1.
Space Frontier Foundation
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Its advocate members design and lead a collection of projects with goals that align to the organizations goals as described by its credo. The Space Frontier Foundation is an organization of people dedicated to opening the Space Frontier to human settlement as rapidly as possible. Our goals include protecting the Earth’s fragile biosphere and creating a freer and more life for each generation by using the unlimited energy. Our purpose is to unleash the power of enterprise and lead a united humanity permanently into the Solar System. They knew this was not happening under the centrally planned. Since 2005 the Foundation has relied heavily on NASA funding including a recent $110,000 award for business competition, thomas Olson appeared on The Space Show to promote the competition. The competition takes place during the Foundations New-Space 12 conference, which is sponsored by NASA, the Foundation supported the George W. Bush Administrations Vision for Space Exploration. In March,2005, the Foundation praised the selection of Dr. Michael Griffin as the administrator of NASA. A press release said Mike Griffin will be a captain for NASA. Bob Werb, the Foundation Chairman, said Mike Griffin knows more about space, vision-killing bureaucrats inside and outside of government should be trembling in their boots. Richard Tumlinson said, This bodes well for the emerging New Space industry, the Foundation has been critical of the U. S. governments efforts in space, particularly those of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. For example, the Foundation has criticized NASAs Space Shuttle and Ares I, the Foundation’s current strategic focus is to enable the growth of the NewSpace community. The Foundation is an executive member of the Alliance for Space Development. The Foundations membership is composed of volunteers who typically fall into one of two groups, regular members donate time and money as they can in accordance with other demands upon them. Advocate members are those who are invited to step to the level and help run the projects, start new ones. Advocates are those who have demonstrated a degree of understanding. Advocates are asked to donate time and money on a regular basis and are the voting members that decide elections for the Foundations Board of Directors. Projects are the means by which the Foundation acts in support of its goals
2.
Subgenre
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Genre is any form or type of communication in any mode with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time. Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented, often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Stand alone texts, works, or pieces of communication may have individual styles, some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible. Genre began as a classification system for ancient Greek literature. Poetry, prose, and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story. Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy, in later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators. Genre became a tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art. Because art is often a response to a state, in that people write/paint/sing/dance about what they know about. Genre suffers from the ills of any classification system. Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized, and to works on their unique merit. While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions, proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation, recombination, and evolution of the codes. The term genre is used in the history and criticism of visual art. These are distinguished from staffage, incidental figures in what is primarily a landscape or architectural painting, Genre painting may also be used as a wider term covering genre painting proper, and other specialized types of paintings such as still-life, landscapes, marine paintings and animal paintings. The concept of the hierarchy of genres was a one in artistic theory. It was strongest in France, where it was associated with the Académie française which held a role in academic art. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content. Genre should not be confused with age category, by which literature may be classified as adult, young adult. They also must not be confused with format, such as novel or picture book
3.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
4.
Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
5.
Ray gun
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A raygun is a type of fictional device that fires a beam of destructive energy used in science fiction, a form of directed-energy weapon. They have various names, ray gun, death ray, beam gun, blaster, laser gun, phaser. They are a feature of science fiction, for such stories they typically have the general function of guns. Real-life analogues are particle-beam weapons or electrolasers, electroshock weapons which send current along an electrically conductive laser-induced plasma channel, a very early example of a raygun is the Heat-Ray featured in H. G. Wells novel The War of the Worlds. Science fiction during the 1920s described death rays, early science fiction often described or depicted raygun beams making bright light and loud noise like lightning or large electric arcs. Sanson has placed a ray-gun there, all depends on the air-scouts, and we must hold our positions until the battle-planes arrive. The variant ray projector was used by John W. Campbell in The Black Star Passes in 1930, the term ray gun had already become cliché by the 1940s, in part due to association with the comic strips Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon. Soon after the invention of lasers during 1960, such devices became briefly fashionable as a weapon for science fiction stories. For instance, characters of the Lost in Space TV series, by the late 1960s and 1970s, as the lasers limits as a weapon became evident, rayguns were dubbed phasers, blasters, pulse rifles, plasma rifles and so forth. He further analyses the problem of power sources. In contrast to their counterparts, the batteries or power packs of even handheld weapons are minute, durable. This effect could sometimes be attributed to the heating atmosphere that it was passing through. Some of the effects are what would be expected from a powerful beam, if it could be generated in reality, Ray guns are often shown as transmitting heat. Ray guns may be used to cut hard materials like a blowtorch. But sometimes not, In movies, rays are often depicted as having effect instantaneously, raygun victims are generally killed instantaneously, often – as in the Star Wars films – without showing visible wounds or even holes in their clothing. Some rayguns cause their targets to disappear entirely, personal equipment and this would only happen if the momentum of the beam were comparable to that of a bullet shot from a gun. A wide range of functions as determined by the requirements of the story, for instance, they may stun, paralyze or knock down a target. Occasionally the rays may have effects, such as the freeze rays in the TV series Batman
6.
Firefly (TV series)
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Firefly is an American space western drama television series created by writer and director Joss Whedon, under his Mutant Enemy Productions label. Whedon served as a producer, along with Tim Minear. The series is set in the year 2517, after the arrival of humans in a new system and follows the adventures of the renegade crew of Serenity. The ensemble cast portrays the nine characters who live on Serenity, Whedon pitched the show as nine people looking into the blackness of space and seeing nine different things. In this future, the two surviving superpowers, the United States and China, fused to form the central federal government, called the Alliance. According to Whedons vision, nothing will change in the future, technology will advance, but we still have the same political, moral. Firefly premiered in the U. S. on the Fox network on September 20,2002, by mid-December, Firefly had averaged 4.7 million viewers per episode and was 98th in Nielsen ratings. It was canceled after eleven of the fourteen produced episodes were aired, despite the relatively short life span of the series, it received strong sales when it was released on DVD and has large fan support campaigns. It won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2003 for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series, TV Guide ranked the series at No.5 on their 2013 list of 60 shows that were Cancelled Too Soon. The series takes place in the year 2517, on a variety of planets, the TV series does not reveal whether these celestial bodies are within one star system, only saying that Serenitys mode of propulsion is a gravity-drive. The film Serenity makes clear that all the planets and moons are in one large system, the emigrants established themselves in this new star system, with dozens of planets and hundreds of moons. Many of these were terraformed, a process in which a planet or moon is altered to resemble Earth and this resulted in many of the border planets and moons having forbidding, dry environments, well-suited to the Western genre. The show takes its name from the Firefly-class spaceship, Serenity and it resembles a firefly in general arrangement, and the tail section, analogous to a bioluminescent insectoid abdomen, lights up during acceleration. The ship was named after the Battle of Serenity Valley, where Malcolm Reynolds, former sergeant in the Independents and it is revealed in Bushwhacked that the Battle of Serenity Valley is widely considered the loss which sealed the fate of the Independents. Throughout the series, the Alliance is shown to govern the system through an organization of core planets. The central planets are firmly under Alliance control, but the planets and moons resemble the 19th-century American West. Settlers and refugees on the worlds have relative freedom from the central government. In addition, the areas of space are inhabited by the Reavers
7.
Space opera
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Space opera is a subgenre of science fiction that emphasizes space warfare, melodramatic adventure, interplanetary battles, as well as chivalric romance, and often risk-taking. Set mainly or entirely in space, it usually involves conflict between opponents possessing advanced abilities, futuristic weapons, and other sophisticated technology. The term has no relation to music, but is instead a play on the soap opera and horse opera. Space operas emerged in the 1930s and they continue to be produced in literature, film, comics, notable space opera novels include the Foundation series by Isaac Asimov, the Lensman series by E. E. Smith and the Enders Game series by Orson Scott Card. An early notable space opera film was Flash Gordon created by Alex Raymond, in the late 1970s, the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas brought a great deal of attention to the subgenre. Space opera is defined as an adventure science-fiction story, the term space opera was coined in 1941 by fan writer and author Wilson Tucker as a pejorative term in an article in issue 36 of science fiction fanzine Le Zombie. At the time, serial dramas in the United States had become popularly known as soap operas because many were sponsored by soap manufacturers. Tucker defined space opera as the science fiction equivalent, a hacky, grinding, stinking, outworn, even earlier, the term horse opera had come into use as a term for Western films. Still, during the late 1920s and early 1930s, when the stories were printed in science-fiction magazines, beginning in the 1960s, and widely accepted by the 1970s, the space opera was redefined, following Brian Aldiss definition in Space Opera as the good old stuff. Yet soon after his redefinition, it began to be challenged, for example, by the practice and marketing of Judy-Lynn del Rey and in the reviews of her husband. In particular, they disputed the claims that space operas were obsolete, by the early 1980s, space operas were again redefined, and the label was attached to major popular culture works such as Star Wars. The term space opera began to be recognized only in the early 1990s as a genre of science fiction. It often deals with war, piracy, military virtues, and very large-scale action, early works related to but preceding the subgenre contained many elements of what would become space opera. They are today referred to as proto-space opera, defontenay and Lumen by Camille Flammarion. Not widely popular, proto-space operas were nevertheless occasionally written during the late Victorian and Edwardian science fiction era, examples may be found in the works of Percy Greg, Garrett P. Serviss, George Griffith and Robert Cromie. One critic cites Robert William Coles The Struggle for Empire, A Story of the Year 2236 as the first space opera, the novel does depict an interstellar conflict between solar men of Earth and a fierce humanoid race headquartered on Sirius. Despite this seemingly early beginning, it was not until the late 1920s that the opera proper began to appear regularly in pulp magazines such as Amazing Stories. In film, the genre began with the 1918 Danish film
8.
