1.
Camera operator
–
A camera operator, sometimes informally called a cameraman or a camerawoman, is a professional operator of a film or video camera. In filmmaking, the designing the lighting is the cinematographer or director of photography. The camera operator is responsible for operating the camera and maintaining composition. In narrative filmmaking, the operator will collaborate with the director, director of photography, actors and crew to make technical. In this setting, an operator is part of a film crew consisting of the director of photography. In documentary filmmaking and news, the camera is called on to film unfolding. In 2006, there were approximately 27,000 television, video, important camera operator skills include choreographing and framing shots, knowledge of and the ability to select appropriate camera lenses, and other equipment to portray dramatic scenes. The principles of story telling and film editing fundamentals are important skills as well. The camera operator is required to clearly and concisely on sets where time
Camera operator
–
War camera operator (Photo: Patrick-André Perron)
Camera operator
–
A camera operator on top of
Brandenburg Gate in 1926
2.
Camera stabilizer
–
A camera stabilizer, or camera–stabilizing mount, is a device designed to hold a camera in a manner that prevents or compensates for unwanted camera movement, such as camera shake. For small hand-held cameras, a harness or contoured frame steadies the camera against the photographers body, in some models, the camera mount is on an arm that protrudes in front of the photographer, beneath the camera is a handle grip. Another variation positions the camera atop a fulcrum braced against the photographers chest or abdomen, in 1991, Martin Stevens invented a hand-held camera stabilizer for motion-picture and video cameras, called the Glidecam. Some camera stabilization machines use gyroscopes to sense disruptive motion, the Artemis Trinity system from Arri combines a mechanical and electronic stabilization. Although a tripod can hold a camera stably, stationary platforms are not regarded as camera stabilizers, a camera shoulder brace stabilizes by shifting the weight of the camera to the operators shoulder. This allows for smoother shots than might be obtainable by handheld operation, Camera shoulder braces are typically padded for comfort and allow the attachment of zoom controllers, transmitters, and other devices. The operator generally holds two handles while a third brace rests on the shoulder, a remote LANC zoom controller is usually placed on one of the handles. Most braces are made of PVC, carbon fiber or light-weight metals to keep the weight down, if the brace were too heavy it would defeat the purpose of using it in the first place—reduced camera shake and fluidity of movement. For low shots, most braces can be used as a mini-tripod by setting the brace on flat surface, shoulder braces also reduce stress on the arms which reduces tiredness and muscle cramps during filming. Image stabilization How a Camera Stabilizer Works
Camera stabilizer
–
A
Panavision Genesis movie camera in a bespoke stabilizing mount.
Camera stabilizer
–
Filming with a handheld camera stabilizer
3.
Tiffen
–
The Tiffen Company is a company in Hauppauge, New York, U. S. which manufactures filters for photography, and other professional film and photography-related products. Founded in 1945, by Sol Tiffen who brought his brothers Leo and Nat into the business, Nat Tiffen, as well as Ira Tiffen, each won technical achievement awards. The companys main competitors are Harrison & Harrison Optical Engineers, Inc, heliopan, Hoya, Schneider, Formatt, and Lee. Tiffen also owns the Steadicam, Domke, Lowel Light, Davis&Sanford, Listec, Stroboframe, Zing Designs brands, Nat Tiffen of Tiffen Manufacturing Corporation received an Academy Award for technical achievements in filtration. The commendation reads, For the production of high-quality, durable, materials of uniform color characteristics are implanted between layers of optical glass and bonded together under extremes of heat and pressure. The outer surfaces are ground and polished to specified tolerances, free of distortion and resistant to changes in temperature or humidity. The 1999 award was presented on March 4,2000
Tiffen
–
A Tiffen 52mm
UV filter resting on a front end
lens cap
4.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
5.
Movie camera
–
The movie camera, film camera or cine-camera is a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on an image sensor or on a film. In contrast to a camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time. This is accomplished through an intermittent mechanism, the frames are later played back in a movie projector at a specific speed, called the frame rate. While viewing at a frame rate, a persons eyes. Since 2010s, film-based movie cameras have been replaced by digital movie cameras. An interesting forerunner to the camera was the machine invented by Francis Ronalds at the Kew Observatory in 1845. A photosensitive surface was drawn slowly past the diaphragm of the camera by a clockwork mechanism to enable continuous recording over a 12- or 24-hour period. Ronalds applied his cameras to trace the ongoing variations of scientific instruments, the very first patented film camera was the one devised by Wordsworth Donisthorpe in 1876. Another film camera was designed in England by Frenchman Louis Le Prince in 1888 and he built and patented an earlier 16 lens camera in 1887 at his workshop in Leeds. The first 8 lenses would be triggered in rapid succession by an electromagnetic shutter on the sensitive film, according to Adolphe Le Prince, who assisted his father at Leeds, Roundhay Garden was shot at 12 frame/s and Leeds Bridge at 20 frame/s. His camera still exists with the National Media Museum in Bradford and he shot the film on celluloid with 1¾ inch width. Another early pioneer was the British inventor William Friese-Greene and he began to experiment with the use of oiled paper as a medium for displaying motion pictures in 1885 and by 1887 he was experimenting with the use of celluloid. In 1889, Friese-Greene took out a patent for a chronophotographic camera and this was capable of taking up to ten photographs per second using perforated celluloid film. A report on the camera was published in the British Photographic News on February 28,1890 and he gave a public demonstration in 1890 of his device, but the low frame rate combined with the devices apparent unreliability made an unfavourable impression. William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, a Scottish inventor and employee of Thomas Edison, the camera was powered by an electric motor and was capable of shooting with the new sprocketed film. The Lumière Domitor camera was created by Charles Moisson, the mechanic at the Lumière works in Lyon in 1894. The camera used paper film of 35 millimeter width, but in 1895 the Lumière brothers shifted to celluloid film and this they covered with their own Etiquette-bleue emulsion, had it cut into strips and perforated. In 1894 the Polish inventor Kazimierz Prószyński constructed a projector and camera in one, due to the work of Le Prince, Friese-Greene, Edison and the Lumière brothers, the movie camera had become a practical reality by the mid 1890s
Movie camera
–
Director
Robert Tur with an Alexa-Plus digital movie camera on the set of SIS.
