1.
Jersey
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Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, is a Crown dependency of the United Kingdom, ruled by the Crown in right of Jersey, off the coast of Normandy, France. Jersey was part of the Duchy of Normandy, whose dukes went on to become kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey, Jersey is a self-governing parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems, and the power of self-determination. The Lieutenant Governor on the island is the representative of the Queen. The island of Jersey is the largest of the Channel Islands, although the bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey are often referred to collectively as the Channel Islands, the Channel Islands are not a constitutional or political unit. Jersey has a relationship to the Crown from the other Crown dependencies of Guernsey. It is not part of the United Kingdom, and has an identity separate from that of the UK. The definition of United Kingdom in the British Nationality Act 1981 is interpreted as including the UK, Jersey is not fully part of the European Union but has a special relationship with it, notably being treated as within the European Community for the purposes of free trade in goods. The name Caesarea has been used as the Latin name for Jersey since William Camdens Britannia, the Latin name Caesarea was also applied to the colony of New Jersey as Nova Caesarea. Andium, Agna and Augia were used in antiquity, scholars variously surmise that Jersey and Jèrri derive from jarð or jarl, or perhaps a personal name, Geirr. The ending -ey denotes an island, Jersey history is influenced by its strategic location between the northern coast of France and the southern coast of England, the islands recorded history extends over a thousand years. La Cotte de St Brelade is a Palaeolithic site inhabited before rising sea levels transformed Jersey into an island, Jersey was a centre of Neolithic activity, as demonstrated by the concentration of dolmens. Evidence of Bronze Age and early Iron Age settlements can be found in locations around the island. In June 2012 it was announced what could be Europes largest hoard of Iron Age coins had been found in Grouville by two persons using metal detectors, the hoard may be worth up to £10 M. People had been searching for treasure for 30 years. It was reported that the hoard weighed about three quarters of a tonne and could contain up to 50,000 Roman and Celtic coins, in 2012 the same two men had found 60 Iron Age coins in the same area. Jersey was part of Neustria with the same Gallo-Frankish population as the continental mainland, Jersey was invaded by Vikings in the 9th century. In 933 it was annexed to the future Duchy of Normandy, together with the other Channel Islands, Cotentin and Avranchin, by William Longsword, count of Rouen and it became one of the Norman Islands
2.
Ocean County, New Jersey
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Ocean County is a county located along the Jersey Shore in the U. S. state of New Jersey. Its county seat is Toms River, which, like the county itself, has one of the fastest growing areas of the state since the 1990s. Ocean County was established on February 15,1850, from portions of Monmouth County, as with the entire Jersey Shore, summer traffic routinely clogs local roadways throughout the season. Ocean County is also a gateway to New Jerseys Pine Barrens, much of the county is flat and coastal, with many beaches. The highest point is one of three unnamed hills that reach at least 230 feet in elevation, the lowest elevation in the county is sea level. It is also home to beaches on the Jersey Shore, such as Beach Haven, Ship Bottom, Surf City, Harvey Cedars. Monmouth County, New Jersey – north Atlantic County, New Jersey – south Burlington County, average monthly precipitation ranged from 3.30 inches in February to 4.79 inches in March. Areas closer to the coast typically experience more mild winters and cooler summers due to the Atlantic Oceans influence, as of the census of 2010, there were 576,567 people,221,111 households, and 149,250 families residing in the county. The population density was 917 per square mile, there were 278,052 housing units at an average density of 442.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 98% White,3. 15% Black or African American,0. 17% Native American,1. 75% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,2. 46% from other races, and 1. 47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 29% of the population,27. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the family size was 3.16. In the county, the population was out with 23. 4% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,22. 2% from 25 to 44,25. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42.6 years, for every 100 females there were 92 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 88.3 males, as of the 2000 United States Census there were 510,916 people,200,402 households, and 137,876 families residing in the county. The population density was 803 people per square mile, there were 248,711 housing units at an average density of 151/km². The racial makeup of the county was 93. 05% White,2. 99% Black or African American,0. 14% Native American,1. 28% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,1. 24% from other races, and 1. 29% from two or more races. 5. 02% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race
3.
New York metropolitan area
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The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States, with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi, while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi, encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. In 2012, the New York metropolitan area was home to seven of the 25 wealthiest counties in the United States by median household income. According to Forbes, in 2014, the New York City metropolitan area was home to eight of the top ten ZIP codes in the United States by median housing price, with six in Manhattan alone. The U. S. Office of Management and Budget utilizes two definitions of the area, the Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Combined Statistical Area, the MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The 25-county metropolitan area includes 12 counties in New York State,12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey, the largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Area. The New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area had an population of 23.7 million as of 2014. About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region, which includes seven counties in New York, New Jersey. This area, less the Pennsylvania portion, is referred to as the Tri-State Area. The New York City television designated market area includes Pike County, Pennsylvania, for instance, Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, the geographical, cultural, and economic center of the metropolitan area is New York City, which consists of five boroughs, each of which is also a county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, with a Census-estimated population of 8,550,405 in 2015, distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles, New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. Long Island is a located just off the northeast coast of the United States. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, North of the island is Long Island Sound, across which are the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island. Its population density is 5,571 inhabitants per square mile, Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. Long Island is the most populated island in the United States, known especially for recreation, boating and miles of public beaches, including numerous town, county and state parks and Fire Island National Seashore. The East End of Long Island boasts open spaces for farmland, passenger rail access is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Long Island Rail Road, one of the largest commuter railroads in the United States. Air travel needs are served by several airports – most notably Farmingdale-Republic Airport and Islip-MacArthur Airport, within Queens, it is home to John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, two of the three major airline hubs serving the New York City area
4.
South
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South is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography. It is one of the four directions or compass points. South is the polar opposite of north and is perpendicular to east and west, the word south comes from Old English sūþ, from earlier Proto-Germanic *sunþaz, possibly related to the same Proto-Indo-European root that the word sun derived from. By convention, the side of a map is south. To go south using a compass for navigation, set a bearing or azimuth of 180°, alternatively, in the Northern Hemisphere outside the tropics, the Sun will be roughly in the south at midday. True south is the direction towards the end of the axis about which the earth rotates. The South Pole is located in Antarctica, magnetic south is the direction towards the south magnetic pole, some distance away from the south geographic pole. Roald Amundsen, from Norway, was the first to reach the South Pole, on 14 December 1911, the Global South refers to the socially and economically less-developed southern half of the globe. 95% of the Global North has enough food and shelter, in the South, on the other hand, only 5% of the population has enough food and shelter. It lacks appropriate technology, it has no political stability, the economies are disarticulated, in the card game bridge, one of the players is known for scoring purposes as South. South partners with North and plays against East and West, in Greek religion, Notos, was the south wind and bringer of the storms of late summer and autumn. The dictionary definition of south at Wiktionary
5.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
6.
Delaware River
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The Delaware River is a major river on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Its watershed drains an area of 14,119 square miles in five U. S. states—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, not including Delaware Bay, the rivers length including its two branches is 388 miles. The Delaware River is one of nineteen Great Waters recognized by the Americas Great Waters Coalition, the Delaware River rises in two main branches that descend from the western flank of the Catskill Mountains in New York. The West Branch begins near Mount Jefferson in the Town of Jefferson in Schoharie County, the rivers East Branch begins at Grand Gorge near Roxbury Delaware County. These two branches flow west and merge near Hancock in Delaware County and the waters flow as the Delaware River south. The river meets tide-water at the junction of Morrisville, Pennsylvania and Trenton, the rivers navigable, tidal section served as a conduit for shipping and transportation that aided the development of the industrial cities of Trenton, Camden, and Philadelphia. The mean freshwater discharge of the Delaware River into the estuary of Delaware Bay is 11,550 cubic feet per second, in 1609, the river was first visited by a Dutch East India Company expedition led by Henry Hudson. Hudson, an English navigator, was hired to find a route to Cathay. Early Dutch and Swedish settlements were established along the section of river. Both colonial powers called the river the South River, compared to the Hudson River, lord de la Warr waged a punitive campaign to subdue the Powhatan after they had killed the colonys council president, John Ratcliffe, and attacked the colonys fledgling settlements. Lord de la Warr arrived with 150 soldiers in time to prevent colonys original settlers at Jamestown from giving up, the name of barony is pronounced as in the current spelling form Delaware and is thought to derive from French de la Guerre. It has often reported that the river and bay received the name Delaware after English forces under Richard Nicolls expelled the Dutch. However, the river and bay were known by the name Delaware as early as 1641, the state of Delaware was originally part of the William Penns Pennsylvania colony. In 1682, the Duke of York granted Penns request for access to the sea and leased him the territory along the western shore of Delaware Bay which became known as the Lower Counties on the Delaware. The Delaware Rivers watershed drains an area of 14,119 square miles and encompasses 42 counties and 838 municipalities in five U. S. states—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. This total area constitutes approximately 0. 4% of the mass in the United States. In 2001, the watershed was 18% agricultural land, 14% developed land, there are 216 tributary streams and creeks—an estimated 14,057 miles of streams and creeks—in the watershed. The waters of the Delaware Rivers basin are used to fishing, transportation, power, cooling, recreation
7.