Gene Roddenberry
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Eugene Wesley Gene Roddenberry was an American television screenwriter and producer. He is best remembered for creating the original Star Trek television series, born in El Paso, Texas, Roddenberry grew up in Los Angeles, where his father was a police officer. Roddenberry flew 89 combat missions in the Army Air Forces during World War II, later, he followed in his fathers footsteps and joined the Los Angeles Police Department, where he also began to write scripts for television. As a freelance writer, Roddenberry wrote scripts for Highway Patrol, Have Gun–Will Travel, in 1964, Roddenberry created Star Trek, which premiered in 1966 and ran for three seasons before being canceled. He then worked on projects, including a string of failed television pilots. The syndication of Star Trek led to its popularity, this, in turn, resulted in the Star Trek feature films, on which Roddenberry continued to produce. He continued to consult on the series until his death in 1991, years after his death, Roddenberry was one of the first humans to have his ashes carried into earth orbit. The popularity of the Star Trek universe and films has inspired films, books, comic books, video games, and fan films set in the Star Trek universe. Roddenberry was born on August 19,1921, in his parents rented home in El Paso, Texas, the family moved to Los Angeles in 1923 after Genes father passed the Civil Service test and was given a police commission there. During his childhood, Roddenberry was interested in reading, especially magazines, and was a fan of stories such as John Carter of Mars, Tarzan. Roddenberry majored in science at Los Angeles City College, where he began dating Eileen-Anita Rexroat. He obtained a license through the United States Army Air Corps-sponsored Civilian Pilot Training Program. He enlisted with the USAAC on December 18,1941, and he graduated from the USAAC on August 5,1942, when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He was posted to Bellows Field, Oahu, to join the 394th Bomb Squadron, 5th Bombardment Group, of the Thirteenth Air Force, which flew the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. On August 2,1943, while flying out of Espiritu Santo, the plane Roddenberry was piloting overshot the runway by 500 feet and impacted trees, crushing the nose, the official report absolved Roddenberry of any responsibility. Roddenberry spent the remainder of his career in the United States. He was involved in a plane crash, this time as a passenger. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal, in 1945, Roddenberry began flying for Pan American World Airways, including routes from New York to Johannesburg or Calcutta, the two longest Pan Am routes at the time
9.
Star Trek: The Original Series
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Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise and its crew. It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek, The Original Series to distinguish the show within the franchise that it began. The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s, the ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk, first officer and science officer Spock, and chief medical officer Leonard McCoy. Shatners voice-over introduction during each episodes opening credits stated the purpose, Space. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission, to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before. The series was produced from September 1966 to December 1967 by Norway Productions and Desilu Productions, Star Trek aired on NBC from September 8,1966 to June 3,1969 and was actually seen first on September 6,1966, on Canadas CTV network. Star Treks Nielsen ratings while on NBC were low, and the network cancelled it after three seasons and 79 episodes. Several years later, the became a bona fide hit in broadcast syndication, remaining so throughout the 1970s, achieving cult classic status. The series contains significant elements of Space Western, as described by Gene Roddenberry, on March 11,1964, Gene Roddenberry, a long-time fan of science fiction, drafted a short treatment for a science-fiction television series that he called Star Trek. This was to be set on board a large interstellar spaceship S. S. Yorktown in the 23rd century, whose crew was dedicated to exploring a small portion of our galaxy. Some of the influences on his idea that Roddenberry noted included A. E. van Vogts tales of the spaceship Space Beagle, Eric Frank Russells Marathon series of stories, and the film Forbidden Planet. Roddenberry also drew heavily from C. S. Foresters Horatio Hornblower novels that depict a sea captain who exercises broad discretionary authority on distant sea missions of noble purpose. Roddenberry often humorously referred to Captain Kirk as Horatio Hornblower in Space, Roddenberry had extensive experience in writing for series about the Old West that had been popular television fare earlier in the 1960s and the 1950s. Armed with this background, the first draft deliberately characterizes the new show as Wagon Train to the stars. Like the familiar Wagon Train, each episode was to be an adventure story, set within the overarching structure of a continuing journey. With the notable exception of Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, all future television, in Roddenberrys original concept, the protagonist was Captain Robert April of the starship S. S. Yorktown. This character was developed into Captain Christopher Pike, first portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter, in April 1964, Roddenberry presented the Star Trek draft to Desilu Productions, a leading independent television production company. He met with Herb Solow, Desilus Director of Production, Solow saw promise in the idea and signed a three-year program-development contract with Roddenberry
10.
Serenity (2005 film)
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Serenity is a 2005 American space Western film written and directed by Joss Whedon. It is a continuation of Whedons short-lived 2002 Fox television series Firefly and stars the same cast, set in 2517, Serenity is the story of the captain and crew of Serenity, a Firefly-class spaceship. The captain and first mate are veterans of the Unification War and their lives of smuggling and cargo-running are interrupted by a psychic passenger who harbors a dangerous secret. The film stars Nathan Fillion, Alan Tudyk, Adam Baldwin, Summer Glau and it was released in North America on September 30,2005, by Universal Pictures. In the 26th century, humanity has left an overpopulated Earth to colonize a new solar system, the central planets formed the Alliance and won a war against the outer planet Independents—those refusing to join the Alliance. River Tam is coercively conditioned by Alliance scientists into a psychic assassin and she is rescued by her brother Simon. During her training, River inadvertently read the minds of several officers, consequently, a top Alliance agent known only as the Operative is tasked with recapturing her. Despite Simons objections, Mal brings River on a robbery where they are attacked by savage. They escape, but Simon decides he and River will leave Serenity at the next port, once there, however, a television commercial causes River to attack numerous bar patrons, and Mal takes the siblings back aboard the ship. The crew contacts reclusive hacker Mr. Universe, who discovers a message designed to trigger Rivers mental conditioning. He notes River whispered Miranda before attacking and warns that someone saw the footage. Mal is invited to visit Inara Serra, a former Serenity occupant, despite knowing she is held hostage as a trap, Mal goes to rescue her. The Operative confronts Mal, promising to let him go if he turns over River. Mal refuses and escapes with Inara, River reveals that Miranda is a planet located beyond a region of space swarming with Reavers. The crew flies to the planet Haven to ponder their next move and they find Haven devastated and their old friend, Shepherd Book, mortally wounded. The Operative claims responsibility for the killings and he promises to keep pursuing them and killing anyone who assists them until he captures River. Despite the crews objection, Mal disguises Serenity as a Reaver ship, on the planet, the crew find all its colonists dead and a recording by the last surviving member of an Alliance survey team. She explains that an experimental chemical designed to suppress aggression was added into Mirandas air, most residents became so docile they stopped performing all activities of daily living and allowed themselves to die
11.
John Ford
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John Ford was an American film director. His four Academy Awards for Best Director remain a record, one of the films for which he won the award, How Green Was My Valley, also won Best Picture. In a career spanned more than 50 years, Ford directed more than 140 films and he is widely regarded as one of the most important. Fords work was held in regard by his colleagues, with Orson Welles. Ford made frequent use of shooting and long shots, in which his characters were framed against a vast, harsh. Ford was born John Martin Jack Feeney in Cape Elizabeth, Maine to John Augustine Feeney and Barbara Abbey Curran and his father, John Augustine, was born in Spiddal, County Galway, Ireland in 1854. Barbara Curran had been born in the Aran Islands, in the town of Kilronan on the island of Inishmore, John A. Feeneys grandmother, Barbara Morris, was said to be a member of a local gentry family, the Morrises of Spiddal. John Augustine and Barbara Curran arrived in Boston and Portland respectively in May and they married in 1875 and became American citizens five years later on September 11,1880. John Augustine lived in the Munjoy Hill neighborhood of Portland, Maine with his family, and would try farming, fishing, working for the gas company, running a saloon, and being an alderman. Feeney attended Portland High School, Portland, Maine, where he was a successful fullback and he earned the nickname Bull because of the way he would lower his helmet and charge the line. A Portland pub is named Bull Feeneys in his honor and he later moved to California and in 1914 began working in film production as well as acting for his older brother Francis, adopting Jack Ford as a professional name. In addition to credited roles, he appeared uncredited as a Klansman in D. W. Griffiths 1915 The Birth of a Nation and he married Mary McBride Smith on July 3,1920, and they had two children. His daughter Barbara was married to singer and actor Ken Curtis from 1952 to 1964, what difficulty was caused by the two marrying is unclear as the level of John Fords commitment to the Catholic faith is disputed. A strain would have been Fords many extramarital relationships, John Ford began his career in film after moving to California in July 1914. He followed in the footsteps of his older brother Francis Ford, twelve years his senior. John Ford started out in his brothers films as an assistant, handyman, stuntman and occasional actor, frequently doubling for his brother, Francis gave his younger brother his first acting role in The Mysterious Rose. Despite an often combative relationship, within three years Jack had progressed to become Francis chief assistant and often worked as his cameraman, by the time Jack Ford was given his first break as a director, Francis profile was declining and he ceased working as a director soon after. One notable feature of John Fords films is that he used a company of actors
12.
