1.
Allan Warren
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Michael Allan Warren is an English portrait photographer, primarily known for his images of members of high society. After growing up in post-war London with his mother, Warren attended Terrys Juveniles and it was during this period that he attended auditions through which he received several assignments. Warren started his career at the age of 17 when he was acting in Alan Bennetts play Forty Years On with John Gielgud in the West End at the Apollo Theatre. Around this time Warren bought his first second-hand camera and began to take photographs of his fellow actors and his first major assignment was when his friend Mickey Deans asked him to cover his wedding to Judy Garland, which marked the beginning of Warrens work as a professional photographer. When in New York for personal reasons, he attended an audition for the Broadway production of Minnies Boys, however, he later declined the role offered to him in favour of returning to London and pursuing photography as his vocation. In the early 1980s Warren embarked on a quest to photograph all 26 non-royal, together with the 12th Duke of Manchester he set up the Dukes Trust, a charity for children in need. Warren has uploaded many pictures from his archive to Wikimedia Commons, in the early 90s Warren embarked on writing plays. One of his works, The Lady of Phillimore Walk, was directed by Frank Dunlop and critics went as far as comparing it to Sleuth, the cast of The Lady of Phillimore Walk consisted of Zena Walker and Philip Lowrie, and saw productions in the United States. Warren invented the Hankybreathe, a handkerchief which allows the user to inhale air through a filter at the mouth. The invention, which is meant to be dabbed in eucalyptus oil, harks back to the nosegay and stems from Warrens experience with asthma in heavily polluted London
2.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
3.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
4.
Swing music
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Swing music, or simply swing, is a form of American music that dominated in the 1930s and 1940s. The name swing came from the swing feel where the emphasis is on the off–beat or weaker pulse in the music, Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement. The danceable swing style of big bands and bandleaders such as Benny Goodman was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946, the verb to swing is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong groove or drive. Notable musicians of the era include Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Count Basie, Woody Herman. Swing has roots in the late 1920s as larger ensembles began using written arrangements, a typical song played in swing style would feature a strong, anchoring rhythm section in support of more loosely tied wind and brass. The most common style consisted of having a soloist take center stage, Swing music began to decline in popularity during World War II because of several factors. By the late 1940s, swing had morphed into traditional pop music, or evolved into new styles such as jump blues, Swing music saw a revival in the late 1950s and 1960s with pop vocalists such as Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole, and Ella Fitzgerald. Swing blended with other genres to create new styles, in country music, artists such as Jimmie Rodgers, Moon Mullican and Bob Wills introduced many elements of swing along with blues to create a genre called western swing. Gypsy swing is an outgrowth of Venuti and Langs jazz violin swing, in the 1970s, and 1980s, fans of big band music attended swing music performances at supper clubs. In the late-1980s a trendier, more urban-styled swing-beat emerged called new jack swing, in the late 1990s and into the 2000s there was a swing revival, led by Squirrel Nut Zippers, Brian Setzer, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, and Lavay Smith. In Canada, some of the early 2000s records by The JW-Jones Blues Band included swing revival elements, the 1920s saw parallel trends in jazz and popular music that would later converge into the swing style. New Orleans style jazz was based on a meter and contrapuntal improvisation led by a trumpet or cornet, typically followed by a clarinet. The rhythm section consisted of a tuba and drums, and sometimes a banjo, by the early 1920s guitars and pianos sometimes substituted for the banjo and a string bass sometimes substituted for the tuba. Further innovations in small ensemble playing led to development of the Chicago style identified with Louis Armstrong, a stint with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra familiarized him with arranged ensemble playing that differed from the New Orleans style, in which saxophones became the dominant sound among the reeds. Armstrong brought those back to his smaller ensembles, the soloist played over an ensemble relegated to a supporting role in the background. The string bass also lent itself to playing in a 4/4 rhythm rather than the 2/4 rhythm dictated by the tuba. The new format gave the soloist the opportunity to play with more rhythmic freedom, but playing with swing remained the province of the soloist, not the ensemble. The late 1920s saw increasingly sophisticated arrangements used by bigger ensembles, some arrangements used call-response between horn sections to build the melody
5.
Gypsy jazz
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Gypsy jazz is a style of jazz music often said to have been started by guitarist Jean Django Reinhardt in the 1930s. Because its origins are in France it is called by the French name, jazz manouche, or alternatively, manouche jazz. The term is now used for this style of music. Many of the musicians in this style worked in Paris in various popular Musette ensembles, the Musette style waltz remains an important component in the gypsy jazz repertoire. Reinhardt was noted for combining a dark, chromatic gypsy flavor with the articulation of the period. This combination is critical to this style of jazz, in addition to this, his approach continues to form the basis for contemporary gypsy jazz guitar. Reinhardts most famous group, the Quintette du Hot Club de France, the original Quintette du Hot Club de France played acoustically without a drummer, facilitating the use of the acoustic guitar as a lead instrument. Guitar and violin are still the main instruments, although clarinet, mandolin. The rhythm guitar is played using a distinct percussive technique, la pompe, most gypsy jazz guitarists, lead and rhythm, play a version of the Selmer-Maccaferri guitar design favored by Reinhardt himself. Although many instrumental line-ups exist, a group including one lead guitar, violin, in Eastern gypsy jazz, the rhythm section is most likely covered by one or two cymbaloms, or a cymbalom and/or drums and an acoustic guitar. An upright bass fills out the ensembles, rhythm guitar in gypsy jazz uses a special form of strumming known as la pompe, i. e. the pump. This form of rhythm is similar to the boom-chick in bluegrass styles, it is what gives the music its fast swinging feeling. The strumming hand, which never touches the top of the guitar, the up-down part of la pompe must be done extremely fast, regardless of the tempo of the music. It is very similar to a note in classical music. This pattern is played in unison by two or more guitarists in the rhythm section. Another important aspect of style of playing is based on the chord shapes Django was forced to use due to his injury. Standard barre chords are not as common in gypsy jazz, standard major and minor chords are almost never played, and are instead replaced by major 7th chords, major 6th chords, and 6/9 chords. Gypsy reharmonisation is often aimed at giving a minor feel even where a song is in a major key, dominant seventh chords are also altered by lowering the 9th and 13th scale degree
6.
Violin
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The violin is a wooden string instrument in the violin family. It is the smallest and highest-pitched instrument in the family in regular use, smaller violin-type instruments are known, including the violino piccolo and the kit violin, but these are virtually unused in the 2010s. The violin typically has four strings tuned in fifths, and is most commonly played by drawing a bow across its strings. Violins are important instruments in a variety of musical genres. They are most prominent in the Western classical tradition and in varieties of folk music. They are also used in genres of folk including country music and bluegrass music. Electric violins are used in forms of rock music, further. The violin is sometimes called a fiddle, particularly in Irish traditional music and bluegrass. The violin was first known in 16th-century Italy, with further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries. In Europe it served as the basis for stringed instruments used in classical music, the viola. According to their reputation, the quality of their sound has defied attempts to explain or equal it, many of these trade instruments were formerly sold by Sears, Roebuck and Co. and other mass merchandisers. A person who makes or repairs violins is called a luthier or violinmaker, the parts of a violin are usually made from different types of wood and on the use of a pickup and an amplifier and speaker). Violins can be strung with gut, Perlon or other synthetic, the earliest stringed instruments were mostly plucked. Similar and variant types were probably disseminated along East-West trading routes from Asia into the Middle East, the first makers of violins probably borrowed from various developments of the Byzantine lira. These included the rebec, the Arabic rebab, the vielle, the earliest pictures of violins, albeit with three strings, are seen in northern Italy around 1530, at around the same time as the words violino and vyollon are seen in Italian and French documents. One of the earliest explicit descriptions of the instrument, including its tuning, is from the Epitome musical by Jambe de Fer, by this time, the violin had already begun to spread throughout Europe. The violin proved very popular, both among street musicians and the nobility, the French king Charles IX ordered Andrea Amati to construct 24 violins for him in 1560, one of these noble instruments, the Charles IX, is the oldest surviving violin. The Messiah or Le Messie made by Antonio Stradivari in 1716 remains pristine and it is now located in the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford
7.
Piano
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The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented around the year 1700, in which the strings are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. The word piano is a form of pianoforte, the Italian term for the early 1700s versions of the instrument. The first fortepianos in the 1700s had a sound and smaller dynamic range. An acoustic piano usually has a wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings. Pressing one or more keys on the keyboard causes a padded hammer to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently coupling the acoustic energy to the air, when the key is released, a damper stops the strings vibration, ending the sound. Notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released by the fingers and thumbs and this means that the piano can play 88 different pitches, going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the accidentals, which are needed to play in all twelve keys, more rarely, some pianos have additional keys. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass that graduates from one to two, the strings are sounded when keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by dampers when the hands are lifted from the keyboard. There are two types of piano, the grand piano and the upright piano. The grand piano is used for Classical solos, chamber music and art song and it is used in jazz. The upright piano, which is compact, is the most popular type, as they are a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making. During the nineteenth century, music publishers produced many works in arrangements for piano, so that music lovers could play. The piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, with technological advances, amplified electric pianos, electronic pianos, and digital pianos have also been developed. The electric piano became an instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of jazz fusion, funk music. The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in keyboard instruments, pipe organs have been used since Antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches
8.