Atlantic Ocean
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The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean, in contrast, the term Atlantic originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of years ago. The term Aethiopian Ocean, derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century, many Irish or British people refer to the United States and Canada as across the pond, and vice versa. The Black Atlantic refers to the role of ocean in shaping black peoples history. Irish migration to the US is meant when the term The Green Atlantic is used, the term Red Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marxian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to the Atlantic experience of indigenous Americans. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas varies, the Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, to the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km compared to 135,663 km for the Pacific. Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km2 or 23. 5% of the ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km3 or 23. 3%. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3, the North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2. The average depth is 3,646 m and the maximum depth, the bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It runs from 87°N or 300 km south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S, the MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2000 m along most of its length, the MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other
8.
Administrative division
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Administrative divisions are granted a certain degree of autonomy and are usually required to manage themselves through their own local governments. Countries are divided up into smaller units to make managing their land. For example, a country may be divided into provinces, which, in turn, are divided into counties, which, in turn, may be divided in whole or in part into municipalities, and so on. Administrative divisions are separate from dependent territories, with the former being an integral part of the state. However, the administrative division can include dependent territories as well as accepted administrative divisions. For clarity and convenience the standard reference for the largest administrative subdivision of a country is called the first-level administrative division or first administrative level. Next smaller is called second-level administrative division or second administrative level, there is no fixed rule, for all politics is local as is perhaps well demonstrated by their relative lack of systemic order. In the realm of self-government, any of these can and does occur along a stretch of road—which for the most part is passing through rural unsettled countryside. In British cultural legacy, most territorial entities begin with fairly expansive counties which encompass a large area. Within those entities are the large and small cities or towns, many sister cities share a water boundary which quite often serves as a border of both cities and counties. For example, Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts appear to the traveler as one large city, while locally they each are quite culturally different. Sovereign state, a national or supra-national division, country, a national or sub-national division. Administrative division codes of the Peoples Republic of China GADM, a database of country administrative areas. ISO 3166-2, specifically Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions — Part 2
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North Jersey
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North Jersey comprises the northern portions of the U. S. state of New Jersey between the upper Delaware River and the Atlantic Ocean. Geologically, the north is in the Piedmont Province, the Highlands Province, depending on definitions, some is counted as being in the Atlantic coastal plain. A broad definition includes all points in New Jersey north of I-295 in the part of the state. Another definition uses the 1958 telephone area code 201, and all its additions, some people, especially residents of the northern tier of counties, use a narrower definition, counting only that area north of the mouth of the Raritan River. The state is sometimes described as having North Jersey and South Jersey separated from each other by Central Jersey. Generally in this approach, North Jersey is defined as anything north of an extending from I-287 in Edison westward to US22. South of that line down to I-195 is referred to as Central Jersey, in 2008 the New Jersey State Department of Tourism divided the state into six tourist regions, of which the Gateway Region and the Skylands Region are in North Jersey. The following counties are considered part of North Jersey. Its colonial history started after Henry Hudson sailed through Newark Bay in 1609, although Hudson was British, he worked for the Netherlands, so he claimed the land for the Dutch as part of the provincial colony of New Netherland, with original settlements were centered on Bergen. In 1664 the region part of the Province of New Jersey. During the American Revolutionary War, New Jersey was a location between New York City, and the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Important materials necessary to the war effort were produced in North Jersey, the Continental Army made its home here during the war, and history from this period can be found in nearly every village and town in North Jersey. Battle fields, camps, skirmish sites, and headquarters can be found near Morristown, in the northwestern part of the state, iron mines and foundries supplied raw material for guns and ammunition. The Industrial Revolution in America started by the founding of the North Jersey town of Paterson, today, the United States and the world enjoy the fruit born of seeds planted in North Jersey during the Industrial Revolution. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary for the Treasury and President of the Bank of New York during the end of the eighteenth century and he promoted the natural power of the Great Falls as an excellent location for textile mills and other manufacture. Paterson attracted skilled craftsmen and engineers from Europe to run the mills and produced a concentration of creative. During the mid century, the engines and materials to tame a continent were made here. Thomas Edison installed one of the first hydroelectric plants in the world using the Great Falls as an energy source
10.
Delaware Valley
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The Delaware Valley is the valley through which the Delaware River flows. By extension, this toponym is commonly used to refer to the Philadelphia metropolitan area, the Delaware Valley Metropolitan Area is located at the southern part of the Northeast megalopolis extending from Boston to Washington, D. C. metropolitan areas. The MSA has a population of over 6 million, while the CSA has a population of over 7.1 million. Philadelphia, being the major commercial, cultural, and industrial center. As of March 2011, the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD Metropolitan Statistical Area constitutes the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, Philadelphias media market ranks fourth, behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago, in Nielsen Media Market size rankings. It also borders the New York metropolitan area located directly to the north of this area, such educational institutions as Delaware Valley Regional High School in Alexandria Township and Delaware Valley College in Doylestown Township are named after the region. Likewise, Frenchtowns now defunct newspaper The Delaware Valley News was another example of the usage, although much of the Trenton MSA is considered part of the Delaware Valley and often considered part of Philadelphias media market area, it is classified as part of New Yorks CSA. Within the Hispanic population, the vast majority are Puerto Ricans, there is a significant West Indian community. There is even a small Native American community known as Lenapehoking for Lenni-Lenape Indians of West Philadelphia. Philadelphias suburbs contain a concentration of malls, the two largest of which have at least 5,000,000 square feet of office space. Malls, office complexes, strip shopping plazas, expressways, and tract housing are common sights, and more and more continue to replace rolling countryside, farms, woods, and wetlands. However, due to opposition by residents and political officials. Older townships and large boroughs such as Cheltenham, Norristown, Jenkintown, Upper Darby, the fastest-growing counties are Chester, Montgomery, Bucks, and Gloucester. Upper Darby, in Delaware County is the largest township in the United States, sometimes Reading is included in the Delaware Valley Metro Area. The Delaware Valley has four seasons with ample precipitation and is divided by the 0 °C January isotherm. The region has two ski areas, Bear Creek Ski and Recreation Area in eastern Berks County and Spring Mountain in central Montgomery County. Using the -3 °C January isotherm as a boundary, all of the Delaware Valley is humid subtropical except for portions of Berks County, the warm-summer humid continental climate only exists in higher areas of Berks where all monthly temperatures average below 22 °C. The valley was the territory of the Susquehannock and Lenape, who are recalled in place throughout the region
11.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
12.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
13.
Benjamin Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a polymath and a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman. As a scientist, he was a figure in the American Enlightenment. As an inventor, he is known for the rod, bifocals. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphias fire department and the University of Pennsylvania, Franklin earned the title of The First American for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation, in the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat. To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin the most accomplished American of his age, Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23. He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richards Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, after 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British policies. He pioneered and was first president of The Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and he organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France, during the Revolution, he became the first US Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, from 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective, Franklins father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, a soap-maker and a candle-maker. Josiah was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England on December 23,1657, the son of Thomas Franklin, a blacksmith-farmer, and Jane White. His mother, Abiah Folger, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on August 15,1667, to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife, Mary Morrill, Josiah Franklin had seventeen children with his two wives. He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to Boston in 1683, after her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9,1689 in the Old South Meeting House by Samuel Willard. Benjamin, their child, was Josiah Franklins fifteenth child and tenth
14.