Movie camera
–
Charles Kayser of the Edison lab seated behind the Kinetograph. Portability was not among the camera's virtues.
Movie camera
–
Film-gun at the
Institut Lumière, France
Movie camera
–
The
Aeroscope (1910) was the first hand-held movie camera.
6.
Tracking shot
–
A tracking shot is any shot where the camera moves alongside the object it is recording. In cinematography, the term refers to a shot in which the camera is mounted on a camera dolly that is placed on rails – like a railroad track. The camera is then pushed along the track while the image is being filmed, a tracking shot generally runs lateral to or alongside its subject since the tracks would be visible in a shot of any distance that moved toward or away from its subject. The technique is used to follow a subject that would otherwise leave the frame. In this spirit, any conveyance, including via a vehicle, like a car. A handheld or Steadicam mounted camera following a similar trajectory is called a shot as well. While the core idea is that the camera moves parallel to its subject, a variant of the tracking shot is the onride video, also known as a Phantom Ride, where the camera films during a ride on a train, an amusement ride or another vehicle. Such videos may be used to document the route, the camera can be fixed to the vehicle or held by a person in the vehicle. The rail cam made a debut in the NHL on November 20,2006 in the Colorado Avalanche/Dallas Stars hockey game. The Versus cable television network used the camera during the game to test it out for a use on a nationally broadcast program. The camera was fastened to a system that ran on the top of the glass on one side of the ice rink. As the play shifted from end to end, the motorized mount allowed the camera to follow the action, the system was developed by Fletcher Chicago. The experiment was short-lived, the rail-cam is no longer used in NHL hockey games, walk and talk, a film technique which makes use of the tracking shot Steadicam
Tracking shot
–
During filming of
The Alamo, a tracking shot was used during a battle scene
7.
Camera dolly
–
A camera dolly is a wheeled cart or similar device used in filmmaking and television production to create smooth horizontal camera movements. The camera is mounted to the dolly and the operator and focus puller or camera assistant usually ride on the dolly to push the dolly back. The camera dolly is used to produce images which involve moving the camera toward or away from a subject while a take is bring recorded. The dolly grip is the dedicated technician trained to operate the dolly by manually pushing it back and forth. The camera dolly may be used as a platform on any surface but is often raised onto a track. Additionally, most professional film studio dollies have a jib arm that raises or lowers the camera on the vertical axis. When a dolly grip operates a dolly on perpendicular axes simultaneously, Dolly moves may also be executed without track, giving more freedom on the horizontal plane and with it, a higher degree of difficulty. These are called dancefloor moves and may either be done on the surface or on an overlay designed for dolly movement. The ground overlay usually consists of plywood as a bottom layer. Camera dollies have several steering mechanisms available to the dolly grip, the typical mode is rear-wheel steering, where the front wheels remain fixed, while the wheels closest to the operating handle are used to turn. A second mode, round steering, causes the front wheels to turn in the direction from the rear wheels. This mode allows the dolly to move in circles and is frequently used when the dolly is on curved track. A third mode, called crab steering, is when the front wheels steer in the direction as the rear wheels. This allows the dolly to move in a diagonal to the front end of the dolly. A Dolly zoom is the combination of a dolly in or out shot with a simultaneous zoom, studio dollies are large and stable and can feature hydraulics. These are the first choice for studio, backlot and location shoots when using professional cameras, a studio dolly usually needs a specialized operator called a dolly grip, and many are built for the camera operator to ride on the dolly with the camera. Lightweight dolly systems are simple, affordable and are best used with lighter-weight cameras. Lightweight systems are favored by independent filmmakers and students because they are easier to carry
Camera dolly
–
Camera dolly mounted on track with an
Arriflex D-21 camera
Camera dolly
–
Flexible tripod based camera dolly
Camera dolly
–
Examples of steel dolly track
Camera dolly
–
A lightweight riding dolly on flexible track with a seat
8.
Hand-held camera
–
Hand-held camera or hand-held shooting is a filmmaking and video production technique in which a camera is held in the camera operators hands as opposed to being mounted on a tripod or other base. Hand-held cameras are used because they are sized for travel. Newsreel camera operators frequently gathered images using a hand-held camera, hand-held camera shots often result in an image that is perceptibly shakier than that of a tripod-mounted camera. Purposeful use of technique is called shaky camera and can be heightened by the camera operator during filming. To prevent shaky shots, a number of image stabilization technologies have used on hand-held cameras including optical, digital and mechanical methods. The Steadicam, which is not considered to be a hand-held camera, in the 1890s, brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière developed the fairly compact Cinematograph which could be mounted on a tripod or carried by the cameraman, and it also served as the film projector. In 1908 with a hand-held Lumière camera, Wilbur Wright was filmed flying his aircraft on the outskirts of Paris, Thomas Edison developed a portable film camera in 1896. Polish inventor Kazimierz Prószyński first demonstrated a hand-held film camera in 1898, from 1909 to 1911, directors Francesco Bertolini and Adolfo Padavan, with assistant director Giuseppe de Liguoro, shot scenes for LInferno, based on Dantes The Divine Comedy. The film was first shown in 1911 and it included hand-held camera shots as well as camera angles. In 1914, Thomas H. Inces The Italian, directed by Reginald Barker, the camera swerved suddenly to match what was happening to the character in the story. The compact hand-cranked Parvo camera was first made in Paris by André Debrie in 1908, though expensive, it slowly built in popularity from about 1915. By the mid-1920s it was, in numbers, the most-used film camera of any kind. The problem of hand-cranking and supporting the camera, and simultaneously aiming and focusing it, was difficult to solve, a variety of automatic cranking systems were developed to free one of the cameramans hands. Various cameras were invented which replaced the hand crank with a motor, or with a mainspring and gears. The Aeroscope was a compressed air camera designed by Prószyński, one that proved reliable, hundreds of Aeroscopes were used during World War I by British war journalists. For the Debrie Parvo camera strapped to the saddle, Gances technical director, engineer Simon Feldman, devised a reversed steam engine for cranking it. Wearing a costume to fit the scene, cameraman Jules Kruger rode another horse to tend the mechanism between shots, rather than including one or two hand-held scenes for an unusual effect amid an otherwise static film, Gance strove to make his entire film appear as dynamic as possible. In the 1920s, more such as the Newman-Sinclair, Eyemo
Hand-held camera
–
Robert Capa in Spain using a
Filmo 16 mm
film camera in 1937
Hand-held camera
–
A
Parvo Model L camera
Hand-held camera
–
The hand-held
Aeroscope camera ran on compressed air.