Saxophone
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The saxophone is a family of woodwind instruments. Saxophones are usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet, the saxophone family was invented by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in 1840. He patented the saxophone on June 28,1846, in two groups of seven instruments each, each series consisted of instruments of various sizes in alternating transposition. The series pitched in B♭ and E♭, designed for bands, have proved extremely popular. The saxophone is used in music, military bands, marching bands. The saxophone was developed in 1846 by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian instrument maker, flautist, born in Dinant and originally based in Brussels, he moved to Paris in 1842 to establish his musical instrument business. Prior to his work on the saxophone, he had several improvements to the bass clarinet by improving its keywork and acoustics. Sax was also a maker of the ophicleide, a large conical brass instrument in the bass register with keys similar to a woodwind instrument. His experience with two instruments allowed him to develop the skills and technologies needed to make the first saxophones. As an outgrowth of his work improving the bass clarinet, Sax began developing an instrument with the projection of a brass instrument and he wanted it to overblow at the octave, unlike the clarinet, which rises in pitch by a twelfth when overblown. An instrument that overblows at the octave has identical fingering for both registers, Sax created an instrument with a single-reed mouthpiece like a clarinet, conical brass body like an ophicleide, and some acoustic properties of both the horn and the clarinet. Having constructed saxophones in several sizes in the early 1840s, Sax applied for, and received, the patent encompassed 14 versions of the fundamental design, split into two categories of seven instruments each, and ranging from sopranino to contrabass. Although the instruments transposed at either F or C have been considered orchestral, the C soprano saxophone was the only instrument to sound at concert pitch. Saxs patent expired in 1866, thereafter, numerous saxophonists and instrument manufacturers implemented their own improvements to the design, the first substantial modification was by a French manufacturer who extended the bell slightly and added an extra key to extend the range downwards by one semitone to B♭. It is suspected that Sax himself may have attempted this modification and this extension is now commonplace in almost all modern designs, along with other minor changes such as added keys for alternate fingerings. Using alternate fingerings allows a player to play faster and more easily, a player may also use alternate fingerings to bend the pitch. Some of the alternate fingerings are good for trilling, scales, a substantial advancement in saxophone keywork was the development of a method by which the left thumb operates both tone holes with a single octave key, which is now universal on modern saxophones. This enables a chromatic scale to be played two octaves simply by playing the diatonic scale combined with alternately raising and lowering this one digit
9.
Accordion
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Accordions are a family of box-shaped musical instruments of the bellows-driven free-reed aerophone type, colloquially referred to as a squeezebox. A person who plays the accordion is called an accordionist, the concertina and bandoneón are related, the harmonium and American reed organ are in the same family. The instrument is played by compressing or expanding the bellows while pressing buttons or keys, causing pallets to open and these vibrate to produce sound inside the body. Valves on opposing reeds of each note are used to make the instruments reeds sound louder without air leaking from each reed block. The performer normally plays the melody on buttons or keys on the manual. The accordion is widely spread across the world, nevertheless, in Europe and North America, some popular music acts also make use of the instrument. Additionally, the accordion is used in cajun, zydeco, jazz music. The piano accordion is the official city instrument of San Francisco, the oldest name for this group of instruments is harmonika, from the Greek harmonikos, meaning harmonic, musical. Today, native versions of the accordion are more common. These names refer to the type of accordion patented by Cyrill Demian, accordions have many configurations and types. Similar to a bow, the production of sound in an accordion is in direct proportion to the motion of the player. The bellows is located between the right- and left-hand manuals, and is made from pleated layers of cloth and cardboard, with added leather and metal. It is used to pressure and vacuum, driving air across the internal reeds and producing sound by their vibration. These boxes house reed chambers for the right- and left-hand manuals, each side has grilles in order to facilitate the transmission of air in and out of the instrument, and to allow the sound to better project. The grille for the manual is usually larger and is often shaped for decorative purposes. The right-hand manual is used for playing the melody and the left-hand manual for playing the accompaniment. The manual mechanism of the instrument either enables the air flow, or disables it, the different types have varying components. All instruments have reed ranks of some format, the most typical accordion is the piano accordion, which is used for many musical genres
10.
Django Reinhardt
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He was the first and most significant jazz talent to emerge from Europe. Benny Goodman asked him to travel with his band, which he never did and he died suddenly of a stroke at age 43. With violinist Stéphane Grappelli, Reinhardt formed the Paris-based Quintette du Hot Club de France in 1934, Reinhardts most popular compositions have become jazz standards, including Minor Swing, Daphne, Belleville, Djangology, Swing 42, and Nuages. According to jazz guitarist Frank Vignola, nearly every major popular-music guitarist in the world has influenced by Django, including Paul McCartney, Keith Richards. Over the last few decades, annual Django festivals have been held throughout Europe and the U. S. in February 2017, the Berlin International Film Festival held the world premiere of the French film, Django. Reinhardt was born on 23 January 1910 in Liberchies, Pont-à-Celles, Belgium and his father was Jean Eugene Weiss, but domiciled in Paris with his wife, he went by Jean-Baptiste Reinhardt, his wifes surname, to avoid French military conscription. His mother, Laurence Reinhardt, was a dancer, the birth certificate refers to Jean Reinhart, son of Jean Baptiste Reinhart, artist, and Laurence Reinhart, housewife, domiciled in Paris. Reinhardts nickname, Django, is Romani for I awake, Reinhardt spent most of his youth in Romani encampments close to Paris, where he started playing the violin, banjo, and guitar. He became adept at stealing chickens, which was viewed as a skill by the Romani. His family made cane furniture for a living, several members of the family were keen amateur musicians. Reinhardt was attracted to music at an age, first playing the violin. At the age of 12 he received a banjo-guitar as a gift and he quickly learned to play, mimicking the fingerings of musicians he watched. Reinhardt was able to make a living playing music by the time he was 15 and he received little formal education and acquired the rudiments of literacy only in adult life. At the age of 17 Reinhardt married Florine Bella Mayer, a girl from the same gypsy settlement, the following year he recorded for the first time. On these recordings, made in 1928, Reinhardt plays the banjo accompanying the accordionists Maurice Alexander, Jean Vaissade and Victor Marceau, and his name was now drawing international attention, such as from British bandleader Jack Hylton, who came to France just to hear him play. He offered him a job on the spot, and Reinhardt accepted. Before he had a chance to start with the band, however, he nearly lost his life when the caravan he and his wife made artificial flowers from extremely flammable celluloid. They caught fire, engulfing the wagon in flames almost immediately, Django dragged himself and his wife through the fire to safety, but suffered extensive burns all over his left hand and other areas
11.
Yehudi Menuhin
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Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, OM KBE was an American-born violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in Britain. He is widely considered one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century, Yehudi Menuhin was born in New York City to a family of Belorussian Jews. Through his father Moshe, a rabbinical student and anti-Zionist. In late 1919 Moshe and his wife Marutha became American citizens, yehudis sisters were concert pianist and human rights activist Hephzibah, and pianist, painter and poet Yaltah. Menuhins first violin instruction was at age four by Sigmund Anker, his parents had wanted Louis Persinger to teach him, Menuhin displayed exceptional talent at an early age. His first public appearance, when only seven, was as solo violinist with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra in 1923, Persinger then agreed to teach him, and accompanied him on the piano for his first few solo recordings in 1928–29. When the Menuhins went to Paris, Persinger suggested Yehudi go to his old teacher, Belgian virtuoso and he did have one lesson with Ysaÿe, but disliked his teaching method and his advanced age. Instead, he went to the Romanian composer and violinist George Enescu, under whose tutelage he made recordings with several piano accompanists and he was also a student of Adolf Busch. In 1929 he played in Berlin, under Bruno Walters baton, according to Henry A. Murray, Menuhin wrote, Actually, I was gazing in my usual state of being half absent in my own world and half in the present. I have usually been able to retire in this way, I was also thinking that my life was tied up with the instrument and would I do it justice. His first concerto recording was made in 1931, Bruchs G minor, under Sir Landon Ronald in London, between 1934 and 1936, he made the first integral recording of Johann Sebastian Bachs sonatas and partitas for solo violin, although his Sonata No. 2, in A minor, was not released until all six were transferred to CD and he and Louis Kentner gave the first performance of William Waltons Violin Sonata, in Zürich on 30 September 1949. He continued performing, and conducting, to an advanced age, Menuhin credited German philosopher Constantin Brunner with providing him with a theoretical framework within which I could fit the events and experiences of life. Menuhin made Lysy his only student, and the two toured extensively throughout the concert halls of Europe. The young protégé later established the International Menuhin Music Academy in Gstaad, Menuhin made several recordings with the German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler, who had been criticized for conducting in Germany during the Nazi era. Menuhin defended Furtwängler, noting that the conductor had helped a number of Jewish musicians to flee Nazi Germany, in 1957, he founded the Menuhin Festival Gstaad in Gstaad, Switzerland. In 1962, he established the Yehudi Menuhin School in Stoke dAbernon and he also established the music program at The Nueva School in Hillsborough, California, sometime around then. In 1965 he received a knighthood from the British monarchy
12.
