South Shore Line

South Shore Line
A street-running South Shore Line train passes a church in Michigan City, Indiana
Overview
Type	Interurban Commuter rail
Status	Operational
Locale	Chicago, Illinois to South Bend, Indiana
Termini	Millennium Station South Bend Airport
Stations	19
Services	1
Ridership	11,600 (weekdays)[1] 3,455,800 (2017)[2]
Website	NICTD.com
Operation
Opened	1903
Operator(s)	NICTD
Technical
Line length	90 miles (140 km)
Track gauge	4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Electrification	Overhead catenary, 1500 V DC
Route map Legend Millennium Station Van Buren Street Museum Campus/ 11th Street McCormick Place 51st–53rd Street (Hyde Park) 55th–56th–57th Street 63rd Street Metra Electric to South Chicago Calumet to Chicago Kensington/115th Street Calumet to Valparaiso Metra Electric to University Park & Blue Island I-94 ( Bishop Ford Freeway ) Calumet River Hegewisch Illinois Indiana West Lake Corridor to Dyer (proposed) Hammond Grand Calumet River East Chicago Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal Grand Calumet River Branch Gary Airport Calumet to Chicago Calumet to Valparaiso Ambridge Adam Benjamin Metro Center Indiana Toll Road Miller Portage/Ogden Dunes Portage Burns Waterway Dune Acres Dune Park Kemil Road Beverly Shores Willard Avenue 11th Street Carroll Avenue Carroll Avenue Shops Trail Creek I-94 Galena River LaLumiere Indiana Toll Road Rolling Prairie Hudson Lake New Carlisle South Bend Airport Amtrak to Chicago Union Station South Bend Amtrak to New York City, Boston & Washington, D.C. South Bend This diagram: view talk edit

The South Shore Line (reporting mark NICD) is an electrically powered interurban commuter rail line operated by the Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District (NICTD) between Millennium Station in downtown Chicago and the South Bend International Airport in South Bend, Indiana, United States. The name refers to both the physical line and the service operated over that route. The line was built in 1901–08 by predecessors of the Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad, which continues to operate freight service. Passenger operation was assumed by the NICTD in 1989.

Service[edit]

The public Monday-Friday timetable shows 20 eastbound trains operating. 18 of those operate out of Millennium Station. Of those, five terminate at Gary Metro Center, seven at South Bend Airport, and ten at Carroll Avenue. Two daily trains begin at Carroll Avenue and continue to South Bend Airport.

History[edit]

Private operation[edit]

The South Shore Line was constructed between 1901–08 by the Chicago and Indiana Air Line Railway (reorganized as the Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railway [CLS&SB] in 1904). Revenue service between Michigan City and South Bend began on July 1, 1908. The CLS&SB leased the Kensington and Eastern Railroad on April 4, 1909, giving it access to Chicago. That year the full line to Kensington on the Illinois Central was completed, and beginning on June 2, 1912, the electric cars were coupled to IC steam locomotives and run to downtown Chicago.^[3]

A Chicago, Lake Shore & South Bend limited train near the Indiana Dunes in the 1920s

The Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend entered bankruptcy in 1925 and was bought by Samuel Insull's Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad (CSS&SB).^[4] The line continued to handle both freight and passengers. Under Insull, the CSS&SB embarked on a major rehabilitation program. This included new ballast and ties, 100-pound (45 kg) rail in place of 70-pound (32 kg) rail, brush clearance, and an overhaul of the line's block signals.^[5] In 1946 the company acquired three Little Joe electric locomotives for freight service. These locomotives had originally been constructed for the Soviet Union, but changing attitudes due to the Cold War prevented them from being delivered. These locomotives continued in freight service on the CSS&SB until 1983, making them the last electric locomotives in regular freight service in the U.S. No. 803, is preserved in operating condition at the Illinois Railway Museum.