Hand-held camera
–
Bolex 16 mm camera
9.
Documentaries
–
A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
Documentaries
–
This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
Documentaries
–
Frame from one of
Marinescu's science films (1899).
Documentaries
–
Nanook of the North poster.
Documentaries
–
In this shot from
Man with the Movie Camera,
Mikhail Kaufman acts as a cameraman risking his life in search of the best shot
10.
News
–
NeWS is a discontinued windowing system developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1980s. Originally known as SunDew, its authors were James Gosling. The NeWS interpreter was based on PostScript extending it to allow interaction, like PostScript, NeWS could be used as a complete programming language, but unlike PostScript, NeWS could be used to make complete interactive programs with mouse support and a GUI. It also added a complete view hierarchy, based on known as canvases. Like the view system in most GUIs, NeWS included the concept of a tree of embedded views along which events were passed, for instance, a mouse click would generate an event that would be passed to the object directly under the mouse pointer, say a button. If this object did not respond to the event, the object under the button would then receive the message, the input handling system was designed to provide strong event synchronization guarantees that were not possible with asynchronous protocols like X. To support user interface widgets, NeWS expanded the original PostScript stack-based language into an object oriented programming style with inheritance. This eliminated the need for an external OO language to build a complete application, since all of these additions were implemented as extensions to PostScript, it was possible to write simple PostScript code that would result in a running, onscreen, interactive program. Two popular demonstration programs were an onscreen clock, which required about two pages of code, and a program which drew a pair of eyes that followed the cursor as it moved around the screen. The eyeball program was shown at SIGGRAPH in 1988, and was the inspiration for the later well-known X application xeyes, NeWS included several libraries of user interface elements, themselves written in NeWS. These widgets ran all of their behaviour in the NeWS interpreter, for example, a toggle buttons display routine can query the buttons state and change its display accordingly. The buttons PostScript code can also react to mouse clicks by changing its state from pressed to not pressed and vice versa. All this can happen in the server without interaction with the client program. If client and server are not on the machine, these interactions must travel over the network. NeWS was architecturally similar to what is now called AJAX, except that NeWS coherently, used PostScript graphics instead of DHTML and CSS for rendering. Used PostScript data instead of XML and JSON for data representation, the best example of such a library is TNT which Sun released in 1989. Sun also shipped an earlier Lite toolkit intended for example purposes, although adoption was never widespread, several companies licensed NeWS and adapted it for various uses. SGI used a version of it named 4Sight to replace their proprietary MEX windowing system, grasshopper Group created a Macintosh port called MacNeWS
News
–
HyperTIES browser and
Emacs authoring tool with
pie menus on NeWS
News
11.
Cinematography
–
Typically, a lens is used to repeatedly focus the light reflected from objects into real images on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a questioned exposure, creating multiple images. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. The result with photographic emulsion is a series of invisible latent images on the film stock, the images on the film stock are played back at a rapid speed and projected onto a screen, creating the illusion of motion. Cinematography finds uses in fields of science and business as well as for entertainment purposes. The word cinematography was created from the Greek words κίνημα, meaning movement, motion and γράφειν meaning to record, the word used to refer to the art, process, or job of filming movies, but later its meaning was restricted to motion picture photography. In the 1830s, moving images were produced on revolving drums and disks, with independent invention by Simon von Stampfer in Austria, Joseph Plateau in Belgium, and William Horner in Britain. In 1845, Francis Ronalds invented the first successful camera able to make recordings of the varying indications of meteorological. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use well into the 20th century. William Lincoln patented a device, in 1867, that showed animated pictures called the wheel of life or zoopraxiscope, in it, moving drawings or photographs were watched through a slit. On 19 June 1873, Eadweard Muybridge successfully photographed a horse named Sallie Gardner in fast motion using a series of 24 stereoscopic cameras. The cameras were arranged along a parallel to the horses. They were 21 inches apart to cover the 20 feet taken by the horse stride, although it was never played back at speed to create motion, this was the first step towards motion pictures. The late nineteenth to the twentieth century brought rise to the use of film not only for entertainment purposes. The experimental film Roundhay Garden Scene, filmed by Louis Le Prince on 14 October 1888, in Roundhay, Leeds and this movie was shot on paper film. W. K. L. Dickson, working under the direction of Thomas Alva Edison, was the first to design a successful apparatus and this camera took a series of instantaneous photographs on standard Eastman Kodak photographic emulsion coated onto a transparent celluloid strip 35 mm wide. The results of work were first shown in public in 1893, using the viewing apparatus also designed by Dickson. Contained within a box, only one person at a time looking into it through a peephole could view the movie. The Lumière brothers were the first to present projected, moving, photographic, in 1896, movie theaters were open in France, Italy, Brussels, and London
Cinematography
–
Arri Alexa, a digital movie camera.
Cinematography
–
A
deep focus shot from
Citizen Kane (1941): everything, including the hat in the foreground and the boy (young
Charles Foster Kane) in the distance, is in sharp focus.
Cinematography
–
A camera crew from the
First Motion Picture Unit
12.
Videography
–
Videography refers to the process of capturing moving images on electronic media and even streaming media. The term includes methods of production and post-production. It was initially equivalent of cinematography, the advent of digital video recording in the late 20th century blurred the distinction between videography and cinematography, as in both methods the intermittent mechanism became the same. Nowadays, any work outside commercial motion picture production could be called videography. The word combines video from Latin, meaning I see or I apprehend, with the Greek terminal ending graphy and its contemporary sense is video writing or video recording. As the field progresses, videographers may produce their assets entirely on a computer without ever involving an imaging device, a videographer may be the actual camera operator or they may be the person in charge of the visual design of a production. One of the best known application is in workplace studies, the Sage Handbook of Visual Methods
Videography
–
A videographer
13.