Oscar Peterson
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Oscar Emmanuel Peterson, CC, CQ, OOnt was a Canadian jazz pianist and composer. He was called the Maharaja of the keyboard by Duke Ellington and he released over 200 recordings, won eight Grammy Awards, and received numerous other awards and honours. He is considered one of the greatest jazz pianists, and played thousands of concerts worldwide in a career lasting more than 60 years, Peterson was born to immigrants from the West Indies, his father worked as a porter for Canadian Pacific Railway. Peterson grew up in the neighbourhood of Little Burgundy in Montreal and it was in this predominantly black neighbourhood that he found himself surrounded by the jazz culture that flourished in the early 20th century. At the age of five, Peterson began honing his skills with the trumpet, however, a bout of tuberculosis when he was seven prevented him from playing the trumpet again, and so he directed all his attention to the piano. His father, Daniel Peterson, a trumpeter and pianist, was one of his first music teachers. Young Oscar was persistent at practicing scales and classical études daily, meanwhile, he was captivated by traditional jazz and learned several ragtime pieces and especially the boogie-woogie. At that time Peterson was called the Brown Bomber of the Boogie-Woogie, at the age of nine Peterson played piano with control that impressed professional musicians. For many years his piano studies included four to six hours of practice daily, only in his later years did he decrease his daily practice to just one or two hours. In 1940, at fourteen years of age, Peterson won the music competition organized by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. After that victory, he dropped out of school and became a professional pianist working for a radio show. In his own words, Tatum scared me to death, Tatum was a model for Petersons musicianship during the 1940s and 1950s. Tatum and Peterson eventually became friends, although Peterson was always shy about being compared with Tatum. Peterson also credited his sister—a piano teacher in Montreal who also taught several other Canadian jazz musicians—with being an important teacher, building on Tatums pianism and aesthetics, Peterson also absorbed Tatums musical influences, notably from piano concertos by Sergei Rachmaninoff. An important step in Petersons career was joining impresario Norman Granzs labels, Granz discovered Peterson in a peculiar manner. As the impresario was being taken to Montreal airport by cab, Granz was so smitten by what he heard that he ordered the driver to take him to the club so that he could meet the pianist. In 1949, Granz introduced Peterson at a Carnegie Hall Jazz at the Philharmonic show in New York City, so was born a lasting relationship and Granz remained Petersons manager for most of his career. This was more than a relationship, Peterson praised Granz for standing up for him
13.
David Grisman
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David Grisman is an American bluegrass/newgrass mandolinist and composer of acoustic music. In the early 1990s, he started the Acoustic Disc record label to help spread acoustic, Grisman grew up in a Conservative Jewish household in Passaic, New Jersey. He started his career in 1963, as a member of Even Dozen Jug Band. His nickname Dawg was affectionately assigned by his close friend Jerry Garcia in 1973, Dawg Music is what he calls his mixture of bluegrass and Django Reinhardt/Stéphane Grappelli-influenced jazz, as highlighted on his album Hot Dawg. Stephane Grappelli played on a couple of tracks on Hot Dawg and it was Grismans combination of Reinhardt-era Jazz, bluegrass, folk, Old World Mediterranean string band music, as well as modern Jazz fusion that came to embody Dawg music. Grismans father had been a professional trombonist at one time and had young David begin piano lessons at the age of seven, in the early 1950s, Grisman heard the beginnings of rock n roll and was influenced by pop music and everything he heard. Grisman drifted away from the following his fathers death, when David was 10. He took it up again when he was about 13 or 14, soon discovering folk music through the Kingston Trio, David and three friends from school met folklorist and musician Ralph Rinzler in Passaic, New Jersey, and became greatly influenced by Rinzlers vast knowledge about traditional music. During this period, Greenwich Village in New York City was bustling with folk musicians, in 1963, Grisman played in the Even Dozen Jug Band, who recorded an album that year on Elektra Records. Grisman did a Red Allen and Frank Wakefield session for Folkways Records in 1963, but didnt perform with Red Allen and the Kentuckians until 1966. Also in 1966, Grisman recorded Early Dawg, a recording from a show in New York that featured the talents of Del McCoury on guitar and vocals. The album was not released until 1980, Grisman then played mandocello on Tom Paxtons album Morning Again. In 1967, Grisman was in a rock group called Earth Opera with Peter Rowan. In 1973, Grisman joined Rowan, Vassar Clements, Jerry Garcia and John Kahn to form the bluegrass group Old and it was while with this group that Garcia gave him his nickname, after a dog he saw behind Grisman while they were driving in Stinson Beach. In 1974, Grisman, Rowan, and Richard Greene joined Bill Keith, in 1974, Grisman was also in The Great American Music Band. Then in 1975 he started his own band, the David Grisman Quintet, Grisman also played mandocello on Bonnie Raitts album Sweet Forgiveness. In addition to performing with the Quintet, Grisman also performs with his bluegrass group, other members of the DGBX are Keith Little on banjo, Chad Manning on fiddle, Jim Nunally on guitar and Samson Grisman on upright bass. He has also recorded an album and toured as a duo with John Sebastian, Grisman is featured with other musicians on Common Chord an album of traditional and contemporary folk tunes
14.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
15.
Marquess
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A marquess is a nobleman of hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The term is used to translate equivalent Asian styles, as in imperial China. In Great Britain and Ireland, the spelling of the aristocratic title of this rank is marquess. In Scotland the French spelling is sometimes used. In Great Britain and Ireland, the ranks below a duke. A woman with the rank of a marquess, or the wife of a marquess, is called a marchioness /ˌmɑːrʃəˈnɛs/ in Great Britain, the dignity, rank or position of the title is referred to as a marquisate or marquessate. The theoretical distinction between a marquess and other titles has, since the Middle Ages, faded into obscurity. In times past, the distinction between a count and a marquess was that the land of a marquess, called a march, was on the border of the country, while a land, called a county. As a result of this, a marquess was trusted to defend and fortify against potentially hostile neighbours and was more important. The title is ranked below that of a duke, which was restricted to the royal family. In the German lands, a Margrave was a ruler of an immediate Imperial territory, German rulers did not confer the title of marquis, holders of marquisates in Central Europe were largely associated with the Italian and Spanish crowns. The word entered the English language from the Old French marchis in the late 13th or early 14th century, the French word was derived from marche, itself descended from the Middle Latin marca, from which the modern English words march and mark also descend. In Great Britain and Ireland, the spelling for an English aristocrat of this rank is marquess. The word marquess is unusual in English, ending in -ess but referring to a male, a woman with the rank of a marquess, or the wife of a marquess, is called a marchioness in Great Britain and Ireland, or a marquise /mɑːrˈkiːz/ elsewhere in Europe. The dignity, rank or position of the title is referred to as a marquisate or marquessate, the honorific prefix The Most Honourable is a form of address that precedes the name of a marquess or marchioness in the United Kingdom. The rank of marquess was a late introduction to the British peerage, no marcher lords had the rank of marquess. The following list may still be incomplete, feminine forms follow after a slash, many languages have two words, one for the modern marquess and one for the original margrave. Even where neither title was used domestically, such duplication to describe foreign titles can exist
16.
Alatri
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Alatri is a town and comune of province of Frosinone in the Italian region of the Lazio, with c.30,000 inhabitants. A part of the region of Ciociaria, it is known for its megalithic acropolis. The area of the city was settled as early as the 2nd millennium BC. Aletrium was a town of the Hernici which, together with Veroli, Anagni and Ferentino, formed a league against the Volsci. In 530 they allied with Tarquinius Superbus Rome, confirming the Etruscan influence in the area attested also by archaeological findings, Alatri was defeated by Rome in 306 BC and forced to accept the citizenship. In Ciceros time it was a municipium, and continued in this position throughout the imperial period, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city decayed, the only respected authority being represented by the Christian bishop. During the reign of Theodoric the Great the patrician Liberius promoted the construction of a community, one of the most ancient in the West. In 543, during the Gothic Wars, Alatri was sacked and destroyed by Totilas troops, in the 12th century the city became an important stronghold of the popes when they were obliged to leave the then unsafe Rome. In the following century it became a commune, although under the authority of the bishops and the pope, governed by consuls until 1241. In the following centuries it flourished economically and expanded, conquering Collepardo, Guarcino, Trivigliano, Vico and Frosinone, in the 15th century Alatri started to lose its freedom, due to the involvements of Ladislaus of Naples and Pope Martin V. After the short seigniory of Filippo Maria Visconti in 1434, the city had to accept the Papal suzerainty, struggles with the neighbouring communes continued, and in 1556 it was occupied by Spanish soldiers. During the Roman Republic, it remained loyal to the Pope, during the Napoleonic occupation numerous members of the papal administration, as well as bishop Giuseppe della Casa, were deported to France. It became part of Italy in 1870, during World War II it suffered heavy destructions and human victims. Alatri has well-preserved fortifications constructed of tetrahedral and polygonal blocks of local limestone well jointed and it is almost entirely an embanking wall, as is the rule in the cities of this part of Italy, with a maximum height, probably, of about 9 metres. Two of the gates are still to some extent preserved, in the centre of the city rises a hill which was adopted as the citadel. Remains of the fortifications of three successive periods can be traced, of which the last, perhaps a more recent than that of the city wall, is the best preserved. Two approaches to the citadel were constructed, both passing through the wall, the openings of both are rectangular, later, though probably in ancient times, a ramp was added on the northern side. In the centre of the arx was a building on the site of the present cathedral, remains of a high-pressure aqueduct, which supplied the town with water and was constructed with other public buildings by L. Betilienus Varus, may still be traced
17.
