1.
Marilyn Monroe
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Marilyn Monroe was an American actress and model. Famous for playing comic dumb blonde characters, she one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s. Although she was an actress for only a decade, her films grossed $200 million by the time of her unexpected death in 1962. She continues to be considered a popular culture icon. Born and raised in Los Angeles, Monroe spent most of her childhood in foster homes, while working in a factory in 1944 as part of the war effort, she was introduced to a photographer from the First Motion Picture Unit and began a successful pin-up modeling career. The work led to short-lived film contracts with Twentieth Century-Fox and Columbia Pictures, after a series of minor film roles, she signed a new contract with Fox in 1951. Over the next two years, she became an actress with roles in several comedies, including As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business. Monroe faced a scandal when it was revealed that she had posed for photos before becoming a star, but rather than damaging her career. Although she played a significant role in the creation and management of her public image throughout her career, she was disappointed at being typecast and underpaid by the studio. She was briefly suspended in early 1954 for refusing a film project, when the studio was still reluctant to change her contract, Monroe founded a film production company in late 1954, she named it Marilyn Monroe Productions. She dedicated 1955 to building her company and began studying acting at the Actors Studio. In late 1955, Fox awarded her a new contract, which gave her more control and a larger salary. After a critically acclaimed performance in Bus Stop and acting in the first independent production of MMP, The Prince and her last completed film was the drama The Misfits. Monroes troubled private life received much attention and she struggled with substance abuse, depression, and anxiety. She had two highly publicized marriages, to retired baseball star Joe DiMaggio and playwright Arthur Miller, both of which ended in divorce and she died at the age of 36 on August 5,1962, from an overdose of barbiturates at her home in Los Angeles. Although Monroes death was ruled a suicide, several conspiracy theories have been proposed in the decades following her death. Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital on June 1,1926, Gladys, the daughter of two poor Midwestern migrants to California, was a flapper and worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. When she was fifteen, Gladys married a man nine years her senior, John Newton Baker and she filed for divorce in 1921, and Baker took the children with him to his native Kentucky
2.
20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
3.
The Stage Names
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The Stage Names is the fourth full-length studio album by American indie rock band Okkervil River, released on August 7,2007. The album was recorded in Austin, Texas, with longtime Okkervil producer Brian Beattie, like other Okkervil River albums, the accompanying artwork is the work of artist William Schaff. The cover refers to a line from Unless Its Kicks, the record was also released as a limited-edition 2-CD set that included a second disc of solo acoustic demos. The Stage Names was originally conceived as a double album, Sheff said about the inspiration for the album, An official music video was created for Our Life Is Not a Movie or Maybe directed by Margaret Brown. A Hand to Take Hold of the Scene describes the shows in which Okkervil Rivers music has been featured. These include a 2006 episode of Cold Case and an episode of Breaking Bonaduce. Savannah Smiles is a song that deals with the life and death of Shannon Wilsey, an actress known by her stage name, Savannah. The bonus track, Starry Stairs, is intended to be a sequel to Savannah Smiles, plus Ones references several other songs with numerical titles by adding 1 to them. The term is used in reference to guest-lists at rock concerts. You Cant Hold the Hand of a Rock and Roll Man makes a reference to The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors. The title itself is taken from a line in the Joni Mitchell song, the song name Title Track is an openly self-reflexive gesture. The song also references Kenneth Angers book Hollywood Babylon, John Allyn Smith Sails concerns the life and suicide of confessional poet John Berryman. The song ends by reworking the traditional folk song Sloop John B, in addition to these specific allusions, several songs on the album have subjects like television, film, and the experience of being in a rock band. Will Sheff has stated that he intended the album to be a double album. The Stage Names has a Metacritic rating of 82, the album debuted at number 62 on the Billboard 200 with 10,000 copies sold. Harp Magazine listed the CD as the best of 2007 and the UKs now-defunct Teletext music magazine Planet Sound listed the album at #6 in their best albums of 2007. Our Life is not a Movie or Maybe was #81 on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007, all tracks written by Will Sheff
4.
Pseudonym
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A pseudonym or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their original or true name. Historically, they have taken the form of anagrams, Graecisms. Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones, actors, musicians, and other performers sometimes use stage names, for example, to mask their ethnic backgrounds. A collective name or collective pseudonym is one shared by two or more persons, for example the co-authors of a work, such as Ellery Queen, the term is derived from the Greek ψευδώνυμον, literally false name, from ψεῦδος, lie, falsehood and ὄνομα, name. A pseudonym is distinct from an allonym, which is the name of another person and this may occur when someone is ghostwriting a book or play, or in parody, or when using a front name, such as by screenwriters blacklisted in Hollywood in the 1950s and 1960s. See also pseudepigraph, for falsely attributed authorship, sometimes people change their name in such a manner that the new name becomes permanent and is used by all who know the person. This is not an alias or pseudonym, but in fact a new name, in many countries, including common law countries, a name change can be ratified by a court and become a persons new legal name. He then changed his name again to Malik El-Shabazz when he converted to Islam, likewise some Jews adopted Hebrew family names upon immigrating to Israel, dropping surnames that had been in their families for generations. The politician David Ben-Gurion, for example, was born David Grün in Poland and he adopted his Hebrew name in 1910, when he published his first article in a Zionist journal in Jerusalem. Criminals may use aliases, fictitious business names, and dummy corporations to hide their identity, a pen name, or nom de plume, is a pseudonym adopted by an author. Some female authors used male pen names, in particular in the 19th century, the Brontë family used pen names for their early work, so as not to reveal their gender and so that local residents would not know that the books related to people of the neighbourhood. The Brontës used their neighbours as inspiration for characters in many of their books, anne Brontë published The Tenant of Wildfell Hall under the name Acton Bell. Charlotte Brontë published Shirley and Jane Eyre under the name Currer Bell, emily Brontë published Wuthering Heights as Ellis Bell. A well-known example of the former is Mary Ann Evans, who wrote as George Eliot, Another example is Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, a 19th-century French writer who used the pen name George Sand. In contrast, some twentieth and twenty first century male romance novelists have used pen names. A few examples of male authors using female pseudonyms include Brindle Chase, Peter ODonnell and Christopher Wood. A pen name may be used if a real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual. Authors who write both fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use different pen names to avoid confusing their readers, in some cases, an author may become better known by his pen name than his real name
5.
Performing arts
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Performing arts are a form of art in which artists use their voices and/or their bodies, often in relation to other objects, to convey artistic expression. It is different from visual arts, which is when artists use paint/canvas or various materials to create physical or static art objects, performing arts include several disciplines, each performed in front of a live audience. Artists who participate in performing arts in front of an audience are called performers, examples of these include actors, comedians, dancers, magicians, circus artists, musicians, and singers. Performing arts are supported by workers in related fields, such as songwriting, choreography. A performer who excels in acting, singing, and dancing is commonly referred to as a triple threat, well-known examples of historical triple threat artists include Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, and Judy Garland. Performers often adapt their appearance, such as costumes and stage makeup, stage lighting. Performing arts may include dance, music, opera, theatre and musical theatre, magic, illusion, mime, spoken word, puppetry, circus arts, performance art, recitation and public speaking. There is also a form of fine art, in which the artists perform their work live to an audience. Most performance art also involves some form of art, perhaps in the creation of props. Dance was often referred to as an art during the Modern dance era. Theatre is the branch of performing arts, concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience, using a combination of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound, any one or more of these elements is performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative style of plays. In the context of performing arts, dance generally refers to movement, typically rhythmic and to music. Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic artistic and moral constraints and range from functional movement to codified, in dance, the connection between the two concepts is stronger than in some other arts, and neither can exist without the other. Choreography is the art of making dances, and the person who practices this art is called a choreographer, music is an art form which combines pitch, rhythm, and dynamic in order to create sound. It can be performed using a variety of instruments and styles and is divided into genres, as an art form, music can occur in live or recorded formats, and can be planned or improvised. Starting in the 6th century BC, the Classical period of performing art began in Greece and these poets wrote plays which, in some cases, incorporated dance. The Hellenistic period began the use of comedy
6.
Entertainer
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Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience, or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but is likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audiences attention. Although peoples attention is held by different things, because individuals have different preferences in entertainment, most forms are recognisable, the process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that records and sells entertainment products. This may be the case in the forms of ceremony, celebration, religious festival. Hence, there is the possibility that what appears as entertainment may also be a means of achieving insight or intellectual growth, an important aspect of entertainment is the audience, which turns a private recreation or leisure activity into entertainment. Entertainment can be public or private, involving formal, scripted performance, as in the case of theatre or concerts, or unscripted and spontaneous, most forms of entertainment have persisted over many centuries, evolving due to changes in culture, technology, and fashion. Films and video games, for example, although they use media, continue to tell stories, present drama. Festivals devoted to music, film, or dance allow audiences to be entertained over a number of consecutive days, some activities that were once considered entertaining, particularly public punishments, have been removed from the public arena. In the same way, other necessary skills, such as cooking, have developed into performances among professionals, staged as global competitions, what is entertainment for one group or individual may be regarded as work by another. The familiar forms of entertainment have the capacity to cross over different media and have demonstrated a seemingly unlimited potential for creative remix and this has ensured the continuity and longevity of many themes, images, and structures. Entertainment can be distinguished from other such as education and marketing even though they have learned how to use the appeal of entertainment to achieve their different goals. The importance and impact of entertainment is recognised by scholars and its increasing sophistication has influenced practices in other such as museology. Psychologists say the function of entertainment is the attainment of gratification. No other results or measurable benefit are usually expected from it and this is in contrast to education and marketing. However, the distinctions become blurred when education seeks to be more entertaining, such mixtures are often known by the neologisms edutainment or infotainment. The psychology of entertainment as well as of learning has been applied to all these fields, some education-entertainment is a serious attempt to combine the best features of the two. Some people are entertained by others pain or the idea of their unhappiness, an entertainment might go beyond gratification and produce some insight in its audience when it skillfully considers universal philosophical questions such as, What is the meaning of life. What does it mean to be human, what is the right thing to do
7.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
8.