Stanley Kubrick
–
Stanley Kubrick was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor, and photographer. He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history, Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx, New York City, and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945. This was followed by two collaborations with Kirk Douglas, the war picture Paths of Glory and the historical epic Spartacus. His reputation as a filmmaker in Hollywood grew, and he was approached by Marlon Brando to film what would become One-Eyed Jacks, though Brando eventually decided to direct it himself. His home at Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire, which he shared with his wife Christiane, became his workplace, where he did his writing, research, editing, and management of production details. This allowed him to have almost complete control over his films. His first British productions were two films with Peter Sellers, Lolita and Dr. Strangelove and he often asked for several dozen retakes of the same scene in a movie, which resulted in many conflicts with his casts. Despite the resulting notoriety among actors, many of Kubricks films broke new ground in cinematography, Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generations big bang, and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film Barry Lyndon, Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, with The Shining, he became one of the first directors to make use of a Steadicam for stabilized and fluid tracking shots. His last film, Eyes Wide Shut, was completed shortly before his death in 1999, Stanley Kubrick was born on July 26,1928, in the Lying-In Hospital at 307 Second Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. He was the first of two children of Jacob Leonard Kubrick, known as Jack or Jacques, and his wife Sadie Gertrude Kubrick, known as Gert and his sister, Barbara Mary Kubrick, was born in May 1934. At Stanleys birth, the Kubricks lived in an apartment at 2160 Clinton Avenue in the Bronx, although his parents had been married in a Jewish ceremony, Kubrick did not have a religious upbringing, and would later profess an atheistic view of the universe. By the district standards of the West Bronx, the family was fairly wealthy, soon after his sisters birth, Kubrick began schooling in Public School 3 in the Bronx, and moved to Public School 90 in June 1938. Although his IQ was discovered to be average, his attendance was poor. He displayed an interest in literature from an age, and began reading Greek and Roman myths. When Kubrick was 12, his father Jack taught him chess, the game remained a lifelong interest of Kubricks, appearing in many scenes of his films. Kubrick himself, who became a member of the United States Chess Federation, explained that chess helped him develop patience. At the age of 13, Kubricks father bought him a Graflex camera and he became friends with a neighbor, Marvin Traub, who shared his passion for photography
Stanley Kubrick
–
Kubrick with showgirl Rosemary Williams in 1949
Stanley Kubrick
Stanley Kubrick
–
Kubrick photo of Chicago taken as photographer for Look magazine, 1949
Stanley Kubrick
–
Kubrick at the age of 21
14.
John G. Avildsen
–
John Guilbert Avildsen is an American film director. He won the Academy Award for Best Director in 1977 for Rocky. Other films he directed include Joe, Save the Tiger, Fore Play, The Formula, Neighbors, For Keeps, Lean on Me, The Power of One,8 Seconds, Inferno, Rocky V and the first three The Karate Kid films. Avildsen was born in Oak Park, Illinois, the son of Ivy and he was educated at The Hotchkiss School and New York University. This was followed by critical success, Save the Tiger. Both Joe and Save the Tiger were about losers, but as the 70s ended, avildsens greatest success was Rocky, garnering ten Academy Award nominations and winning three, including Best Picture and Best Director. He later directed what was expected to be the final installment. His other films include Cry Uncle, Neighbors, The Karate Kid, The Karate Kid Part II, The Karate Kid Part III, Lean on Me and 8 Seconds. Avildsen was the director for both Serpico and Saturday Night Fever, but was fired over disputes with producers Martin Bregman and Robert Stigwood. Avildsen has a son named Ash, who founded Sumerian Records. He also has another son, Jonathan Avildsen, who was in the films The Karate Kid Part III, an upcoming documentary on the life, career and films of Avildsen is currently in production. The documentary is a companion to the new book The Films of John G. Avildsen, Rocky, The Karate Kid, turn on to Love Guess What We Learned in School Today. Okay Bill Save the Tiger The Stoolie Fore Play W. W, Avildsen at the Internet Movie Database John Guilbert Avildsen at BFI Film & TV Database
John G. Avildsen
–
John G. Avildsen
15.
DV
–
DV is a format for storing digital video. It was launched in 1995 with joint efforts of leading producers of video camera recorders, the original DV specification, known as Blue Book, was standardized within the IEC61834 family of standards. These standards define common features such as physical videocassettes, recording modulation method, magnetization, part 2 describes the specifics of 525-60 and 625-50 systems. The IEC standards are available as publications sold by IEC and ANSI, in 2003, DV was joined by a successor format HDV, which used the same tape format with a different video codec. Some cameras at the time had the ability to switch between DV and HDV recording modes, DV uses lossy compression of video while audio is stored uncompressed. An intraframe video compression scheme is used to video on a frame-by-frame basis with the discrete cosine transform. Closely following ITU-R Rec.601 standard, DV video employs interlaced scanning with the sampling frequency of 13.5 MHz. This results in 480 scanlines per complete frame for the 60 Hz system, in both systems the active area contains 720 pixels per scanline, with 704 pixels used for content and 16 pixels on the sides left for digital blanking. The same frame size is used for 4,3 and 16,9 frame aspect ratios, prior to the DCT compression stage, chroma subsampling is applied to the source video in order to reduce the amount of data to be compressed. Baseline DV uses 4,1,1 subsampling in its 60 Hz variant and 4,2,0 subsampling in the 50 Hz variant. Audio can be stored in either of two forms, 16-bit Linear PCM stereo at 48 kHz sampling rate, or four nonlinear 12-bit PCM channels at 32 kHz sampling rate. In addition, the DV specification also supports 16-bit audio at 44.1 kHz, in practice, the 48 kHz stereo mode is used almost exclusively. The audio, video, and metadata are packaged into 80-byte Digital Interface Format blocks which are multiplexed into a 150-block sequence. DIF blocks are the units of DV streams and can be stored as computer files in raw form or wrapped in such file formats as Audio Video Interleave, QuickTime. One video frame is formed from either 10 or 12 such sequences, depending on scanning rate, which results in a rate of about 25 Mbit/s for video. When written to tape, each corresponds to one complete track. This means that the sound may be +/- ⅓ frame out of sync with the video, however, this is the maximum drift of the audio/video synchronization, it is not compounded throughout the recording. Sony and Panasonic created their versions of DV, which use the same compression scheme
DV
–
DV cassettes: DVCAM-L, DVCPRO-M, MiniDV
DV
–
DVC compatibility mark
DV
–
A disassembled MiniDV cassette.