Interstate 195 (New Jersey)
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Interstate 195 is an auxiliary route of the Interstate Highway System located in the U. S. state of New Jersey. I-195 is 34.17 miles in length, the route is mostly a four-lane highway that runs through wooded areas in the center of New Jersey. It has an interchange with the New Jersey Turnpike at Exit 7A in Robbinsville Township and serves as an access road to Six Flags Great Adventure. I-195 is occasionally referred to as the Central Jersey Expressway, on April 6,1988, President Ronald Reagan signed H. R.4263 naming Interstate 195 in New Jersey the James J. Howard Interstate Highway, in honor of the late James J. Howard. The current I-195 was initially planned as a road called the Trenton-Asbury Park Expressway in the 1950s. In the 1960s, the became part of the proposed Route 37. A compromise between two freeways was planned between Trenton and Belmar and would get Interstate Highway funding, becoming I-195. This freeway was built in stages during the 1970s and 1980s. Between 2005 and 2015, a plan existed to extend the I-195 designation west to the interchange between the Pennsylvania Turnpike and I-95 in Bristol Township, Pennsylvania. Under this plan, I-195 would have followed present I-95 and I-295 to the north of Trenton and it was instead decided to extend the I-295 designation west and south, along existing I-95, to the new interchange. I-195s western terminus is at a cloverleaf interchange with I-295 in Hamilton Township, Mercer County. From this end, the continues north into Trenton as Route 29. I-195 serves as the continuation of Route 29, continuing east from I-295 as a six-lane expressway. After the exit for US206, the narrows to four lanes and turns northeast as it interchanges with CR524. Following this, I-195 passes near neighborhoods and runs to the northwest of Gropp Lake before turning more to the east. The route has a interchange with Yardville-Hamilton Square Road before passing near business parks. After US130, the road enters Robbinsville Township as the start to become more rural. In Robbinsville Township, there is a ramp provides access to the New Jersey Turnpike
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Central Jersey
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Central Jersey is the central region of the U. S. state of New Jersey. The designation of central New Jersey with a toponym is a colloquial one rather than an administrative one, with no official definition. There are varying descriptions as to what composes Central Jersey, North Jersey and South Jersey have been used to describe the northern and southern halves of New Jersey, in the United States. While there is agreement that their border is somewhere in the third of the state. Inclusion of adjacent areas of Hunterdon, Union, and Ocean counties is subjective, the intersection of the two busiest highways in New Jersey, namely the New Jersey Turnpike and the Garden State Parkway, is located in Woodbridge, Middlesex County. Trenton, the seat of Mercer County, is the capital of New Jersey. New Jerseys geographic center is located in Hamilton Township, Mercer County, in 2011, the population center of the state was alongside Nenninger Lane in the western portion of East Brunswick Township, which is also known as the Heart of Middlesex County. There are other related, overlapping areas that include counties in the midsection of the state, while the region is considered part of the larger New York metropolitan area in its greatest extent, Mercer County constitutes a separate Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Metropolitan Statistical Areas of New Jersey further subdivides the middle third of the state into smaller groups of counties, many people from Southern New Jersey though do not recognize Central Jersey and will just call it North and South Jersey. The New Jersey Department of Tourism places Middlesex and Union in the Gateway Region, Monmouth and Ocean counties are considered part of the Jersey Shore, while Somerset and Hunterdon counties are part of Skylands Region. The Raritan Valley is the region along the middle reaches of the Raritan River and its North Branch, the Raritan Bayshore is used to describe the region in Monmouth County along the coast of the Raritan Bay from South Amboy to Sandy Hook. Kingston is the only tri-county community in New Jersey, the telephone area codes 732 and 848 includes Middlesex, Somerset, and Union, Monmouth and northern Ocean counties. The worlds largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville in 2014, Edison is also home to a growing Chinatown, running along New Jersey Route 27. At least two counties in Central Jersey carry official nicknames, Mercer County is known as The Capital County, while Middlesex County carries the nickname, The Greatest County in the Land. Between 1674 and 1702, in the part of New Jerseys colonial period. The Keith Line, as the demarcation is known, ran through the center of what is now Mercer County and this border remained important in determining ownership and political boundaries until 1745. Remnants of that division are seen today, notably as the Hunterdon-Somerset, Ocean-Burlington, the division of the two provinces was cultural as well as geographical. New Jerseys position between the cities of New York and Philadelphia led Benjamin Franklin to call the state a barrel tapped at both ends
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Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
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Burlington County, New Jersey
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Burlington County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Jersey. The county is the largest in New Jersey by area, the Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 158th-highest per capita income of all 3,113 counties in the United States as of 2009. Burlington County is part of the Delaware Valley area, located east of the Delaware River, however, the county stretches across the state, and its southeast corner reaches tidal estuaries leading to southern New Jerseys Great Bay, which separates the county from the Atlantic Ocean. Anglo-European records of Burlington County date to 1681, when its court was established in the Province of West Jersey, the county was formed on May 17,1694, by the union of the first and second Tenths. The county was named for Bridlington, a town in England, Burlington County was also the seat of government for the Province of West Jersey until its amalgamation with East Jersey in 1702, forming the Province of New Jersey. The county was larger and was partitioned to form additional counties as the population increased. In 1714 one partition to the north became Hunterdon County, which itself was partitioned to form three additional counties. Increasing industrialization led to improvements in transportation which increased to profitability of agriculture in the county, population increases in the coastal towns due to successful international trade and ship repair led to road improvemnts throughout the county. According to the 2010 Census, the county had an area of 819.84 square miles. Most of the land in the county is coastal and alluvial plain with little relief, the low point is sea level along the Delaware and Mullica rivers. The majority of the land is dotted with rivers, streams, some of the largest and most important rivers in Burlington County include, Rancocas Creek, Assiscunk Creek, Pennsauken Creek, Mullica River, Batsto River, and Wading River. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.92 inches in February to 4.87 inches in August, Burlington County has a humid-subtropical / humid continental transition climate, with relatively cold winters and hot summers. Severe weather is common in the warm months, hurricanes have been known to strike Burlington County on occasion. Tornadoes are uncommon in the county, severe thunderstorms, however, are quite common during the warm season. Snowfall is typical in the winter, with the averages in the county ranging from about 18 to 22 inches. The climate and weather of Burlington county is moderated by the nearby Atlantic Ocean, the county seat receives about 41 inches of rain per year. Due to sandy soil, on clear and dry nights these areas might be 10-15 degrees Fahrenheit colder than the surrounding areas, and there is a shorter frost-free season in these places. The sandy soil of the Pinelands loses heat faster than the other soils or urban surfaces in the region
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Camden County, New Jersey
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Camden County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Jersey. The most populous place was Camden, with 77,344 residents at the time of the 2010 Census, while Winslow Township covered 58.19 square miles and it was formed on March 13,1844, from portions of Gloucester County. The county was named for Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, a British judge, civil libertarian, the county is part of the Camden, NJ Metropolitan Division of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD / Delaware Valley Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the 2010 Census, the county had an area of 227.293 square miles. Located in a coastal / alluvial plain, the county is uniformly flat, the highest points are a survey benchmark near the Burlington County line at 219 feet above sea level. The low point is sea level, along the Delaware River, average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.75 inches in February to 4.35 inches in July. While many of its municipalities are working class, Camden County has many contrasts in its demographics, most of Camden and parts of Lindenwold are considered highly impoverished, while Cherry Hill Township, Voorhees Township, Haddon Heights and Haddonfield have upper-income enclaves. As of the census of 2010, there were 513,657 people,190,980 households, the population density was 2,321.5 per square mile. There were 204,943 housing units at a density of 926.2 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14. 24% of the population,26. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the family size was 3.22. In the county, the population was out with 24. 4% under the age of 18, 9% from 18 to 24,26. 6% from 25 to 44,27. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37.9 years, for every 100 females there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 89.7 males, as of the 2000 United States Census there were 508,932 people,185,744 households, and 129,835 families residing in the county. The population density was 2,289 people per square mile, there were 199,679 housing units at an average density of 898 per square mile. 9. 66% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, among those residents listing their ancestry,20. 6% of residents were of Irish,18. 2% Italian,15. 7% German and 8. 1% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 25. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.23. In the county, the population was out with 26. 8% under the age of 18,8. 1% from 18 to 24,30. 5% from 25 to 44,22. 1% from 45 to 64
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Gloucester County, New Jersey
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Gloucester County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Jersey. Gloucester County is located south of Philadelphia and northwest of Atlantic City and it is part of the Camden, New Jersey Metropolitan Division of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Delaware Valley Combined Statistical Area. According to the 2010 Census, the county had an area of 337.18 square miles. Gloucester County is largely composed of low-lying rivers and coastal plains, Gloucester dates back to May 26,1686, when courts were established separate from those of Burlington. It was officially formed and its boundaries defined as part of West Jersey on May 17,1694, portions of Gloucester County were set off on February 7,1837, to create Atlantic County, and on March 13,1844 to create Camden County. The county was named for the city of Gloucester / county of Gloucestershire in England, woodbury, founded in 1683 by Henry Wood, is the oldest municipality in the county. National Park, another town in the county, was the site of the Revolutionary War Battle of Red Bank where Fort Mercer once stood. It is now the site of Red Bank Battlefield Park and the remains of the HMS Augusta laid there until they were moved, during the colonial era, Gloucester Countys main economic activity was agriculture. Woodbury was the site of the county courthouse, the county jail, a Quaker meeting house, because of the countys many creeks leading to the Delaware River and the Atlantic Ocean, smuggling was very common. In 2014, the county heroin death rate was 17.3 deaths per 100,000 people in 2014 — nearly seven times the national average. As of the census of 2010, there were 288,288 people,104,271 households, the population density was 895.3 per square mile. There were 109,796 housing units at a density of 341 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 76% of the population, 22% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the family size was 3.2. In the county, the population was out with 24. 4% under the age of 18,9. 4% from 18 to 24,25. 6% from 25 to 44,28. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38.7 years, for every 100 females there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 91.1 males, as of the 2000 United States Census there were 254,673 people,90,717 households, and 67,221 families residing in the county. The population density was 784 people per square mile, there were 95,054 housing units at an average density of 293 per square mile