The power system was changed from 6600 volts AC to 1500 volts DC on July 28, 1926, allowing trains to operate directly to the Illinois Central Railroad's Randolph Street Terminal without an engine change. Trains began running to Chicago on August 29.^[6] That same year, the original line between East Chicago and Indiana Harbor was abandoned.^[3]

The Chicago South Shore and South Bend turned a profit during World War II due to the industrial nature of Northern Indiana. However, highway competition and suburban growth led to ridership declines. By the 1950s all interurban lines were seeing a decline in rail travel as automobile use increased.^[7] On September 16, 1956, a street running section in East Chicago was removed with the building of a new alignment alongside the Indiana Toll Road.^{[citation needed]} A truncation to west of downtown South Bend removed street trackage in that city from July 1, 1970.^[3]

A Pullman Company electric interurban unit heading west toward Michigan City in 1980.

The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway acquired the CSS&SB on January 3, 1967 and continued the operation of passenger services.^[8] The Chicago South Shore and South Bend was one of six railroads with long-distance passenger services to decline joining Amtrak in 1971 and in 1976, they asked the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to abandon passenger service. The ICC gave the state of Indiana a chance to reply and subsequently, the Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District (NICTD) was formed in 1977 to subsidize service.

Public operation[edit]

Southbound NICTD South Shore train, led by car No. 109, seen entering the 55th–56th–57th Street station in Hyde Park (Chicago)

In the late 1980s, the Chicago South Shore and South Bend went bankrupt and on December 29, 1989, passenger service was assumed by NICTD.^[9] In December 1990, the track was sold to NICTD and freight service was taken over by the new Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad, a subsidiary of short line operator Anacostia & Pacific. On November 21, 1992, the line's South Bend terminus moved from the Amtrak station to the airport.^[10] On July 5, 1994, NICTD closed the Ambridge, Kemil Road, Willard Avenue, LaLumiere, Rolling Prairie, and New Carlisle flag stops. A seventh station, Dune Acres, closed around the same time once parking was expanded at nearby Dune Park.^[11]

The railroad began a three-year project in 2009 to replace all catenary on its line between Michigan City and Gary, some of which was nearly 90 years old. The project cost $18 million, and caused service disruptions on weekends (five in August–October 2009, one in May 2010 and five more in August–November 2010) while new wires were strung. The 2009 and 2010 weekend outages truncated trains at Gary Metro Center.^[12] During the August–November 2010 disruptions Amtrak's Wolverine provided service to the Amtrak Michigan City station.^[13]

In 2015 NICTD began an express service between South Bend and Chicago. Targeted at business travelers, the train will make just two intermediate stops: Dune Park and East Chicago. The total scheduled travel time is 1 hour 55 minutes, more than thirty minutes faster than existing services.^[14]

Route[edit]

Departing South Bend Airport, the South Shore Line heads south alongside Bendix Drive, then west along Westmoor Street, before connecting with the tracks that ran to its former terminus. Between that point and Hudson Lake, Indiana, the South Shore Line runs parallel to Norfolk Southern's Chicago Line, also used by Amtrak's Lake Shore Limited and Capitol Limited, on the north side of the tracks. Just before Hudson Lake, the line crosses from St. Joseph County into LaPorte County and enters the Central Time Zone.

From Hudson Lake, the South Shore continues straight west to Michigan City. In Michigan City, the track runs down the middle of 11th street from Michigan Boulevard to Tennessee Street, where it crosses over to Tenth Street, and has an at-grade diamond with Amtrak's Michigan Services. The track then runs down Tenth Street to Sheridan Avenue on the west side of Michigan City. Leaving Michigan City, the track travels through Indiana Dunes State Park, crosses over the Chicago Line and runs parallel to it, this time on the south side, past Long Lake. At Gary, Indiana, the route heads west to service the Gary Airport, at times running parallel to the Indiana Toll Road, as far as Hammond, Indiana. Just west of the Hammond station, the route crosses into Illinois and Chicago city limits, at which point the track curves northwest, through the Hegewisch neighborhood and, after crossing the Bishop Ford Freeway and the Calumet River, converges with the Metra Electric line south of Kensington/115th Street station. The South Shore Line then runs over the Metra Electric from Kensington/115th Street the rest of the way to Millennium Station.