16.
Woody Guthrie
–
He frequently performed with the slogan This machine kills fascists displayed on his guitar. His best-known song is This Land Is Your Land, many of his recorded songs are archived in the Library of Congress. Throughout his life Guthrie was associated with United States Communist groups, Guthrie was married three times and fathered eight children, including American folk musician Arlo Guthrie. Guthrie died from complications of Huntingtons disease, a genetic neurological disorder. Guthrie was born in Okemah, a town in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma. His parents named him after Woodrow Wilson, then Governor of New Jersey, Charles Guthrie was an industrious businessman, owning at one time up to 30 plots of land in Okfuskee County. He was actively involved in Oklahoma politics and was a conservative Democratic candidate for office in the county, when Charles was making stump speeches, he would often be accompanied by his son. Charles Guthrie was involved in the 1911 lynching of Laura and Lawrence Nelson, Woody Guthrie wrote three songs about the event and said that his father, Charles, was later a member of the revived Ku Klux Klan. Guthries early family life was affected by fires, including one that caused the loss of his familys home in Okemah. His sister Clara later died in a fire when Guthrie was seven. Guthries mother, Nora, was afflicted with Huntingtons disease, although the family did not know this at the time and it leads to dementia as well as muscular degeneration. She was eventually committed to the Oklahoma Hospital for the Insane, judging from the circumstances of her fathers death by drowning, researchers suspect that George Sherman suffered from the same hereditary disease. When Nora Guthrie was institutionalized, Woody Guthrie was 14 and his father Charley was living and working in Pampa, Texas, to repay his debts from unsuccessful real estate deals. Woody and his siblings were on their own in Oklahoma, they relied on their eldest brother Roy for support, the 14-year-old Woody Guthrie worked odd jobs around Okemah, begging meals and sometimes sleeping at the homes of family friends. According to one story, Guthrie befriended an African-American blues harmonica player named George, before long, Guthrie bought his own harmonica and began playing along with him. In another interview 14 years later, Guthrie claimed he learned how to play harmonica from a friend, John Woods. He seemed to have an affinity for music and easily learned to play by ear. He began to use his musical skills around town, playing a song for a sandwich or coins, Guthrie easily learned old ballads and traditional English & Scots songs from the parents of friends
Woody Guthrie
–
Woody Guthrie with guitar labeled "
This machine kills fascists " (1943)
Woody Guthrie
–
Woody Guthrie's
Okfuskee County, Oklahoma, childhood home as it appeared in 1979
Woody Guthrie
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Woody Guthrie, 1943
Woody Guthrie
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English anti-folk musician
Billy Bragg is one of several artists influenced by Guthrie. He and rock band
Wilco recorded three albums' worth of new music containing Guthrie's previously unpublished lyrics.
17.
Bound for Glory (film)
–
Bound for Glory is a 1976 American film directed by Hal Ashby and loosely adapted by Robert Getchell from Woody Guthries 1943 autobiography Bound for Glory. The film stars David Carradine as folk singer Woody Guthrie and Ronny Cox, Melinda Dillon, Gail Strickland, John Lehne, Ji-Tu Cumbuka, Bound for Glory was the first motion picture in which inventor/operator Garrett Brown used his new Steadicam for filming moving scenes. Director of Photography Haskell Wexler won an Oscar for Best Cinematography, all of the main events and characters, except for Guthrie and his first wife, Mary, are entirely fictional. During the Great Depression in the 1930s, Midwesterner Guthrie plays music locally but cannot make enough as a painter to support his wife. With only his paintbrushes, Woody joins the migration westward from the Dust Bowl to supposedly greener California pastures via boxcar, much of the film is based on Guthries attempt to humanize the desperate Okie Dust Bowl refugees in California during the Great Depression
Bound for Glory (film)
–
Theatrical release poster by
Tom Jung
18.
Cinematographer
–
The study and practice of this field is referred to as cinematography. The cinematographer selects the camera, film stock, lens, filters, in the infancy of motion pictures, the cinematographer was usually also the director and the person physically handling the camera. As the art form and technology evolved, a separation between director and camera operator began to emerge, with the advent of artificial lighting and faster film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area. Cinematography was key during the silent movie era, with no sound apart from music and no dialogue, the films depended on lighting, acting. Similar trade associations have been established in other countries too, there are a number of national associations of cinematographers which represent members and which are dedicated to the advancement of cinematography. S. C. Defines cinematography as, A creative and interpretive process that culminates in the authorship of a work of art rather than the simple recording of a physical event. Cinematography is not a subcategory of photography
Cinematographer
–
A
camera crew sets up for scenes to be filmed on the flight deck for the motion picture
Stealth with the crew of the
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72).
19.
Haskell Wexler
–
Haskell Wexler, ASC was an American cinematographer, film producer and director. Wexler was judged to be one of historys ten most influential cinematographers in a survey of the members of the International Cinematographers Guild. Wexler was born to a Jewish family in Chicago in 1922 and his parents were Simon and Lottie Wexler, whose children included Jerrold, Joyce and Yale. He attended the progressive Francis Parker School, where he was best friends with Barney Rosset, after a year of college at the University of California, Berkeley and a tour in the United States Merchant Marine during World War II, Wexler decided to become a filmmaker. Based in Chicago, Wexler made many documentaries, including The Living City, Wexler briefly made industrial films in Chicago, then in 1947 became an assistant cameraman. Wexler worked on features and shorts, low-budget docu-dramas such as 1959s The Savage Eye, televisions The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. He made ten films with director Saul Landau, including Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang, which aired on PBS and won an Emmy Award. Other notable documentaries shot and co-directed by Wexler included Brazil, A Report on Torture and The CIA Case Officer and The Sixth Sun, in 1963, Wexler served as the cinematographer on his first big-budget film, Elia Kazans America, America. Kazan was nominated for a Best Director Academy Award, Wexler worked steadily in Hollywood thereafter. Wexler was cinematographer of Mike Nichols screen version of Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. for which he won the last Academy Award for Best Cinematography handed out. The following year had Wexler as the cinematographer for the Oscar-winning detective drama, In the Heat of the Night and his work was notable for being the first major film in Hollywood history to be shot in color with proper consideration for a person of African descent. Wexler recognized that standard lighting tended to produce too much glare on that kind of dark complexion, accordingly, Wexler toned it down to feature Poitier with better photographic results. Wexler was fired as cinematographer for Milos Formans 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and replaced by Bill Butler. However, Forman said he had terminated Wexler over mere artistic differences. ”However, he won a second Oscar for Bound for Glory, a biography of Woody Guthrie, whom Wexler had met during his time in the Merchant Marine. Bound for Glory was the first feature film to use of the newly invented Steadicam. Wexler was also credited as additional cinematographer on Days of Heaven, Wexler was featured on the soundtrack of the film Underground, recorded on Folkways Records in 1976. He worked on throughout his career. The documentary Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang earned an Emmy Award, Wexler also directed fictional movies. Medium Cool, a film written by Wexler and shot in a cinéma vérité style, is studied by film students all over the world for its breakthrough form
Haskell Wexler
–
Haskell Wexler (left), with
Cole Miller (right)
20.