Pulp magazine
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Pulp magazines were inexpensive fiction magazines that were published from 1896 to the 1950s. The term pulp derives from the wood pulp paper on which the magazines were printed, in contrast. The typical pulp magazine had 128 pages, it was 7 inches wide by 10 inches high, the pulps gave rise to the term pulp fiction in reference to run-of-the-mill, low-quality literature. Pulps were the successors to the penny dreadfuls, dime novels, although many respected writers wrote for pulps, the magazines were best known for their lurid, exploitative, and sensational subject matter. The first pulp was Frank Munseys revamped Argosy Magazine of 1896, with about 135,000 words per issue, on paper with untrimmed edges. In six years Argosy went from a few thousand copies per month to over half a million, Street & Smith, a dime novel and boys weekly publisher, was next on the market. Seeing Argosys success, they launched The Popular Magazine in 1903, due to differences in page layout however, the magazine had substantially less text than Argosy. Haggards Lost World genre influenced several key pulp writers, including Edgar Rice Burroughs, Robert E. Howard, Talbot Mundy and Abraham Merritt. Street and Smiths next innovation was the introduction of specialized genre pulps, with each focusing on a particular genre, such as detective stories, romance. At their peak of popularity in the 1920s and 1930s, the most successful pulps could sell up to one million copies per issue, in 1934, Frank Gruber says there were some 150 pulp titles. The most successful pulp magazines were Argosy, Adventure, Blue Book and Short Stories, although pulp magazines were primarily an American phenomenon, there were also a number of British pulp magazines published between the Edwardian era and World War II. Notable UK pulps included Pall Mall Magazine, The Novel Magazine, Cassells Magazine, The Story-Teller, The Sovereign Magazine, Hutchinsons Adventure-Story and Hutchinsons Mystery-Story. The German fantasy magazine Der Orchideengarten had a format to American pulp magazines, in that it was printed on rough pulp paper. During the Second World War paper shortages had a impact on pulp production, starting a steady rise in costs. Beginning with Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine in 1941, pulp magazines began to switch to digest size, in 1949, Street & Smith closed most of their pulp magazines in order to move upmarket and produce slicks. The pulp format declined from rising expenses, but even more due to the competition from comic books, television. In a more affluent post-war America, the price gap compared to slick magazines was far less significant, in the 1950s, mens adventure magazines began to replace the pulp. The format is still in use for some lengthy serials, like the German science fiction weekly Perry Rhodan, many titles of course survived only briefly
13.
C. L. Moore
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Catherine Lucille Moore was an American science fiction and fantasy writer, who most often used the pen name C. L. Moore. She was among the first women to write in either genre, Moores work paved the way for many other female speculative fiction writers. She and her first husband Henry Kuttner were prolific co-authors under their own names, Moore was born on January 24,1911 in Indianapolis, Indiana. She was chronically ill as a child and spent much of her time reading literature of the fantastic and she left college during the Great Depression to work as a secretary at the Fletcher Trust Company in Indianapolis. Both series are named for their lead characters. One of the Northwest Smith stories, Nymph of Darkness, was written in collaboration with Forrest J Ackerman, the most famous Northwest Smith story is Shambleau, which was also Moores first professional sale. It originally appeared in the November 1933 issue of Weird Tales, netting her $100 and her most famous Jirel story is also the first one, Black Gods Kiss, which was the cover story in the October 1934 issue of Weird Tales, subtitled the weirdest story ever told. Moores early stories were notable for their emphasis on the senses and emotions, Moores work also appeared in Astounding Science Fiction magazine throughout the 1940s. Moore met Henry Kuttner, also a fiction writer, in 1936 when he wrote her a fan letter under the impression that C. L. Moore was a man. In this very prolific partnership they managed to combine Moores style with Kuttners more cerebral storytelling and their works include a classic, Mimsy Were the Borogoves, the basis for the film The Last Mimzy, and Vintage Season, the basis for the film Timescape. They also collaborated on a story that combined Moore’s signature characters, Northwest Smith and Jirel of Joiry, after Kuttners death in 1958, Moore continued teaching his writing course at the University of Southern California but wrote almost no fiction. She did write for a few shows under her married name. Moore was the author guest of honor at Kansas City, MOs fantasy and science fiction convention BYOB-Con 6, E. van Vogt, and others, as well as many visiting writers and speakers. She developed Alzheimers disease but that was not obvious for several years and that caused dismay among the former SFWA presidents, for she was a great favorite to receive the award. Moore died on April 4,1987 at her home in Hollywood, the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Moore in 1998, its third class of two deceased and two living writers. It was filmed in 1992 as Timescape, L. F. Fantasy, Horror. and Sex, The Early Stories of C. L. Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame
14.
Northwest Smith
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Northwest Smith is a fictional character, and the hero of a series of stories by science fiction writer C. L. Moore. Smith is a pilot and smuggler who lives in an undisclosed future time when humanity has colonized the solar system. The stories are set in a common to science fiction stories of the pulp era. All of the planets of the system are able to support life and have their own civilizations, many of the intelligent races living on the planets have comparatively primitive cultures. The relationship of the planetary primitives to the colonists is analogous to the situation of Native Americans, Africans. Exceptions to this rule are the planets Mars and Venus which Moore depicts as having ancient and decadent cultures and this general milieu was shared by a number of other writers, including Moores friends Edmond Hamilton and Leigh Brackett. By profession, Smith is an outlaw who lives by a variety of criminal means, by nature, he is an anti-hero, ruthless, self-serving, and cynical. Despite this, he has a core of goodness and often does the thing in spite of himself. Smith is described as a dark haired man with space bronzed skin and pale eyes and his ship, the Maid, is small and unspectacular but surprisingly fast and agile. His closest ally is the equally amoral Venusian, Yarol and his stories often involve ancient alien beings who have been worshipped as gods. This theme is similar to the tales of H. P. Lovecraft though, unlike Lovecrafts tales, the classic Northwest Smith story is Shambleau in which Moore plays with themes of sexuality and addiction in Smiths encounter with a strange female alien. The story Quest of the Starstone is also worth noting because it connects Smith with Moores other most famous character, Moore originally created Smith as a western character and kept the name when she switched to science fiction. She reportedly liked the absurdity of a character named Northwest in space, Moore traced the origin of the characters name to the typing work which she was doing for a living while writing Shambleau and which included a letter addressed to a Mr. N. W. The Northwest Smith stories include the following, Shambleau, on Mars, Northwest rescues a strange, beautiful girl from the Lakkdarol mob. A Minga woman invites Northwest into the forbidden Venusian fortress where she lives and it turns out to be even larger than expected. An oddly-patterned shawl that Northwest picks up in Lakkdarol gives him unpleasant dreams, Northwest and Yarol take a job searching for the physical remnants of a dead god in northern Mars. Northwest takes a turn in the ruins of Vonng, Venus. In the polar city of Righa on Mars, Northwest meets a Venusian lady who isnt quite herself, Northwest and Yarol go looking to capture slave-women on one of Jupiters moons and find out more about themselves
15.
Buck Rogers
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Buck Rogers is a fictional space opera character created by Philip Francis Nowlan in the novella, Armageddon 2419 A. D. and subsequently appearing in multiple media. In Armageddon 2419 A. D. published in the August 1928 issue of the magazine, Amazing Stories. A sequel, The Airlords of Han, was published in the March 1929 issue, Philip Nowlan and the syndicate John F. Dille Company, later known as the National Newspaper Syndicate, were contracted to adapt the story into a comic strip. After Nowlan and Dille enlisted editorial cartoonist Dick Calkins as the illustrator, Nowlan adapted the first episode from Armageddon 2419, A. D. the strip made its first newspaper appearance on January 7,1929. Later adaptations included a serial, a television series. The adventures of Buck Rogers in comic strips, movies, radio and this popular phenomenon paralleled the development of space technology in the 20th century and introduced Americans to outer space as a familiar environment for swashbuckling adventure. The character first appeared as Anthony Rogers, the character of Nowlans Armageddon 2419 A. D. On December 15, there is a cave-in while he is in one of the levels of a mine. Exposed to radioactive gas, Rogers falls into a state of suspended animation, free from the ravages of catabolic processes, Rogers remains in suspended animation for 492 years. Thinking that he has been asleep for just several hours, he wanders for a few days in unfamiliar forests and he notices someone clad in strange clothes, who is under attack. He defends the person, Wilma Deering, killing one of the attackers, on air patrol, Deering was attacked by an enemy gang, the Bad Bloods, presumed to have allied themselves with the Hans. Wilma takes Rogers to her camp, where he meets the bosses of her gang and he is invited to stay with them or leave and visit other gangs. They ignored the Americans who were left to fend for themselves in the forests, in the sequel, The Airlords of Han, six months have passed and the hunter is now the hunted. Rogers is now a leader and his forces, as well as the other American gangs, have surrounded the cities and are attacking constantly. The airlords are determined to use their fleet of airships to break the siege, in 1933, Nowlan and Calkins co-wrote Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, a novella that retold the origin of Buck Rogers and also summarized some of his adventures. A reprint of work was included with the first edition of the novel Buck Rogers. In the 1960s, Nowlans two novellas were combined by editor Donald A. Wollheim into one novel, Armageddon 2419 A. D. The original 40-cent edition featured a cover by Ed Emshwiller, the character was given the nickname Buck, and some have suggested that Dille coined that name based on the 1920s cowboy actor, Buck Jones
16.