The line is quadruple tracked along the section shared with the Metra Electric line from Millennium Station to Kensington/115th Street, double-tracked from Kensington/115th Street to east of Gary Metro Center. From there it is single-tracked with passing sidings to South Bend Airport, save for a 6.5-mile (10.5 km) stretch of double track around Ogden Dunes and the yard at Michigan City.^[15] As of 2016^[update] NICTD is studying double-tracking an additional 25 miles (40 km) between Gary and Michigan City at an estimated cost of $210 million.^[16]

Onboard Educational Programs[edit]

Interpretive Guides with the 501(c)(3) non-profit American Passenger Rail Heritage Foundation ride the South Shore Line roundtrip on select Saturdays between Millennium Station and South Bend Airport station providing passengers with onboard educational programs. These APRHF Rail Rangers programs are also sponsored by the Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District and Indiana Dunes National Park. Guides tell passengers what they are seeing out the window, including about the four units of the National Park Service the train line passes through or near.^{[17][18][19][20]}

Rolling stock[edit]

Current[edit]

South Shore Line
In service	1982–present
Manufacturer	Nippon Sharyo
Constructed	1982–1983, 1992, 2001
Number built	68
Formation	Married-pair
Fleet numbers	1–48, 201–210, 101–119
Capacity	93[21]
Operator(s)	CSS&SB, NICTD
Line(s) served	South Shore Line
Specifications
Car body construction	stainless steel
Car length	85 ft (25.91 m)[21]
Width	10.5 ft (3.20 m)[21]
Height	15 ft 11 in (4.85 m)[21]
Wheel diameter	36 in (91 cm)[21]
Wheelbase	8 ft 2 1/2 in (2.502 m)[21]
Maximum speed	79 mph (127 km/h)[21]
Weight	118,000 lb (54,000 kg)[21] (empty)
Train heating	Electric heat, air conditioning
Electric system(s)	1,500 V, DC Overhead lines
Current collection method	Pantograph
Bogies	ND-312[21]
Coupling system	Tomlinson
Track gauge	4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge

A bi-level unit at Miller in 2011.

A bi-level unit at Millennium Station in 2017.

The South Shore Line operates with a fleet of 82 rail cars built between 1982–2009 by Nippon Sharyo. The fleet consists of 58 single-level self-propelled cars, 10 single-level unpowered trailers, and 14 bilevel self-propelled cars.^[22] The single level fleet's design shares commonalities with MARC's locomotive-hauled MARC II fleet, which were also built by Nippon Sharyo.^[23]

Retired[edit]

A CLS&SB wood-bodied interurban car at a siding

CSS&SB no. 102, built by Pullman-Standard in 1926, street-running in South Bend in 1962

CSS&SB no. 31, built by Standard Steel Car in 1929, at Randolph Street in 1968

Pullman-Standard and the Standard Steel Car Company delivered electric multiple units to the CSS&SB between 1926–1929. Many were lengthened in the 1940s and 1950s.^[24]

Fare policies[edit]

The South Shore Line uses a zone-based fare system, with prices based on the distance traveled and stations' proximity to Millennium Station. There are a total of eleven zones (1–11). Tickets may be purchased at stations, aboard the train, or online. Ticket options include one-way, 10-ride, 25-ride, and monthly passes. A $1.00 service fee is charged for tickets purchased on the train when a ticket agent or ticket vending machine was present at the departure station. Children aged 13 years or under, seniors aged 65 or over, passengers with disabilities, and active-duty military personnel are eligible for reduced fares. NICTD accepts cash aboard trains, cash and checks at ticket offices, and credit cards online. Some stations have ticket vending machines which accept credit cards.^[26] For Hegewisch station (zone 3), fares are set by Metra.^[27]

Proposed expansions[edit]

Michigan City realignment[edit]

South Shore train at the 11th Street stop in Michigan City, Indiana

Since 2005, there has been an ongoing debate pertaining to plans to relocate trackage off the streets of Michigan City.^[28] In July 2009, NICTD announced its intention to relocate the Michigan City track south of its current location in order to smooth out the curves, cut down the number of grade crossings, increase speed and reduce maintenance costs.^[29] The plan also calls for the replacement of both current stations with a single new station located a block west of the current 11th Street boarding location (between Franklin and Washington streets) with a modern, high-level platform and parking lot. The plan would require a demolition of residential and retail buildings currently located on the south side of 11th Street.^[30]