Lazio
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Lazio is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy, situated in the central peninsular section of the country. With almost 5.9 million residents and a GDP of more than 170 billion euros, Lazio is the second most populated region of Italy and its capital is Rome, capital and largest city of Italy. Lazio comprises an area of 17,236 km2 and it has borders with Tuscany, Umbria, and Marche to the north, Abruzzo and Molise to the east, Campania to the south. The region is flat and hilly, with small mountainous areas in the most eastern and southern districts. The coast of Lazio is mainly composed of beaches, punctuated by the headlands of Circeo. The Pontine Islands, which are part of Lazio, lie opposite the southern coast, behind the coastal strip, to the north, lies the Maremma Laziale, a coastal plain interrupted at Civitavecchia by the Tolfa Mountains. The central section of the region is occupied by the Roman Campagna, the southern districts are characterized by the flatlands of Agro Pontino, a once swampy and malarial area, that was reclaimed over the centuries. To the south of the Tiber, other groups form part of the Preapennines, the Alban Hills, also of volcanic origin. The highest peak is Mount Gorzano on the border with Abruzzo, see also, History of Italy The Italian word Lazio descends from the Latin word Latium. The name of the region also survives in the designation of the ancient population of Latins, Latini in the Latin language spoken by them. Although the demography of ancient Rome was multi-ethnic, including, for example, Etruscans and other Italics besides the Latini, in Roman mythology, the tribe of the Latini took their name from king Latinus. Much of Lazio is in flat or rolling. The lands originally inhabited by the Latini were extended into the territories of the Samnites, the Marsi, the Hernici, the Aequi, the Aurunci and the Volsci, all surrounding Italic tribes. This larger territory was still called Latium, but it was divided into Latium adiectum or Latium Novum, the lands or New Latium, and Latium Vetus, or Old Latium. The northern border of Lazio was the Tiber river, which divided it from Etruria, the emperor Augustus officially united almost all of present-day Italy into a single geo-political entity, Italia, dividing it into eleven regions. However, the wars against the Longobards weakened the region. With the Donation of Sutri in 728, the Bishop of Rome acquired the first territory in the region beyond the Duchy of Rome, the strengthening of the religious and ecclesiastical aristocracy led to continuous power struggles between secular lords and the Pope until the middle of the 16th century. Other popes tried to do the same, during the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France, the feudal lords power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome
18.
Saint-Omer
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Saint-Omer is a commune in France. It is a commune and sub-prefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department 68 km west-northwest of Lille on the railway to Calais, the town is named after Saint Audomar, who brought Christianity to the area. The canalised portion of the river Aa begins at Saint-Omer, reaching the North Sea at Gravelines in northern France, below its walls, the Aa connects with the Neufossé Canal, which ends at the River Leie. Saint-Omer first appeared in the writings during the 7th century under the name of Sithiu, Omer, bishop of Thérouanne, in the 7th century established the Abbey of Saint Bertin, from which that of Notre-Dame was an offshoot. In the 9th century, the village grew up round the monasteries took the name of St Omer. The Normans laid the place waste about 860 and 880, ten years later the town and monastery had built fortified walls and were safe from their attack. Situated on the borders of territories frequently disputed by French, Flemish, English and Spaniards, St Omer for most of its history continued to be subject to sieges and military invasions. In 932 Arnulf of Flanders conquered the County of Artois and Saint-Omer became part of the County of Flanders for the three centuries. Along with its industry, St-Omer flourished in the 12th and 13th century. In 1127 the town received a charter from the count, William Clito. Later on the city lost its position in the textile industry to Brugge. After the mysterious death of Count Baldwin I, the County of Flanders was weakened, in 1214 Philip II of France captured Baldwins daughter Joan and her husband Ferdinand, Count of Flanders and forced them to sign the Treaty of Pont-à-Vendin, in which Artois was yielded to France. Ferdinand did not take this lying down, and allied with Emperor Otto IV and John, King of England, he battled Philip II at Bouvines, despite the political separation for the next 170 years, the city remained part of the economic network of Flanders. In 1340 a large battle was fought in the suburbs between an Anglo-Flemish army and a French one under Eudes IV, Duke of Burgundy, in which the Anglo-Flemish force was forced to withdraw. From 1384, St-Omer was part of the Burgundian Netherlands, from 1482 of the Habsburg Netherlands, the French made futile attempts against the town between 1551 and 1596. During the Thirty Years War, the French attacked in 1638, finally in 1677, after a seventeen day siege, Louis XIV forced the town to capitulate. The peace of Nijmegen signed in the fall of 1678 permanently confirmed the conquest, in 1711, St-Omer was besieged by the Duke of Marlborough. The College of Saint Omer was established in 1593 by Fr Robert Persons SJ, after the Protestant Reformation, England had established penal laws against Catholic education in the country
19.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
20.
Isadora Duncan
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Angela Isadora Duncan was an American dancer who performed to acclaim throughout Europe. Isadora Duncan was born in San Francisco, the youngest of the four children of Joseph Charles Duncan, a banker, mining engineer and connoisseur of the arts and her brothers were Augustin Duncan and Raymond Duncan, her sister, Elizabeth Duncan, was also a dancer. Soon after Isadoras birth, her father was exposed in illegal dealings. Her parents divorced when she was an infant, and her mother moved with her family to Oakland and she worked there as a seamstress and piano teacher. From ages six to ten Duncan attended school but, finding it constricting she dropped out, as her family was very poor, she and her three siblings earned money by teaching dance to local children. In 1896 Duncan became part of Augustin Dalys theater company in New York and her father, along with his third wife and their daughter, died in 1898 when the British passenger steamer SS Mohegan hit some rocks off the coast of Cornwall. Duncan began her career at a very early age by giving lessons in her home to other neighborhood children. Her novel approach to dance was evident in these classes, in which she followed fantasy and improvised. A desire to travel brought her to Chicago where she auditioned for theater companies. This took her to New York City where her unique vision of dance clashed with the popular pantomimes of theater companies, in New York Duncan took some classes with Marie Bonfanti but was quickly disappointed in ballet routine. Feeling unhappy and unappreciated in America, Duncan moved to London in 1898, there she performed in the drawing rooms of the wealthy, drawing inspiration from the Greek vases and bas-reliefs in the British Museum. The earnings from these engagements enabled her to rent a studio where she developed her work, from London, she traveled to Paris, where she drew inspiration from the Louvre and the Exposition Universelle of 1900. In 1902, Loie Fuller invited Duncan to tour with her and this took Duncan all over Europe as she created new works using her innovative technique, which emphasized natural movement over the rigid technique of ballet. She spent most of the rest of her life touring Europe, to achieve her mission, she opened schools to teach young women her dance philosophy. The first was established in 1904 in Berlin-Grunewald, Germany and this institution was the birthplace of the Isadorables – Anna, Maria-Theresa, Irma, Liesel, Gretel, and Erika. – Duncans protégées, who would go on to continue her legacy, Duncan legally adopted all six Isadorables in 1919, and they took the Duncan last name. Later, Duncan established a school in Paris that was closed due to the outbreak of World War I. In 1910, Duncan met the occultist Aleister Crowley at a party where he refers to Duncan under the name Lavinia King, Crowley wrote of Duncan, Isadora Duncan has this gift of gesture in a very high degree
21.
Conservatoire de Paris
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The Conservatoire de Paris is a college of music and dance founded in 1795, now situated in the avenue Jean Jaurès in the 19th arrondissement of Paris, France. The Conservatoire offers instruction in music, dance, and drama, today the conservatories operate under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture and Communication. On 3 December 1783 Papillon de la Ferté, intendant of the Menus-Plaisirs du Roi, the school was instituted by a decree of 3 January 1784 and opened on 1 April with the composer François-Joseph Gossec as the provisional director. Piccinni refused the directorship, but did join the faculty as a professor of singing, the new school was located in buildings adjacent to the Hôtel des Menus-Plaisirs at the junction of the rue Bergère and the rue du Faubourg Poissonnière. In June, a class in dramatic declamation was added, in 1792, Bernard Sarrette created the École gratuite de la garde nationale, which in the following year became the Institut national de musique. On 3 August 1795, the government combined the École royale with the Institut national de musique, the combined organization remained in the facilities on the rue Bergère. The first 351 pupils commenced their studies in October 1796, a concert hall, designed by the architect François-Jacques Delannoy, was inaugurated on 7 July 1811. The hall, which exists today, was in the shape of a U. It held an audience of 1055, the acoustics were generally regarded as superb. The French composer and conductor Antoine Elwart described it as the Stradivarius of concert halls, in 1828 François Habeneck, a professor of violin and head of the Conservatorys orchestra, founded the Société des Concerts du Conservatoire. The Society held concerts in the hall almost continuously until 1945, the French composer Hector Berlioz premiered his Symphonie fantastique in the conservatorys hall on 5 December 1830 with an orchestra of more than a hundred players. The original library was created by Sarrette in 1801, after the construction of the concert hall, the library moved to a large room above the entrance vestibule. In the 1830s, Berlioz became a curator in the Conservatory library and was the librarian from 1852 until his death in 1869. He was succeeded as librarian by Félicien David, Sarrette was dismissed on 28 December 1814, after the Bourbon Restoration, but was reinstated on 26 May 1815, after Napoleons return to power during the Hundred Days. However, after Napoleons fall, Sarrette was finally compelled to retire on 17 November, in 1819, François Benoist was appointed professor of organ. Probably the best known director in the 19th century was Luigi Cherubini, Cherubini maintained high standards and his staff included teachers such as François-Joseph Fétis, Habeneck, Fromental Halévy, Le Sueur, Ferdinando Paer, and Anton Reicha. Cherubini was succeeded by Daniel-François-Esprit Auber in 1842, in 1852, Camille Urso, who studied with Lambert Massart, became the first female student to win a prize on violin. The Conservatory Instrument Museum, founded in 1861, was formed from the instrument collection of Louis Clapisson, the French music historian Gustave Chouquet became the curator of the museum in 1871 and did much to expand and upgrade the collection
22.