Flash Gordon
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Flash Gordon is the hero of a space opera adventure comic strip created by and originally drawn by Alex Raymond. First published January 7,1934, the strip was inspired by, the Flash Gordon comic strip has been translated into a wide variety of media, including motion pictures, television and animated series. The latest version, a Flash Gordon television series, appeared on the Syfy channel in the United States in 2007–2008. At first King Features tried to purchase the rights to the John Carter of Mars stories by Edgar Rice Burroughs, however, King Features then turned to Alex Raymond, one of their staff artists, to create the story. Raymonds first samples were dismissed for not containing enough action sequences, Raymond reworked the story and sent it back to the syndicate, who accepted it. Raymond was partnered with ghostwriter Don Moore, an experienced editor, Raymonds first Flash Gordon story appeared in January 1934, alongside Jungle Jim. The Flash Gordon strip was well received by readers, becoming one of the most popular American comic strips of the 1930s. Like Buck Rogers, the success of Flash Gordon resulted in numerous licensed products being sold, including books, colouring books. The comic strip follows the adventures of Flash Gordon, a polo player and Yale University graduate. The story begins with Earth threatened by a collision with the planet Mongo, Dr. Zarkov invents a rocket ship to fly into space in an attempt to stop the disaster. Half mad, he kidnaps Flash and Dale and they travel to the planet, landing on the planet, and halting the collision, they come into conflict with Ming the Merciless, Mongos evil ruler. They are joined in early adventures by Prince Thun of the Lion Men. Eventually, Ming is overthrown, and Mongo is ruled by a council of leaders led by Barin, Flash and friends return to Earth and have some adventures before returning to Mongo and crashing in the kingdom of Tropica, then reuniting with Barin and others. Flash and his friends travel to worlds and return to Mongo. In the 1950s, Flash became an astronaut who travelled to other planets besides Mongo, the long story of the Skorpii War takes Flash to other star systems, using starships that are faster than light. After Raymonds tenure, later created new enemies for Flash to combat. Austin Briggs created Kang the Cruel, Mings callous son, Prince Polon, who had the power to shrink or enlarge living creatures, the unscrupulous Queen Rubia, and Pyron the Comet Master were among the antagonists introduced during Mac Raboys run. The Skorpi, a race of alien shape shifters who desired to conquer the galaxy, were recurring villains in both the Mac Raboy and Dan Barry stories, the Skorpi space-fighter ace Baron Dak-Tula became a periodic nemesis of Flash in the late 1970s stories
17.
Superhero comics
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Superhero comics are the most common genre of American comic books. The genre rose to prominence in the 1930s and 1940s and has remained the dominant form of book in North America since the 1960s. Superhero comics feature stories about superheroes and the universes these characters inhabit, in comics format, superpowered and costumed heroes like Popeye and The Phantom had appeared in newspaper comic strips for several years prior to Superman. The masked detective The Clock first appeared in the comic book Funny Pages #6, in the Great Depression and World War II era the first Superhero Comics appeared, the most popular being Superman, Batman, Captain Marvel, Wonder Woman and Captain America. Beginning in the 1950s, DC began publishing revised versions of their 1940s superhero characters such as The Flash, Anti-Hero becomes popular with appearances of the Punisher, Wolverine, Ghost Rider and a 1980s revival of Daredevil by Frank Miller. Superhero Comics became darker with the release of landmark deconstructive works such as Watchmen and The Dark Knight Returns, in the 1990s, Image Comics released successful new characters including the Anti-Hero Spawn which were predominantly creator owned as opposed to Marvel and DCs which were corporate owned. Superhero Comics of the Silver Age, The Illustrated History, Superhero Comics of the Golden Age, The Illustrated History. Exploring the Sacred in Comics, Graphic Novels, and Film,485 p. ISBN 978-0-06-199210-0 Jacobs, Will and Gerard Jones. The Comic Book Superheroes, from the Silver Age to the Present, xi,292 p. ISBN 0-517-55440-2 Klock, Geoff. How to Read Superhero Comics and Why and our Gods Wear Spandex, The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes. Superheroes and Gods, A Comparative Study from Babylonia to Batman
18.
Horror comics
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Horror comics are comic books, graphic novels, black-and-white comics magazines, and manga focusing on horror fiction. Black-and-white horror-comics magazines, which did not fall under the Code, mainstream American color comic books experienced a horror resurgence in the 1970s, following a loosening of the Code. While the genre has had greater and lesser periods of popularity, individual horror stories appeared as early as 1940. The first horror-comics series is the anthology Adventures into the Unknown, premiering in 1948 from American Comics Group, the horror tradition in sequential-art narrative traces back to at least the 12th-century Heian period Japanese scroll Gaki Zoshi, or the scroll of hungry ghosts and the 16th-century Mixtec codices. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines developed the horror subgenre weird menace, the first such title, Popular Publications Dime Mystery, began as a straight crime fiction magazine but evolved by 1933 under the influence of Grand Guignol theater. Other publishers eventually joined in, though Popular dominated the field with Dime Mystery, Horror Stories, while most weird-menace stories were resolved with rational explanations, some involved the supernatural. In 1935, the National Periodicals published the first story of Doctor Occult by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in New Fun Comics #6, in Detective Comics # 31-32, Batman fights a vampire. As cultural historian David Hajdu notes, comic-book horror. had its roots in the pulps, had filled magazines such as Terror Tales and Horror Stories for years. Variations on gothic fright had also appeared in several comics — Suspense Comics, Yellowjacket and its cover featured a red-eyed, pointy-eared fiend threatening a rope-bound, beautiful young woman in a scanty red evening gown, set amid a moonlit ruin. The anthology offered six primarily occult stories involving the likes of a ghost, while all but one writer are unknown — Edward Bellin, who teamed with young artist Joe Kubert on the nine-page The Man-Eating Lizards — the artists include George Roussos and Fred Kida. After this first issue, the title went dormant, but reappeared in 1951 as Eerie, beginning with a new #1, goulart identifies the long-running Adventures into the Unknown, from American Comics Group, initially under the imprint B&I Publishing, as the first continuing-series horror comic. The first two issues, which included art by Fred Guardineer and others, featured stories of ghosts, werewolves, haunted houses, killer puppets and other supernatural beings. The premiere included a seven-page, abridged adaptation of Horace Walpoles seminal gothic novel The Castle of Otranto, by an unknown writer and artist Al Ulmer. The floodgates began to open the year with the first horror comic from the 1950s most prolific horror-comics publisher, Atlas Comics. Harvey Comics followed suit with its costumed-crimefighter comic Black Cat by reformatting it as the horror comic Black Cat Mystery with issue #30, Horror comics briefly flourished from this point until the industrys self-imposed censorship board, the Comics Code Authority, was instituted in late 1954. In 1947, publisher William Gaines had inherited what was then Educational Comics upon the death of his father, three years later, Gaines and editor Al Feldstein introduced horror in two of the companys crime comics to test the waters. Finding them successful, the publisher quickly turned them and a Western series into ECs triumvirate of horror, additionally, the superhero comic Moon Girl, which had become the romance comic A Moon. a Girl. Romance, became the primarily science fiction anthology Weird Fantasy. Feldstein did most of the scripting, writing a story a day with twist endings
19.
Westworld (film)
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Westworld is a 1973 American science fiction Western thriller film written and directed by novelist Michael Crichton about amusement park androids that malfunction and begin killing visitors. It stars Yul Brynner as an android in a futuristic Western-themed amusement park, the film served as Crichtons first theatrical feature. It was also the first feature film to use image processing. The film was nominated for Hugo, Nebula, and Saturn awards, Westworld was succeeded by a sequel, Futureworld, and a short-lived television series, Beyond Westworld. A new television series from HBO, based on the original film, in the then-future year of 1983, a high-tech, highly realistic adult amusement park called Delos features three themed worlds—Westworld, Medieval World, and Roman World. The resorts three worlds are populated with lifelike androids that are practically indistinguishable from human beings, each programmed in character for their assigned historical environment. For $1,000 per day, guests may indulge in any adventure with the population of the park, including sexual encounters. Deloss tagline in its promises, Boy, have we got a vacation for you. Peter Martin, a first-time Delos visitor, and his friend John Blane, on a repeat visit, one of the attractions is the Gunslinger, a robot programmed to instigate gunfights. The firearms issued to the guests have temperature sensors that prevent them from shooting humans or anything with a high body temperature. The Gunslingers programming allows guests to draw their guns and kill it, when one of the supervising computer scientists scoffs at the analogy of an infectious disease, he is told by the chief supervisor, We arent dealing with ordinary machines here. These are highly complicated pieces of equipment, almost as complicated as living organisms, in some cases, theyve been designed by other computers. We dont know exactly how they work, the malfunctions become more serious when a robotic rattlesnake bites Blane in Westworld, and, against its programming, an android refuses a guests advances in Medieval World. The failures escalate until Medieval Worlds Black Knight robot kills a guest in a swordfight, the resorts supervisors try to regain control by shutting down power to the entire park. However, the shutdown traps them in control when the doors automatically lock, unable to turn the power back on. Meanwhile, the robots in all three worlds run amok, operating on reserve power, Martin and Blane, recovering from a drunken bar-room brawl, wake up in Westworlds bordello, unaware of the parks massive breakdown. When the Gunslinger challenges the men to a showdown, Blane treats the confrontation as an amusement until the robot outdraws, shoots, Martin runs for his life and the robot implacably follows. Martin flees to the areas of the park, but finds only dead guests, damaged robots
20.