The relocation effort faced a setback on March 2010 when NICTD announced that it was short necessary funds to complete the preliminary engineering study. Unless the funding was found, the relocation would have been postponed indefinitely since, without the engineering study, NICTD would not be able to get state and federal funds necessary to complete the relocation.^[31] NICTD and the city continued to work on obtaining the funds needed.^[32] In 2011 NICTD accepted bids for a $1 million study, expected to take 18 months.^[33] The study was completed in October 2013.^[34] The preferred alternative identified by the study preserves an alignment similar to the current route but relocates the tracks alongside the street. It proposes replacing the two existing stations with a new station near the center of Michigan City.

Valparaiso branch[edit]

At a legislative hearing in October 2008, NICTD officials said they would drop further study of a Munster-to-Valparaiso route, and begin study of a Gary–Valparaiso route. At the hearing, NICTD officials said the projected cost of $673 million for the Munster-to-Valparaiso route as well as low projected ridership would have made it ineligible for federal funding and opted to study the Gary-to-Valparaiso route instead.^[35] The Gary-to-Valparaiso route would utilize the partially abandoned former Pennsylvania Railroad line NICTD officials contend the shorter length of a Gary-to-Valparaiso run, as well as the chance to use existing tracks there, may make it a lower-cost alternative to the Munster-to-Valparaiso route.

West Lake Corridor[edit]

[ v t e ] West Lake Corridor
Legend
New allignment   South Shore Line to Millennium Station Hegewisch Illinois Indiana Hammond Gateway Hammond South Shore Line to South Bend Airport Grand Calumet River South Hammond I-80 / I-94 Little Calumet River Munster Ridge Road Amtrak to Chicago Munster/Dyer Main Street Dyer Amtrak to Indianapolis and New York

Furthermore, NICTD planned to apply for federal funding for a preliminary engineering study and environmental survey of a Hammond-to-Lowell leg in 2009. As of 2008^[update], that leg had a projected price tag of $551 million.^[36] As of 2017^[update], the cost has increased to $605 million, and the project is estimated to complete in 2022.^[37]

The new line will run to Dyer, with a later extension to St. John, and trains will run as shuttles between Hammond and Dyer during off-peak hours.^[38] The alignment of the new branch leaves the old CSS&SB main immediately before the current Hammond station. Hence, the NICTD has decided to build a new station in Hammond to serve both branches.^[37]

Station listing[edit]

The South Shore Line and how it corresponds to the Metra system

The line operates over the tracks of the Metra Electric Line from Millennium Station to Kensington-115th Street. Metra owns the track in this territory. As part of a non-compete clause with Metra, outbound South Shore Line trains to Indiana are boarding-only at Metra Electric stations; inbound trains to Millennium Station are discharge-only.

South Shore Line trains make the following station stops:^[39]

Tail end of a South Shore train

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

• CERA (1960). Electric Railways of Indiana. Chicago, IL: Central Electric Railfans' Association. p. I-20.
• Middleton, William D. (1970). South Shore: The Last Interurban. San Marino, CA: Golden West Books. ISBN 978-0870950032. OCLC 104029.
• Middleton, William D. (1999). South Shore: The Last Interurban : Revised Second Edition (Railroads Past and Present) (2nd ed.). Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253335333.
• Middleton, William D. (1998). "Insull's Super-Interurban". In Cohen, Ronald D.; McShane, Stephen G. Moonlight in Duneland: The Illustrated Story of the Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33418-7. OCLC 38862554.
• Ogorek, Cynthia L. (2012). Along the Chicago South Shore & South Bend Rail Line. Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-738-59419-4.
• SouthShore.Railfan.net. "Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad (NICTD)". southshore.railfan.net.
• Van Hattem, Matt (July 5, 2006). "South Shore Line - The commuter railroad linking Chicago and South Bend, Ind". Trains.

External links[edit]

Route map:

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Shore Line.

• Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District
• Chicago, Illinois / South Bend, Indiana: The South Shore Line
• Hammond, Indiana News Briefs November 2003
• Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District – Our History