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Gloucester County Times
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The Gloucester County Times was a daily newspaper in Woodbury, New Jersey, United States. It was founded in 1897 and ceased publication in 2012, when it merged with its sister papers Todays Sunbeam, the newspaper was founded as the Woodbury Daily Times in 1897 by J. Frank Wilson. Wilson and his partner C. Walter Hawn served as publishers, upon Wilsons death, his son J. Frank Wilson, Jr. became managing editor on January 1,1918. The Wilson family continued to own and run the paper for the several decades. H. Wilson served as managing publisher from 1965 to 1972, the Wilson family sold the paper to Harte-Hanks Newspapers of San Antonio, Texas in 1972. Its main competitors were The Philadelphia Inquirer across the Delaware River in Pennsylvania, Harte-Hanks sold the Gloucester County Times to William Dean Singleton and Richard Scudder in 1983, becoming the first paper owned by MediaNews Group. Advance Publications bought MediaNews New Jersey and Pennsylvania newspapers in 2000, in 2012 the Times was merged with two other Advance Publications papers from the South Jersey area, Todays Sunbeam and The News of Cumberland County, to form the South Jersey Times. It published its last issue on November 3,2012, Gloucester County Times contacts list & general information
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Woodbury, New Jersey
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Woodbury is a city in Gloucester County, New Jersey, in the United States. Woodbury is the county seat of Gloucester County, Woodbury was originally formed as a borough on March 27,1854, within Deptford Township, based on the results of a referendum held on March 22,1854. On January 2,1871, Woodbury was reincorporated as a city, the Inspira Health Network is based in Woodbury. The now-defunct Woodbury Country Club operated in Woodbury from 1897 to 2010, closing due to declining membership and mounting debt that led to a bankruptcy filing by the club. As recounted by the historian William McMahon, the Native Americans called the place where the city of Woodbury was to be founded, Piscozackasing, or, place of the black burrs. Woodbury was founded in 1683 by Henry Wood, a Quaker from the Northwest of England and his surname and his home town went to make up the name of the city he founded – Woodbury. In 2000, the Borough of Bury, England, and the City of Woodbury were twinned as part of celebrations in both countries. In 1787, a fossil bone recovered in Woodbury from local Cretaceous strata was discussed by the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, Woodbury was the first city in the United States to mandate recycling. This effort was led by then-councilman and later mayor Donald P. Sanderson in the 1970s, the idea of towing a recycling trailer behind a trash collection vehicle to enable the collection of trash and recyclable material at the same time emerged. Sanderson was asked to speak in municipalities throughout the country and other towns, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 2.059 square miles, including 2.009 square miles of land and 0.050 square miles of water. Woodbury has a few lakes that feed off of Woodbury Creek, the city borders Woodbury Heights, West Deptford Township and Deptford Township. Woodbury has a subtropical climate typical of New Jersey with warm summers. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,174 people,4,088 households, the population density was 5,064.0 per square mile. There were 4,456 housing units at a density of 2,217.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 66. 01% White,24. 91% Black or African American,0. 23% Native American,1. 28% Asian,0. 28% Pacific Islander,3. 19% from other races, and 4. 11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 66% of the population,35. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was out with 23. 5% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,28. 0% from 25 to 44,25. 9% from 45 to 64
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Salem County, New Jersey
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Salem County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Jersey. Its western boundary is formed by the Delaware River and it has the terminus of the Delaware Memorial Bridge, connecting to New Castle. The county is part of the Delaware Valley area, the most populous place was Pennsville Township, with 13,409 residents at the time of the 2010 Census. Lower Alloways Creek Township covers 72.46 square miles, the largest total area of any municipality, european settlement began with English colonists in the seventeenth century, who were settling both sides of the Delaware River. They established a court in the area in 1681, but Salem County was first formally organized within West Jersey on May 17,1694. Pittsgrove Township was transferred to Cumberland County in April 1867, but was restored to Salem County in February 1868, the area was initially settled by Quakers. The Old Salem County Courthouse, situated on the block as the Salem County Courthouse. It is the oldest active courthouse in New Jersey and is the second oldest courthouse in use in the United States. The courthouse was built in 1735 during the reign of King George II using locally manufactured bricks, the building was enlarged in 1817 and additionally enlarged and remodeled in 1908. Its distinctive bell tower is essentially unchanged and the bell sits in the courtroom. Judge William Hancock of the Kings Court presided at the courthouse and he was later killed by the British in the American Revolutionary War during the massacre at Hancock House committed by the British against local militia during the Salem Raid in 1778. Afterward the courthouse was the site of the trials, wherein suspected Loyalists were put on trial for having allegedly aided the British during the Salem Raid. Four men were convicted and sentenced to death for treason, however, they were pardoned by Governor William Livingston, the courthouse is also the site of the legend of Colonel Robert Gibbon Johnsons proving the edibility of the tomato. Before 1820, Americans often assumed tomatoes were poisonous, in 1820, Colonel Johnson, according to legend, stood upon the courthouse steps and ate tomatoes in front of a large crowd assembled to watch him do so. Salem County is notable for its distinctive Quaker-inspired architecture and masonry styles of the 18th century and it had a rural and agricultural economy. In the early 20th century, its towns received numerous immigrants from eastern and southern Europe, in the period following World War II, the countys population increased due to suburban development. To accommodate increasing traffic, the Delaware Memorial Bridge was built from Salem County to New Castle, Delaware. According to the 2010 Census, the county had an area of 372.33 square miles
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Cumberland County, New Jersey
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Cumberland County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2016 Census estimate, the population was 153,797, making it the states 16th-largest county. Cumberland County is named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, the county was formally created from portions of Salem County as of January 19,1748. This county is part of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Delaware Valley Combined Statistical Area. According to the 2010 Census, the county had an area of 677.62 square miles. Cumberland is a low-lying, generally featureless coastal county, with salt marshes near the Delaware Bay. The highest elevation is at one of 12 areas in Upper Deerfield Township that stand approximately 140 feet above sea level, the population density was 324.4 per square mile. There were 55,834 housing units at a density of 115.4 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27. 06% of the population, 24% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the family size was 3.26. In the county, the population was out with 24% under the age of 18,9. 5% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,25. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36.5 years, for every 100 females there were 106.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 106.9 males, as of the 2000 United States Census there were 146,438 people,49,143 households, and 35,186 families residing in the county. The population density was 299 people per square mile, there were 52,863 housing units at an average density of 108 per square mile. 19. 00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, among those residents listing their ancestry,15. 6% of residents were of Italian,12. 1% German,10. 7% Irish and 8. 4% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 23. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.19. In the county, the population was out with 25. 40% under the age of 18,8. 50% from 18 to 24,31. 20% from 25 to 44,21. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 104.20 males
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New Castle County, Delaware
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New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U. S. state of Delaware. As of the 2010 census, the population was 538,479, New Castle County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is named after the English city of Newcastle, New Castle County has the highest population and population density of any Delaware county, and it is the smallest county in the state by area. It has more people than the two counties, Kent and Sussex, combined. It is also the most economically developed of the three, matt Meyer was elected New Castle County Executive in 2016. New Castle County is home to two minor league teams, the Wilmington Blue Rocks and the Delaware 87ers which play in Newark. It also has an auto racing track in New Castle known as Airport Speedway. The first permanent European settlement on Delaware soil was Fort Christina, resulting from Peter Minuits 1638 expedition on the Swedish vessels Fogel Grip, the Swedes laid out the town at the site of modern-day Wilmington. They contracted with the Lenape Native Americans for land of Old Cape Henlopen north to Sankikans, however, a dispute ensued between the Swedes and the Dutch, who asserted a prior claim to that land. In 1640, New Sweden was founded a few south of Christina. In 1644, Queen Christina appointed Lt. Col. Johan Printz as Governor of New Sweden and she directed boundaries to be set and to reach Cape Henlopen north along the west side of Godyns Bay, up the South River, past Minquas Kill, to Sankikans. Printz settled on Tinicum Island, as the seat of government, Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of New Netherland, sailed up the South River in 1651. He purchased land from the Lenape that covered Minquas Kill to Bompties Hook, Stuyvesant began to build Fort Casimir. In 1654, Johan Risingh, Commissary and Councilor to the Governor Lt. Col. Printz, officially assumed Printzs duties, Fort Casimir surrendered and was renamed Fort Trinity in 1654. The Swedes had complete possession of the west side of the Delaware River, on June 21,1654, the Lenape met with the Swedes to reaffirm the purchase. Having learned of the fall of Fort Casimir, the Dutch sent Stuyvesant to drive the Swedes from both sides of the river and they allowed only Dutch colonists to settle in the area and on August 31,1655, the territory was converted back to Fort Casimir. Consequently, Fort Christina fell on September 15 to the Dutch, john Paul Jacquet was immediately appointed Governor, making New Amstel the capital of the Dutch-controlled colony. As payment for regaining the territory, the Dutch West India Company conveyed land from the side of Christina Kill to Bombay Hook
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Atlantic City, New Jersey