Music theory
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Music theory is the study of the practices and possibilities of music. The term is used in three ways in music, though all three are interrelated. The first is what is otherwise called rudiments, currently taught as the elements of notation, of key signatures, of time signatures, of rhythmic notation, Theory in this sense is treated as the necessary preliminary to the study of harmony, counterpoint, and form. The second is the study of writings about music from ancient times onwards, Music theory is frequently concerned with describing how musicians and composers make music, including tuning systems and composition methods among other topics. However, this medieval discipline became the basis for tuning systems in later centuries, Music theory as a practical discipline encompasses the methods and concepts composers and other musicians use in creating music. The development, preservation, and transmission of music theory in this sense may be found in oral and written music-making traditions, musical instruments, and other artifacts. In ancient and living cultures around the world, the deep and long roots of music theory are clearly visible in instruments, oral traditions, and current music making. Many cultures, at least as far back as ancient Mesopotamia and ancient China, have also considered music theory in more formal ways such as written treatises, in modern academia, music theory is a subfield of musicology, the wider study of musical cultures and history. Etymologically, music theory is an act of contemplation of music, from the Greek θεωρία, a looking at, viewing, contemplation, speculation, theory, also a sight, a person who researches, teaches, or writes articles about music theory is a music theorist. University study, typically to the M. A. or Ph. D level, is required to teach as a music theorist in a US or Canadian university. Methods of analysis include mathematics, graphic analysis, and especially analysis enabled by Western music notation, comparative, descriptive, statistical, and other methods are also used. See for instance Paleolithic flutes, Gǔdí, and Anasazi flute, several surviving Sumerian and Akkadian clay tablets include musical information of a theoretical nature, mainly lists of intervals and tunings. The scholar Sam Mirelman reports that the earliest of these dates from before 1500 BCE. Further, All the Mesopotamian texts are united by the use of a terminology for music that, much of Chinese music history and theory remains unclear. The earliest texts about Chinese music theory are inscribed on the stone and they include more than 2800 words describing theories and practices of music pitches of the time. The bells produce two intertwined pentatonic scales three tones apart with additional pitches completing the chromatic scale, Chinese theory starts from numbers, the main musical numbers being twelve, five and eight. Twelve refers to the number of pitches on which the scales can be constructed, the Lüshi chunqiu from about 239 BCE recalls the legend of Ling Lun. On order of the Yellow Emperor, Ling Lun collected twelve bamboo lengths with thick, blowing on one of these like a pipe, he found its sound agreeable and named it huangzhong, the Yellow Bell
23.
Brasserie
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In France and the Francophone world, a brasserie is a type of French restaurant with a relaxed setting, which serves single dishes and other meals. The word brasserie is also French for brewery and, by extension, a brasserie can be expected to have professional service, printed menus, and, traditionally, white linen—unlike a bistro which may have none of these. Typically, a brasserie is open day of the week. A classic brasserie dish is steak frites, brasserie is French, literally, brewery, from Middle French brasser to brew, from Old French bracier, from Vulgar Latin braciare, of Celtic origin. Its first usage in English was in 1864, in 1901 Chamberss Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language defined brasserie as in France, any beer-garden or saloon. In 2000 The New Penguin English Dictionary included this definition of brasserie, the term is often used in the United Kingdom applied to small restaurants, usually in city centres, however, it generally has no connection with brewing. La Mère Catherine Café French cuisine
24.
Paul Whiteman
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Paul Samuel Whiteman was an American bandleader, composer, orchestral director and violinist. He also co-wrote the 1925 jazz classic Flamin Mamie and his popularity faded in the swing music era of the middle 1930s, and by the 1940s Whiteman was semi-retired from music. But he experienced a revival and had a comeback in the 1950s with his own television series on ABC, Paul Whitemans Goodyear Revue. He also hosted the 1954 ABC talent contest show On the Boardwalk with Paul Whiteman, Whitemans place in the history of early jazz is somewhat controversial. Detractors suggest that Whitemans ornately-orchestrated music was jazz in name only, in his autobiography, Duke Ellington declared, Paul Whiteman was known as the King of Jazz, and no one as yet has come near carrying that title with more certainty and dignity. Whitemans crowning of the term King of Jazz was likely not meant to take anything away from the performers of the more pure jazz style, Whiteman was born in Denver, Colorado. His father insisted that he learn an instrument, preferably the violin, but young Paul preferred the viola, and that was what he learned to play. His skill at playing the viola led him to an opportunity to perform in the Denver Symphony Orchestra, he was a member from 1907, from 1917 to 1918, Whiteman conducted a 40-piece U. S. Navy band. After the war, he formed the Paul Whiteman Orchestra, moreover, with his classical violinist and violist start, he led a jazz-influenced dance band, which became popular locally in San Francisco, California in 1918. In 1920 he moved with his band to New York City where they started recording for the Victor Talking Machine Company which made the Paul Whiteman Orchestra famous nationally, Whiteman became the most popular band director of that decade. In a time when most dance bands consisted of six to ten men, Whiteman directed a much larger, by 1922, Whiteman already controlled some 28 ensembles on the East Coast and was earning over a $1,000,000 a year. Whiteman recorded Hoagy Carmichael singing and playing Washboard Blues to the accompaniment of his orchestra in 1927, in May 1928 Whiteman signed with Columbia Records, and recorded for the label until September 1931, when he returned to RCA Victor. He would remain with Victor until March 1937, in the early 1960s, he played in Las Vegas before retiring. In the 1920s the media referred to Whiteman as The King of Jazz, Whiteman emphasized the way he had approached the already well-established style of music, while also organizing its composition and style in his own fashion. There were musicians, such as Eddie Condon, who criticized Whiteman for being a bad influence on the due to his attempts to make a lady out of jazz. However, Whitemans recordings were still popular critically and successful commercially, in all, the King of Jazz wrote more than 3000 arrangements. For more than 30 years Whiteman, referred to as Pops, sought and encouraged musicians, vocalists, composers, arrangers, in 1924 Whiteman commissioned George Gershwins Rhapsody in Blue, which was premiered by Whitemans orchestra with George Gershwin at the piano. Another familiar piece in Whitemans repertoire was Grand Canyon Suite, by Ferde Grofé, however, Whiteman crossed racial lines behind-the-scenes, hiring black arrangers like Fletcher Henderson and engaging in mutually beneficial efforts with recording sessions and scheduling of tours
25.
Joe Venuti
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Giuseppe Joe Venuti was an Italian-American jazz musician and pioneer jazz violinist. Considered the father of jazz violin, he pioneered the use of string instruments in jazz along with the guitarist Eddie Lang, through the 1920s and early 1930s, Venuti and Lang made many recordings, as leader and as featured soloists. In 1926, Venuti and Lang started recording for the OKeh label as a duet, followed by Blue Four combinations, Venuti also recorded commercial dance records for OKeh under the name New Yorkers. He was also an early influence on western swing players like Cecil Brower. After a period of obscurity in the 1940s and 1950s, Venuti played violin. Statham headed several groups that played at the Desert Inn from late 1961 until 1965. Venuti was with him during that time, and was active with the Las Vegas Symphony Orchestra during the 1960s and he was rediscovered in the late 1960s. In the 1970s, he established a relationship with tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims that resulted in three recordings. In 1976, he recorded an album of duets with pianist Earl Hines entitled Hot Sonatas and he also recorded an entire album with country-jazz musicians including mandolinist Jethro Burns, pedal steel guitarist Curly Chalker and former Bob Wills sideman and guitarist Eldon Shamblin. Venuti was well known for giving out conflicting information regarding his life, including his birthplace and birth date as well as his education. Gary Giddins summarized the situation by saying that depending on which reference book you consult, was eighty-four, eighty-two, eighty, seventy-five, seventy-four, Venuti, who surely had one of the strangest senses of humor in music history, encouraged the confusion. Venuti claimed to have been aboard a ship as his parents emigrated from Italy around 1904. It has also claimed that he was born on April 4,1898 in Lecco, Italy. Later in life, he said he was born in Lecco, Italy in 1896, Joe was classically trained in the violin from a young age, and studied solfeggio with his grandfather. He later said that while he studied music from him, he did not learn any one instrument and he began studying the violin in Philadelphia, and later claimed to have studied at a conservatory, though there is no documented evidence to support this theory. Despite this, his style of playing was characteristic of someone who had a basis in violin technique. Venuti began playing violin professionally 1924, in a 54-year career that lasted nearly until his death in 1978. During this time, he helped redefine jazz violin and he spent time in the early 1900s playing in the James Campbell School Orchestra in the violin section
26.