Outland (film)
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Outland is a 1981 British science fiction thriller film written and directed by Peter Hyams and starring Sean Connery, Peter Boyle, and Frances Sternhagen. Set on Jupiters moon Io, it has described as a space Western. Federal Marshal William ONiel is assigned to a tour of duty at the ore mining outpost Con-Am 27. Conditions on Io are difficult, gravity is 1/6 that of Earths with no atmosphere, spacesuits are cumbersome. Shifts are long but significant bonuses are paid, the general manager, Mark Sheppard, boasts that productivity has broken all records since he took over. Carol, ONiels wife, feels she cannot raise their son Paul on Io, tarlow, a miner, suffers an attack of stimulant psychosis – he sees spiders and rips open his spacesuit – resulting in death by explosive decompression. Cane, another miner, enters an elevator without his spacesuit during another psychotic episode, with the reluctant assistance of Dr. Lazarus, ONiel investigates the deaths. Another incident involves a worker, Sagan, who takes a prostitute hostage, ONiel attempts to calm the man while Montone, his sergeant, sneaks in via the air duct and kills Sagan with a shotgun. ONiel uncovers a drug ring run by a corrupt Sheppard. Using surveillance cameras, ONiel finds and captures Nicholas Spota, one of Sheppards dealers who is murdered before he can be questioned. ONiel finds the latest shipment of drugs in a meat locker that was shipped from the station but is then attacked by another dealer. ONiel knocks him out, then destroys the shipment of drugs, when Sheppard finds out, he threatens ONiel and contacts his drug distributor, asking him to send in professional hitmen. ONiel is prepared having been monitoring Sheppards communications, ONiel waits for the arrival of the hitmen on a supply shuttle from the other side of Jupiter. Knowing whats coming and with only Dr. Lazarus willing to help him, ONiel ambushes the hitmen one by one. Lazarus helps him kill the first by trapping him in a corridor, ONiel activates a bomb. The second is killed in a structure when ONiel tricks him into shooting a window, causing it to break open. The two fight outside the outpost until ONiel pulls Ballards oxygen hose, suffocating him, ONiel then confronts the surprised Sheppard inside the outposts recreation bar, knocking him out with one punch. ONiel leaves on the shuttle to join his wife and son on the back to Earth
21.
Star Wars
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Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983
22.
Boba Fett
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Boba Fett is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. In The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, he is a bounty hunter hired by Darth Vader and he was also added briefly to the original film Star Wars when the film was digitally remastered. Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones establishes his origin as a clone of the bounty hunter Jango Fett raised as his son. His aura of danger and mystery has created a following for the character. Boba Fett first appeared at the September 20,1978, San Anselmo Country Fair parade and he also appears in Marvel Comics Star Wars newspaper strip. Bobas first canon appearance was in The Empire Strikes Back as the major villain behind Darth Vader. Fett tracks the Millennium Falcon to Cloud City, where Vader captures its passengers and tortures its captain, wanting to collect a bounty on Solo, Fett confronts Vader about whether Solo will survive carbon freeze. Vader promises that the Empire will compensate Fett if Solo dies, after Solo is determined to be alive, in the digitally remastered Special Edition version of the original Star Wars, Boba Fett briefly appears outside the Millennium Falcon while Jabba confronts Han Solo. The 2002 film Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones revealed that Boba Fett is an unaltered child clone whom Jango Fett raises as his son, Boba helps Jango escape from Obi-Wan Kenobi, but later witnesses Jangos decapitation by Mace Windu. Boba Fett also appears in the CGI animated series Star Wars, Boba is featured during the second-season finale, and later the fourth season. In the 2017 novel Star Wars, Aftermath, Empires End, in November 2016, Disney announced that the contract with Josh Trank was terminated due to Josh Tranks behavior on the set of Fantastic Four. It was reported that the film was still in stage of development at Lucasfilm with the film being filmed in London, Boba appears extensively in the non-Star Wars canonical Star Wars Legends expanded universe of novels, comic books, and video games. The young adult Fett book series released after Clones depicts Fett taking his fathers ship, some Expanded Universe stories released before Attack of the Clones depict other accounts of Fetts origins. These stories include him being a stormtrooper who killed his commanding officer, a leader of the fabled Mandalorian warriors, and Jaster Mereel, karen Traviss novel Bloodlines, published four years after Clones, states that Fett seeded some of these false backstories himself. Various video games and books depict Fetts work as a bounty hunter, for which he charges famously expensive fees and that he undertakes only when the mission meets his harsh sense of justice. K. W. Jeters Bounty Hunter Wars trilogy depicts Fett as more communicative than in the films because the books plots require Fett to show an ability to convince people as well as kill them. Works such as Dark Horse Comics Dark Empire series describe Fett escaping from the Sarlacc and he would have occasional run-ins with Han Solo and his family over the years, before fighting against the Yuuzhan Vong and becoming the leader of the Mandalorians. In the Legacy of the Force series, Jaina Solo asks Fett to train her to help her defeat her corrupted brother and ends up helping fight against Jacens troops
23.
Han Solo
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Han Solo is a character in the Star Wars franchise. In the original trilogy, Han and his co-pilot, Chewbacca. During the course of the Star Wars story, he becomes a figure in the Alliance. Star Wars creator George Lucas described the character as a loner who realizes the importance of being part of a group and helping for the common good. Han owes crime lord Jabba the Hutt a great deal of money and has a price on his head, Han and his passengers are attacked by Imperial stormtroopers, but escape by accelerating to light speed. When they arrive at Alderaan, however, they discover that the planet has been destroyed, the Falcon is then captured and held within the Death Star, a moon-sized battle station constructed by the Empire. Han and company hide from detection inside the Falcons smuggling bays and they discover that Princess Leia Organa is a prisoner on board, and Luke convinces Han to help rescue her by promising him a huge reward. They rescue Leia and escape, though Obi-Wan is killed by Sith Lord Darth Vader, after delivering Luke, Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance, Han and Chewbacca receive a payment for their services and prepare to leave. Luke asks Han to stay and help the Rebels attack the Death Star, Han has a change of heart and returns to save Lukes life during the films climactic battle scene, ultimately enabling Luke to destroy the Death Star. For his heroics, Han is presented with a medal of honor, Han helps Chewbacca join his family on the Wookiee homeworld Kashyyyk. He faces Imperial forces on Kashyyyk, and later joins Luke, Leia, R2-D2, C-3PO, Chewbacca, Han returns with the Rebel Alliance to Echo Base on the frozen planet of Hoth. While out on patrol with Luke, they witness a meteor strike the surface, Han returns to base while Luke decides to investigate. Han informs Leia and the General of Echo Base that he must leave in order to clear his debt with Jabba, before he can depart, it is discovered that Luke has not returned from his reconnaissance. Han rides out alone into the frozen Hoth wastelands, soon finding Luke badly injured, using his friends lightsaber, Han cuts open his tauntaun, providing Luke warmth while he builds a shelter until they can be rescued the next morning. Later, Han and Chewbacca are sent out to investigate another meteor strike and they discover that the meteor is actually an Imperial Probe Droid. The two succeed in destroying the probe, but not before the Empire is alerted to the location of Echo Base, when the Empire attacks Echo Base, Han, Chewie, Leia, and C-3PO narrowly escape on board the Millennium Falcon. Han evades a squad of Imperial TIE fighters by flying through an asteroid field, Han and Leia fall in love during the long journey. They manage to hide from the Imperial fleet long enough to escape, bounty hunter Boba Fett secretly follows the Falcon during this getaway
24.
Mos Eisley Cantina
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The Chalmuns Cantina is a fictional bar of the Star Wars universe located in the pirate city of Mos Eisley on the planet Tatooine. The establishment is extremely rough in nature, and the clientele, droids are not allowed inside, a droid detector near the front door alerts the management of any entering droid. The exterior scene was filmed in 1976 at the little town of Ajim. The film crew added some false frontage to the structure, giving it a dramatic appearance. The building has seen no refurbishment since 1976, the interior set was constructed and filmed on Stage 6, Elstree Studios in London. In early 1977, Lucas added several alien close-ups at Hollywood Center Studios, the new material was cut into the film by Lucas editors, including then-wife Marcia Lucas. The Cantina segment was enhanced by composer John Williams jazz instrumentals, featured on the album as Cantina Band. The anthology of intertwined short stories Tales from the Mos Eisley Cantina, edited by Kevin J. Anderson, explores the cantina and its clientele further. Mark Jonathan Davis, later of Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine, made a song of Barry Manilows Copacabana, called Star Wars Cantina. Davis used the melody of that song, his lyrics are a rough outline of Star Wars Episodes IV through VI, Star Wars Cantina is often erroneously attributed to Yankovic. The song was not released on CD due to copyright complications, the musician Voltaire also did a parody on his album Ooky Spooky. Han shot first Star Wars, Databank
25.
Galaxy Science Fiction
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Galaxy Science Fiction was an American digest-size science fiction magazine, published from 1950 to 1980. It was founded by an Italian company, World Editions, which was looking to break into the American market. World Editions hired as editor H. L. Gold, who rapidly made Galaxy the leading science fiction magazine of its time, in 1952, the magazine was acquired by Robert Guinn, its printer. By the late 1950s, Frederik Pohl was helping Gold with most aspects of the magazines production, when Golds health worsened, Pohl took over as editor, starting officially at the end of 1961, though he had been doing the majority of the production work for some time. Under Pohl Galaxy had continued success, regularly publishing fiction by such as Cordwainer Smith, Jack Vance, Harlan Ellison. However, Pohl never won the annual Hugo Award for his stewardship of Galaxy, in 1969 Guinn sold Galaxy to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation and Pohl resigned, to be replaced by Ejler Jakobsson. Under Jakobsson the magazine declined in quality, by the end of the 1970s the gaps between issues were lengthening, and the title was finally sold to Galileo publisher Vincent McCaffrey, who brought out only a single issue in 1980. A brief revival as a magazine followed in 1994, edited by H. L. Golds son, E. J. Gold. At its peak, Galaxy greatly influenced the science fiction field and it was regarded as one of the leading sf magazines almost from the start, and its influence did not wane until Pohls departure in 1969. Gold brought a sophisticated intellectual subtlety to magazine science fiction according to Pohl, SF historian David Kyle agrees, commenting that of all the editors in and out of the post-war scene, the most influential beyond any doubt was H. L. Gold. Kyle suggests that the new direction Gold set inevitably led to the experimental New Wave, the first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, appeared in 1926. By the end of the 1930s, the genre was flourishing in the United States, in the late 1940s, the market began to recover. From a low of eight active US magazines in 1946, the field expanded to 20 just four years later, Galaxys appearance in 1950 was part of this boom. With the advent of the war, Gold left publishing and went into the army, but in late 1949 he was approached by Vera Cerutti, Cerutti was now working for an Italian publisher, Edizione Mondiale, that had opened an office in New York as World Editions. She initially asked Gold for guidance on how to produce a magazine, World Editions took a heavy loss on Fascination, its first attempt to launch a US magazine, and Cerutti returned to Gold asking for recommendations for new titles. Gold knew about The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, a digest launched in the fall of 1949, World Editions agreed, hired Gold as the editor, and the first issue appeared in October 1950. The novel series subsequently appeared as Galaxy Science Fiction Novels, Gold initially suggested two titles for the magazine, If and Galaxy. For the first issue, Gold obtained stories by several authors, including Isaac Asimov, Fritz Leiber
26.