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Atlantic City is a resort city in New Jersey, United States, known for its casinos, boardwalk and beach. In 2010, it had a population of 39,558, incorporated on May 1,1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township, the city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City, West Atlantic City and the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantic City inspired the American version of the board game Monopoly, especially the street names, since 1921, Atlantic City has been the home of the Miss America pageant. Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, the Belloe House, was built at the intersection of Massachusetts, the city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was approved, by 1874, almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail. In Boardwalk Empire, The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City, the hotel was owned by the railroad. It was a sprawling, four-story structure built to house 2,000 guests and it opened while it was still under construction, with only one wing standing, and even that wasnt completed. By years end, when it was constructed, the United States Hotel was not only the first hotel in Atlantic City. Its rooms totaled more than 600, and its grounds covered some 14 acres, the first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season, because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and width, and modified several times in subsequent years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, was about 7 miles and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor, the first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland available without a toll, by 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City, at this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming houses, had sprung up all over town. The United States Hotel took up a city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues. These hotels were not only impressive in size, but featured the most updated amenities, in the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels
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Atlantic County, New Jersey
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Atlantic County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Jersey. Its county seat is Mays Landing and this county forms the Atlantic City–Hammonton Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also part of the Delaware Valley Combined Statistical Area. All of what is today as Atlantic County was once called Egg Harbor Township. Named as a district as early as 1693, it was bounded on the north by the Little Egg Harbor River. Its eastern boundary was the Atlantic Ocean, but the boundary in the South Jersey interior was not fixed until 1761. The county was created from portions of Gloucester County as of February 7,1837. According to the 2010 Census, the county had an area of 671.83 square miles. Atlantic County is located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain in the part of New Jersey. Topographically, much of Atlantic County is low-lying and flat, the highest elevation, approximately 150 feet above sea level, is found at two areas next to the New Jersey Transit passenger rail line just west of Hammonton. Sea level is the lowest point, forsythe National Wildlife Refuge Great Egg Harbor Scenic and Recreational River As of the census of 2010, there were 274,549 people,102,847 households, and 68,702 families residing in the county. The population density was 494.1 per square mile, there were 126,647 housing units at an average density of 227.9 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16. 84% of the population,26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the family size was 3.17. In the county, the population was out with 23. 3% under the age of 18,9. 3% from 18 to 24,24. 6% from 25 to 44,28. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39.9 years, for every 100 females there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 91 males, as of the 2000 United States Census there were 252,552 people,95,024 households, and 63,190 families residing in the county. The population density was 450 people per square mile, there were 114,090 housing units at an average density of 203 per square mile. 12. 17% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, among those residents listing their ancestry,18. 3% were of Italian,17. 3% Irish,13. 8% German and 7. 7% English ancestry according to Census 2000
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Cape May, New Jersey
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Cape May is a city at the southern tip of Cape May Peninsula in Cape May County, New Jersey, where the Delaware Bay meets the Atlantic Ocean. One of the countrys oldest vacation resort destinations, it is part of the Ocean City Metropolitan Statistical Area, in the summer, Cape Mays population is expanded by as many as 40,000 to 50,000 visitors. The entire city of Cape May is designated the Cape May Historic District, the city was named for 1620 Dutch captain Cornelius Jacobsen Mey who explored and charted the area between 1611–1614, and established a claim for the province of New Netherland. It was later settled by New Englanders from the New Haven Colony, what is now Cape May was originally formed as the borough of Cape Island by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 8,1848, from portions of Lower Township. It was reincorporated as Cape Island City on March 10,1851, Cape May began hosting vacationers from Philadelphia in the mid 18th century and is recognized as the countrys oldest seaside resort. It became increasingly popular in the 18th century and was considered one of the finest resorts in America by the 19th century, in 1878 a five-day-long fire destroyed square blocks of the town center and as part of the reconstruction efforts replacement homes were almost uniformly of Victorian style. That designation is intended to ensure the preservation of these buildings. Cape May Naval facilities, listed below, provided significant help in reducing the number of ships, Cape May is generally low-lying, its highest point, at the intersection of Washington and Jackson Streets, is 14 feet above sea level. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Poverty Beach, Cape May borders West Cape May Borough, Lower Township, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Delaware Bay. The Cape May-Lewes Ferry provides transportation across the Delaware Bay to Lewes, Cape May Harbor Fest celebrates life in and around the harbor, with the 2011 event commemorating the 100th anniversary of the harbors creation. Cape May is the southernmost point in New Jersey, it is at approximately the latitude as Washington. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Cape May has a subtropical climate, typical of coastal New Jersey, with hot, humid summers. Precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year. Snowfall averages 15.7 inches per season, mostly from December to February. Extremes in temperature have ranged from −2 °F on January 17,1982 up to 106 °F on July 7,1966, since 1894, because of the warmer wintertime temperatures, Hardy Palms including Trachycarpus fortunei and Needle Palms work quite well in the landscape. Wine grapes also do well, given the long growing season. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,607 people,1,457 households, the population density was 1,500.6 per square mile. There were 4,155 housing units at a density of 1,728.5 per square mile
28.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
29.
Apple Pie Hill
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Apple Pie Hill is a hill in Tabernacle Township, Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. It is 205 feet tall, making it one of the highest points of the New Jersey Pine Barrens, a 60-foot-tall fire tower stands atop the summit. It lies along the Batona Trail in Wharton State Forest, making it a popular hiking destination, on September 10th,2016, The Department of Environmental Protection closed Apple Pie Hill to public access by erecting a fence around the tower. Soils are sandy almost everywhere, with profiles that resemble classic podzol development, Atsion, Lakehurst, Lakewood, and Woodmansie are common soil series
30.
Peninsula
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A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on the majority of its border, while being connected to a mainland from which it extends out. Examples include the upper and lower peninsulas of the state of Michigan, the surrounding water is usually understood to be continuous, though not necessarily named as a single body of water. Peninsulas are not always named as such, one can also be a headland, cape, island promontory, bill, point, a point is generally considered a tapering piece of land projecting into a body of water that is less prominent than a cape. A river which courses through a very tight meander is also said to form a peninsula within the loop of water. In English, the plural of peninsula is peninsulas or, less commonly, peninsulas can be found on coastlines and in smaller bodies of water throughout the world, ranging in scale from square meters to millions of square kilometers. Theres the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe, and in Southern Europe theres the Iberian Peninsula, the Italian Peninsula, south America has the Brunswick Peninsula, and Antarctica has the Antarctic Peninsula. In Africa, theres the Horn of Africa, and in Australia, asia has the 3 largest peninsulas in the world, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian Peninsula, and the Indochinese Peninsula
31.
Delaware Bay
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Delaware Bay is the estuary outlet of the Delaware River on the Northeast seaboard of the United States. Approximately 782 square miles in area, the fresh water mixes for many miles with the salt water of the Atlantic Ocean. The bay is bordered inland by the States of New Jersey and Delaware, the Delaware Bay is bordered by six counties, Sussex, Kent, and New Castle in Delaware, along with Cape May, Cumberland, and Salem in New Jersey. The Cape May-Lewes Ferry crosses the Delaware Bay from Cape May, New Jersey, to Lewes, management of ports along the bay is the responsibility of the Delaware River and Bay Authority. The shores of the bay are composed of salt marshes and mudflats. Several of the rivers hold protected status for their unique salt marsh bordering the bay. The bay is also a prime oystering ground, the Delaware Bay was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on May 20,1992. It was the first site classified in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network, at the time of the arrival of the Europeans in the early 17th century, the area around the bay was inhabited by the Native American Lenape people. They called the Delaware River Lenape Wihittuck, which means the stream of the Lenape. The Delaware Bay was called Poutaxat, which means near the falls, in 1523 Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón had received from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor a grant for the land explored in 1521 by Francisco Gordillo and slave trader Captain Pedro de Quejo. In 1525 Ayllón sent Quejo northward and received reports of the coastline from as far north as the Delaware Bay, in 1525 De Ayllon and Captain Quejo called Delaware Bay by the name Saint Christophers Bay. In the 1600s the bay was known as Niew Port May after Captain Cornelius May, another recorded European visit to the bay was by Henry Hudson, who claimed it for the Dutch East India Company in 1609. The Dutch called the estuary Godyns Bay, or Godins Bay after a director of the company, as part of the New Netherland colony, the Dutch established several settlements on the shores of the bay and explored its coast extensively. The resulting dispute with the Dutch colonial authorities in New Amsterdam was settled when Petrus Stuyvesant led a Dutch military force into the area in 1655, the Native American tribe living along the bay and river were later called the Delaware by the Europeans due to their location. The U. S. state also takes its name from the bay, conflicting crown grants were made to the James, Duke of York and William Penn on the west bank of the bay and river. Settlement grew rapidly, leading Philadelphia, upriver on the Delaware, Penn viewed access to the Delaware Bay as being so critical to Pennsylvanias survival that he engaged in an eighty-year long legal boundary dispute with the Calvert family to secure it. In 1782 during the American Revolutionary War, Continental Navy Lieutenant Joshua Barney fought with a British squadron within the bay, barneys force of three sloops defeated a Royal Navy frigate, a sloop-of-war and a Loyalist privateer. Fort Delaware was later constructed on Pea Patch Island, during the American Civil War it was used as a Union prison camp
32.
Atlantic coastal plain
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The Atlantic coastal plain is a physiographic wrong of low relief along the East Coast of the United States. The province is bordered on the west by the Atlantic Seaboard fall line and the Piedmont plateau, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, the Outer Lands archipelagic region forms the insular northeasternmost extension of the Atlantic coastal plain. The provinces average elevation is less than 900 meters above sea level, the coastal plain is normally wet, including many rivers, marsh, and swampland. It is composed primarily of rock and unlithified sediments and is primarily used for agriculture. The area is subdivided into the Embayed and Sea Island physiographic provinces, as well as the Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic coastal plains
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Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
34.