Dinah (song)
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Dinah is a popular song from the show The New Plantation. The music was written by Harry Akst, and the lyrics by Sam M. Lewis, the song was published in 1925. It was immensely popular with bands and vocalists of the period and beyond, with versions by various artists, including. Recorded at Phil Turetskys House, Los Angeles, on July 9,1952, recorded in Paris in October 1926. It was released on a 78 rpm record by Odeon Records A49172 as catalog number 7412 and it was released on a 78 rpm record by Brunswick Records as catalog number 7412. He recorded the song twice, First time on June 7,1932 and it was released on a 78 rpm record by ARC and was issued on Banner Records 32483, Melotone M-12489, Oriole 2495, Perfect 15623, Romeo 1868, and Vocalion 15872. The second time he recorded the live at The New Café Zanzibar on July 17,1945. It was released on the album Cab Calloway 45, Live at the New Cafe Zanzibar by Magnetic Records as catalog number 132 in 1993, bing Crosby & The Mills Brothers. Recorded in New York City on December 16,1932 and it was released on a 78 rpm record by Brunswick Records as catalog number 6240. A later version was included in Crosbys album Some Fine Old Chestnuts and it was released on a 78 rpm record by Victor Records as catalog number 22938A. It was released on a 78 rpm record by Victor Records as catalog number 25398, the Hot Sardines recorded a version on their album Shanghaid released by Decca/Universal on July 25,2011 Thelonious Monk. It was released on the album Solo Monk by Columbia Records as catalog number CS9149 in 1965, ed Townsend released a version of the song on his 1959 album, Glad to Be Here. Recorded in Paris in December 1934, released on a 78 rpm record by Ultraphone as catalog number AP1422. Recorded in Camden on September 4,1925 and it was released on a 78 rpm by Victor Records as catalog number 19796. Released on the album Those BBC Years by Upbeat Jazz as catalog number URCD185 in 2009, recorded in Camden on June 24,1935. Released on a 78 rpm record by Victor Records as catalog number 25471A and it was released on a 78 rpm record by Columbia Records as catalog number 487D In Japan, it was released by Teichiku Records, it was the debut song of Dick Mine in December,1934. Tokuichi Mine had previously been a band singer. He referred to himself as Dick Mine, translated the lyrics of Dinah into Japanese by himself and he called himself Kōich Mine, a pen name, as the translator
27.
Big band
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A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day, a big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. The terms jazz band, jazz ensemble, stage band, jazz orchestra and this does not, however, mean that each one of these names is technically correct for naming a big band specifically. The music is traditionally called charts, improvised solos may be played only when called for by the arranger. There are two periods in the history of popular bands. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then consisting of 10–25 pieces. At that time they played a form of jazz that involved very little improvisation, which included a string section with violins. A few bands also had violas and cellos, usually one or two along with them, the dance form of jazz was characterized by a sweet and romantic melody. Orchestras tended to stick to the melody as it was written and vocals would be sung, many of these artists changed styles or retired after the introduction of swing music. Although unashamedly commercial, these bands often featured front-rank jazz musicians - for example Paul Whiteman employed Bix Beiderbecke, there were also all-girl bands such as Helen Lewis and Her All-Girl Jazz Syncopators. Towards the end of the 1920s, a new form of Big Band emerged which was more authentically jazz and this form of music never gained the popularity of the sweet dance form of jazz. The few recordings made in form of jazz were labelled race records and were intended for a limited urban audience. Few white musicians were familiar with music, Johnny Mercer. The three major centres in this development were New York City, Chicago and Kansas City, some big ensembles, like the Joe King Oliver outfit played a kind of half arranged, half improvised jazz, often relying on head arrangements. Other great bands, like the one of Luis Russell became a vehicle for star instrumentalists, there the whole arrangement had to promote all the possibilities of the star, although they often contained very good musicians, like Henry Red Allen, J. C. Earl Hines became the star of Chicago with his Grand Terrace Cafe band, meanwhile, in Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Benny Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. Radio was a factor in gaining notice and fame for Benny Goodman. Soon, others challenged him, and the battles of the bands became a staple at theater performances featuring many groups on one bill
28.
South America
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South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, North America and it includes twelve sovereign states, a part of France, and a non-sovereign area. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers. Its population as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000, South America ranks fourth in area and fifth in population. Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with more than half of the population, followed by Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela. In recent decades Brazil has also concentrated half of the regions GDP and has become a first regional power, most of the population lives near the continents western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, the continents cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish. South America occupies the portion of the Americas. The continent is delimited on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate, South Americas major mineral resources are gold, silver, copper, iron ore, tin, and petroleum. These resources found in South America have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in producing one major export commodity often has hindered the development of diversified economies and this is leading to efforts to diversify production to drive away from staying as economies dedicated to one major export. South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth, South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuña, and tapir. The Amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a proportion of the Earths species. Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the land area
29.
Claridge's
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Claridges is a 5-star hotel at the corner of Brook Street and Davies Street in Mayfair, London. It has long-standing connections with royalty that have led to it sometimes being referred to as an annexe to Buckingham Palace, Claridges was founded in 1812 as Mivarts Hotel, in a conventional London terraced house, and grew by expanding into neighbouring houses. In 1854, the sold the hotel to a Mr and Mrs Claridge. They combined the two operations, and after trading for a time as Mivarts at Claridges, they settled on the current name, the reputation of the hotel was confirmed in 1860 when Empress Eugenie made an extended visit and entertained Queen Victoria at the hotel. In its first edition of 1878, Baedekers London listed Claridges as The first hotel in London and this was prompted by the need to install modern facilities such as lifts and en suite bathrooms. The new Claridges, built by George Trollope & Sons, opened in 1898 and it is a Grade II listed building. The hotel has 203 rooms and suites and around 400 staff, during the Second World War it was the base of the Kingdom of Yugoslavias forces in exile and home of Peter II of Yugoslavia. The prince and his family are regular return guests, at the end of the Second World War, when unexpectedly defeated in the General election of 1945, Winston Churchill was temporarily without a home and took a suite at Claridges. Well-known actors, directors, and entertainers who have used Claridges include Cary Grant, Audrey Hepburn, regular visitor Alfred Hitchcock, Brad Pitt, Joan Collins, Mick Jagger, U2, the hotel lobby and several guestrooms appear in the 2001 Stephen Poliakoff BBC television drama Perfect Strangers. Claridges is known for hosting visiting royalty and guests of the Royal Family, the late King Hassan of Morocco was known to travel with his own mattress, but at the hotel he used a Savoy Mattress. Impressed by the quality, he ordered 24 identical mattresses from the Savoy for his palace, in 1998, the group of hotels—along with the later-added Connaught—were sold for $867 million to two American private-equity funds, Blackstone and Colony Capital. In 2007 Claridges gained worldwide coverage by introducing a Water Menu containing bottled waters sourced globally and from the United Kingdom, such as Malmberg. The Maybourne Hotel Group includes two other luxury hotels in London, The Berkeley and The Connaught. Claridges offers designer rooms, suites and penthouses, the Mayfair Suite is furnished in art deco style. Rooms start at £450 per night, suites start at £780 per night, Claridges replaced Gordon Ramsays restaurant with Fera at Claridges in 2014. Fera is run by Michelin-starred chef Simon Rogan, who previously ran LEnclume in Cumbria, in March 2015, Fera was named in the Guardian one of the top hottest places, people and trends in food. Fera earned a Michelin star, one of 14 restaurants in the UK to do so for 2015, for 12 years the fine dining main restaurant was run by Gordon Ramsay, with head chef Steve Allen who replaced Mark Sargeant. Gordon Ramsay at Claridges lost its Michelin status in January 2010, Michelin-starred Northern Irish chef Michael Deane also started his career at the restaurant
30.
Joseph Reinhardt
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He was the first and most significant jazz talent to emerge from Europe. Benny Goodman asked him to travel with his band, which he never did and he died suddenly of a stroke at age 43. With violinist Stéphane Grappelli, Reinhardt formed the Paris-based Quintette du Hot Club de France in 1934, Reinhardts most popular compositions have become jazz standards, including Minor Swing, Daphne, Belleville, Djangology, Swing 42, and Nuages. According to jazz guitarist Frank Vignola, nearly every major popular-music guitarist in the world has influenced by Django, including Paul McCartney, Keith Richards. Over the last few decades, annual Django festivals have been held throughout Europe and the U. S. in February 2017, the Berlin International Film Festival held the world premiere of the French film, Django. Reinhardt was born on 23 January 1910 in Liberchies, Pont-à-Celles, Belgium and his father was Jean Eugene Weiss, but domiciled in Paris with his wife, he went by Jean-Baptiste Reinhardt, his wifes surname, to avoid French military conscription. His mother, Laurence Reinhardt, was a dancer, the birth certificate refers to Jean Reinhart, son of Jean Baptiste Reinhart, artist, and Laurence Reinhart, housewife, domiciled in Paris. Reinhardts nickname, Django, is Romani for I awake, Reinhardt spent most of his youth in Romani encampments close to Paris, where he started playing the violin, banjo, and guitar. He became adept at stealing chickens, which was viewed as a skill by the Romani. His family made cane furniture for a living, several members of the family were keen amateur musicians. Reinhardt was attracted to music at an age, first playing the violin. At the age of 12 he received a banjo-guitar as a gift and he quickly learned to play, mimicking the fingerings of musicians he watched. Reinhardt was able to make a living playing music by the time he was 15 and he received little formal education and acquired the rudiments of literacy only in adult life. At the age of 17 Reinhardt married Florine Bella Mayer, a girl from the same gypsy settlement, the following year he recorded for the first time. On these recordings, made in 1928, Reinhardt plays the banjo accompanying the accordionists Maurice Alexander, Jean Vaissade and Victor Marceau, and his name was now drawing international attention, such as from British bandleader Jack Hylton, who came to France just to hear him play. He offered him a job on the spot, and Reinhardt accepted. Before he had a chance to start with the band, however, he nearly lost his life when the caravan he and his wife made artificial flowers from extremely flammable celluloid. They caught fire, engulfing the wagon in flames almost immediately, Django dragged himself and his wife through the fire to safety, but suffered extensive burns all over his left hand and other areas
31.