Comedian
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A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience, primarily by making them laugh. This might be through jokes or amusing situations, or acting a fool, as in slapstick, a comedian who addresses an audience directly is called a stand-up comic. Since the 1980s, a new wave of comedy, called alternative comedy, has grown in popularity with its more offbeat and this normally involves more experiential, or observational reporting, e. g. Alexei Sayle, Daniel Tosh, Louis C. K. and Malcolm Hardee. Many comics achieve a cult following while touring famous comedy hubs such as the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal, the Edinburgh Fringe, often a comics career advances significantly when they win a notable comedy award, such as the Edinburgh Comedy Award. Comics sometimes foray into other areas of entertainment, such as film and television, however, a comics stand-up success does not guarantee a films critical or box office success. Comedians can be dated back to 425 BC, when Aristophanes and he wrote 40 comedies,11 of which survive and are still being performed. Aristophanes comedy style took the form of satyr plays, the English poet and playwright William Shakespeare wrote many comedies. A Shakespearean comedy is one that has an ending, usually involving marriages between the unmarried characters, and a tone and style that is more light-hearted than Shakespeares other plays. Charles Chaplin was the most popular comedian of the first half of the 20th century. He wrote comedic silent films such as Modern Times and The Kid and his films still have a major impact on comedy in films today. One of the most popular forms of comedy is stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy is a monologue performed by one or more people standing on a stage. Bob Hope was the most popular comedian of the 20th century. Other noted stand-up comedians include George Carlin, Jerry Seinfeld, Lenny Bruce, Mort Sahl, Louis CK, another popular form of modern-day comedy is talk shows where comedians make fun of current news or popular topics. Such comedians include Jay Leno, Conan OBrien, Daniel Tosh, Chris Hardwick, Jimmy Fallon, David Letterman, a third form of modern-day comedy is television programs in which many comedians band together to make skits, such as Saturday Night Live. These shows often receive high ratings, likely because many comedians band together to create jokes, one of the most successful comedians is Ellen Degeneres, who has parlayed her comic career into film, television shows, and hosting major media events. In 1986, Ellen DeGeneres appeared for the first time on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson since she began gaining popularity as a comic in the 1980s. Johnny Carson, who launched many contemporary comics careers, would invite them to join him on the couch for one-on-one conversation after their set
9.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
10.
Musician
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A musician is a person who plays a musical instrument or is musically talented. Anyone who composes, conducts, or performs music may also be referred to as a musician, Musicians can specialize in any musical style, and some musicians play in a variety of different styles. Examples of a musicians possible skills include performing, conducting, singing, composing, arranging, in the Middle Ages, instrumental musicians performed with soft ensembles inside and loud instruments outdoors. Many European musicians of this time catered to the Roman Catholic Church, providing arrangements structured around Gregorian chant structure, vocal pieces were in Latin—the language of church texts of the time—and typically were Church-polyphonic or made up of several simultaneous melodies. Giovanni Palestrina Giovanni Gabrieli Thomas Tallis Claudio Monteverdi Leonardo da Vinci The Baroque period introduced heavy use of counterpoint, vocal and instrumental “color” became more important compared to the Renaissance style of music, and emphasized much of the volume, texture and pace of each piece. George Frideric Handel Johann Sebastian Bach Antonio Vivaldi Classical music was created by musicians who lived during a time of a middle class. Many middle-class inhabitants of France at the time lived under long-time absolute monarchies, because of this, much of the music was performed in environments that were more constrained compared to the flourishing times of the Renaissance and Baroque eras. This age included the initial transformations of the Industrial Revolution, a revolutionary energy was also at the core of Romanticism, which quite consciously set out to transform not only the theory and practice of poetry and art, but the common perception of the world. Some major Romantic Period precepts survive, and still affect modern culture, in 20th-century music, composers and musicians rejected the emotion-dominated Romantic period, and strove to represent the world the way they perceived it. Musicians wrote to be. objective, while objects existed on their own terms, while past eras concentrated on spirituality, this new period placed emphasis on physicality and things that were concrete. The advent of recording and mass media in the 20th century caused a boom of all kinds of music—popular music, rock music, electronic music, folk music. Singer Composer Music artist Tour Manager Media related to Musicians at Wikimedia Commons
11.
Given name
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A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
12.
Writer
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A writer is a person who uses written words in various styles and techniques to communicate their ideas. Writers texts are published across a range of media, skilled writers who are able to use language to express ideas well often contribute significantly to the cultural content of a society. The word is used elsewhere in the arts – such as songwriter – but as a standalone term. Some writers work from an oral tradition, Writers can produce material across a number of genres, fictional or non-fictional. Other writers use multiple media – for example, graphics or illustration – to enhance the communication of their ideas, some writers may use images or multimedia to augment their writing. In rare instances, creative writers are able to communicate their ideas via music as well as words, as well as producing their own written works, writers often write on how they write, why they write, and also comment on the work of other writers. Writers work professionally or non-professionally, that is, for payment or without payment and may be either in advance. Payment is only one of the motivations of writers and many are never paid for their work, Writers choose from a range of literary genres to express their ideas. Most writing can be adapted for use in another medium, for example, a writers work may be read privately or recited or performed in a play or film. Satire for example, may be written as a poem, an essay, a film, the writer of a letter may include elements of criticism, biography, or journalism. The genre sets the parameters but all kinds of creative adaptation have been attempted, novel to film, poem to play, Writers may begin their career in one genre and change to another. For example, historian William Dalrymple began in the genre of travel literature, many writers have produced both fiction and non-fiction works and others write in a genre that crosses the two. For example, writers of romances, such as Georgette Heyer, invent characters. In this genre, the accuracy of the history and the level of detail in the work both tend to be debated. Some writers write both fiction and serious analysis, sometimes using different names to separate their work. Dorothy Sayers, for example, wrote crime fiction but was also a playwright, essayist, translator, poets make maximum use of the language to achieve an emotional and sensory effect as well as a cognitive one. To create these effects, they use rhyme and rhythm and they also exploit the properties of words with a range of techniques such as alliteration. A common theme is love and its vicissitudes, Shakespeares famous love story Romeo and Juliet, for example, written in a variety of poetic forms, has been performed in innumerable theatres and made into at least eight cinematic versions
13.
Radio
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When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form, Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it, for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves, an antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected, the electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, a radio communication system sends signals by radio. The term radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning spoke of a wheel, beam of light, however, this invention would not be widely adopted. The switch to radio in place of wireless took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world, the United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms wireless telegraph and wireless telegram, the term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting. Radio systems used for communication have the following elements, with more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialised for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, the transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle such as amplitude, frequency, phase. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the signal in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker. It was the used for the first audio radio transmissions. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the capture effect whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, Digital data can be sent by shifting the carriers frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music, analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Angle modulation alters the phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
14.
Joan Fontaine
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Joan de Beauvoir de Havilland known by the stage name Joan Fontaine, was a British-American actress, best known for her starring roles in classic Hollywood films. Fontaine appeared in over 45 feature films in a career spanned five decades. Born in Tokyo to British parents, Fontaine moved with her mother and sister, actress Olivia de Havilland and she was an anaemic child and her childhood was subsequently marred by poor health, which did, however, improve by her teen years. After living and attending school in Japan for a short while, she began her career in 1935. After some minor roles, she received her first starring role in The Man Who Found Himself, however, she failed to make a significant impression, a third Oscar nomination came with the film The Constant Nymph. She appeared mostly in films through the 1940s- including the film Letter from an Unknown Woman. By the next decade, her career began to decline and she moved into stage and she appeared in fewer films into the 1960s, her final feature film being The Witches. Fontaine was active in radio, television, and the stage for most of her middle to later life and she released an autobiography, No Bed of Roses, in 1978, she continued to act until her last performance in 1994. Fontaine lived in Carmel Highlands, California, where she owned a home and she died there of natural causes at the age of 96 in 2013. Having won an Academy Award for her role in Suspicion, Fontaine is the actor to have won an Academy Award for acting in a Hitchcock film. Furthermore, her sister and she remain the only siblings to have won major acting Academy Awards, married four times, she had one child by birth and one child by adoption, from whom she was later estranged. Her relationship with her sister was long known to be acrimonious, Joan de Beauvoir de Havilland was born in Tokyo, Japan, to English parents. Her father, Walter Augustus de Havilland, was educated at the University of Cambridge and served as an English professor at the Imperial University in Tokyo before becoming a patent attorney. Her mother, Lilian Augusta de Havilland Fontaine, was educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and her mother returned to work with the stage name Lillian Fontaine after her daughters achieved prominence in the 1940s. Joans paternal cousin was Sir Geoffrey de Havilland, an aircraft known for the De Havilland Mosquito. Her paternal grandfather, the Reverend Charles Richard de Havilland, was from a family from Guernsey, the family settled in Saratoga, California, and Fontaines health improved dramatically. She was educated at nearby Los Gatos High School, and was soon taking diction lessons alongside her elder sister, when she was 16 years old, de Havilland returned to Japan to live with her father. There she attended the Tokyo School for Foreign Children, graduating in 1935, Fontaine made her stage debut in the West Coast production of Call It a Day and was soon signed to an RKO contract
15.
Olivia de Havilland
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Olivia Mary de Havilland is a retired American actress whose career spanned from 1935 to 1990. She appeared in 49 feature films, and was one of the movie stars during the golden age of Classical Hollywood. Born in Tokyo to British parents, de Havilland and her younger sister Joan moved to California in 1919 and they were brought up by their mother Lilian, a former stage actress who taught them dramatic art, music, and elocution. De Havilland made her debut in amateur theatre in Alice in Wonderland. Olivia de Havilland made her debut in Reinhardts A Midsummer Nights Dream in 1935. She began her career playing demure ingénues opposite popular leading men, including Errol Flynn and they became one of Hollywoods most popular romantic on-screen pairings. She achieved her initial popularity in romantic films, such as The Great Garrick. Her natural beauty and refined acting style made her particularly effective in historical dramas, such as Anthony Adverse. In her later career, she was most successful in films, such as Light in the Piazza. In addition to her career, de Havilland continued her work in the theatre. For her contributions to the picture industry, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. After romantic relationships with Howard Hughes, James Stewart, and John Huston, de Havilland married author Marcus Goodrich, with whom she had a son, Benjamin. Following her divorce from Goodrich in 1953, she moved to Paris and married Pierre Galante, in 1962, she published Every Frenchman Has One, an account of her life in France. De Havilland and Joan Fontaine are the siblings to have won Academy Awards in a lead acting category. A lifelong rivalry between the two resulted in an estrangement that lasted over three decades. She has lived in Paris since 1956, and celebrated her 100th birthday on July 1,2016, De Havilland was born on July 1,1916, in Tokyo, Japan, to English parents. Her father, Walter de Havilland, served as an English professor at the Imperial University in Tokyo before becoming a patent attorney and her mother, Lilian Fontaine, was educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and became a stage actress. Lilian also sang with the Master of the Kings Music, Sir Walter Parratt, Olivias paternal cousin was Sir Geoffrey de Havilland, an aircraft designer and founder of the de Havilland aircraft company
16.