Pine
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A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus, /ˈpiːnuːs/, of the family Pinaceae. Pinus is the genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. The Plant List compiled by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accepts 126 species names of pines as current, together with 35 unresolved species, the modern English name pine derives from Latin pinus, which some have traced to the Indo-European base *pīt- ‘resin’. Before the 19th century, pines were often referred to as firs, the genus is divided into three subgenera, which can be distinguished by cone, seed, and leaf characters, Pinus subg. Pinus, the yellow, or hard pine group, generally harder wood. Ducampopinus, the foxtail or pinyon group Pinus subg, strobus, the white, or soft pine group, generally with softer wood and five needles per fascicle Most regions of the Northern Hemisphere host some native species of pines. One species crosses the equator in Sumatra to 2°S, in North America, various species occur in regions at latitudes from as far north as 66°N to as far south as 12°N. Various species have been introduced to temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, where they are grown as timber or cultivated as ornamental plants in parks, a number of such introduced species have become invasive and threaten native ecosystems. Pine trees are evergreen, coniferous trees growing 3–80 m tall. The smallest are Siberian dwarf pine and Potosi pinyon, and the tallest is a 81.79 m tall ponderosa pine located in southern Oregons Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, the bark of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. The branches are produced in regular pseudo whorls, actually a very tight spiral, the spiral growth of branches, needles, and cone scales are arranged in Fibonacci number ratios. The new spring shoots are sometimes called candles, they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first, then turn green. These candles offer foresters a means to evaluate fertility of the soil, pines are long-lived, and typically reach ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, one individual of this species, dubbed Methuselah, is one of the worlds oldest living organisms at around 4,600 years old. This tree can be found in the White Mountains of California, an older tree, now cut down, was dated at 4,900 years old. It was discovered in a grove beneath Wheeler Peak and it is now known as Prometheus after the Greek immortal, pines have four types of leaf, Seed leaves on seedlings, born in a whorl of 4–24. Juvenile leaves, which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, 2–6 cm long, single, green or often blue-green and these are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer. Scale leaves, similar to bud scales, small, brown and non-photosynthetic, needles, the adult leaves, are green and bundled in clusters called fascicles
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Salt marsh
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It is dominated by dense stands of salt-tolerant plants such as herbs, grasses, or low shrubs. These plants are terrestrial in origin and are essential to the stability of the marsh in trapping and binding sediments. Salt marshes play a role in the aquatic food web. They also support terrestrial animals and provide coastal protection, salt marshes occur on low-energy shorelines in temperate and high-latitudes which can be stable or emerging, or submerging if the sedimentation rate exceeds the subsidence rate. Commonly these shorelines consist of mud or sand flats which are nourished with sediment from inflowing rivers and these typically include sheltered environments such as embankments, estuaries and the leeward side of barrier islands and spits. In the tropics and sub-tropics they are replaced by mangroves, an area that differs from a marsh in that instead of herbaceous plants. Most salt marshes have a low topography with low elevations but a vast wide area, salt marshes are located among different landforms based on their physical and geomorphological settings. Such marsh landforms include deltaic marshes, estuarine, back-barrier, open coast, embayments, deltaic marshes are associated with large rivers where many occur in Southern Europe such as the Camargue, France in the Rhone delta or the Ebro delta in Spain. They are also extensive within the rivers of the Mississippi Delta in the United States, in New Zealand, most salt marshes occur at the head of estuaries in areas where there is little wave action and high sedimentation. Such marshes are located in Awhitu Regional Park in Auckland, the Manawatu Estuary, back-barrier marshes are sensitive to the reshaping of barriers in the landward side of which they have been formed. They are common along much of the eastern coast of the United States, large, shallow coastal embayments can hold salt marshes with examples including Morecambe Bay and Portsmouth in Britain and the Bay of Fundy in North America. They have a big impact on the biodiversity of the area, salt marsh ecology involves complex food webs which include primary producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers. The low physical energy and high grasses provide a refuge for animals, many marine fish use salt marshes as nursery grounds for their young before they move to open waters. Saltmarshes across 99 countries were mapped by Mcowen et al, a total of 5,495,089 hectares of mapped saltmarsh across 43 countries and territories are represented in a Geographic Information Systems polygon shapefile. This estimate is at the low end of previous estimates. Mats of filamentous blue-green algae can fix silt and clay sized sediment particles to their sticky sheaths on contact which can increase the erosion resistance of the sediments. This assists the process of sediment accretion to allow colonising species to grow, as a result, competitive species that prefer higher elevations relative to sea level can inhabit the area and often a succession of plant communities develops. Coastal salt marshes can be distinguished from terrestrial habitats by the tidal flow that occurs
36.
Sediment
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For sediment in beverages, see dregs. For example, sand and silt can be carried in suspension in water and on reaching the sea be deposited by sedimentation. Sediments are most often transported by water, but also wind, beach sands and river channel deposits are examples of fluvial transport and deposition, though sediment also often settles out of slow-moving or standing water in lakes and oceans. Desert sand dunes and loess are examples of transport and deposition. Glacial moraine deposits and till are ice-transported sediments, sediment can be classified based on its grain size and/or its composition. Sediment size is measured on a log base 2 scale, called the Phi scale, composition of sediment can be measured in terms of, parent rock lithology mineral composition chemical make-up. This leads to an ambiguity in which clay can be used as both a size-range and a composition, sediment is transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume, density, and shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to rise, rivers and streams carry sediment in their flows. This sediment can be in a variety of locations within the flow and these relationships are shown in the following table for the Rouse number, which is a ratio of sediment fall velocity to upwards velocity. If the upwards velocity is less than the settling velocity, but still high enough for the sediment to move, it will move along the bed as bed load by rolling, sliding. If the upwards velocity is higher than the velocity, the sediment will be transported high in the flow as wash load. As there are generally a range of different particle sizes in the flow, sediment motion can create self-organized structures such as ripples, dunes, antidunes on the river or stream bed. These bedforms are often preserved in rocks and can be used to estimate the direction. Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope, the erosion associated with overland flow may occur through different methods depending on meteorological and flow conditions. If the initial impact of rain droplets dislodges soil, the phenomenon is called rainsplash erosion, if overland flow is directly responsible for sediment entrainment but does not form gullies, it is called sheet erosion. If the flow and the substrate permit channelization, gullies may form, glaciers carry a wide range of sediment sizes, and deposit it in moraines. The overall balance between sediment in transport and sediment being deposited on the bed is given by the Exner equation and this expression states that the rate of increase in bed elevation due to deposition is proportional to the amount of sediment that falls out of the flow. This can be localized, and simply due to obstacles, examples are scour holes behind boulders, where flow accelerates
37.
Estuary
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An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a zone between river environments and maritime environments. They are subject both to marine influences—such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water—and to riverine influences—such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The inflows of sea water and fresh water provide high levels of nutrients both in the water column and in sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world. Most existing estuaries formed during the Holocene epoch with the flooding of river-eroded or glacially scoured valleys when the sea began to rise about 10. Estuaries are typically classified according to their geomorphological features or to water-circulation patterns, the banks of many estuaries are amongst the most heavily populated areas of the world, with about 60% of the worlds population living along estuaries and the coast. The word estuary is derived from the Latin word aestuarium meaning tidal inlet of the sea, there have been many definitions proposed to describe an estuary. However, this definition excludes a number of water bodies such as coastal lagoons. This broad definition also includes fjords, lagoons, river mouths, an estuary is a dynamic ecosystem having a connection to the open sea through which the sea water enters with the rhythm of the tides. The sea water entering the estuary is diluted by the water flowing from rivers. The pattern of dilution varies between different estuaries and depends on the volume of water, the tidal range. Drowned river valleys are known as coastal plain estuaries. In places where the sea level is rising relative to the land, sea water progressively penetrates into river valleys and this is the most common type of estuary in temperate climates. Well-studied estuaries include the Severn Estuary in the United Kingdom and the Ems Dollard along the Dutch-German border, the width-to-depth ratio of these estuaries is typically large, appearing wedge-shaped in the inner part and broadening and deepening seaward. Water depths rarely exceed 30 m, examples of this type of estuary in the U. S. are the Hudson River, Chesapeake Bay, and Delaware Bay along the Mid-Atlantic coast, and Galveston Bay and Tampa Bay along the Gulf Coast. They are relatively common in tropical and subtropical locations and these estuaries are semi-isolated from ocean waters by barrier beaches. Formation of barrier beaches partially encloses the estuary, with only narrow inlets allowing contact with the ocean waters, bar-built estuaries typically develop on gently sloping plains located along tectonically stable edges of continents and marginal sea coasts. They are extensive along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the U. S. in areas with active coastal deposition of sediments, barrier beaches form in shallow water and are generally parallel to the shoreline, resulting in long, narrow estuaries
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Swamp
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A swamp is a wetland that is forested. Many swamps occur along rivers where they are critically dependent upon natural water level fluctuations. Other swamps occur on the shores of large lakes, some swamps have hammocks, or dry-land protrusions, covered by aquatic vegetation, or vegetation that tolerates periodic inundation. The two main types of swamp are true or swamp forests and transitional or shrub swamps, in the boreal regions of Canada, the word swamp is colloquially used for what is more correctly termed a bog or muskeg. The water of a swamp may be water, brackish water or seawater. Some of the worlds largest swamps are found along rivers such as the Amazon, the Mississippi. Swamps are characterized by slow-moving to stagnant waters and they are usually associated with adjacent rivers or lakes. Swamps are features of areas with very low topographic relief, historically, humans have drained swamps to provide additional land for agriculture and to reduce the threat of diseases borne by swamp insects and similar animals. Many swamps have also undergone intensive logging, requiring the construction of drainage ditches and these ditches and canals contributed to drainage and, along the coast, allowed salt water to intrude, converting swamps to marsh or even to open water. Large areas of swamp were therefore lost or degraded, louisiana provides a classic example of wetland loss from these combined factors. Europe has probably lost nearly half its wetlands, New Zealand lost 90 percent of its wetlands over a period of 150 years. Ecologists recognise that swamps provide valuable ecological services including flood control, fish production, water purification, carbon storage, in many parts of the world authorities protect swamps. In parts of Europe and North America, swamp restoration projects are becoming widespread, often the simplest steps to restoring swamps involve plugging drainage ditches and removing levees. Swamps and other wetlands have traditionally held a very low property value compared to fields, prairies and they have a reputation for being unproductive land that cannot easily be utilized for human activities, other than perhaps hunting and trapping. Farmers, for example, typically drained swamps next to their fields so as to more land usable for planting crops. Many societies now realize that swamps are important to providing fresh water and oxygen to all life. Indeed, floodplain swamps are important in fish production. Government environmental agencies are taking steps to protect and preserve swamps, in Europe, major effort is being invested in the restoration of swamp forests along rivers
39.