Jib (camera)
–
In cinematography, a jib is a boom device with a camera on one end, and a counterweight and camera controls on the other. It operates like a see-saw, but with the point located close to the counterweight. A jib permits the camera to be moved vertically, horizontally, a jib is often mounted on a tripod or similar support. A jib can even be mounted on a dolly for shots in which the camera moves over obstacles such as furniture, a jib is somewhat more complicated than a simple lever, since almost always the cameras aim needs to be controlled independently of the swing of the jib arm. This can be done by simple mechanical means or by the use of remotely controlled electric servo motors. A device known as a hot head or remote head is attached to the end of larger jibs. It supports the camera and enables remote pan/tilt functions with focus/zoom control and this setup can be operated by one person, or the circumstance may require two operators. In a two-operator situation, one person operates the jib arm/boom while another operates the pan/tilt/zoom functions of the remote head
Jib (camera)
–
Operating a jib from the rear.
Jib (camera)
21.
Academy Award
–
The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
Academy Award
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Academy Awards
Academy Award
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31st Academy Awards Presentations,
Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959
Academy Award
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81st Academy Awards Presentations,
Dolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009
Academy Award
–
Pantages Theatre, 2008
22.
Academy Award for Best Cinematography
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The Academy Award for Best Cinematography is an Academy Award awarded each year to a cinematographer for work on one particular motion picture. In its first film season, 1927–28, this award was not tied to a specific film, the second year,1929, there were no nominations at all, although the Academy has a list of unofficial titles which were under consideration by the Board of Judges. In the third year,1930, films, not cinematographers, were nominated, finally, for the 1931 awards, the modern system in which individuals are nominated for a single film each was adopted in all profession-related categories. From 1939 to 1967, there were separate awards for color and for black-and-white cinematography. Since then, the only film to win is Schindlers List. Floyd Crosby won the award for Tabu in 1931, which was the last silent film to win in this category, hal Mohr won the only write-in Academy Award ever, in 1935 for A Midsummer Nights Dream. Mohr was also the first person to win for both black-and-white and color cinematography, no winners are lost, although some of the earliest nominees are lost, including The Devil Dancer, The Magic Flame, and Four Devils. The Right to Love is incomplete, and Sadie Thompson is incomplete, the first nominees shot primarily on digital video were The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and Slumdog Millionaire in 2009, with Slumdog Millionaire the first winner. The following year Avatar was the first nominee and winner to be entirely on digital video. As of 2017 no woman has ever been nominated for Best Cinematography, winners are listed first in colored row, followed by the other nominees
Academy Award for Best Cinematography
–
Charles Rosher, the first recipient in 1928
23.
Marathon Man (film)
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Marathon Man is a 1976 American suspense-thriller film directed by John Schlesinger. It was adapted by William Goldman from his 1974 novel of the name and stars Dustin Hoffman, Laurence Olivier, Roy Scheider, William Devane. The music score was composed by Michael Small, the film was a critical and box office success, with Olivier earning a Supporting Actor Academy Award nomination for his role as the films antagonist. Thomas Babe Levy is a history Ph. D. candidate, Babe is researching the same field as his father, who committed suicide after the Communist witch hunts of the Joseph McCarthy era ruined his reputation. The diamonds are sold for the benefit of fugitive Nazi war criminal Dr. Christian Szell, Szell, a dentist who tortured Jews in a concentration camp, escaped capture and is now living off the diamond sales as a fugitive in South America. Christian Szells brother, 72-year-old Klaus, lives outside New York City and serves as the initial diamond courier, although Klaus death was accidental, Christian suspects foul play and immediately puts everyone in the courier network under suspicion. Deducing this from hearing about the incident from his boss Peter Janeway, after discovering the disappearances or deaths of fellow couriers and escaping two attempts on his own life in Paris, Doc goes to New York under the guise of a visit to Babe. Meanwhile, Babe and his new girlfriend, Elsa Opel, who claims to be from Switzerland, are mugged by two men dressed in suits, Babe assumes the attack to be a random mugging, but Doc knows its a warning for him. S. After Szell arrives in America, Doc angrily confronts the three, accusing Szell of crossing a line by involving his brother, Szell, after questioning Doc as to his own safety, then stabs Doc with a blade concealed in his sleeve. Doc makes it back to Babes apartment before dying in his arms, the police interrogate Babe then Docs boss, Janeway, arrives and questions Babe on what Doc told him before he died. Janeway reveals that Doc was a government agent, working for a branch known as The Division. Babe insists that his brother did not tell him anything, but Janeway is convinced Doc would not have struggled all the way to Babes apartment without revealing something, and sets Babe as bait. Babe is abducted from his apartment by the muggers, and Szell tortures him using a probe on a cavity in his tooth. Babe truthfully denies any knowledge, but Szell tortures Babe relentlessly regardless of his answers, Babe is rescued by Janeway, who explains that Szell is in America to recover the large cache of diamonds. Janeway presses Babe about Docs dying words, but Babe still insists he knows nothing, frustrated, Janeway reveals himself as a double agent and returns Babe to Szell. Making a final attempt to extract information from Babe, Szell drills into one of his healthy teeth, Babe escapes as they get him into their car, and aided by his skills as a marathon runner, evades Janeways attempt to recapture him. He then calls Elsa from a pay phone, and while driving him to a safe place, she arrives at a country home. Babe concludes that Elsa is also part of Szells network and has set him up, Janeway and Szells men arrive at the house and Babe takes Elsa hostage with his gun
Marathon Man (film)
–
Movie poster by
Bill Gold
24.