Adelaide Hall
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Adelaide Louise Hall was an American-born UK-based jazz singer and entertainer. Her long career spanned more than 70 years from 1921 until her death, Hall entered the Guinness Book of World Records in 2003 as the worlds most enduring recording artist having released material over eight consecutive decades. Adelaide Hall was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Elizabeth, in 1925, Hall toured Europe with the Chocolate Kiddies revue that included songs written by Duke Ellington. In 1926, Hall appeared in the short-lived Broadway musical My Magnolia that had a written by Luckey Roberts. Rogers, after which she appeared in Tan Town Topics with songs written by Fats Waller, Hall then starred in Desires of 1927, which toured America from October 1926 through to September 1927. In 1924, Hall married a British sailor Bertram Errol Hicks, born in Trinidad, soon after their marriage he opened a short-lived club in Harlem, New York, called The Big Apple and became her official business manager. Hall was hired to join the cast of the Chocolate Kiddies revue in New York, the initial tour started at Hamburg, Germany, on 17 May 1925, and ended in Paris, France in December 1925 visiting many major cities in-between. The revue was designed to give Europeans a sampling of black entertainment from New York, included in the cast were The Three Eddies, Lottie Gee, Rufus Greenlee and Thaddeus Drayton, Bobbie and Babe Goins, Charles Davis and Sam Wooding and his Orchestra. After the initial tour disbanded, Sam Wooding and his Orchestra continued touring the Chocolate Kiddies revue for several years later. In 1926, upon Halls return to New York after touring Europe with the Chocolate Kiddies, she was featured in Tan Town Topics, a revue containing songs written by Fats Waller and Spencer Williams. The cast included Fats Waller, Eddie Rector and Ralph Cooper, Adelaide Hall, Maude Mills, Arthur Gaines, Leondus Simmons and a dance troupe called the Tan Town Topics Vamps. The show opened at Harlem’s Lafayette Theatre on 5 April followed by a road tour on the eastern Theater Owners Booking Association circuit taking in Baltimore, Chicago. During July 1926, Hall appeared in residency with Lottie Gee, on Tuesday,5 October, Hall appeared again at Small’s Paradise at a special party, Handy Night, hosted by the venue to honour W. C. Handy and to celebrate the release of his published book Blues, An Anthology—Complete Words. For entertainment, Adelaide Hall, Lottie Gee, Maude White and Chic Collins provided a selection of jazz and blues numbers. From October 1926, Hall toured America playing the TOBA circuit until September 1927 in the highly praised show Desires of 1927, conceived by J. Homer Tutt, as the Pittsburgh Courier noted, Adelaide Hall and assistants have some show. Billed as the soubrette of the show, Adelaides performance included several songs. In October 1927, Hall recorded her wordless vocals on Creole Love Call, The Blues I Love To Sing and Chicago Stomp Down with Duke Ellington, the recordings were worldwide hits and catapulted both Halls and Ellingtons careers into the mainstream
32.
Montmartre
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Montmartre is a large hill in Pariss 18th arrondissement. It is 130 m high and gives its name to the surrounding district, Montmartre is primarily known for the white-domed Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur on its summit and as a nightclub district. The other, older, church on the hill is Saint Pierre de Montmartre, Montmartre is also the setting for several hit films. This site is served by metro, with line 2 stations at Anvers, Pigalle, and Blanche and line 12 stations at Pigalle, Abbesses, Lamarck - Caulaincourt, texts from the 8th century cite the name of mons Mercori, and a 9th-century text speaks of Mount Mars. Excavations in 1975 north of the Church of Saint-Pierre found coins from the 3rd century, earlier excavations in the 17th century at the Fontaine-du-But found vestiges of Roman baths from the 2nd century. According to Hilduin, Denis collected his head and carried it as far as the fontaine Saint-Denis, then descended the slope of the hill. Hilduin wrote that a church had built in the place formerly called Mont de Mars. In 1134, king Louis VI purchased the Merovingian chapel and built on the site the church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre and he also founded The Royal Abbey of Montmartre, a monastery of the Benedictine order, whose buildings, gardens and fields occupied most of Montmartre. He also built a chapel, called the Martyrium, at the site where it was believed that Saint Denis had been decapitated. It became a pilgrimage site. In the 17th century, a priory called abbaye den bas was built at that site, the abbey was destroyed in 1790 during the French Revolution, and the convent demolished to make place for gypsum mines. The church of Saint-Pierre was saved, at the place where the chapel of the Martyrs was located, an oratory was built in 1855. By the 15th century, the north and northeast slopes of the hill were the site of a surrounded by vineyards, gardens and orchards of peach. The first mills were built on the slope in 1529, grinding wheat, barley. The siege eventually failed when a relief force approached and forced Henry to withdraw. In 1790, Montmartre was located just outside the limits of Paris and that year, under the revolutionary government of the National Constituent Assembly, it became the commune of Montmartre, with its town hall located on place du Tertre, site of the former abbey. The main businesses of the commune were wine making, stone quarries, the mining of gypsum had begun in the Gallo-Roman period, first in open air mines and then underground, and continued until 1860. The gypsum was cut into blocks, baked, then ground, sold as montmartarite, it was used for plaster, because of its resistance to fire and water
33.
R-26 (salon)
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R-26 was an artistic salon regularly held at the private residence of socialites Madeleine, Marie-Jacques and Robert Perrier at 26 Rue Norvins in the Montmartre district of Paris. Madeleine and Robert Perrier, by virtue of their connections in haute couture, were both respected socialites. Large social gatherings at their home occurred regularly, bringing together eminent artists and designers who would share and discuss their latest works. Early on, painter Sonia Delaunay, a colleague of Robert Perrier, was most active in introducing new artists to the gatherings, aided by her husband, Robert. Among these founding members was painter Georges Vantongerloo, who that night designed the salon’s iconic Cubist shield, after 1930, R-26’s membership steadily grew. Architect Le Corbusier was presented to the salon by his brother, Le Corbusier soon set to work modernizing the interior of R-26, designing the salon’s Cubist staircase. During this time, Robert Perrier began to hone his talents as a songwriter, publishing with Les Publications Francis Day, the year 1935 saw the arrival at R-26 of numerous musicians who would prove quintessential to the salon’s development. Pierre Dudan, having arrived on foot from Lausanne, immediately took up residence with the Perrier family and his song Clopin-clopant, originally composed for a soirée at R-26 and dedicated to the Perrier family, soon proved a staple of the salon’s repertory. Following Dudan came Jean Tranchant and Michel Warlop, the latter of whom introduced to R-26 violinist Stéphane Grappelli and they invited me often, the soirées were brilliant…It was there that I met all of Montmartre. By 1937, Grappelli was regularly holding rehearsals at R-26 with guitarist Django Reinhardt, though World War II and the Nazi occupation of Paris closed a chapter in the history of R-26, the Liberation of Paris opened another. Over two years, Madeleine and Robert Perrier entertained some one hundred and sixty-six American officers at R-26, Jean Tranchant, upon his return to France, took up permanent residence at R-26, while Stéphane Grappelli found lodgings at the home of Robert Perrier’s mother. The artistic salon resumed activity as before, introducing to R-26 singer Josephine Baker, Django Reinhardt and Stéphane Grappelli continued to favor R-26 as an informal rehearsal space for the Quintette du Hot Club de France, often improvising with other members of the salon. In 1947, in honor of ten years spent at R-26 as guests of the Perrier family, Reinhardt and Grappelli composed the song R. vingt-six, to be used as an anthem among the salon’s members. A selection of recordings were later released publicly, including Marie-Jacques Perrier’s cover version of La pluie sur le toit. Following the death of Robert Perrier in 1987, Marie-Jacques Perrier decided to modernize her family’s artistic salon by offering long-term residence at R-26 to foreign students studying in Paris. Over the next years, Perrier shared her apartment with over a hundred young artists. Under Perrier’s direction, soirées at R-26 increased in frequency and scope, attracting members of the French leadership including former Prime Minister Alain Juppé. R-26 remains present in the imagination as an exclusive meeting place of many avant-garde artists of the 1930s to 1960s
34.
George Shearing
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Sir George Shearing, OBE was a British jazz pianist who for many years led a popular jazz group that recorded for Discovery Records, MGM Records and Capitol Records. The composer of over 300 titles, including the jazz standard Lullaby of Birdland, had multiple albums on the Billboard charts during the 1950s, 1960s, 1980s and 1990s and he died of heart failure in New York City, at the age of 91. Born in Battersea, London, Shearing was the youngest of nine children and he was born blind to working class parents, his father delivered coal and his mother cleaned trains in the evening. He started to learn piano at the age of three and began training at Linden Lodge School for the Blind, where he spent four years. Though he was offered scholarships, Shearing opted to perform at a local pub. He joined a band during that time and was influenced by the records of Teddy Wilson. Shearing made his first BBC radio broadcast during this time after befriending Leonard Feather, in 1940, Shearing joined Harry Parrys popular band and contributed to the comeback of Stéphane Grappelli. Shearing won seven consecutive Melody Maker polls during this time, around that time he was also a member of George Evanss Saxes n Sevens band. In 1947, Shearing emigrated to the United States, where his harmonically complex style mixing swing, bop, one of his first performances was at the Hickory House. He performed with the Oscar Pettiford Trio and led a quartet with Buddy DeFranco. Shearing said of this hit that it was as accidental as it could be and he became known for a piano technique known as Shearings voicing, a type of double melody block chord, with an additional fifth part that doubles the melody an octave lower. In 1956, Shearing became a citizen of the United States. He continued to play with his quintet, with augmented players through the years and he created his own label, Sheba, that lasted a few years. Along with dozens of stars of his day, Shearing appeared on ABCs The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom. Earlier, he had appeared on the networks reality show, The Comeback Story. In 1970, he began to phase out his by-now-predictable quintet, later, Shearing played with a trio, as a soloist and increasingly in a duo. Among his collaborations were sets with the Montgomery Brothers, Marian McPartland, torff, Jim Hall, Hank Jones and Kenny Davern. In 1979, Shearing signed with Concord Records, and recorded for the label with Mel Tormé and this collaboration garnered Shearing and Tormé two Grammys, one in 1983 and another in 1984
35.