BraveStarr
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BraveStarr is an American Space Western animated television series. The original episodes aired from September 1987 to February 1988 in syndication and it was created simultaneously with a collection of action figures. BraveStarr was the last animated series produced by Filmation and Group W Productions to be broadcast before Filmation shut down in 1989, a spin-off series was in production along with Bugzburg when the studio closed down. Reruns of the show aired on Qubo Night Owl from 2010 to 2013, the idea for BraveStarr began with Tex Hex, his chief adversary. Tex Hex was created by Filmations staff artists in 1984, during the development of Filmations Ghostbusters, lou Scheimer found the character fascinating and pulled Tex Hex from the Ghostbusters cast. He asked Arthur Nadel, Filmations Vice President for Creative Affairs, as the concepts took shape, staff writer Bob Forward fleshed out the writers guide and eventually co-wrote the feature film script for BraveStarr, The Legend with writer Steve Hayes. The episodes combine elements of fiction and western genres. It is set in the 23rd century on a desert planet called New Texas. As on other Filmation series, a lesson is told at the end of each episode. One notable episode is The Price, in which a boy buys a drug called spin, becomes addicted to it, the setting in most episodes is New Texas, a planetary system orbiting three suns,600 parsecs from Earth. Much of the food and water supply is imported, the majority of land is desert, but there is one wetland area, which is the home of apecats. Water is also found in cactus-like Aqua-Pod plants, the chief export is Kerium, a red mineral used as a fuel source, and often therefore the prize of conflicts among characters. Implications exist that New Texas was colonized for Kerium, but will remain inhabited even after the mines are exhausted, the native civilization of New Texas are the Prairie People, who operate most of the Kerium mines. Fort Kerium, A mechanized town capable of armoring itself, BraveStarrs base of operation, Starr Peak, A mountain where Shaman lives, concealing the spacecraft in which he arrived on New Texas, atop a Kerium deposit. Stone Canyon, A large mining canyon, also the location of some crime. Peaceful Valley, A large agrarian land, the Hexagon, Fortress for most of the villains. The Badlands, the land surrounding the Hexagon. Two episodes are set on Earth, where the city of London resembles a modernized Victorian England, apecats, Gigantic non-humanoid felines who live near the only wetlands on New Texas
27.
The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers
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The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers is a Japanese-American animated Space Western television series created by Robert Mandell and Gaylord Entertainment Company. It was broadcast in syndication between 1986 and 1989, the series combines sci-fi stories with traditional wild west themes. It is one of the first anime-style shows produced mainly in the United States, at the time it aired, The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers was considered a revolutionary childrens show. In return for the help, the two aliens gave mankind construction plans for a hyperdrive device, after this key event in human history, interstellar travel flourished and a huge number of colonies emerged in distant star-systems. Alongside the growth of human activities in space, criminal activities also grew, a group known as BETA was founded to cope with these tasks, with a Ranger division being a part of it. Most of the colonies portrayed in the show specialized in agriculture or mining star stones. Many of the planets on the show have names that evoke ideas of a Western setting, Nebraska, Mesa, Ozark, BETA is shown to be the major military and exploratory arm of Earth. The organizations headquarters are on Earth, BETA sustains several bases on and around Earth, such as the Longshot Research Facility in the Grand Canyon and the BETA space station in Earths orbit. The Series-5 Brain Implant, or S5 is implied to be the closest mankind will ever get to merging with cybernetics. The S5 implant enables a dramatic boost of innate abilities due to its conversion of bio-electrical power generated by alpha radiation stored within the badges worn by the Galaxy Rangers. The Crown Empire, also known as the Crown, is ruled by the Queen of the Crown and she controls a large number of planets in a vast section of the galaxy, all of which she rules as a cruel tyrant. The Queen controls her empire using creatures called Slaver Lords with whom she has a psychic link, Slaver Lords derive their power from the psychic energy of other beings. After the Empire encountered humans, the Queen discovered that they were suitable for energy extraction than any other previously encountered species. Zachary Foxx is the captain of the series 5 Rangers and he is married and a father of two. His wifes mind was kidnapped by the Queen of the Crown and is contained in a psychocrystal, Foxx was voiced by veteran actor Jerry Orbach. Shane Goose Gooseman was genetically produced in a test tube as part of a government genetic experiment to create a group of enhanced mutant soldiers known as Supertroopers. Goose was at the range at the time, and thus avoided the gas. The other troopers had to be imprisoned, but some escaped
28.
Cowboy Bebop
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The twenty-six episodes of the series are set in the year 2071, and follow the lives of a bounty hunter crew traveling on the Bebop. Cowboy Bebop explores philosophical concepts including existentialism, existential ennui, the series premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo from April 3 until June 26,1998, broadcasting only twelve episodes and a special due to its controversial adult-themed content. The entire twenty-six episodes of the series were later broadcast on WOWOW from October 24 until April 24,1999, the anime was adapted into two manga series which were serialized in Kadokawa Shotens Asuka Fantasy DX. A film was released to theaters worldwide. The anime series was dubbed in the English language by Animaze and ZRO Limit Productions, in Britain, it was licensed by Beez Entertainment and is now licensed by Anime Limited. Madman Entertainment has licensed it for releases in Australia and New Zealand, in 2001, Cowboy Bebop became the first anime title to be broadcast on Adult Swim in the United States. Credited with helping to introduce anime to a new wave of Western viewers in the early 2000s, in 2071, roughly fifty years after an accident with a hyperspace gateway made the Earth almost uninhabitable, humanity has colonized most of the rocky planets and moons of the Solar System. Amid a rising crime rate, the Inter Solar System Police set up a contract system, in which registered bounty hunters chase criminals. The series protagonists are bounty hunters working from the spaceship Bebop, the original crew are Spike Spiegel, an exiled former hitman of the criminal Red Dragon Syndicate, and his partner Jet Black, a former ISSP officer. The main story arc focuses on Spike and his rivalry with Vicious. Julia goes into hiding to protect herself and Spike, while Spike fakes his death to escape the Syndicate, in the present, Julia comes out of hiding and reunites with Spike, planning to complete their plan. Vicious, having staged a coup détat and taken over the Syndicate, Julia is killed, leaving Spike alone. His heartbreak feeds his desire to kill Vicious once and for all, Spike leaves the Bebop after saying a final goodbye to Faye and Jet. Upon infiltrating the syndicate, he finds Vicious on the top floor of the building, in a final battle, Vicious is killed and Spike severely wounded. The series ends as Spike descends the staircase of the building into the rising sun. He falls to the ground, leaving his fate ambiguous. Watanabe created a special tagline for the series to promote it during its original presentation, the line was inserted before and after commercial breaks during its Japanese and US broadcasts. Later, Watanabe called the phrase an exaggeration, the show is a hybrid of multiple genres, including comedy, the detective caper, action fiction and thrillers, and film noir
29.
Outlaw Star
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Outlaw Star is a seinen manga series written and illustrated by Takehiko Itō and his affiliated Morning Star Studio. The series takes place in the Toward Stars Era universe in which spacecraft are capable of traveling faster than the speed of light. The plot follows protagonist Gene Starwind and his crew of an inherited ship dubbed the Outlaw Star, as they search for a legendary. Outlaw Star was originally serialized in the monthly Shueisha magazine Ultra Jump between 1996 and 1999 for a total of 21 chapters, three volumes of collected chapters were published in Japan between August 1997 and January 1999. Although no official English version of the manga exists, it has published in Chinese, German, Italian. Sunrise Studios produced a 26-episode anime adaptation that was directed by Mitsuru Hongo, the animated series has since been translated and broadcast worldwide. This includes an English version from Bandai Entertainment that received an edited airing on the North American Cartoon Network blocks Toonami in early 2001, Outlaw Star has been licensed for release in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment and in Europe by Beez Entertainment. A few Japanese-exclusive audio CDs and light novels have been spawned since the start of the mangas publication, critical reception for Outlaw Star has been mostly positive. Many reviewers praised the series, particularly its animation style. However, some found fault with the pacing, believing that the storyline quality begins to wane after the first few episodes. Sunrise produced a television series titled Angel Links, which aired in Japan in 1999. Preliminary plans were made to create a sequel in the form of a single-episode called Sword of Wind. Outlaw Star is a space opera/Space Western set in the fictional Towards Stars Era universe, during its past, an asteroid containing a material known as dragonite crashed in the fictional Arashon desert of northern China. As new colonies were formed throughout the vast reaches of space, pirates, assassins. To create order, the Earth Federation established four empires, USSA, Einhorn, Piotr, however, internal power struggles within the factions and conflicts amongst one another become abundant, leading to inevitable lawlessness. The storyline starts shortly after an outlaw named Hot Ice Hilda flees from the Kei Pirates. Hilda has stolen from them a prototype ship dubbed the XGP15A-II and a suitcase containing a bio-android called Melfina. Outlaw Star opens on the backwater planet Sentinel III, on which the protagonist Gene Starwind, Hilda reveals that the ships true purpose is to locate the Galactic Leyline, a place which popular claims say is a holder of immense treasure, knowledge, and power
30.
