 1901, the prison properties were largely self-sufficient, raising their own crops and livestock, as well as commodity crops such as cotton for the state to sell. All the labor was by prisoners, the state Department of Corrections was established in 1976 to oversee the existing Mississippi state prisons. By the end of the 20th century, Mississippi had one of the largest state prison systems in the country, a disproportionate number and percentage of African Americans and other people of color have been incarcerated under these policies. In addition to the state prisons, the state developed many community detention centers for prisoners with lower security classifications. They were provided as workers to numerous locales, in part to them for reintegration into society after release. By the early 21st century, the state had contracts with operators of six private prisons, Civil rights groups and prisoner advocates have filed class-action suits in efforts to improve prison conditions and protect prisoner rights. Changes in sentencing laws dramatically increased the prison population, in 1995 the state legislature passed a law requiring all prisoners to serve 85% of their sentence. The prison population more than doubled from 1995 to 2007, from 11,250 to 22,800, Corrections Corporation of America and Cornell Companies were two early contractors, the latter was acquired by GEO Group in 2010, which took over its three contracts in Mississippi. This case was settled in court in 2012, requiring the state to quickly transfer youth offenders to a state-run facility to be operated according to juvenile justice standards. They were transferred to Central Mississippi Correctional Facility, in addition, the state was prohibited from using solitary confinement for any youthful offender. WGCF was converted to be used for adults only, MDOC ended its contract with GEO Group, awarding a 10-year contract to Management and Training Corporation for Walnut Grove and two other private facilities, effective July 1,2012
41.
Jonestown, Coahoma County, Mississippi
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Jonestown is a town in Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,298 as of the 2010 census, the Matagorda Plantation, located north of Jonestown, was established by Colonel D. M. Russell and his wife before the Civil War, Matagorda was named after a special variety of long-staple cotton raised there. Jonestown was a stop on the Mobile & North Western Railroad, in 1965, John Wing was elected mayor of Jonestown, the first Chinese-American mayor in Mississippi. Jonestown is located in northeastern Coahoma County at 34°19′19″N 90°27′21″W and it is 2.5 miles east of U. S. Routes 49 and 61 and 13 miles northeast of Clarksdale, the county seat, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.39 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,701 people,491 households, the population density was 4,315.1 people per square mile. There were 514 housing units at a density of 1,303.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 30% African American,2. 59% White,0. 06% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 24% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 47% of the population. 21. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.46 and the average family size was 4.05. In the town, the population was out with 44. 4% under the age of 18,11. 1% from 18 to 24,25. 0% from 25 to 44,11. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 21 years, for every 100 females there were 82.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 65.8 males, the median income for a household in the town was $17,250, and the median income for a family was $18,958. Males had an income of $16,146 versus $19,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $8,258, about 49. 6% of families and 52. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 57. 7% of those under age 18 and 56. 3% of those age 65 or over. Delta Oil Mill has been producing cottonseed products in Jonestown since 1942, in a 2000 study published by Mississippi State University, Jonestown was described as a community plagued by difficult problems. Agriculture no longer supported the town as it once had, the direction of Jonestown has declined because of the loss of its financial independence. Citizens have been forced to seek opportunity outside of their own town, as people become more dependent on other cities, the need to stay in Jonestown diminishes
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Lula, Mississippi
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Lula is a town in Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 298 at the 2010 census, down from 370 in 2000, Lula is located near the northern border of Coahoma County at 34°27′13″N 90°28′41″W. U. S. Route 49 passes southwest of the town, US49 leads northwest 10 miles to Helena, Arkansas, while US61 leads north 18 miles to Tunica. Southbound, the two join and lead to Clarksdale, the Coahoma county seat,20 miles south of Lula. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 0.39 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 370 people,134 households, the population density was 888.3 people per square mile. There were 142 housing units at a density of 340.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 77. 30% African American,19. 73% White,1. 89% Asian,35. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 24. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the family size was 3.58. In the town, the population was out with 30. 8% under the age of 18,9. 5% from 18 to 24,22. 7% from 25 to 44,16. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $23,125, and the median income for a family was $33,295. Males had an income of $26,944 versus $19,318 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,008, about 35. 6% of families and 39. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 59. 1% of those under age 18 and 39. 2% of those age 65 or over. The town of Lula is served by the Coahoma County School District, public schools include Sherard Elementary School, Friars Point Elementary School, Lyon Elementary School, Jonestown Elementary, and Coahoma County High. On April 26,2011, a tornado - part of the April 25–28,2011 tornado outbreak - traveled from Elaine, Arkansas, the tornado was classified as an EF-0, with estimated wind speeds of 75 mph. The tornados path of destruction was 200 yards wide and the tornado travelled a path of 21.5 miles along Highway 61, the tornado ripped the roof off a church near Lula. Rex Armistead, former member of Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Unita Blackwell, civil rights activist Ransom A. Myers, marine biologist Bertha Lee Pate, blues singer Sam Carr, blues drummer