Rocky
–
Rocky is a 1976 American sports drama film directed by John G. Avildsen and both written by and starring Sylvester Stallone. Rocky starts out as a club fighter, and later gets a shot at the world heavyweight championship. The film also stars Talia Shire as Adrian, Burt Young as Adrians brother Paulie, Burgess Meredith as Rockys trainer Mickey Goldmill, the film received many positive reviews and turned Stallone into a major star. In 2006, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Rocky is considered to be one of the greatest sports films ever made and was ranked as the second-best in the genre, after Raging Bull, the film has spawned six sequels, Rocky II, Rocky III, Rocky IV, Rocky V, Rocky Balboa, and Creed. Stallone portrays Rocky in all six sequels, wrote the first five, in late 1975, the heavyweight boxing world champion, Apollo Creed, announces plans to hold a title bout in Philadelphia during the upcoming United States Bicentennial. However, he is informed five weeks from the date that his scheduled opponent is unable to compete due to an injured hand. With all other potential replacements booked up or otherwise unavailable, Creed decides to spice things up by giving a local contender a chance to face him. He settles on Rocky Balboa, a failed Southpaw boxer from an Italian neighborhood of Philadelphia, Rocky meets with promoter Miles Jergens, presuming Creed is seeking local sparring partners. Rocky reluctantly agrees to the match, which will pay him $150,000, at the same time, Rocky begins a relationship with Adrian, a clerk at the local pet store. He gradually gains the shy Adrians trust, culminating in a kiss and her alcoholic brother Paulie becomes jealous of Rockys success, but Rocky calms him by agreeing to advertise his meatpacking business at the fight. The night before the match, Rocky starts to lose confidence after touring the arena and he confesses to Adrian that he does not expect to win, but is content to go the distance against Creed and prove himself to everyone. On New Years Day, the boxing match begins, with Creed making a dramatic entrance dressed as George Washington. Taking advantage of his overconfidence, Rocky knocks him down in the first round—the first time that Creed has ever knocked down. Humiliated, Creed takes Rocky more seriously for the rest of the fight, as the match progresses, Creeds superior skill is countered by Rockys apparently unlimited ability to absorb punches, and his dogged refusal to be knocked out. As the final round bell sounds, with both locked in each others arms, they promise to each other that there will be no rematch. As Jergens declares Creed the winner by virtue of a decision, Adrian and Rocky embrace and profess their love to each other. Wepner was TKOd in the 15th round of the match by Ali, despite the fact that the match motivated Stallone to begin work on Rocky, he has subsequently denied that Wepner provided any inspiration for the script
Rocky
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Theatrical release poster
Rocky
–
Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Rocky
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The statue, situated just northeast of the steps.
Rocky
–
Rocky
25.
Philadelphia Museum of Art
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The Philadelphia Museum of Art is an art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The main museum building was completed in 1928 on Fairmount, a located at the northwest end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway at Eakins Oval. The museum administers collections containing over 240,000 objects including major holdings of European, American and Asian origin, the various classes of artwork include sculpture, paintings, prints, drawings, photographs, armor and decorative arts. The attendance figure for the museum was 751,797 in 2015, the museum is also one of the largest art museums in the world based on gallery space. The museum also administers the historic houses of Mount Pleasant and Cedar Grove. The museum and its annexes are owned by the City of Philadelphia, as of 2017, the standard adult admission price is $20 which allows entrance to the main building and all annexes for two consecutive days. The museum is closed on Mondays except on some holidays, several special exhibitions are held in the museum every year, including touring exhibitions arranged with other museums in the United States and abroad. Special exhibitions may have a charge for entrance. Philadelphia celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence with the 1876 Centennial Exposition and its art building, Memorial Hall, was intended to outlast the Exhibition and house a permanent museum. The Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art opened on May 10,1877 and its permanent collection began with objects from the Exhibition and gifts from the public impressed with the Exhibitions ideals of good design and craftsmanship. European and Japanese fine and decorative art objects and books for the Museums library were among the first donations, the location outside of Center City, however, was fairly distant from many of the citys inhabitants. Admission was charged until 1881, then was dropped until 1962, starting in 1882, Clara Jessup Moore donated a remarkable collection of antique furniture, enamels, carved ivory, jewelry, metalwork, glass, ceramics, books, textiles and paintings. The Countess de Brazzas lace collection was acquired in 1894 forming the nucleus of the lace collection, in 1893 Anna H. Wilstach bequeathed a large painting collection, including many American paintings, and an endowment of half a million dollars for additional purchases. Works by James Abbott McNeill Whistler and George Inness were purchased within a few years, in the early 1900s, the Museum started an education program for the general public, as well as a membership program. Fiske Kimball was the director during the rapid growth of the 1920s. After World War II the collections grew with gifts, such as the John D. McIlhenny, early modern art dominated the growth of the collections in the 1950s, with acquisitions of the Louise and Walter Arensberg and the A. E. Gallatin collections. The gift of Philadelphian Grace Kellys wedding dress is perhaps the best known gift of the 1950s, extensive renovation of the building lasted from the 1960s through 1976. Major acquisitions included the Carroll S. Tyson, Jr. and Samuel S. White III and Vera White collections,71 objects from designer Elsa Schiaparelli, in 1976 there were celebrations and special exhibitions for the centennial of the Museum and the bicentennial of the nation
Philadelphia Museum of Art
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East entrance
Philadelphia Museum of Art
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"Plan for the Fairmount Parkway" (1917), by
Jacques Gréber.
Philadelphia Museum of Art
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The western pediment features polychrome sculpture by Jennewein
Philadelphia Museum of Art
–
Henry Ossawa Tanner 's Annunciation, acquired in 1899
26.