Luka Bloom
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Luka Bloom is an Irish folk singer-songwriter. He is the brother of folk singer Christy Moore. Kevin Barry Moore was born on 23 May 1955 in Newbridge, County Kildare and his parents were Andy Moore and Nancy Power, who had already raised three daughters and two other sons. Moore attended a Patrician Brothers primary school and later studied at Newbridge College, in college he formed the group Aes Triplex with his brother Andy and a school friend. He later attended a college in Limerick, but he dropped out after a couple of years to pursue a music career, in 1969, fourteen-year-old Barry Moore embarked on a tour supporting his eldest brother, Christy Moore, at various English folk clubs. Since then, he spent all of his time practising and writing music, in 1976, Christy recorded one of his songs Wave up to the Shore. In 1977, Barry Moore toured Germany and England as part of the group Inchiquin, in 1978, Moore released his debut album, Treaty Stone. In 1979, having played guitar using a finger-picking technique, he was afflicted with tendinitis—forcing him to learn to play with a plectrum. That year, he moved to Groningen in the Netherlands, in 1980, he recorded and released his second album, In Groningen. In 1982, he released his album, No Heroes. For three years, from 1983 to 1986, Moore was the front-man for the Dublin-based band Red Square, during this time, in 1984, his son Robbie was born. In 1987, Moore moved to the United States and began performing using the name of Luka Bloom. He chose the name Luka from the title of Suzanne Vegas song about child abuse, initially he lived and performed primarily in Washington D. C. but in winter 1987 he moved to New York City. The following year, he released his first album – later withdrawn – under the name Luka Bloom, in 1990, Bloom released his album Riverside, which included the song The Man Is Alive. The album was recorded in New York, with its lyrics reflecting his experiences living and performing in that city, in 1991, Bloom returned to Dublin to record The Acoustic Motorbike, which included a cover version of LL Cool Js I Need Love. In 1993, Bloom again returned to Ireland to record the album Turf, the album attempted to capture the sound of a live performance, and was recorded in front of an audience that was asked to remain as quiet as possible. In 1998, Bloom released Salty Heaven, an inspired by his return to Ireland. He had previously covered LL Cool Js I Need Love and Elvis Presleys Cant Help Falling in Love on the album The Acoustic Motorbike, blooms 2004 acoustic mini-album, Before Sleep Comes, was recorded while he was recovering from tendinitis
17.
Christy Moore
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Christopher Andrew Christy Moore is an Irish folk singer, songwriter and guitarist. He is one of the members of Planxty and Moving Hearts. His first album, Paddy on the Road was recorded with Dominic Behan in 1969, in 2007, he was named as Irelands greatest living musician in RTÉs People of the Year Awards. Moore was born in Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland and attended Newbridge College and he was originally a bank employee who wanted to express himself using traditional music. During a bank strike in 1966, which lasted twelve weeks, he went to England, as many striking officials did, I had a wild and wonderful time in England, with no bank manager looking over my shoulder, he said. Doing general labouring work, he frequented the clubs and the Irish music pubs where he met Seamus Ennis, Margaret Barry, Luke Kelly, Martin Byrnes. 1972 brought his first major release, Prosperous, which brought together the four musicians who shortly thereafter formed Planxty, Liam OFlynn, Andy Irvine, for a time they called themselves CLAD, an acronym of their names, but soon decided on Planxty. After leaving Planxty in 1975, Moore continued on his solo career and he also formed the band Moving Hearts with Lunny and five other musicians in 1980. In 1987 he appeared on Gay Byrnes The Late Late Show performing with The Dubliners for their 25th Anniversary, in 2000, he published his autobiography, One Voice. Moores earlier years of drinking, sleeping dysfunctional hours, continual travelling and often eating takeaway foods resulted in a decline in health. Moores battle with alcohol, and subsequent heart operations, have taken their toll, at the end of the 1990s, Moore reduced his workload for medical reasons. Some of Moores songs are influenced by drink and the effects of drink. Listening to Johnny Mulherns song Hard Cases caused Moore to recall the Galway drinking scene with local musicians Mickey Finn, Pete Galligan, Corky and Terry Smith. On 17 April 2009, Moore released his first new album in four years, entitled Listen. In December 2011, Moore released the album Folk Tale and his most recent album Where I Come From was released in November 2013 and features a new protest song called Arthurs Day. The album peaked at three in the Irish album charts. He supported the republican H-Block protestors with the albums H-Block in 1978, the launch of which was raided by the police, and The Spirit of Freedom. He has also recorded songs by the hunger striker Bobby Sands and he ceased supporting the military activities of the IRA in 1987 as a result of the Enniskillen bombing
18.
Paul McCartney
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Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained fame with the rock band the Beatles, largely considered the most popular. His songwriting partnership with Lennon is the most celebrated of the post-war era, after the bands break-up, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. McCartney has been recognised as one of the most successful composers and performers of all time, More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song Yesterday, more than any other copyrighted song in history. Wings 1977 release Mull of Kintyre is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK.5 million RIAA-certified units in the United States. McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr all received The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1965, McCartney has released an extensive catalogue of songs as a solo artist and has composed classical and electronic music. He has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to subjects as animal rights, seal hunting, land mines, vegetarianism, poverty. He has married three times and is the father of five children, James Paul McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 in Walton Hospital, Liverpool, England, where his mother, Mary Patricia, had qualified to practise as a nurse. His father, James McCartney, was absent from his sons birth due to his work as a firefighter during World War II. Paul has one brother, Michael. Though the children were baptised in their mothers Catholic faith, their father was a former Protestant turned agnostic, McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School in Speke from 1947 until 1949, when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School in Belle Vale because of overcrowding at Stockton. In 1953, with three others out of ninety examinees, he passed the 11-Plus exam, meaning he could attend the Liverpool Institute. In 1954, he met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus from his home in Speke. The two quickly became friends, McCartney later admitted, I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger. McCartneys mother Mary was a midwife and the primary wage earner, her earnings enabled them to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton. She rode a bicycle to her patients, McCartney described an early memory of her leaving at about three in the morning streets, on 31 October 1956, when McCartney was fourteen, his mother died of an embolism. McCartneys loss later became a point of connection with John Lennon, whose mother, McCartneys father was a trumpet player and pianist, who had led Jim Macs Jazz Band in the 1920s. He kept a piano in the front room, encouraged his sons to be musical and advised Paul to take piano lessons
19.
Loretta Lynn
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Loretta Lynn is an American country music singer-songwriter with multiple gold albums over a career of almost 60 years. She is the most awarded female recording artist and the only female ACM Artist of the Decade. Lynn is the second of eight born to Clara Marie Clary and Melvin Theodore Ted Webb. In January 1948, 15-year-old Loretta married Oliver Doolittle Lynn and their life together inspired the music she wrote. In 1953 Doolittle bought her a $17 Harmony guitar and she often appeared at Bills Tavern in Blaine, Washington, and the Delta Grange Hall in Custer, Washington, with the Pen Brothers band and the Westerneers. She cut her first record, Im a Honky Tonk Girl and she became a part of the country music scene in Nashville in the 1960s. In 1967 she had the first of 16 number-one hits and her later hits include Dont Come Home A Drinkin, You Aint Woman Enough, Fist City, and Coal Miners Daughter. Lynn focused on womens issues with themes about philandering husbands and persistent mistresses. Country music radio stations refused to play her music, banning nine of her songs. She and contemporaries like Tammy Wynette provided a template for artists in country music to follow. Her best-selling 1976 autobiography, Coal Miners Daughter, was made into an Academy Award–winning film of the title in 1980, starring Sissy Spacek. Her album Van Lear Rose, released in 2004, was produced by the rock musician Jack White, Lynn and White were nominated for five Grammys. Lynn has received awards in country and American music. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2013, Lynn has been a member of the Grand Ole Opry since joining on September 25,1962, her first appearance on the Grand Ole Opry was on October 15,1960. Lynn has recorded 70 albums, including 54 studio albums,15 compilation albums, and one tribute album, Lynn was born and raised in Butcher Hollow, Van Lear, Kentucky, a mining community near Paintsville. Her mother was of Scots-Irish and Cherokee ancestry, Loretta was the second of eight children. She was named after the film star Loretta Young, Ted Webb never got to see his daughter become famous, as he died in 1959 of coalworkers pneumoconiosis before Lorettas first single, Im A Honky Tonk Girl, was released. Besides her famous siblings and children who perform, she is related to the country singer Patty Loveless on her mothers side and she is also related, on her mothers side, to Venus Ramey, Miss America of 1944
20.
Crystal Gayle
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Crystal Gayle is an American country music singer. Gayle became the first female artist in music history to reach platinum sales. Also noted for her nearly floor-length hair, she was voted one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world by People magazine in 1983 and she is the younger sister of the country singer-songwriter Loretta Lynn and the singer Peggy Sue and a distant cousin of singer Patty Loveless. Gayle has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, near Lynns star, Crystal Gayle was born Brenda Gail Webb on January 9,1951, in Paintsville, Kentucky, to Clara Marie Clary and Melvin Theodore Ted Webb, a coal miner. She was the youngest in the coal mining family of ten. She was also the one of the eight children to be born in a hospital. Her older siblings are, Melvin Webb Loretta Lynn Herman Webb Jay Lee Donald Ray Webb Peggy Sue Wright Betty Ruth Webb Webbs family moved north to Wabash, Indiana, four years later, her father died of black lung disease. Though a shy child, Brenda would sing along with country and pop songs on the radio, inspired by the success of her sister Loretta Lynn, she learned to play the guitar and sing backup in her brothers folk band. While still in school, she began to tour with her sister for a few weeks each summer. After graduating from Wabash High School in 1970, Brenda signed with Decca Records, however, since there was already a singer named Brenda Lee with Decca Records, she was asked to change her first name. Loretta Lynn suggested the name Crystal after seeing a sign for the Krystal hamburger restaurant chain, Brenda Gail Webb thus became Crystal Gayle. In 1971 she married Bill Gatzimos, her sweetheart, they have two children and a grandson. Gayles debut single, Ive Cried, was released in 1970, written by Loretta Lynn, it was performed in a style similar to that of her sister. Decca asked for more records like Lynns, who wrote more of her early singles and this approach failed to establish Gayle, despite regular appearances on Blake Emmonss television show The Country Place. She did not reappear in the country Top 40 until the 1974 release of Restless, the first album, Crystal Gayle, was released in 1974 and produced her first top-ten country hit, Wrong Road Again. By 1976, she had the first of her 20 number one singles with Ill Get Over You. The following year, she had two more top-2 country hits, You Never Miss a Real Good Thing and Ill Do It All Over Again, before achieving her greatest success. Gayle recalled what her sister Loretta Lynn had said, You record what I couldnt record — you do MOR, middle of the road, I dont think I ever would have made it if I went down the road and did the music my sister did
21.