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Helena, Arkansas
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Helena is the eastern portion of Helena-West Helena, Arkansas, a city in Phillips County, Arkansas. As of the 2000 census, this portion of the city population was 6,323, Helena was the county seat of Phillips County until January 1,2006, when it merged its government and city limits with neighboring West Helena. Helena is the birthplace of Arkansas former Senior United States Senator Blanche Lincoln, Helena is home to the longest running daily radio program in the U. S. King Biscuit Time. From 1906 to 1946, Helena was a point on the former Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad. After, a loss of service in early 2015, a successful effort was launched by the Helena-West Helena/Phillips County Port Authority to have freight service restored. The service was restored on October 1,2015 and two new freight customers have already been gained, Helena is located at 34°31′34″N 90°36′5″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, Helena had an area of 8.9 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,323 people,2,312 households, the population density was 710.7 people per square mile. There were 2,710 housing units at a density of 304. 6/sq mi. The racial makeup of Helena is 67. 93% Black or African American,30. 59% White,0. 13% Native American,0. 60% Asian,0. 17% from other races,0. 73% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 30. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.28. In Helena, the population is out with 32. 5% under the age of 18,10. 0% from 18 to 24,22. 1% from 25 to 44,20. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.5 males, the median income for a household in Helena is $18,662, and the median income for a family was $21,534. Males had an income of $27,203 versus $17,250 for females. The per capita income for Helena is $13,028, about 38. 4% of families and 41. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 54. 9% of those under age 18 and 24. 1% of those age 65 or over. Helena, Arkansas is home to a number of buildings such as the Sidney H. Horner House. Helena-West Helena School District operates schools in what was Helena, dorathy M. Allen, the first woman elected to the Arkansas Senate Bruce Bennett, former Arkansas Attorney General Caroline Shawk Brooks, First known American sculpture to work with butter
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Dockery Plantation
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Dockery Plantation was a 10, 000-acre cotton plantation and sawmill in Dockery, Mississippi, on the Sunflower River between Ruleville and Cleveland, Mississippi. It is widely regarded as the place where Delta blues music was born, Blues musicians resident at Dockery included Charlie Patton, Robert Johnson and Howlin Wolf. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, the plantation was started in 1895 by Will Dockery, a graduate of the University of Mississippi who originally bought the land for its timber but soon recognised the richness of its soil. At the time, much of the Delta area was still a wilderness of cypress and gum trees, roamed by panthers and wolves, the land was gradually cleared and drained for cotton cultivation, which encouraged an influx of black labourers. Some became settled sharecroppers, who would work a portion of the land in return for a share of the crop, Dockery earned a good reputation for treating his workers and sharecroppers fairly and thus attracted workers from throughout the South. Dockery’s land was remote, but was opened up for development by a new branch of the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad. Around 1900, Dockery had a terminal built on his plantation. Because of its circuitous route, this line was known as the Pea Vine. Dockery Plantation eventually supported over 2,000 workers, who were paid in the own coins. In addition to the terminal, it had its own general store, post office, school, doctor. The workers’ quarters included boardinghouses, where they lived, socialized and played music, particularly guitars, Dockery took no interest in his workers music, but he made it easy for them to travel and to spend their leisure time as they pleased. Charley Patton and his family are believed to have moved around 1900 to the Dockery Plantation, in turn, Patton became the central figure of a group of blues musicians including Willie Brown, Tommy Johnson, and Eddie Son House, who played around the local area. Because of its location, central to Sunflower County’s black population of some 35,000 in 1920, by the mid-1920s, the group widened to include a younger generation of musicians, including Robert Johnson, Chester Howlin’ Wolf Burnett, Roebuck Pops Staples, and David Honeyboy Edwards. Some of these were itinerant workers while others lived more permanently on the farms, in 1936, the plantation was inherited by Joe Rice Dockery. With agricultural mechanisation and the employment attractions of the cities further north. The farm later diversified to produce corn, rice and soybeans, later members of the Dockery family have established a foundation to fund research into the Delta blues. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, a marker designating Dockery Plantation as a site on the Mississippi Blues Trail is an acknowledgment of the important contribution of the plantation to the development of the blues in Mississippi. The marker was placed in Cleveland, Mississippi