Trigun
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Trigun is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yasuhiro Nightow. The manga was serialized in Tokuma Shotens Shōnen Captain in 1995 with a total of 3 collected volumes when the magazine was discontinued in 1997, the series continued in Shōnen Gahoshas Young King Ours magazine, under the title Trigun Maximum, where it remained until finishing in 2008. Both manga were adapted into a television series in 1998. Madhouse animated the TV series which aired on TV Tokyo from April 1,1998 to September 30,1998, an animated feature film called Trigun, Badlands Rumble was released in April 2010. Most of the attributed to Vash is actually caused by bounty hunters in pursuit of the sixty billion double dollar bounty on Vashs head for the destruction of the city of July. However, he cannot remember the incident due to amnesia, being able to recall only fragments of the destroyed city. Throughout his travels, Vash tries to save lives using non-lethal force and he is occasionally joined by a priest, Nicholas D. Wolfwood, who, like Vash, is a superb gunfighter with a mysterious past. As the series progresses, more about Vashs past and the history of civilization on the planet Gunsmoke is revealed. Vash the Stampede is a marksman who tries to promote love. He can abruptly switch from merry to a stern, dangerous personality when threatened, normally he wears a smiling facade, which Wolfwood calls a false smile. Beneath this smile lies the pain of the burdens that Vash has chosen to carry, also known as The Humanoid Typhoon, he is a wandering gunman who had a 60 billion double dollar bounty on his head. Due to the amount of damage he tends to leave after a skirmish, his status as a human has been revoked by the government. Beneath his normally cheery, even goofy demeanor, Vash conceals enormous power which he, himself, Meryl Stryfe and Milly Thompson are two agents of the Bernardelli Insurance Company, sent to evaluate claims regarding the Humanoid Typhoon. Initially, they dismiss the idea that the chummy Vash is the legendary Humanoid Typhoon, Meryl is also known as Derringer Meryl and carries dozens of derringer pistols concealed beneath her overcoat. Milly is also known as Stun Gun Milly and carries an enormous two-handed minigun that launches large metal projectiles that are designed to knock opponents off their feet, Nicholas D. Wolfwood is a superb gunman, almost equal to Vash, himself. Wolfwood and Vash get into conflicts over the morality of murder. According to Wolfwoods mentor. we are driven to become the devil himself. Millions Knives is the main antagonist, and Vashs brother, like Vash, he is a sentient power plant created by humans, but unlike Vash, he is a cruel mass murderer that intends to wipe out the entire human race, considering them unfit for this world
31.
StarCraft
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StarCraft is a military science fiction media franchise created by Chris Metzen and James Phinney, and owned by Blizzard Entertainment. The series debuted with the video game StarCraft in 1998, Blizzard Entertainment began planning StarCraft in 1995, with a development team led by Metzen and Phinney. The game debuted at E31996, and used a modified Warcraft II game engine, StarCraft also marked the creation of Blizzard Entertainments film department, the game introduced high quality cinematics integral to the storyline of the series. Most of the development team for StarCraft returned to work on the games official expansion pack, Brood War. In 2001, StarCraft, Ghost began development under Nihilistic Software, unlike the previous real-time strategy games in the series, Ghost was to be a stealth-action game. After three years of development, work on the game was postponed in 2004, development of StarCraft II, Wings of Liberty began in 2003, the game was later announced in May 2007 and was released in July 2010. The StarCraft II franchise continued with the StarCraft II, Heart of the Swarm expansion, the third StarCraft II installment, StarCraft II, Legacy of the Void, released in November 2015. The original game and its expansion have been praised as one of the benchmark real-time strategy games of its time. By June 2007, StarCraft and Brood War had sold nearly 10 million copies combined, in addition, the series was awarded a star on the Walk of Game in 2006, and holds four Guinness World Records in the Guinness World Records Gamers Edition of 2008. On March 27,2017, Blizzard announced StarCraft, Remastered, a version of the original StarCraft, with the core updates being up-to-date graphics. The story focuses on the activities of the three species in a part of the Milky Way known as the Koprulu Sector. Millennia before any of the events of the games, a known as the XelNaga genetically engineered the Protoss. These experiments backfire and the XelNaga are largely destroyed by the Zerg, however, the computers automating the colony ships malfunction, propelling the Terran colonists far off course to the edge of Protoss space. Out of contact with Earth, they form various factions to maintain their interests, intrigued by the behavior and mentality of the Terrans, the Protoss remain hidden to examine the humans, while protecting them from other threats without their knowledge. However, the Zerg target the Terrans for assimilation to harness their psionic potential, the Confederacy eventually succumbs to Mengsks rebels when they use Confederate technology to lure the Zerg into attacking the Confederate capital, Tarsonis. In the consequent power vacuum, Mengsk crowns himself emperor of a new Terran Dominion, however, during the assault on Tarsonis, Mengsk allows the Zerg to capture and infest his psychic second-in-command, Sarah Kerrigan. This betrayal prompts Mengsks other commander, Jim Raynor, to him with a small army. Having retreated with Kerrigan to their hive clusters, the Zerg are assaulted by Protoss forces commanded by Tassadar
32.
Pastiche
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A pastiche is a work of visual art, literature, theatre, or music that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike parody, pastiche celebrates, rather than mocks, the work it imitates, the word pastiche is a French cognate of the Italian noun pasticcio, which is a pâté or pie-filling mixed from diverse ingredients. Metaphorically, pastiche and pasticcio describe works that are composed by several authors. Pastiche is an example of eclecticism in art, a literary allusion may refer to another work, but it does not reiterate it. Moreover, allusion requires the audience to share in the cultural knowledge. Both allusion and pastiche are mechanisms of intertextuality, in literature usage, the term denotes a literary technique employing a generally light-hearted tongue-in-cheek imitation of anothers style, although jocular, it is usually respectful. For example, many stories featuring Sherlock Holmes, originally penned by Arthur Conan Doyle, have written as pastiches since the authors time. Ellery Queen and Nero Wolfe are other subjects of mystery parodies and pastiches. A similar example of pastiche is the posthumous continuations of the Robert E. Howard stories and this includes the Conan stories of L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter. David Lodges novel The British Museum Is Falling Down is a pastiche of works by Joyce, Kafka, in 1991 Alexandra Ripley wrote the novel Scarlett, a pastiche of Gone with the Wind, in an unsuccessful attempt to have it recognized as a canonical sequel. Charles Rosen has characterized Mozarts various works in imitation of Baroque style as pastiche, some of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys works, such as his Variations on a Rococo Theme and Serenade for Strings, employ a poised classical form reminiscent of 18th-century composers such as Mozart. Perhaps one of the best examples of pastiche in modern music is that of George Rochberg, Rochberg turned to pastiche from serialism after the death of his son in 1963. Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen is unusual as it is a pastiche in both senses of the word, as there are distinct styles imitated in the song. A similar earlier example is Happiness is a Warm Gun by The Beatles, one can find musical pastiches throughout the work of the American composer Frank Zappa. A pastiche Mass is a musical Mass where the constituent movements come from different Mass settings, most often this convention has been chosen for concert performances, particularly by early-music ensembles. Masses are composed of movements, Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, for example, the Missa Solemnis by Beethoven and the Messe de Nostre Dame by Guillaume de Machaut. In a pastiche Mass, the performers may choose a Kyrie from one composer, and a Gloria from another, or choose a Kyrie from one setting of a composer. In musical theater pastiche is often a tool for evoking the sounds of a particular era for which a show is set
33.
Weird West
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Weird West is a literary subgenre that combines elements of the Western with another literary genre, usually horror, occult, fantasy or science fiction. His work reads a little like the sort of folklore in which Mark Twain dabbled, examples of these cross-genres include Deadlands, The Wild Wild West and its later film adaptation, Jonah Hex, BraveStarr, and many others. When supernatural menaces of horror fiction are injected into a Western setting, writer G. W. Thomas has described how the two combine, Unlike many other cross-genre tales, the weird Western uses both elements but with very little loss of distinction. The Western setting is decidedly Western and the elements are obviously horror. “The West was a weird place. There are ghost towns and haunted mines and when you bring Native American beliefs into it, then the possibilities are even greater. ”The term is of recent coinage, there was at least one series character who could be classified as a Weird West character. Lee Winters was a deputy whose adventures often involved ghosts, sorcery, the Winters stories were written by Lon Williams and published in the 1950s. Around that same time, one of the oddest of all Western characters, Six-Gun Gorilla and this was an actual gorilla who strapped on a pair of Colts to avenge the death of the kindly prospector who had raised him. His adventures appeared in the British story paper The Wizard, there have also been various Weird West novels including Joe R. Lansdales Dead in the West. In this book an unjustly lynched Indian shaman curses the town of Mud Creek, after dark the dead rise and not even the Reverend Jebediah Mercer can save the inhabitants. Examples include, The Horror from the Mound Old Garfields Heart The Circus of Dr. Denton on Doomsday, kung Fu, which followed the adventures of a fugitive Shaolin monk armed only with the show titles eponymous martial art skill, is another famous example of an unorthodox Western. Where Marvel went in for supervillains, DC Comics added more of an element to their stories such as Jonah Hex. The DC character Tomahawk could also be termed a hero of the Weird West, examples include, American Gothic, by Ian Edginton and Mike Collins The Big Book of the Weird Wild West, How the West Was Really Won. Created by David Gallaher and Steve Ellis Iron West, by Doug TenNapel Jonah Hex Justice Riders by Chuck Dixon, will appear as a graphic novel. Tex Arcana by John Findley Tex Willer The Transformers, Evolutions Weird Western Tales The Wild Wild West, The Night of the Iron Tyrants, #1–4 by Mark Ellis and Darryl Banks, the Wicked West Wynonna Earp by Beau Smith. Billy the Kid vs. Dracula saw the legendary outlaw Billy the Kid fighting against the notorious vampire, the same year, Jesse James Meets Frankensteins Daughter paired another famous outlaw with another famous horror character. The Ghoul Goes West was an unproduced Ed Wood film to star Bela Lugosi as Dracula in the Old West, examples include, An example of the pen-and-paper variety is the horror-hybrid, Deadlands. Set in an alternate 1870s America, the game draws heavily on gothic horror conventions, characters can get involved in situations ranging from banks heists to shoot-outs involving vampires and zombies over the course of their adventures
34.