Nicolas Cage
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Nicolas Kim Coppola, known professionally as Nicolas Cage, is an American actor and producer. He has performed in leading roles in a variety of films, ranging from romantic comedies and he earned his second Academy Award nomination for his performance as Charlie and Donald Kaufman in Adaptation. In 2002, he directed the film Sonny, for which he was nominated for Grand Special Prize at Deauville Film Festival, Cage owns the production company Saturn Films and has produced films such as Shadow of the Vampire and The Life of David Gale. He has also appeared in National Treasure, Lord of War, Bad Lieutenant, Port of Call New Orleans, Films such as Ghost Rider and Knowing were box office successes. Cage has been criticized in recent years for his choice of roles. However, he starred in The Croods and Joe, both of which were warmly received by critics. Cage was born in Long Beach, California, to August Coppola, a professor of literature, and Joy Vogelsang and he was raised in a Catholic family. His father was of Italian descent and his mothers ancestry was German and his paternal grandparents were composer Carmine Coppola and actress Italia Pennino, and his paternal great-grandparents were immigrants from Bernalda, Basilicata. Cages two brothers are New York radio personality Marc The Cope Coppola and director Christopher Coppola and he attended Beverly Hills High School, which is known for its many alumni who became entertainers. He aspired to act from an age and also attended UCLA School of Theater, Film. His first non-cinematic acting experience was in a production of Golden Boy. He cites James Dean as the key inspiration for his career, saying, I saw him in Rebel Without a Cause, East of Eden. Nothing affected me—no rock song, no classical music—the way Dean affected me in Eden, I was like, Thats what I want to do. To avoid the appearance of nepotism as the nephew of Francis Ford Coppola, he changed his name early in his career to Nicolas Cage, inspired in part by the Marvel Comics superhero Luke Cage. Since his film debut with a role in Fast Times at Ridgemont High, opposite Judge Reinhold and Sean Penn, Cage has appeared in a wide range of films. He auditioned for the role of Dallas Winston in his uncles film The Outsiders, hintons novel, but lost to Matt Dillon. He was also in Coppolas films Rumble Fish and Peggy Sue Got Married, Cage has been nominated twice for an Academy Award, winning once for his performance as a suicidal alcoholic in Leaving Las Vegas. His other nomination was for his portrayal of real-life screenwriter Charlie Kaufman, despite these successes, most of his lower-profile films have performed poorly at the box office compared to his mainstream action/adventure roles
22.
Francis Ford Coppola
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Francis Ford Coppola, also credited as Francis Coppola, is a semi-retired American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He is considered to have been a figure of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking. After directing The Rain People, he co-wrote the 1970 film Patton and he followed with The Godfather Part II in 1974, which became the first sequel to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Conversation, which he directed, produced and wrote, was released same year. He next directed 1979s Apocalypse Now, while notorious for its lengthy and strenuous production, the film was widely acclaimed for its vivid and stark depiction of the Vietnam War, winning the Palme dOr at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival. Coppola is one of only eight filmmakers to win two Palme dOr awards, while a number of Coppolas ventures in the 1980s and 1990s were critically lauded, he has never quite achieved the same commercial success with films as in the 1970s. His most well-known films released since the start of the 1980s are the dramas The Outsiders and Rumble Fish, the crime-drama The Cotton Club, and his movies The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and Apocalypse Now are often ranked among the greatest films of all time. Coppola was born in Detroit, Michigan, to father Carmine Coppola, a flautist with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Coppola is the second of three children, his older brother was August Coppola, his younger sister is actress Talia Shire. Born into a family of Italian immigrant ancestry, his grandparents came to the United States from Bernalda. His maternal grandfather, popular Italian composer Francesco Pennino, immigrated from Naples, Coppola received his middle name in honor of Henry Ford, not only because he was born in the Henry Ford Hospital but also because of his musician-fathers association with the automobile manufacturer. Contracting polio as a boy, Coppola was bedridden for periods of his childhood. Reading A Streetcar Named Desire at age 15 was instrumental in developing his interest in theater, eager to be involved in film-craft, he created 8mm features edited from home movies with such titles as The Rich Millionaire and The Lost Wallet. As a child, Coppola was a student, but he was so interested in technology. Trained initially for a career in music, he became proficient on the tuba, overall, Coppola attended 23 other schools before he eventually graduated from the Great Neck North High School. He entered Hofstra College in 1955 with a major in theater arts, there he was awarded a scholarship in playwriting. This furthered his interest in directing theater despite the disapproval of his father, Coppola was profoundly impressed after seeing Sergei Eisensteins October, Ten Days That Shook the World, especially with the movies quality of editing. It was at this time Coppola decided he would go into cinema rather than theater, Coppola also gives credit to the work of Elia Kazan and for its influence on him as a director. Amongst Coppolas classmates at Hofstra were James Caan, Lainie Kazan and he later cast Lainie Kazan in One from the Heart and Caan in The Rain People and The Godfather
23.
Peggy Sue Got Married
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The film was written by husband and wife team Jerry Leichtling and Arlene Sarner. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards, Best Actress, Best Cinematography, and Best Costume Design, in addition, Turner was nominated for Best Foreign Actress at the Sant Jordi Awards. Peggy Sue Bodell sets off for her 25-year high school reunion in 1985 with her daughter, Beth and she arrives at the reunion and is happy to reconnect with her old best friends, Maddy and Carol. Charlie unexpectedly arrives at the reunion, causing a scene with Peggy ignoring him. The awkwardness is ended when the event MC announces the reunion’s king, the king is Richard Norvik, a former class geek turned billionaire inventor. Peggy is named the queen and walks on stage, but after they wheel out the reunion cake, when Peggy wakes, she finds herself back in the spring of 1960 during her senior year of high school, having passed out after donating blood in the school gym. She finds all of her friends that she just left to also be their teenage selves, still in shock, she allows herself to be taken home while she sees her surroundings are the way they were 25 years before. After a rough first night, she decides to have fun with the experience, however, when given the chance to break up with Charlie, she thinks it might be best since she knows how it will end. Peggy makes friends with Richard Norvik, the geek, to figure out what is going on with her. Charlie gets jealous when she ignores him at lunch and makes arrangements to meet Richard after school to discuss time travel with him, when she tells him her secret, at first he thinks its a joke. However, she tells things about him and the world that she would not know if she were not from the future, although Peggy has decided to break up with Charlie, shes the only one who wants that. One night after a party, Peggy decides to sleep with Charlie and he then flips out and reminds her that she had rebuffed him the weekend before and therefore believes shes playing games, then drives her home. Instead of going inside, she takes a walk and ends up at an all-night cafe, as she walks by, she sees Michael Fitzsimmons — the artsy loner in school she always wished she’d slept with - and goes in to talk to him. After finding out they have more in common than originally thought, in a field, they smoke weed and find out more about one another. When he asks if she is going to marry Charlie, she responds that she already did that, after he recites some of his poetry for her, they have sex. Michael reveals that he wants her to go with him and another woman to Utah so they can marry, after his revelation, she tells him he should go and to write about their night together. In the middle of their conversation, she hears a voice she recognizes singing, when she looks at the stage, she sees that its Charlie and realizes that she did not know everything about him. Michael is upset, thinks that she declined his offer for Charlie and is ready to go, after they leave, its shown that Charlie was singing as a audition for an agent and is rejected
24.
Lon Chaney
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Leonidas Frank Lon Chaney, sometimes known as Lon Chaney Sr, was an American stage and film actor, make-up artist, director and screenwriter. Chaney was known for his roles in such silent horror films as The Hunchback of Notre Dame. His ability to transform himself using techniques he developed earned him the nickname The Man of a Thousand Faces. Leonidas Frank Chaney was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado to Frank H. Chaney and his father was of English and French ancestry, and his mother was of Scottish, English, and Irish descent. Chaneys maternal grandfather, Jonathan Ralston Kennedy, founded the Colorado School for the Education of Mutes in 1874, both of Chaneys parents were deaf, and as a child of deaf adults Chaney became skilled in pantomime. He entered a career in 1902, and began traveling with popular Vaudeville. In 1905, Chaney, then 22, met and married 16-year-old singer Cleva Creighton and in 1906, their only child, the Chaneys continued touring, settling in California in 1910. The suicide attempt failed but it ruined her career as a result. The time spent there is not clearly known, but between the years 1912 and 1917, Chaney worked under contract for Universal Studios doing bit or character parts and his skill with makeup gained him many parts in the highly competitive casting atmosphere. Chaney married one of his colleagues in the Kolb and Dill company tour. Little is known of Hazel, except that her marriage to Chaney was solid, upon marrying, the new couple gained custody of Chaneys 10-year-old son Creighton, who had resided in various homes and boarding schools since Chaneys divorce from Cleva in 1913. By 1917 Chaney was a prominent actor in the studio, when Chaney asked for a raise, studio executive William Sistrom replied, Youll never be worth more than one hundred dollars a week. After leaving the studio, Chaney struggled for the first year as a character actor and it was not until 1918 when playing a substantial role in William S. Harts picture Riddle Gawne that Chaneys talents as a character actor were truly recognized by the industry. In 1917 Universal presented Chaney, Dorothy Phillips, and William Stowell as a team in The Pipers Price, in succeeding films, the men alternated playing lover, villain, or other man to the beautiful Phillips. They would occasionally be joined by Claire DuBrey nearly making the trio a quartet of recurring actors from film to film, so successful were the films starring this group that Universal produced fourteen films from 1917 to 1919 with Chaney, Stowell, and Phillips. The films were directed by Joe De Grasse or his wife Ida May Park. When Chaney was away branching out on such as Riddle Gawne and The Kaiser, Beast of Berlin, Stowell. Stowell and Phillips made The Heart of Humanity, bringing in Erich von Stroheim for a part as the villain that could easily have played by Chaney
25.
Lon Chaney Jr.