Sideman
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A sideman is a professional musician who is hired to perform or record with a group of which he or she is not a regular member. They often tour with acts as well as bands and jazz ensembles. Sidemen are generally required to be adaptable to different styles of music. Often aspiring musicians start out as sidemen, and then move on to develop their own sound, a name, some examples of this are, James Burton and Glen D. Don Henley and Glenn Frey were in the backup band for Linda Ronstadt. Afterwards, with the addition of Bernie Leadon and Randy Meisner, some sidemen become famous for their musical specialties, and become highly sought-after by pop, rock, blues, jazz and country music bands. Examples of some of these include multi-instrumentalists, david Lindley is a multi-instrumentalist who has worked with such diverse musicians as Curtis Mayfield, Dolly Parton, Jackson Browne, and Hani Naser. Lindley used his time as a sideman to discover and master new instruments while on tour around the world and he has mastered so many that he admits to losing count, and instead placed a photo gallery of them on his website. Jimmy Page left his first attempts working in bands, to hone his skills as a session player, bob Dylans first recorded song was as a harmonica sideman on Harry Belafontes cover of Midnight Special. Other musicians may take time from their own bands to tour or record as a sideman for other artists, such as Mike Watt with J Mascis and the Fog or Iggy and the Stooges. Phil Woods, jazz alto saxophonist and clarinetist Session musician Rock and Roll Hall of Fame list, which also inducts sidemen
36.
Duke Ellington
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Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader of a jazz orchestra, which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years. Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s onward, in the 1930s, his orchestra toured in Europe. Some of the musicians who were members of Ellingtons orchestra, such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges, are considered to be among the best players in jazz, Ellington melded them into the best-known orchestral unit in the history of jazz. Some members stayed with the orchestra for several decades, a master at writing miniatures for the three-minute 78 rpm recording format, Ellington often composed specifically to feature the style and skills of his individual musicians. Ellington also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, for example Juan Tizols Caravan, and Perdido, after 1941, Ellington collaborated with composer-arranger-pianist Billy Strayhorn, whom he called his writing and arranging companion. With Strayhorn, he composed many extended compositions, or suites, following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival, in July 1956, Ellington and his orchestra enjoyed a major career revival and embarked on world tours. Ellington recorded for most American record companies of his era, performed in films, scoring several. His reputation continued to rise after he died, and he was awarded a special posthumous Pulitzer Prize for music in 1999, Ellington was born on April 29,1899, to James Edward Ellington and Daisy Ellington in Washington, D. C. Daisy primarily played parlor songs and James preferred operatic arias and they lived with his maternal grandparents at 2129 Ida Place, NW, in the West End neighborhood of Washington, D. C. Dukes father was born in Lincolnton, North Carolina, on April 15,1879, Daisy Kennedy was born in Washington, D. C. on January 4,1879, the daughter of a former American slave. James Ellington made blueprints for the United States Navy, when Ellington was a child, his family showed racial pride and support in their home, as did many other families. African Americans in D. C. worked to protect their children from the eras Jim Crow laws, at the age of seven, Ellington began taking piano lessons from Marietta Clinkscales. Daisy surrounded her son with dignified women to reinforce his manners, Ellingtons childhood friends noticed that his casual, offhand manner, his easy grace, and his dapper dress gave him the bearing of a young nobleman, and began calling him Duke. Ellington credited his chum Edgar McEntree for the nickname, I think he felt that in order for me to be eligible for his constant companionship, I should have a title. Though Ellington took piano lessons, he was interested in baseball. President Roosevelt would come by on his horse sometimes, and stop and watch us play, Ellington went to Armstrong Technical High School in Washington, D. C. He gained his first job selling peanuts at Washington Senators baseball games, in the summer of 1914, while working as a soda jerk at the Poodle Dog Café, Ellington wrote his first composition, Soda Fountain Rag. He created the piece by ear, as he had not yet learned to read, I would play the Soda Fountain Rag as a one-step, two-step, waltz, tango, and fox trot, Ellington recalled
37.
Michel Petrucciani
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Michel Petrucciani was a French jazz pianist. From birth he had osteogenesis imperfecta, a disease that causes brittle bones and, in his case. He became one of the most accomplished pianists of his generation despite having arms that caused him pain. Michel Petrucciani came from an Italo-French family with a musical background and his father Tony played guitar, his brother Louis played bass, and his brother Philippe also plays the guitar. Michel was born with osteogenesis imperfecta, which is a disease that causes brittle bones and, in his case. It is also linked to pulmonary ailments. The disease caused his bones to fracture over 100 times before he reached adolescence, I have pain all the time. Im used to having hurt arms, he said, in Michels early career, his father and brother occasionally carried him because he could not walk far on his own unaided. In certain respects he considered his disability an advantage, as he got rid of distractions like sports that other boys tended to become involved in, and he hints that his disability was helpful in other parts of his life. He said, Sometimes I think someone upstairs saved me from being ordinary, at an early age, Michel saw Duke Ellington on television and wished to become a pianist like him. When Michel was four, his father bought him a toy piano of his own, when I was young, I thought the keyboard looked like teeth, he said. It was as though it was laughing at me and you had to be strong enough to make the piano feel little. Soon after this, Michels father bought him a real piano, from the beginning, Petrucciani had always been musical, reportedly humming Wes Montgomery solos by the time he learned to speak. He began learning piano at the age of four, and was making music with his family by the age of nine. The musician that would prove most influential to Petrucciani was Bill Evans, Petruccianis layered harmonies, lyrical style, and articulation of melody have always been linked most strongly to this early exposure to Evans. Petrucciani gave his first professional concert at the age of 13, at this point of his life, he was still quite fragile and had to be carried to and from the piano. His hands were average in length, but his size meant that he required aids to reach the pianos pedals, at the beginning of his career, Petruccianis manager would often save money by smuggling him into hotel rooms in a suitcase. Petrucciani felt he needed to travel to Paris to begin his musical career and his father was protective, constantly concerned for his sons well-being and reluctant to put him in any danger
38.
Svend Asmussen
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Svend Asmussen was a jazz violinist from Denmark, known as The Fiddling Viking. A Swing style virtuoso, he played and recorded many of the greats of Jazz, including Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman. He played publicly until 2010 when he had a blood clot, at the age of 100, he died on 7 February 2017. Asmussen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, raised in a musical family, at age 16 he first heard recordings by jazz violin great Joe Venuti and began to emulate his style. He started working professionally as a violinist, vibraphonist, and singer at age 17, early in his career he worked in Denmark and on cruise ships with artists such as Josephine Baker and Fats Waller. Asmussen later was influenced by Stuff Smith, whom he met in Denmark. Asmussen played with Valdemar Eiberg and Kjeld Bonfils during World War II, during which time jazz had moved to the underground, in the late 1950s, Asmussen formed the trio Swe-Danes with singer Alice Babs and guitarist Ulrik Neumann. The group became popular in Scandinavia for their music hall style entertainment. Asmussen also worked with Benny Goodman, Lionel Hampton, and Duke Ellington, Asmussen was invited by Ellington to play on his Jazz Violin Session recording in 1963 with Stéphane Grappelli and Ray Nance. In 1966 Asmussen appeared alongside Grappelli, Stuff Smith, and Jean-Luc Ponty in a jazz Violin Summit in Switzerland that was issued as a live recording. He made an appearance at the 1967 Monterey Jazz Festival, which included a celebrated violin summit with him, Ray Nance, in 1969 he guested on Snakes in a Hole, an album by the jazz-rock band Made in Sweden. He was still active playing violin at the age of 94 and he turned 100 in February 2016. A few weeks before Asmussen would have turned 101, on 7 February 2017, asmussens collection of jazz music, photographs, posters and other material is held in the jazz collections at the University Library of Southern Denmark. Asmussens son, Claus Asmussen, is a player in Denmark. 1951, Svend Asmussen 1953, Plays Hot Fiddle 1955, Svend Asmussen And His Unmelancholy Danes 1955, Svend Asmussen And His Unmelancholy Danes, Vol.21955, Skol. and Music. L. Subramaniam featuring Svend Asmussen 1987, On the Good Ship Lollipop, with Teresa Brewer 1988, Svingin with Svend, with David Grisman Quintet featuring Svend Asmussen Sources Brooks, Richard. Notes The Jazz collections at the University Library of Southern Denmark AllMusic Biography by Scott Yanow Svend Asmussen, Phenomenal Jazz Fiddler by Richard J. Brooks Svend Asmussen on YouTube