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Street performance
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Street performance or busking is the act of performing in public places for gratuities. In many countries the rewards are generally in the form of money but other such as food. Street performance is practiced all over the world by men, women and children, People engaging in this practice are called street performers or buskers. Performances are anything that people find entertaining, the term busking was first noted in the English language around the middle 1860s in Great Britain. The verb to busk, from the word busker, comes from the Spanish root word buscar, the Spanish word buscar in turn evolved from the Indo-European word *bhudh-skō. It was used for many acts, and title of a famous Spanish book about one of them. Today, the word is used in Spanish but mostly relegated for female street sex workers. There have been performances in places for gratuities in every major culture in the world. For many musicians street performance was the most common means of employment before the advent of recording and personal electronics. Prior to that, a person had to any music or entertainment, save for a few mechanical devices such as the barrel organ, the music box. Organ grinders were commonly found busking in the old days, Busking is common among some Romani people, who are called gypsies, a description that is no longer socially acceptable in some societies. Romantic mention of Romani music, dancers and fortune tellers are found in all forms of poetry, prose. The Roma brought the word busking to England by way of their travels along the Mediterranean coast to Spain and the Atlantic Ocean and then up north to England, in medieval France buskers were known by the terms troubadours and jongleurs. In northern France they were known as trouveres, in old German buskers were known as Minnesingers and Spielleute. In obsolete French it evolved to busquer for seek, prowl and was used to describe prostitutes. In Russia buskers are called skomorokh and their first recorded history appears around the 11th century, mariachis, Mexican bands that play a style of music by the same name, frequently busk when they perform while traveling through streets and plazas, as well as in restaurants and bars. Around the mid-19th century Japanese Chindonya started to be using their skills for advertising. Another Japanese street performance form dating from the Edo period is Nankin Tamasudare, in the United States, medicine shows proliferated in the 19th century
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Moonshine
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Moonshine, white liquor, white lightning, mountain dew, hooch, homebrew, white whiskey, and corn liquor are terms used to describe high-proof distilled spirits that are usually produced illicitly. Moonshine is typically made with corn mash, as its main ingredient and they are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives of the US Department of Justice, such enforcers of these laws are known by the often derisive nickname of revenooers. The distillation was done at night to avoid discovery, Moonshine was especially important to the Appalachian area. This white whiskey most likely entered the Appalachian region in the late 18th century to early 1800s, scots-Irish immigrants from the province of Ulster in the north of Ireland brought their recipe for their uisce beatha, Gaelic for water of life. The settlers made their whiskey without aging it, and this is the recipe that became traditional in the Appalachian area. As a study of farmers in Cocke County, Tennessee, observes, One horse could haul ten times more value on its back in whiskey than in corn. Moonshiners in Harlan County, Kentucky, like Maggie Bailey, made the whiskey to sell in order to provide for their families, others, like Amos Owens, from Rutherford County, North Carolina and Popcorn Sutton from Maggie Valley, North Carolina sold moonshine to nearby areas. Marvin Popcorn Suttons life was covered in a documentary on the Discovery Channel called Moonshiners, the legendary bootlegger once said that the malt is what makes the basic moonshine recipe work. Poorly produced moonshine can be contaminated, mainly from materials used in the construction of the still, stills employing automotive radiators as condensers are particularly dangerous, in some cases, glycol, products from antifreeze, can appear as well. Radiators used as condensers also may lead at the connections to the plumbing. These methods often resulted in blindness or lead poisoning for those consuming tainted liquor and this was an issue during Prohibition when many died from ingesting unhealthy substances. Moonshine can be both more palatable and less damaging by discarding the foreshot—the first few ounces of alcohol that drip from the condenser. The foreshot contains most of the methanol, if any, from the mash because methanol vaporizes at a lower temperature than ethanol, the foreshot also typically contains small amounts of other undesirable compounds such as acetone and various aldehydes. Alcohol concentrations above about 50% alcohol by volume are flammable and therefore dangerous to handle and this is especially true during the distilling process when vaporized alcohol may accumulate in the air to dangerous concentrations if adequate ventilation has not been provided. A quick estimate of the strength, or proof, of the distillate is often achieved by shaking a clear container of the distillate. Large bubbles with a short duration indicate a higher alcohol content, a common folk test for the quality of moonshine was to pour a small quantity of it into a spoon and set it on fire. The theory was that a safe distillate burns with a blue flame, practitioners of this simple test also held that if a radiator coil had been used as a condenser, then there would be lead in the distillate, which would give a reddish flame. This led to the mnemonic, Lead burns red and makes you dead, although the flame test will show the presence of lead and fusel oils, it will not reveal the presence of methanol, which burns with an invisible flame