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He also portrayed Lennie Small in Of Mice and Men. Chaney had English, French, and Irish ancestry, and his career in movies and television spanned four decades and his parents troubled marriage ended in divorce in 1913 following his mothers scandalous public suicide attempt in Los Angeles. Young Creighton lived in homes and boarding schools until 1916. From an early age, he worked hard to get out of his famous fathers shadow, in young adulthood, his father discouraged him from show business, and he attended business college and became successful in a Los Angeles appliance corporation. Creighton, who had working for a plumbing company, married Dorothy Hinckley the daughter of his employer Ralph Hinckley. But Creightons life changed forever when his father was diagnosed with throat cancer, many articles and biographies over the years report that Creighton was led to believe his mother had died while he was a boy, and was only made aware she lived after his fathers death. Creighton always maintained he had a tough childhood and it was only after his fathers death that Chaney started acting in films, beginning with an uncredited bit part in the 1932 film Girl Crazy. He appeared in films under his name until 1935, when he began to be billed as Lon Chaney Jr. From 1942 onward, he was billed as Lon Chaney although the Jr. was usually added by others when they referred to him to him from his more famous father. Chaney first achieved stardom and critical acclaim in the 1939 feature film version of Of Mice and Men, Chaney was asked to test for the role of Quasimodo for the 1939 remake of The Hunchback of Notre Dame. The role went to Charles Laughton, with his third-billed character role in One Million B. C. as Victor Matures caveman father, Chaney began to be viewed as a character actor in the mold of his father. Put under contract by Universal Pictures Co. Inc, Chaney was cast in Man-Made Monster, a science-fiction horror thriller originally written with Karloff in mind. He also played the character, Count Alucard—Dracula spelled in reverse—in Son of Dracula. Chaney is thus the only actor to portray all four of Universals major horror characters, the Wolf Man, Frankensteins Monster, the Mummy and he also starred in a series of radio show appearances, including psychological mysteries on the Inner Sanctum radio show. Chaney also appeared in on the stage in productions as Born Yesterday. Kramer told the press at the time whenever a script came in with a role too difficult for most actors in Hollywood. He became quite popular with baby boomers after Universal released its back catalog of films to television in 1957. The series ended after 39 episodes, roger Smith played the young Creighton
26.
Carla Laemmle
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Rebekah Isabelle Carla Laemmle was an American actress of German Jewish descent, and the niece of Universal Pictures studio founder Carl Laemmle. She was an actress in the 1920s and 1930s. Her career in motion pictures also spanned almost ninety years from her first appearance in 1925 to her last in 2014, Laemmle continued to appear in small roles until the late 1930s, when she disappeared from the movie screen. She briefly came out of retirement to play a vampire in The Vampire Hunters Club, in 2009 the book Growing Up With Monsters, My Times at Universal Studios in Rhymes, co-authored by Carla Laemmle and Daniel Kinske, was released. The book details her life at Universal Studios from 1921 to 1937, on October 20,2009, she celebrated her 100th birthday with a guestlist which included Ray Bradbury, George Clayton Johnson, Bela Lugosi, Jr. Sara Karloff and Ron Chaney. On October 3,2010 she appeared in BBC Four documentary A History of Horror with Mark Gatiss, sharing memories of her film work with Lon Chaney. She recited her opening lines from Dracula, in March 2012, Turner Classic Movies presented a screening of Dracula, Laemmle appeared at the screening in connection with its Classic Movie Festival. Laemmle died at her home in Los Angeles at the age of 104 on June 12,2014 and she never married and had no children. Her closest survivors are a great-niece, Rosemary Hilb, and great-grandnieces, Antonia Carlotta and Cassandra Shaw Carla Laemmle at the Internet Movie Database
27.
Carl Laemmle
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Carl Laemmle was a pioneer in American film making and a founder of Universal Studios. Laemmle produced or worked on over 400 films, regarded as one of the most important of the early film pioneers, Laemmle was born in modern-day Germany. He emigrated to the United States in 1884 and worked in Chicago for 20 years before he began buying nickelodeons, eventually expanding into a distribution service. Laemmle was born on 17 January 1867 in Laupheim, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, in Germany, to a Jewish family and his parents were born with the same surname and were first cousins. As a youth, he was an apprentice in Ichenhausen and he worked a variety of jobs, but by 1894 he was the bookkeeper of the Continental Clothing Company in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where he introduced a bolder advertising style. In 1906, Laemmle quit his job and started one of the first motion picture theaters in Chicago and he challenged Thomas Edisons monopoly on moving pictures under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. After moving to New York, Carl Laemmle got involved in producing movies, forming Independent Moving Pictures, the city was the site of many new movie-related businesses. They founded the Company with studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey, in 1915, the studio moved to 235 acres of land in the San Fernando Valley, California. Universal maintained two East Coast offices, The first was located at 1600 Broadway, New York City and this building, initially known as The Studebaker building, was razed around 2004-5. The second location to house Universals executive offices was at 730 Fifth Avenue, many years later,445 Park Avenue was the location of Universals executive offices. After moving to California, Laemmle purchased as a residence for his family the home of film pioneer Thomas Ince on Benedict Canyon Drive. The house was razed in the early 1940s, Laemmle also maintained a large apartment for himself and his two children, Rosabelle Laemmle and Carl Jr. at 465 West End Avenue, New York City, one block off Riverside Drive near the Hudson River. In 1916, Laemmle sponsored the $3,000 three-foot-tall solid silver Universal Trophy for the winner of the annual Universal race at the Uniontown Speedway board track in southwestern Pennsylvania, Universal filmed each race from 1916 to 1922. in the title role, and The Man Who Laughs. In the early and mid-1930s, Laemmles son, Carl Laemmle and his occasional successes included Back Street, 1936s Show Boat. Carl Laemmle and his son were forced out of the company in 1936 during the Great Depression. He died from disease on September 24,1939 in Beverly Hills, California. Laemmle was entombed in the Chapel Mausoleum at Home of Peace Cemetery, to ensure and facilitate their immigration, Laemmle contacted American authorities, members of the House of Representatives and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. He also intervened to try to secure entry for the refugees on board the SS St. Louis, who were sent back from Havana to Europe in 1939
28.
Emilio Estevez
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Emilio Estevez is an American actor, director, and writer. He is also known for Repo Man, The Mighty Ducks and its sequels, Stakeout, Maximum Overdrive, Bobby, Estevez was born on Staten Island, the oldest child of artist Janet Templeton and actor Martin Sheen. His siblings are Ramon Estevez, Charlie Sheen, and Renée Estevez, estevezs paternal grandparents were Irish and Galician immigrants. His father is a devout Catholic and his mother is a strict Southern Baptist, Estevez initially attended school in the New York public school system but transferred to a prestigious private academy once his fathers career took off. He lived on Manhattans Upper West Side until his family moved west in 1968 when his father was cast in Catch-22, growing up in Malibu, California, Estevez attended Santa Monica High School. When Estevez was 11 years old, his father bought the family a portable movie camera. Estevez, his brother Charlie, and their school friends, Sean Penn, Chris Penn, Chad Lowe, and Rob Lowe used the camera to make short films. Estevez also appeared in Meet Mr. Bomb, a short anti-nuclear power film produced at his high school, Emilio was 14 when he accompanied his father to the Philippines, where Sheen was shooting Apocalypse Now. Estevez had a role as an extra in Apocalypse Now, when they returned to Los Angeles, Estevez co-wrote and starred in a high school play about Vietnam veterans called Echoes of an Era and invited his parents to watch it. Sheen recalls being astonished by his sons performance, and began to realize, my God, after graduating from Santa Monica High in 1980, he refused to go to college and instead went into acting. Unlike his brother Charlie, Emilio and his siblings did not adopt their fathers stage name. Emilio reportedly liked the assonance of the double ‘E’ initials, and his first role was in a drama produced by the Catholic Paulist order. Soon after, he made his debut with his father in Mister Roberts at Burt Reynolds dinner theater in Jupiter. Since then, father and son worked together in the 1982 ABC-TV film about juveniles in jail, In the Custody of Strangers, Estevez received much attention during the 1980s for being a member of the Brat Pack and was credited as the leader of the group of young actors. Estevez and Rob Lowe established the Brat Pack when cast as supporting Greasers in an early Brat Pack movie, Lowe was cast as C. Thomas Howells older brother Sodapop and Estévez as the drunken Two-Bit Matthews. During production, he approached his character as a laid-back guy and thought up Two-Bits interest in Mickey Mouse, shown by his uniform of Mickey Mouse T-shirts. Besides his roles in In the Custody of Strangers and The Outsiders, his credits include NBC-TVs thrillers Nightmares and Tex and he bought the movie rights to a third Hinton book, That Was Then, This Is Now, and wrote the screenplay. His father predicted he would have to direct to feel the full extent of his talents, describing him as an officer, not a soldier
29.
Martin Sheen
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Other notable films in Sheens career include Gandhi, Gettysburg, The Departed, and The Amazing Spider-Man. He also starred in the television series The West Wing as President Josiah Bartlet, in film, Sheen has won the Best Actor award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival for his performance as Kit Carruthers in Badlands. Willard in Apocalypse Now earned a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor, Sheen received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1989. Born and raised in the United States by immigrant parents, he adopted the stage name Martin Sheen to help him gain acting parts and he is the father of four children, all of whom are actors. Although known as an actor, Sheen also has directed one film, Cadence, appearing alongside sons Charlie, Sheen has narrated, produced, and directed documentary television, earning two Daytime Emmy awards in the 1980s. In addition to film and television, Sheen has been active in liberal politics, Sheen was born in Dayton, Ohio, the son of Mary-Ann and Francisco Estévez Martínez. During birth, Sheens left arm was crushed by forceps, giving him limited lateral movement of that arm, both of Sheens parents were immigrants, his mother from Borrisokane, County Tipperary, Ireland, and his father was born in Salceda de Caselas, Galicia, Spain. After moving to Dayton in the 1930s, his father was a factory worker/machinery inspector at the National Cash Register Company, Sheen grew up on Brown Street in the South Park neighborhood, one of ten children. Due to his fathers work, the family lived in Bermuda on St. Johns Road, Pembroke, Martin was the first child to be born in Dayton, Ohio, after the family returned from Bermuda. Sheen contracted polio as a child and had to remain bedridden for a year and his doctors treatment using Sister Kennys method helped cure him and he regained use of his legs. When he was years old, Sheens mother died. The family was able to remain together with the assistance of Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Dayton, raised as a Catholic, he graduated from Chaminade High School. At fourteen years, he organized a strike of golf caddies while working at a golf club in Dayton. He complained about the golfers, They often used obscene language in front of us and we were little boys and they were abusive. And they, for the most part, were upstanding members of the community, Sheen was drawn to acting at a young age, but his father disapproved of his interest in the field. Despite his fathers opposition, Sheen borrowed money from a Catholic priest and moved to New York City in his early twenties and he spent two years in the Living Theatre company. It was in New York that he met the legendary Catholic activist Dorothy Day, Sheen deliberately failed the entrance examination for the University of Dayton so that he could pursue his acting career. He adopted his name, Martin Sheen, from a combination of the CBS casting director, Robert Dale Martin, who gave him his first big break
30.