Barrier island
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Barrier islands are coastal landforms and a type of dune system that are exceptionally flat or lumpy areas of sand that form by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast. They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen and they are subject to change during storms and other action, but absorb energy and protect the coastlines and create areas of protected waters where wetlands may flourish. A barrier chain may extend uninterrupted for over a hundred kilometers, excepting the tidal inlets that separate the islands, the longest and widest being Padre Island of Texas. The length and width of barriers and overall morphology of barrier coasts are related to parameters including tidal range, wave energy, sediment supply, sea-level trends, the amount of vegetation on the barrier has a large impact on the height and evolution of the island. Chains of barrier islands can be found along approximately thirteen percent of the worlds coastlines and they display different settings, suggesting that they can form and be maintained in a variety of environmental settings. Numerous theories have been given to explain their formation, lower shoreface The shoreface is the part of the barrier where the ocean meets the shore of the island. The barrier island body itself separates the shoreface from the backshore, characteristics common to the lower shoreface are fine sands with mud and possibly silt. Further out into the ocean the sediment becomes finer, the effect from the waves at this point is weak because of the depth. Bioturbation is common and many fossils can be found here, middle shoreface The middle shore face is located in the upper shoreface. The middle shoreface is strongly influenced by wave action because of its depth, closer to shore the grain size will be medium size sands with shell pieces common. Since wave action is heavier, bioturbation is not likely, upper shoreface The upper shore face is constantly affected by wave action. This results in development of sedimentary structures because of the constant differing flow of waves. Foreshore The foreshore is the area on land between high and low tide, like the upper shoreface, it is constantly affected by wave action. Cross bedding and lamination are present and coarser sands are present because of the energy present by the crashing of the waves. The sand is very well sorted. Backshore The backshore is always above the highest water level point, the berm is also found here which marks the boundary between the foreshore and backshore. Wind is the important factor here, not water, during strong storms high waves and wind can deliver and erode sediment from the backshore. Dunes The dunes are typical of an island, located at the top of the backshore
40.
Pine Barrens (New Jersey)
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The Pine Barrens, also known as the Pinelands or simply the Pines, is a heavily forested area of coastal plain stretching across more than seven counties of southern New Jersey. The name pine barrens refers to the sandy, acidic. Although European settlers could not cultivate their familiar crops there, the ecology of the Pine Barrens supports a diverse spectrum of plant life, including orchids. The area is notable for its populations of rare pygmy Pitch Pines. The sand that composes much of the soil is referred to by the locals as sugar sand. The Pine Barrens territory helps recharge the 17 trillion gallon Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer containing some of the purest water in the United States. As a result of all factors, in 1978 Congress passed legislation to designate 1.1 million acres of the Pine Barrens as the Pinelands National Reserve to preserve its ecology. A decade later, it was designated by the United Nations as an International Biosphere Reserve, development in the Pinelands National Reserve is strictly controlled by an independent state/federal agency, the New Jersey Pinelands Commission. The Pinelands Reserve contains the Wharton, Brendan T. Byrne, Penn, the reserve also includes two National Wild and Scenic Rivers, the Maurice and the Great Egg Harbor. John McPhees 1967 book The Pine Barrens focuses on the history, during the colonial era, the Pine Barrens was the location of various industries. Bog iron was mined from bogs, streams, and waterways, and was worked in furnaces at Batsto, Lake Atsion, Ferrago, Hanover, and several other locations. Iron from these furnaces was instrumental in supplying the American military with weapons and camp tools during the American Revolution, the War of 1812. For example, Commodore Stephen Decatur, Jr. sailed to Algiers armed with 24-pound cannons that had been cast at Hanover in 1814, the bog iron industry declined in the mid-19th century after the discovery that iron ore could be mined more cheaply in Pennsylvania. Other industries such as mills, sawmills, and gristmills rose and fell throughout the years. Smaller industries such as charcoal-making and glassmaking also were developed, meeting with varying degrees of success, over time, however, the forest reclaimed almost all traces of the Pine Barrens industrial past. Ghost towns—remnants of villages built around these former industries—can still be found at various locations, Batsto Village has been restored to its mid-19th century state as a state historic site. The Pine Barrens were home to rural, backwoods families. For years, residents of the area were called Pineys by outsiders
41.
Cranberry
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Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium. In Britain, cranberry may refer to the native species Vaccinium oxycoccos, while in North America, Vaccinium oxycoccos is cultivated in central and northern Europe, while Vaccinium macrocarpon is cultivated throughout the northern United States, Canada and Chile. In some methods of classification, Oxycoccus is regarded as a genus in its own right and they can be found in acidic bogs throughout the cooler regions of the northern hemisphere. Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 metres long and 5 to 20 centimetres in height, they have slender, the flowers are dark pink, with very distinct reflexed petals, leaving the style and stamens fully exposed and pointing forward. The fruit is a berry that is larger than the leaves of the plant, it is light green. It is edible, with a taste that can overwhelm its sweetness. Cranberries are a commercial crop in certain American states and Canadian provinces. Most cranberries are processed into products such as juice, sauce, jam, Cranberry sauce is a traditional accompaniment to turkey at Christmas dinner in the United Kingdom, and at Christmas and Thanksgiving dinners in the United States and Canada. There are three to four species of cranberry, classified in two sections, Subgenus Oxycoccus, sect, Oxycoccus Vaccinium oxycoccos or Oxycoccus palustris is widespread throughout the cool temperate northern hemisphere, including northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America. It has small 5–10 mm leaves, the flowers are dark pink, with a purple central spike, produced on finely hairy stems. The fruit is a pale pink berry, with a refreshing sharp acidic flavour. Some botanists include it within V. oxycoccos, Vaccinium macrocarpon or Oxycoccus macrocarpus native to northern North America across Canada, and eastern United States, south to North Carolina at high altitudes). It differs from V. oxycoccos in the leaves being larger, 10–20 mm long, oxycoccoides Vaccinium erythrocarpum or Oxycoccus erythrocarpus native to southeastern North America at high altitudes in the southern Appalachian Mountains, and also in eastern Asia. Cranberries are related to bilberries, blueberries, and huckleberries, all in Vaccinium subgenus Vaccinium and these differ in having bell-shaped flowers, the petals not being reflexed, and woodier stems, forming taller shrubs. Some plants of the unrelated genus Viburnum are sometimes called highbush cranberries. Cranberries are susceptible to blossom, a harmful but controllable phytoplasma disease common in the eastern production areas of Massachusetts. The name cranberry derives from craneberry, first named by early European settlers in America who felt the expanding flower, stem, calyx, and petals resembled the neck, head, another name used in northeastern Canada is mossberry. The traditional English name for Vaccinium oxycoccos, fenberry, originated from plants growing in fen lands
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Blueberry
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Blueberries are perennial flowering plants with indigo-colored berries from the section Cyanococcus within the genus Vaccinium. Species in the section Cyanococcus are the most common fruits sold as blueberries and are native to North America, Blueberries are usually erect, prostrate shrubs that can vary in size from 10 centimeters to 4 meters in height. In the commercial production of blueberries, the species are known as lowbush blueberries. The leaves can be deciduous or evergreen, ovate to lanceolate. The flowers are bell-shaped, white, pale pink or red, the fruit is a berry 5–16 millimeters in diameter with a flared crown at the end, they are pale greenish at first, then reddish-purple, and finally dark purple when ripe. They are covered in a coating of powdery epicuticular wax. They have a sweet taste when mature, with variable acidity, the genus Vaccinium has a mostly circumpolar distribution, with species mainly being present in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Many commercially sold species with English common names including blueberry are currently classified in section Cyanococcus of the genus Vaccinium, many North American native species of blueberries are grown commercially in the Southern Hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand and South American nations. See the Identification section for more information, note, habitat and range summaries are from the Flora of New Brunswick, published in 1986 by Harold R. These species are sometimes called blueberries and sold as jam or other products. The names of blueberries in languages other than English often translate as blueberry, e. g. Scots blaeberry, blaeberry, blåbær and French myrtilles usually refer to the European native bilberry, while bleuets refers to the North American blueberry. Russian голубика does not refer to blueberries, which are non-native and nearly unknown in Russia, Cyanococcus blueberries can be distinguished from the nearly identical-looking bilberries by their flesh color when cut in half. Ripe blueberries have light green flesh, while bilberries, whortleberries and huckleberries are red or purple throughout, Blueberries may be cultivated, or they may be picked from semiwild or wild bushes. In North America, the most common cultivated species is V. corymbosum, hybrids of this with other Vaccinium species adapted to southern U. S. climates are known collectively as southern highbush blueberries. So-called wild blueberries, smaller than cultivated highbush ones, have intense color, the lowbush blueberry, V. angustifolium, is found from the Atlantic provinces westward to Quebec and southward to Michigan and West Virginia. In some areas, it produces natural blueberry barrens, where it is the dominant species covering large areas, several First Nations communities in Ontario are involved in harvesting wild blueberries. Wild has been adopted as a term for harvests of managed native stands of lowbush blueberries. The bushes are not planted or genetically manipulated, but they are pruned or burned over two years, and pests are managed