McFarland Publishing
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McFarland & Company, Inc. is an independent book publisher of primarily academic and adult nonfiction based in Jefferson, North Carolina. Its president and editor-in-chief is Robert Franklin, who founded the company in 1979, McFarland employs a staff of about 50, and as of 2017 had published approximately 5,100 titles. For much of its history, McFarland has focused on print runs. McFarland & Company mainly focuses on selling to libraries, the publisher utilizes direct mailing to connect with enthusiasts in niche categories. The company is known for its sports literature, especially history, as well as books about chess. According to the Mountain Times, McFarland publishes about 275 scholarly monograph, the following academic journals are published by McFarland & Company. Base Ball, A Journal of the Early Game Black Ball, A Journal of the Negro Leagues Clues, A Journal of Detection Journal of Information Ethics North Korean Review Official website
35.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
36.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
37.
The A.V. Club
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Club was initially created in 1993 as a supplemental part of The Onion and had a minimal presence on The Onion’s website in its early years. However, a 2005 website redesign placed The A. V, Club in a more prominent position, allowing its online identity to grow. Unlike its parent publication, The A. V, the publication’s name is a reference to school audiovisual clubs, composed of a bunch of geeks who actually knew how to run the film strip and film projectors. In 1993, five years after the founding of The Onion at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, UWM student Stephen Thompson launched an entertainment section, Club, as part of the newspapers 1995 redesign. Both The Onion and The A. V, Club made their Internet debut in 1996. Club acquired its own Internet domain name in December 1999, in December 2004, Stephen Thompson left his position as founding editor of The A. V. Club website was redesigned in 2005 to incorporate blogs and reader comments, in 2006, concurrent with another redesign, the website shifted its model to begin adding content on a daily, rather than weekly, basis. According to Sean Mills, then-president of The Onion, the A. V, Club website received more than 1 million unique visitors for the first time in October 2007. In late 2009, the website was reported as receiving over 1.4 million unique visitors and 75,000 comments per month, the offending review was removed from The A. V. Club, and then-editor Keith Phipps posted an apology on the website, leonard Pierce, the author of the review, was terminated from his freelance role with the website. At its peak, the print version of The A. V, Club was available in 17 different cities. Localized sections of the website were also maintained, with reviews and news relevant to specific cities, the print version and localized websites were gradually discontinued alongside the print version of The Onion, and in December 2013, publication ceased in the final three markets. On 13 December,2012, long-time writer and editor Keith Phipps and he stated, Onion, Inc. and I have come to a mutual parting of the ways. On 2 April,2013, longtime editor and critic Scott Tobias stepped down from his role as film editor of The A. V. Club stating via Twitter, After 15 great years @theavclub, I step down as Film Editor next Friday. In the comments section of the announcing the departures, writer Noel Murray announced he would also be joining their project. On 30 May,2013, it was announced that the six writers would be a part of the staff of The Dissolve. In April and June 2014, senior staff writers Kyle Ryan, Sonia Saraiya and Todd VanDerWerff left the website for positions at Entertainment Weekly, Salon and Vox Media, in 2015, Ryan returned to Onion, Inc. for a position in development
38.
Entertainment Weekly
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Entertainment Weekly is an American magazine, published by Time Inc. that covers film, television, music, Broadway theatre, books and popular culture. Different from celebrity-focused publications like Us Weekly, People, and In Touch Weekly, EW primarily concentrates on entertainment media news, however, unlike Variety and The Hollywood Reporter, which are aimed at industry insiders, EW targets a more general audience. The first issue was published on February 16,1990, the cover price was $1.95 The title word entertainment was not capitalized on the cover until mid-1992 and has remained so since. By 2003, the weekly circulation averaged 1.7 million copies per week. In March 2006, managing editor Rick Tetzeli oversaw an overhaul of EWs graphics, Entertainment Weekly follows a typical magazine format by featuring a letters to the editor and table of contents in the first few pages, while also featuring advertisements. While many advertisements are unrelated to the entertainment industry, the majority of ads are typically related to up-and-coming television and these beginning articles open the magazine and as a rule focus on current events in pop culture. First Look, subtitled An early peek at some of Hollywoods coolest projects, is a spread with behind-the-scenes or publicity stills of upcoming movies. The Hit List, written each week by critic Scott Brown, highlights ten major events, Typically, there will be some continuity to the commentaries. This column was written by Jim Mullen and featured twenty events each week. The Hollywood Insider is a section that reports breaking news in entertainment. It gives details, in the columns, on the most-current news in television, movie. The Style Report is a section devoted to celebrity style. Because its focus is on celebrity fashion or lifestyle, it is rich in nature. Recently, the converted to a new format, five pictures of celebrity fashions for the week. A spin-off section, Style Hunter, which finds reader-requested articles of clothing or accessories that have appeared in pop culture recently, appears frequently. The Monitor is a two-page spread devoted to events in celebrity lives with small paragraphs highlighting events such as weddings, illnesses, arrests, court appearances. Deaths of major celebrities are typically detailed in a one-half- or full-page obituary titled Legacy and this feature is nearly identical to sister publication Peoples Passages feature. Harris column focuses on analyzing current popular-culture events, and is generally the most serious of the columns, harris has written about the writers strike and the 2008 presidential election, among other topics
39.
Routledge
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Routledge is a British multinational publisher. The company publishes approximately 1,800 journals &5,000 new books each year, Routledge is claimed to be the largest global academic publisher within humanities and social sciences. Following the merger of Informa and T&F in 2004, Routledge become a publishing unit, the firm originated in 1836, when Camden bookseller George Routledge published an unsuccessful guidebook, The Beauties of Gilsand with his brother-in-law W H Warne as assistant. The company was restyled in 1858 as Routledge, Warne & Routledge when George Routledges son, Robert Warne Routledge, Frederick Warne eventually left the company after the death of his brother W. H. Warne in May 1859. Gaining rights to titles, he founded Frederick Warne & Co in 1865. In July 1865, his son Edmund Routledge became a partner, by 1902 the company was running close to bankruptcy. Following a successful restructuring, however, it was able to recover and began to acquire and merge with other publishing companies including J. C. In 1912 the company merged with Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. the descendant of companies founded by Charles Kegan Paul, Alexander Chenevix Trench, Nicholas Trübner and it was soon particularly known for its titles in the social sciences. In 1985, Routledge & Kegan Paul joined with Associated Book Publishers, just two year later, Cinven and Routledges directors accepted a deal for Routledges acquisition by Taylor & Francis Group, with the Routledge name being retained as an imprint and subdivision. In 2004, T&F became a division within Informa plc after a merger, Routledge has grown considerably as a result of organic growth and acquisitions of other publishing companies and other publishers titles by its parent company. Humanities and social sciences acquired by T&F from other publishers are rebranded under the Routledge imprint. The famous English publisher Fredric Warburg was an editor at Routledge during the early 20th century. Novelist Nina Stibbe author of Love, Nina worked at the company as a Commissioning Editor in the 1990s, the republished works of these authors have appeared as part of the Routledge Classics and Routledge Great Minds series. Competitors to the series are Verso Books Radical Thinkers, Penguin Classics, Taylor and Francis closed down the Routledge print encyclopaedia division in 2006. Some of its publications were, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Edward Craig, in 10 volumes, Encyclopedia of Ethics, by Lawrence C. Reference Works by Europa Publications, published by Routledge, Europa World Year Book, many of Routledges reference works are published in print and electronic formats as Routledge Handbooks and have their own dedicated Web site, Routledge Handbooks Online. Records of Routledge & Kegan Paul - Correspondence files covering the period 1935 to 1990, as well as review files 1950s-1990s, Special Collections, archives of George Routledge & Company 1853-1902, Chadwyck-Healey Ltd,1973. 6 reels of microfilm and printed index, archives of Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Henry S. King 1858-1912, Chadwyck-Healey Ltd,1973
40.
Strange Horizons
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Strange Horizons is also the title of a collection of essays by SF historian Sam Moskowitz. Strange Horizons is a speculative fiction magazine. It also features speculative poetry in every issue and it was launched in September 2000, and publishes new material 51 weeks of the year. The magazine was founded by writer and editor Mary Anne Mohanraj and it has a staff of approximately thirty volunteers, and is unusual among professional speculative fiction magazines in being funded entirely by donations, holding annual fund drives. Susan Marie Groppi won the World Fantasy Special Award, Non-Professional in 2010 for her work as Editor-in-Chief on Strange Horizons. The magazine itself was nominated for the Best Website Hugo Award in 2002 and 2005, the short story The House Beyond Your Sky by Benjamin Rosenbaum, published in 2006 in the magazine, was nominated for a 2007 Hugo Award for Best Short Story. Selkie Stories Are For Losers by Sofia Samatar was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 2014, other stories in Strange Horizons have been nominated for the Nebula and other awards. Stories from Strange Horizons won two Theodore Sturgeon Awards