Charlie Sheen
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Carlos Irwin Estévez, known professionally as Charlie Sheen, is an American actor. Sheen rose to fame after a series of films such as Platoon, Wall Street, Young Guns, Eight Men Out, Major League, Hot Shots. In the 2000s, Sheen became best known for his television roles and he most recently starred in the FX comedy series Anger Management, which concluded its 100-episode run in 2014. In 2010, Sheen was the highest paid actor on television and earned US$1.8 million per episode of Two, Sheens personal life has made headlines, including reports of alcohol and drug abuse and marital problems, as well as allegations of domestic violence. His contract for Two and a Half Men was terminated by CBS, on November 17,2015, Sheen publicly revealed that he was HIV positive, having been diagnosed about four years earlier. Carlos Estévez was born on September 3,1965, in New York City and his paternal grandparents were immigrants from Galicia and Ireland, respectively. His father is a devout Catholic and his mother is a strict Southern Baptist, Sheen has two older brothers, Emilio and Ramon, and a younger sister, Renée, all actors. His parents moved to Malibu, California, after Martins Broadway turn in The Subject Was Roses, Sheens first movie appearance was at age nine in his fathers 1974 film The Execution of Private Slovik. Sheen attended Santa Monica High School in Santa Monica, California, along with Robert Downey, Jr. where he was a star pitcher and shortstop for the baseball team. At Santa Monica High School, he showed an early interest in acting, making amateur Super 8 films with his brother Emilio and school friends Rob Lowe, a few weeks before graduation, Sheen was expelled from school for poor grades and attendance. Deciding to become an actor, he took the stage name Charlie Sheen and his father had adopted the surname Sheen in honor of the Catholic archbishop and theologian Fulton J. Sheen, while Charlie was an English form of his given name Carlos. Sheens film career began in 1984 with a role in the Cold War teen drama Red Dawn with Patrick Swayze, C. Thomas Howell, Lea Thompson, Sheen and Grey reunited in a small scene in Ferris Buellers Day Off. He also appeared in an episode of the anthology series Amazing Stories, Sheen had his first major role in the Vietnam War drama Platoon. In 1987, he starred with his father in Wall Street, both Wall Street and Platoon were directed by Oliver Stone. In 1988, Stone asked Sheen to star in his new film Born on the Fourth of July, Sheen was never notified by Stone, and only found out when he heard the news from his brother Emilio. Sheen did not take a role in Stones subsequent films. In 1987, Sheen was cast to portray Ron in the unreleased Grizzly II, The Predator, in 1988, he starred in the baseball film Eight Men Out as outfielder Happy Felsch. Also in 1988, he appeared opposite his brother Emilio in Young Guns, in 1989, Sheen, John Fusco, Christopher Cain, Lou Diamond Phillips, Emilio Estévez and Kiefer Sutherland were honored with a Bronze Wrangler for their work on the film Young Guns
31.
Mark Harmon
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Thomas Mark Harmon is an American television and film actor. He has appeared in a variety of roles since the early 1970s. Harmon gained recognition for portraying Secret Service special agent Simon Donovan in The West Wing, receiving a 2002 Emmy Award nomination for his acting in the story arc. Harmon was cast in a role a year later, Donald P. Bellisario—the creator of both JAG and NCIS for CBS—had seen Harmon in The West Wing and decided to cast him in NCIS. Harmons character of NCIS special agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs was first introduced in a guest starring role in two episodes of JAG, since 2003, Harmon has starred in NCIS as the same character. Harmon was born in Burbank, California, the youngest of three children and the only son and his parents were Heisman Trophy–winning football player and broadcaster Tom Harmon and actress and artist Elyse Knox. Harmon has two sisters, actress and painter Kristin Nelson, the wife of late singer Ricky Nelson, and actress-model Kelly Harmon. His maternal grandparents were Austrian immigrants, after his sophomore season at Pierce, Harmon had a number of offers from major college football programs, and he ultimately chose UCLA over Oklahoma. The Sooners finished second in the nation in 1971, while the Bruins were a pre-season top-20 selection, during his very first game for UCLA, he engineered a stunning upset of the two-time defending national champion, Nebraska Cornhuskers. The Bruins were an 18-point home underdog to the top-ranked Huskers, in his senior year in 1973, Harmon received the National Football Foundation Award for All-Round Excellence. During his two years as quarterback in coach Pepper Rodgerss wishbone offense, UCLA compiled a 17–5 record, Harmon graduated cum laude from UCLA in 1974 with a B. A. in Communications. He was inducted into the Pierce College Athletic Hall of Fame among its first class of members in 2010, after college, Harmon considered pursuing a career in advertising or law. Harmon started his career in business as a director. He spent much of his career portraying law enforcement and medical personnel, one of his first national TV appearances was in a commercial for Kelloggs Product 19 cereal with his father, Tom Harmon, its longstanding TV spokesman. Thanks to his sister, Kristens in-laws, Ozzie Nelson and Harriet Nelson and this was followed by guest roles in episodes of Adam-12, Police Woman, and Emergency. He also performed in 905-Wild, a pilot episode for a series about two L. A. County Animal Control Officers which did not sell, producer/creator Jack Webb, who was the packager of both series, later cast Harmon in Sam, a short-lived 1978 series about an LAPD officer and his K-9 partner. In 1978, he appeared in three episodes of the mini-series, Centennial, as Captain John MacIntosh, an honorable Union cavalry officer and he then landed a co-starring role on the 1979 action series 240-Robert as Deputy Dwayne Thibideaux
32.
Heisman Trophy
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The Heisman Memorial Trophy, is awarded annually to the most outstanding player in college football in the United States whose performance best exhibits the pursuit of excellence with integrity. Winners epitomize great ability combined with diligence, perseverance, and hard work and it is presented by the Heisman Trophy Trust in early December before the postseason bowl games. The award was created by the Downtown Athletic Club in 1935 to recognize the most valuable football player east of the Mississippi. After the death in October 1936 of the Clubs athletic director, John Heisman, Heisman had been active in college athletics as a football player, a head football, basketball, and baseball coach, and an athletic director. It is the oldest of several awards in college football, including the Maxwell Award, Walter Camp Award. The most recent winner of the Heisman Trophy is University of Louisville quarterback Lamar Jackson, the trophy itself, designed by sculptor Frank Eliscu, is modeled after Ed Smith, a leading player in 1934 for the now-defunct New York University football team. The trophy is made out of cast bronze, is 13.5 inches tall, Eliscu had asked Smith, his former George Washington High School classmate, to pose for a commissioned sculpture of a football player. Smith did not realize until 1982 that the sculpture had become the Heisman Trophy, the Downtown Athletic Club presented Smith with a Heisman Trophy of his own in 1985. From its inception in 1935, the statue was cast by Dieges & Clust in New York until 1980, for a time until at least 2008, the statues were cast by Roman Bronze Works in New York. There are 870 media voters,145 voters from each of six regions, according to Heisman. com there are currently 57 prior winners eligible to vote and, thus,57 potential votes. Fans, As the Premier Partner of the Heisman Trophy, Nissan has a vote, fan voting done through a survey collected by ESPN on NissanHeismanHouse. com. Each voter identifies three selections, ranking them in order, each first-place selection is awarded three points. Each second-place selection is awarded two points, each third-place selection is awarded one point. Voters must make three selections and cannot duplicate a selection, else the ballot is invalid and none of the selections count, the accounting firm Deloitte is responsible for the tabulation of votes, which has moved almost exclusively to online voting since 2007. Larry Kelley and Clint Frank of Yale were the first teammates to win the Heisman Trophy, nile Kinnick of Iowa was the only Heisman Trophy winner to have a stadium named after him. In 1972, the University of Iowa renamed its football complex Kinnick Stadium, Kinnick is also the only winner to die in military service of the United States, he went down piloting an F4F Wildcat from the deck of USS Lexington. His death in 1943 made him the first Heisman Trophy winner to die, Doc Blanchard was the first junior to win the Heisman Trophy when he led Army to the national title in 1945. Paul Hornung was the player to win the Heisman Trophy as a player for a losing team
33.
Tom Harmon
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Thomas Dudley Harmon, sometimes known by the nickname Old 98, was an American football player, military pilot, and sports broadcaster. Harmon grew up in Gary, Indiana, and played football at the halfback position for the University of Michigan from 1938 to 1940. He led the nation in scoring and was a consensus All-American in both 1939 and 1940 and won the Heisman Trophy, the Maxwell Award, and the Associated Press Athlete of the Year award in 1940 and he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954. During World War II, Harmon served as a pilot in the U. S. Army Air Forces, in April 1943, he was the sole survivor of the crash of a bomber he piloted in South America en route to North Africa. Six months later, while flying a P-38 Lightning, he was shot down in a dogfight with Japanese Zeros near Kiukiang in China. After the war, Harmon played two seasons of football for the Los Angeles Rams and had the longest run from scrimmage during the 1946 NFL season. He later pursued a career in broadcasting and was the play-by-play announcer for the first televised Rose Bowl in the late 1940s. He later hosted a 10-minute daily sports show on the ABC radio network in the 1960s and he also handled play-by-play responsibility on broadcasts of UCLA football games in the 1960s and 1970s. Born in Rensselaer, Indiana, at the home at 118 South Weston Street, Harmon was the son of Illinois natives Rose Marie and Louis A. Harmon. Harmon had five siblings, Louella, Harold, Mary, Louis. His maternal grandparents were Irish, while his father was of French, in 1924, the family moved to Gary, Indiana. Harmon attended Horace Mann High School in Gary, graduating in 1937 and he received 14 varsity letters in 10 sports at Horace Mann. He won the Indiana state championship both in the 100-yard dash and 220-yard low hurdles and won the national interscholastic scoring championship in football with 150 points and he ran the 100-yard dash in 9.9 seconds and 220-yard low hurdles in 22.6 seconds. He was also a basketball player and threw two no-hitters as a pitcher in AAU baseball. Michigan athletic director Fielding H. Yost in 1937 proclaimed Harmon the greatest high school athlete of the year, at the urging of his high school coach Douglass Kerr, who played end for Michigan in 1927 and 1928, Harmon enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1937. He played on the football team that fall, while the varsity compiled a 4–4 record in its final season under head coach Harry Kipke. In November 1937, the Associated Press published a story that Tulane coach Bill Bevan had tried to lure Harmon to transfer to that school, Harmon chose to remain at Michigan, leading the varsity football team to a 19–4–1 record over the next three years. In addition to football, Harmon was also a member of the team for two years
34.