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Humid subtropical climate
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A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterised by hot, usually humid summers and mild to cool winters. It normally lies on the southeast side of all continents, generally between latitudes 25° and 40° and it tends to be located at coastal or near coastal locations. However, in cases it extends inland, most notably in China. Under the Köppen climate classification, subtropical climates are found in the warmest parts of his Warm Temperate climates or Cfa and this climate features mean temperatures in the coldest month between 0 °C and 18 °C and mean temperatures in the warmest month 22 °C or higher. However, while some climatologists have opted to describe this type as a humid subtropical climate Köppen himself never used this term. The humid subtropical climate classification was created under the Trewartha Climate classification. The Trewartha system was a 1966 update of the Köppen climate classification and this was seen to effectively separate temperate climates like London or New York City from true subtropical locations like Brisbane or Savannah for example. Rainfall often shows a peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms that build up due to the surface heating and strong subtropical sun angle. Weak tropical lows that move in from adjacent warm tropical oceans, winter rainfall is often associated with large storms in the westerlies that have fronts that reach down into subtropical latitudes. However, many subtropical climates such as southeast Asia or Florida have very dry winters, with frequent brush fires, in Africa, the humid subtropical climates are found in two separate areas on the southern hemisphere of the continent. The Cwa climate is found over a portion of the interior of the Middle. Some lower portions of the Ethiopian Highlands also have this climate, the climate is also found in the narrow coastal sections of southern and eastern South Africa, primarily in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape provinces. South Africas version of this climate features heavy oceanic influences resulting in milder temperatures. This is particularly evident in its winters when temperatures do not drop as low as in other regions within the humid subtropical category. Locations in Asia with a subtropical climate differ from those in other continents in that they often have marked seasonal differences in precipitation. Cities near the boundary of this zone include Hong Kong, Hanoi. At Hainan Island and in Taiwan, the transitions from subtropical into fully tropical
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Jersey Shore
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The Jersey Shore is the coastal region of the state of New Jersey. Geographically, the term encompasses about 141 miles of oceanfront from Perth Amboy in the north to Cape May Point in the south, the Jersey Shore area includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Atlantic County, Cape May, and Ocean counties. Many New Jersey residents refer to it as The Shore, a common phrase within New Jersey is to go down the shore, or to have done something down the shore. Certain communities are popular with visitors from the nearby Canadian provinces of Quebec. The Jersey Shore is lined with over 40 communities, each with a different character, some cater to summer tourists and visitors, others are completely full-year residential communities, others still are a mix of both. Below are some of the most notable shore points, the two towns that make up The Amboys are Perth Amboy and South Amboy. Perth Amboys history dates back to 1651 when August Herman bought a point of land from the Lenni Lenape Native Americans, the land, which was called Ompoge by the Indians, gradually changed its name to Emboyle, then Amboyle. When the city was incorporated in 1683, settlers began to call the land Ambo or Amboy Point, the name means place resembling a bowl. In 1686, when the settlement became the capital of East Jersey, Perth was added to the name in honor of one of the Proprietors under the Royal grant, the James Drummond, 1st Duke of Perth. Keansburg is one of the most tourism-oriented towns along the Raritan Bayshore region, Keansburg is home to the Keansburg Amusement Park, Keansburg is also home to a small boardwalk that runs along the Raritan Bay, sometimes offering views of the New York City skyline. Many boaters utilize Keyports marinas that give access to fishing, crabbing. The New York City skyline can be seen from the boroughs ridges, pleasure, fishing and commuter boats sail from its harbor. The municipal harbor was built from 1938 through 1940 with municipal, state and it is the largest on the East Coast, home to 715 craft, including high-speed ferry service to New York City, which was introduced in 1986. In 1966, the Central Railroad of New Jersey pier was destroyed by fire and its rail route is now used by the Henry Hudson Trail. Sandy Hook is a long, narrow peninsula managed by the National Park Service as the a unit of the Gateway National Recreation Area, the eastern shoreline consists of various public and fishing beaches, including North Beach and Gunnison Beach. The peninsulas ocean-facing beaches are considered among the finest in New Jersey and are a destination for recreation in summer when seasonal ferries bring beachgoers. Gunnison Beach is one of the largest clothing optional beaches on the East Coast, the northern end of the island is home to the Sandy Hook Lighthouse, the Marine Academy of Science and Technology, and restored buildings of the former Fort Hancock Coast Guard Station. Spread across the peninsula are former military installations, including four ammunitions bunkers, Red Bank, overlooking the Navesink River, is a noted social and commercial destination, filled with boutiques, designer clothing and home stores, parks, and restaurants
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Sea breeze
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As such sea breezes are more localised than prevailing winds. Because land absorbs solar radiation far more quickly than water, a sea breeze is an occurrence along coasts after sunrise. Sea breezes and land breezes are important factors in coastal regions prevailing winds. The term offshore wind may refer to any wind over open water, wind farms are often situated near a coast to take advantage of the normal daily fluctuations of wind speed resulting from sea or land breezes. The sea has a heat capacity than land, so the surface of the sea warms up more slowly than the lands surface. As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the heats the air above it by conduction. The warm air is less dense and so it expands, decreasing the pressure over the land near the coast, the air above the sea has a relatively higher pressure, causing air near the coast to flow towards the lower pressure over land. The strength of the sea breeze is directly proportional to the difference between the land and the sea. If a strong wind is present, that is, a wind greater than 8 knots and opposing the direction of a possible sea breeze. A sea-breeze front is a front created by a sea breeze. The cold air from the sea meets the air from the land. When powerful this front creates cumulus clouds, and if the air is humid and unstable, the front can sometimes trigger thunderstorms. If the flow aloft is aligned with the direction of the sea breeze, places experiencing the sea breeze frontal passage will have benign, or fair, weather for the remainder of the day. At the front warm air continues to flow upward and cold air moves in to replace it. Its speed depends on whether it is assisted or hampered by the wind. At night, the sea breeze usually changes to a land breeze, thunderstorms caused by powerful sea breeze fronts frequently occur in Florida, a peninsula surrounded on both the east and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, respectively. These storms also can produce significant hail due to the tremendous updraft it causes in the atmosphere especially during times when the atmosphere is cooler such as during the spring or fall. On calm summer afternoons with little prevailing wind, sea breezes from both coasts may collide in the middle, creating severe storms down the center of the state
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Cape May County, New Jersey
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Cape May County is the southernmost county in the U. S. state of New Jersey. Cape May was one of two counties to lose population in the decade since 2000, the decline was the largest percentage decrease of any county statewide. A consistently popular summer destination with 30 miles of beaches, Cape May attracts vacationers from New Jersey and surrounding states, tourism generates annual revenues of $5.3 billion, making it the countys single largest industry, with leisure and hospitality being Cape Mays largest employment category. The county is part of the Ocean City, NJ Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden and its county seat is the Cape May Court House section of Middle Township. The county was named for Cornelius Jacobsen Mey, a Dutch captain who explored and charted the area from 1611 to 1614, most of the county lies on a peninsula that juts into Delaware Bay. Sea level is the lowest point, the highest elevation is found at three areas in Belleplain State Forest in the northern corner which are approximately 60 feet above sea level. According to the 2010 Census, the county had an area of 620.42 square miles. Conversely, the county witnesses lower summertime temperatures than most places in the state and it is in USDA plant hardiness zone 7a/7b, Humid/Temperate. Its climate is suited to growing traditional Northeastern plants, including English Yew, Boxwoods, wine grapes also do particularly well, given the long growing season. The wine industry is growing – four vineyards and wineries operate in the county now – three more are planted and on the way. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Cape May has a subtropical climate typical of New Jersey with warm, windy summers. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.91 inches in June to 4.68 inches in August, as of the census of 2010, there were 97,265 people,40,812 households, and 25,956 families residing in the county. The population density was 386.9 per square mile, there were 98,309 housing units at an average density of 391 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 83% White,4. 69% Black or African American,0. 21% Native American,0. 86% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,2. 47% from other races, and 1. 91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 22% of the population,31. 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was out with 18. 9% under the age of 18, 8% from 18 to 24,20. 1% from 25 to 44,31. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 47.1 years, for every 100 females there were 94.6 males