Screen Actors Guild
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The Screen Actors Guild was an American labor union which represented over 100,000 film and television principal and background performers worldwide. On March 30,2012, the leadership announced that the SAG membership voted to merge with the American Federation of Television. The Screen Actors Guild was associated with the Associated Actors and Artistes of America, AAAA is affiliated with the AFL–CIO. Internationally, the SAG was affiliated with the International Federation of Actors. C, since 1995, the guild annually awarded the Screen Actors Guild Awards, which are considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards. This award is continued by SAG-AFTRA, in 1925, the Masquers Club was formed by actors discontent with the grueling work hours at the Hollywood studios. This was one of the concerns which led to the creation of the Screen Actors Guild in 1933. A meeting in March 1933 of six led to the guilds foundation. Aubrey Smith, Charles Starrett, Richard Tucker, Arthur Vinton, Morgan Wallace, many high-profile actors refused to join SAG initially. This changed when the producers made an agreement amongst themselves not to bid competitively for talent, a pivotal meeting, at the home of Frank Morgan, was what gave SAG its critical mass. Cantors participation was critical, particularly because of his friendship with the recently elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt, after several years and the passage of the National Labor Relations Act, the producers agreed to negotiate with SAG in 1937. Robinson, Edwin Stanley, Gloria Stuart, Lyle Talbot, Franchot Tone, Warren William, Ten of those summoned, dubbed the Hollywood Ten, refused to cooperate and were charged with contempt of Congress and sentenced to prison. The president of SAG – future United States President Ronald Reagan – also known to the FBI as Confidential Informant T-10, testified before the committee but never publicly named names. He felt that lacking a definite stand on the part of the government, subsequently, a climate of fear, enhanced by the threat of detention under the provisions of the McCarran Internal Security Act, permeated the film industry. On November 17,1947, the Screen Actors Guild voted to force its officers to take a non-communist pledge, none of those blacklisted were proven to advocate overthrowing the government – most simply had Marxist or socialist views. The Waldorf Statement marked the beginning of the Hollywood blacklist that saw hundreds of people prevented from working in the film industry, unfortunately, there are no credits to restore, nor any other belated recognition that we can offer our members who were blacklisted. They could not work under assumed names or employ surrogates to front for them, an actors work and his or her identity are inseparable. The Screen Actors Guild Ethnic Minorities Committee was co-founded in 1972 by actors Henry Darrow, Edith Diaz, Ricardo Montalban, the Screen Actors Guild Womens Committee was founded in 1972. In 1998, Naomi Marquez filed suit against SAG and Lakeside Productions claiming they had breached their duty of fair representation, the claim was denied by the Supreme Court
35.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
36.
Equity (British trade union)
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Equity is the trade union for actors, stage managers and models in the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1930 by a group of West End performers and, in 1967, equity was one of the last of the closed shop unions in the UK. Equity requires its members to have unique professional names, to allow new members to join, there were a limited number of non-card holding jobs on regional productions. However, to join, evidence must be provided of sufficient paid professional work,1930, Alfred M. Wall 1935, Geoffrey Robinson 1935, C. B. British Group Urges Freer Exchange of Actors With U. S
37.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
38.
David Tennant
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David Tennant is a Scottish actor and voice actor. In the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, in addition to his appearances on screen, he has worked as a voice actor and in theatre, including a critically acclaimed stage production of Hamlet. In January 2015, Tennant received the National Television Award for Special Recognition, Tennant was born in Bathgate, West Lothian, the son of Alexander Sandy McDonald, a minister who served as the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, and Helen McLeod. He grew up with his brother Blair and sister Karen in Ralston, Renfrewshire, William was a member of the Orange Order. Tennants maternal grandfather, footballer Archie McLeod, met William and Agnes daughter Nellie while playing for Derry City FC, McLeod was descended from tenant farmers from the Isle of Mull. At the age of three, Tennant told his parents that he wanted to become an actor because he was a fan of Doctor Who and he watched almost every Doctor Who episode for years, and he spoke to Tom Baker at a book-signing event in Glasgow. Tennant says he was absurdly single-minded in pursuing an acting career, Tennant was educated at Ralston Primary and Paisley Grammar School. He acted in productions throughout primary and secondary school. Tennants talent at this age was spotted by Scottish actress Edith MacArthur. After seeing his first performance at age 11, she told his parents he would become a stage actor. Tennant has stated that he later had to change his name to Tennant to meet Screen Actors Guild rules. Tennant made his acting debut while still in secondary school. When he was 16, he acted in a film made by the Glasgow Health Board which aired on television and was also screened in schools. The following year, he played a role in an episode of Dramarama and he also made an early television appearance in the Scottish TV sitcom Rab C Nesbitt as a transsexual barmaid called Davina. In the 1990s, he appeared in plays at the Dundee Repertory Theatre. Tennants first major TV role was as the manic depressive Campbell in the Scottish drama series Takin Over the Asylum, during filming, he met comic actress and writer Arabella Weir. When he moved to London shortly afterwards, he lodged with Weir for five years, One of his earliest big-screen roles was in Jude, in which he shared a scene with Christopher Eccleston, playing a drunken undergraduate who challenges Ecclestons Jude to prove his intellect. Coincidentally, Eccleston portrayed the incarnation of The Doctor immediately preceding Tennants, Tennant developed his career in the British theatre, frequently performing with the Royal Shakespeare Company
39.
Neil Tennant
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Neil Francis Tennant is an English musician, singer, songwriter and co-founder of the synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys, which he formed with Chris Lowe in 1981. He also was a journalist for Smash Hits, and was assistant editor for the magazine for a period in the mid-1980s. Neil Francis Tennant was born in North Shields, a port near Newcastle upon Tyne to William W. Tennant, a sales representative. He has a sister, Susan, and two younger brothers, Simon and Philip. The family moved to a house in Greenfield Road, Brunton Park. As a child, Tennant attended St. Cuthberts Grammar School, Tennants songs This Must Be the Place I Waited Years to Leave and Its a Sin refer to his early life in Catholic school and the strict upbringing there. While at school, Tennant played guitar and cello, at age sixteen, he played in a folk music group called Dust, whose most popular song was called Can You Hear the Dawn Break. They were heavily influenced by The Incredible String Band, during his teenage years, he was a member of the youth theatre at the Peoples Theatre, Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1975, having completed a degree in history at North London Polytechnic and he was responsible for anglicising the dialogue of Marvels catalogue to suit British readers, and for indicating where women needed to be redrawn for the British editions. He also wrote occasional features for the comics, including interviews with pop stars Marc Bolan, in 1977, he moved to Macdonald Educational Publishing where he edited The Dairy Book Of Home Management and various illustrated books about cookery, playing the guitar, and other home interests. Then he moved to ITV Books where he edited TV tie-in books, the following year he became Assistant Editor. He also edited the 1982,1983 and 1984 editions of The Smash Hits Yearbook, at Smash Hits, an opportunity arose for him to go to New York to interview The Police. While there, Tennant arranged to meet Bobby Orlando, a producer whom both he and Lowe admired, Tennant mentioned that he was writing songs in his spare time and Orlando agreed to record some tracks with him and Lowe at a later date. Orlando subsequently produced the Pet Shop Boys first single, West End Girls, alongside his work with Chris Lowe as Pet Shop Boys, Tennant has worked on several side projects including, In 2014, Tennant provided vocal on Were You There by Diamond Version. In 2008, Tennants vocals featured in The Killers Christmas song Joseph, Better You Than Me alongside Brandon Flowers, in 2007, Tennant co-produced Rufus Wainwrights album Release the Stars. In June 2006, Tennant provided backing vocals on Throw by DJ Fresh, in 2005, Tennant provided lyrics and sang on the track Tranquilizer by DJ Tom Stephan. Under numerous guises and aliases, Stephan had previously remixed Pet Shop Boys tracks such as Paninaro 95, Minimal, New York City boy, in 1998, along with Neil Hannon of The Divine Comedy, Tennant sang backing vocals on the Robbie Williams single No Regrets. In April 1996, Tennants vocals were featured on two recordings by the British group Suede that were released as b-sides to their single Filmstar
40.
Smash Hits
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Smash Hits was a pop music magazine, aimed at teenagers and young adults and originally published in the United Kingdom by EMAP. It ran from 1978 to 2006 and was issued fortnightly for most of that time, the name survives as a brand for a spin-off digital television channel and website. A digital radio station was available but shut on 5 August 2013. The magazine was at its peak in the 1980s, launching the career of many journalists including Heats editor Mark Frith. Other well-known writers have included Dave Rimmer, Ian Birch, Mark Ellen, Steve Beebee, Peter Martin, Chris Heath, Sylvia Patterson, Alex Kadis, Sian Pattenden, Tom Hibbert, and Miranda Sawyer. Neil Tennant of the Pet Shop Boys also worked as a writer and assistant editor, in the 1990s the magazines circulation slumped and it was overtaken by the BBCs spin off magazine Top of the Pops. Emaps other biweekly teen magazine of the period Big. was closed and this focus was shifted over to Smash Hits. The magazine also shifted size a number of times in subsequent relaunches including one format that was as big as an album with songwords to be clipped out on the card cover, television presenter and journalist Kate Thornton was editor for a short time. There were other licensed versions in the magazines history and it was published by Emap, who also use the name for one of their digital television services, and for a digital radio station. The brand also covered the annual Smash Hits Poll Winners Party, in February 2006, it was announced that the magazine would cease publication after the February 13 edition due to declining sales. The digital music channel, digital radio, and website services still continue. In July 2009 a one-off commemorative issue of the magazine was published as a tribute to singer Michael Jackson, further one-off specials were released in November 2009 and December 2010. EMAP licensed the brand for a number of albums, including a tie in with the Now Thats What I Call Music brand for Now Smash Hits. The Australian edition of Smash Hits magazine began in November 1984 as a fortnightly edited by James Manning, the magazine blended some content from the parent publication with locally generated material. Eddy Sarafian, who was later to edit the successful competitor TV Hits for Attic Futura Publications, was also on staff at the time the magazine was founded, Australian Smash Hits was originally published by Fairfax Magazines and was later purchased by Mason Stewart Publications. Over the years it became a monthly and then a bi-monthly, in 2007 the magazine retailed for A$5.95 Inc. On 30 March 2007 it was announced that the Australian edition would cease due to low readership. The editor at that time was Emma Bradshaw, the issue that was scheduled to be released on 9 May 2007 was cancelled
41.
Nathan Lane
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Nathan Lane is an American stage, film and television actor and writer. O. J. Simpson as F. Lee Bailey, in 2006, Lane received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and in 2008, he was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Lane was born Joseph Lane in Jersey City, New Jersey on February 3,1956 and his father, Daniel, was a truck driver and an aspiring tenor who died in 1967 from alcoholism when Lane was eleven. His mother, Nora, was a housewife and secretary who suffered from manic depression and he has two older brothers, Daniel Jr. and Robert. Lanes parents were Catholics of Irish descent and he was named after his uncle, a Jesuit priest. Accepted to Saint Josephs University in Philadelphia on a drama scholarship, discovering that the scholarship would not cover enough of his expenses, he decided to leave, and work for a year to earn some money. I remember him saying to me, College is for people who dont know what they want to do, because there already was a Joseph Lane registered with Actors Equity, he changed his name to Nathan after the character Nathan Detroit from the musical Guys and Dolls. He made his Broadway debut in a 1982 revival of Noël Cowards Present Laughter as Roland Maule with George C, Scott, Kate Burton, Dana Ivey, and Christine Lahti. His second Broadway appearance was in the 1983 musical Merlin, starring Chita Rivera and this was followed by Wind in the Willows as Mr. Toad, Some Americans Abroad at Lincoln Center, and the national tour of Neil Simons Broadway Bound. He also appeared at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in The School for Scandal, in 1991, Lane appeared with George C. Scott again in a revival of Paul Osbornes On Borrowed Time at the Circle in the Square Theatre on Broadway. In 1992, he starred in the hit revival of Guys and Dolls, playing the character who lent him his name, opposite Peter Gallagher, for this performance, he received his first Tony nomination, as well as Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle Awards. In 1992, he won an Obie Award for Sustained Excellence of Performance and his professional association with his close friend the playwright Terrence McNally, whom he met in 1987, includes roles in The Lisbon Traviata, Bad Habits, Lips Together, Teeth Apart, Love. Dedication or the Stuff of Dreams, which opened in 2005, The Last Mile on PBS Great Performances, the early 1990s began a stretch of successful Broadway shows for Lane. In 1993, he portrayed Sid Caesar-like Max Prince in Neil Simons Laughter on the 23rd Floor, inspired by Simons early career writing sketches for Your Show of Shows. In 1996, he starred in the hit revival of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, for which he won the Tony, Drama Desk, in 1998, he appeared Off-Broadway in Jon Robin Baitzs revised 1984 comedy, Mizlansky/Zilinsky or Schmucks. His association with Sondheim began with the workshop of Assassins, in 1999, he appeared with Victor Garber in the workshop of Wise Guys. His collaboration with Sondheim continued when Lane revised the book for. The Sondheim song, Little Dream, in the film The Birdcage, in 1994, Lane voiced Timon, the meerkat, in Disneys blockbuster animated film The Lion King and reprised the role in its sequels
42.
Stewart Granger
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Stewart Granger was an English film actor, mainly associated with heroic and romantic leading roles. He was a leading man from the 1940s to the early 1960s. He was born James Lablache Stewart in Old Brompton Road, Kensington, West London, Granger was educated at Epsom College and the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. He was the great-great-grandson of the opera singer Luigi Lablache and the grandson of the actor Luigi Lablache, when he became an actor, he was advised to change his name in order to avoid being confused with the American actor James Stewart. Offscreen friends and colleagues continued to call him Jimmy for the rest of his life and he made his film debut as an extra in 1933. It was at time that he met Michael Wilding and they remained friends until Wildings death in 1979. Years of theatre work followed, initially at Hull Repertory Theatre and then, after a pay dispute, here he met Elspeth March, a leading actress with the company, who became his first wife. At the outbreak of World War II Granger enlisted in the Gordon Highlanders, however he suffered from stomach ulcers and he was invalided out of the army in 1942. His first starring role was as the acid-tongued Rokeby in the Gainsborough Pictures period melodrama, The Man in Grey. He followed this with the more popular Fanny by Gaslight. The New York Times reported that Granger is a man worth watching. Like his dark looks and his dash, he puts them in mind, all these films were successful at the box office and in 1945 The Times reported that this six-foot black-visaged ex-soldier from the Black Watch is Englands Number One pin up boy. Only Bing Crosby can match him for popularity, Granger followed this with Caravan and then The Magic Bow in which he played Niccolò Paganini. In 1945 he was voted the second-most popular British film star, the following year he was voted the third-most popular British star, and the sixth-most popular overall. He went over to Rank, for whom he made Captain Boycott, Blanche Fury and then Saraband for Dead Lovers, the screenplay was by John Dighton and Alexander Mackendrick, Mackendrick would later direct The Ladykillers and Sweet Smell of Success. Granger was cast as the outsider, the gambler who is perceived as not quite the ticket by the established order. Granger stated that this was one of his few films of which he was proud, in 1949 Granger was reported as earning around £30,000 a year. That year Granger made Adam and Evelyne, starring with Jean Simmons, Granger had first met the very young Jean Simmons when they both worked on Gabriel Pascals Caesar and Cleopatra
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Michael Keaton
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Michael John Douglas, known professionally as Michael Keaton, is an American actor, producer, and director. In 2017, Keaton will play the role of Marvel Comics supervillian the Vulture in Spider-Man and he previously received a Golden Globe Award nomination for his performance in Live from Baghdad and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for The Company. Keaton was awarded a Career Achievement Award from both the Hollywood Film Festival and Zurich Film Festivals, on January 18,2016, he was named Officer of Order of Arts and Letters in France. He is also a scholar at Carnegie Mellon University. Keaton, the youngest of seven children, was born in Coraopolis, Pennsylvania and his father, George A. Douglas, worked as a civil engineer and surveyor, and his mother, Leona Elizabeth, a homemaker, came from McKees Rocks. Keaton was raised in a Roman Catholic family and he is partly of Irish descent. He attended Montour High School in Pennsylvania, Keaton studied speech for two years at Kent State University, where he appeared in plays, before dropping out and returning to Pittsburgh. Keaton first appeared on TV in Pittsburgh public television programs, including Where the Heart Is and Mister Rogers Neighborhood and he also served as a full-time production assistant on the show. In 2004, following Fred Rogers death, Keaton hosted a PBS memorial tribute program, Fred Rogers, Keaton also worked as an actor in Pittsburgh theatre, he played the role of Rick in the Pittsburgh premiere of David Rabes Sticks and Bones with the Pittsburgh Poor Players. Keaton left Pittsburgh and moved to Los Angeles to begin auditioning for various TV parts and he popped up in various popular TV shows including Maude and The Mary Tyler Moore Hour. He decided to use a name to satisfy SAG rules, as there were already an actor. The claim that Keaton selected his new surname due to an attraction to actress Diane Keaton is incorrect and he chose Keaton because of an affinity for the physical comedy of Buster Keaton. Keatons film debut came in a small non-speaking role in Joan Rivers film Rabbit Test and his role as the fast-talking schemer Bill Blaze Blazejowski earned Keaton some critical acclaim, and he scored leads in the subsequent comedy hits Mr. Mom, Johnny Dangerously and Gung Ho. He played the character in Tim Burtons 1988 horror-comedy Beetlejuice, earned Keaton widespread acclaim. He originally turned down the role, then reconsidered like most of the cast and he now considers Beetlejuice his favorite of his own films. That same year, he gave an acclaimed dramatic performance as a drug-addicted businessman in Clean. Keatons career was another major boost when he was again cast by Tim Burton. Warner Bros. received thousands of letters of complaint by fans who believed Keaton was the choice to portray Batman
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Diane Keaton
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Diane Keaton is an American film actress, director and producer. She began her career on stage and made her debut in 1970. Her next two films with Allen, Sleeper and Love and Death, established her as a comic actor and her fourth, Annie Hall, won her the Academy Award for Best Actress. Keaton subsequently expanded her range to avoid becoming typecast as her Annie Hall persona and she became an accomplished dramatic performer, starring in Looking for Mr. Goodbar and received Academy Award nominations for Reds, Marvins Room and Somethings Gotta Give. Some of her later films include Baby Boom, Father of the Bride, The First Wives Club. Keatons films have earned a gross of over US$1.1 billion in North America. In addition to acting, she is also a photographer, real estate developer, author, Diane Keaton was born as Diane Hall on January 5,1946, in Los Angeles, California. Her mother, Dorothy Deanne, was a homemaker and amateur photographer, her father, John Newton Ignatius Jack Hall, was a real estate broker, Keaton was raised a Free Methodist by her mother. Her mother won the Mrs. Los Angeles pageant for homemakers, Keaton has said that the theatricality of the event inspired her first impulse to be an actress, and led to her wanting to work on stage. She has also credited Katharine Hepburn, whom she admires for playing strong and independent women, Keaton is a 1964 graduate of Santa Ana High School in Santa Ana, California. During her time there, she participated in singing and acting clubs at school, after graduation, she attended Santa Ana College, and later Orange Coast College as an acting student, but dropped out after a year to pursue an entertainment career in Manhattan. Upon joining the Actors Equity Association, she changed her surname to Keaton, her mothers maiden name, for a brief time, she also moonlighted at nightclubs with a singing act. She would later revisit her nightclub act in Annie Hall and And So It Goes, Keaton began studying acting at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City. She has described her acting technique as, only as good as the person youre acting with, as opposed to going it on my own and forging my path to create a wonderful performance without the help of anyone. I always need the help of everyone, according to Jack Nicholson, She approaches a script sort of like a play in that she has the entire script memorized before you start doing the movie, which I dont know any other actors doing that. In 1968, Keaton became a member of the Tribe and understudy to Sheila in the original Broadway production of Hair. She gained some notoriety for her refusal to disrobe at the end of Act I when the cast performs nude, after acting in Hair for nine months, she auditioned for a part in Woody Allens production of Play It Again, Sam. After nearly being passed over for being too tall, she won the part, after being nominated for a Tony Award for Play It Again, Sam, Keaton made her film debut in Lovers and Other Strangers