Rocky Steps
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Tourists often mimic Rockys famous climb, a metaphor for an underdog or an everyman rising to a challenge. A bronze Rocky statue was briefly situated at the top of the steps for the filming of Rocky III and this statue, now located at the bottom right of the steps, is a popular photo opportunity for visitors. The top of the steps offers a view of Eakins Oval, the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. Stallone first thought Rocky should carry his dog Butkus up the steps, still, the view from the top of the stairs inspired him to reshoot the scene without the dog. Also in Rocky Balboa, Rocky lifts his dog Punchy when he reaches the top of the steps, the closing credits of Rocky Balboa shows a montage of dozens of people running up the steps. This scene was one of the first uses in a film of the Steadicam. Before Rocky III, released in 1982, Stallone commissioned A. Thomas Schomberg to create a statue of Rocky. Three 2-ton, 10-foot-tall copies were cast, one was installed atop the steps for the filming of Rocky III, and was ultimately relocated at the bottom of the steps. The second Rocky is in the San Diego Hall of Champions Sports Museum in San Diego, the third was planned, but was not cast. It is unknown if Schomberg ever cast the third Rocky statue, after filming was complete, a debate arose between the Art Museum and Philadelphias Art Commission over the meaning of art. City officials, who argued that the Rocky statue was not art but a movie prop and it was later returned to the Art Museum for the filming of Rocky V, Mannequin and Philadelphia, then brought back to the Spectrum. The statue was replaced with an inlay of Converse sneaker footprints with the name Rocky above them. On September 8,2006, the Rocky statue was returned to the Art Museum, the unveiling ceremony included live music, the debut of the first full trailer for Rocky Balboa, and a free showing of the first Rocky movie. At the ceremony, Philadelphia Mayor John Street said that the steps were one of Phillys biggest tourist attractions, and that Stallone, the Rocky film scene has become a cultural icon. Many tourists visit the steps to recreate the scene themselves, channel ranked it No.13 in its 101 Most Awesome Moments in Entertainment. During the 1996 Olympic Torch Relay, Philadelphia native Dawn Staley was chosen to run up the museum steps, the steps are the backdrop for the annual Independence Day celebration, and have often been featured in large concerts such as Live 8. The 2017 NFL Draft will be held from the steps, the first time the NFL draft will be held outdoors, the scene has inspired homages and parodies since Rocky was released in 1976. In The Simpsons episode Im Spelling as Fast as I Can, in the film In Her Shoes, Toni Collettes character, Rose Feller, runs up the steps with four dogs
Rocky Steps
–
The front entrance and steps to the Philadelphia Museum of Art
Rocky Steps
–
Sylvester Stallone,
Tessa Thompson, and
Michael B. Jordan promoting
Creed atop the Rocky Steps in November 2015.
Rocky Steps
–
The statue, situated just northeast of the steps
Rocky Steps
–
View of the Ben Franklin Parkway from the top of the steps
27.
The Shining (film)
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The film is based on Stephen Kings 1977 novel The Shining. The initial European release of The Shining was 25 minutes shorter than the American version, although contemporary responses from critics were mixed, assessment became more favorable in following decades, and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made. American director Martin Scorsese ranked it one of the 11 scariest horror movies of all time, critics, scholars, and crew members have discussed the films enormous influence on popular culture. Jack Torrance arrives at the mountain-isolated Overlook Hotel, which is 25 miles from the closest town, once hired, Jack plans to use the hotels solitude to write. The hotel, built on the site of a Native American burial ground, becomes snowed-in during the winter, manager Stuart Ullman warns Jack that a previous caretaker, Charles Grady, developed cabin fever and killed his family and himself. In Boulder, Jacks son, Danny Torrance, has a premonition about the hotel, viewing a cascade of blood emerging from an elevator door. Jacks wife, Wendy, tells a doctor that Danny has a friend named Tony. The family arrives at the hotel on closing day and is given a tour, the chef, Dick Hallorann, surprises Danny by telepathically offering him ice cream. Dick explains to Danny that he and his grandmother shared this telepathic ability, Danny asks if there is anything to be afraid of in the hotel, particularly room 237. Hallorann tells Danny that the hotel has a shine to it along with many memories and he also tells Danny to stay away from room 237. A month passes, while Jacks writing goes nowhere, Danny and Wendy explore the hotels hedge maze, Wendy learns that the phone lines are out due to the heavy snowfall, and Danny has frightening visions. Jack, increasingly frustrated, starts behaving strangely and becomes prone to violent outbursts, Dannys curiosity about room 237 overcomes him when he sees the rooms door open. Later, Wendy finds Jack screaming during a nightmare while asleep at his typewriter, after she awakens him, Jack says he dreamed that he killed her and Danny. Danny arrives and is traumatized with a bruise on his neck. Jack wanders into the hotels Gold Room and meets a bartender named Lloyd. Lloyd serves him bourbon whiskey while Jack complains about his marriage, Wendy later tells Jack that Danny told her a crazy woman in one of the rooms attempted to strangle him. Jack investigates room 237, encountering the ghost of a dead woman, Wendy and Jack argue over whether Danny should be removed from the hotel and a furious Jack returns to the Gold Room, now filled with ghosts attending a ball. He meets the ghost of Grady who tells Jack that he must correct his wife and child, meanwhile, Hallorann grows concerned about whats going on at the hotel and flies back to Colorado
The Shining (film)
–
Theatrical release poster by
Saul Bass
The Shining (film)
–
Saint Mary Lake with its Wild Goose Island is seen during the opening scene
The Shining (film)
–
Exterior shots of the
Timberline Lodge were used to depict the fictional Overlook Hotel
The Shining (film)
–
One of the sequences in which the camera tracks Danny, shot with a special low-pole version of the Steadicam developed for this film
28.
Return of the Jedi
–
Return of the Jedi is a 1983 American epic space opera film directed by Richard Marquand. The screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas was from a story by Lucas and it was the third and final installment in the original Star Wars trilogy and the first film to use THX technology. The film is set one year after The Empire Strikes Back and was produced by Howard Kazanjian for Lucasfilm Ltd, the film stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Billy Dee Williams, Anthony Daniels, David Prowse, Kenny Baker, Peter Mayhew and Frank Oz. The Galactic Empire, under the direction of the ruthless Emperor, is constructing a second Death Star in order to crush the Rebel Alliance once, meanwhile, Luke Skywalker, a Jedi apprentice, struggles to bring his father Darth Vader back to the Light Side of the Force. David Lynch and David Cronenberg were considered to direct the project before Marquand signed on as director, the production team relied on Lucas storyboards during pre-production. While writing the script, Lucas, Kasdan, Marquand. Kazanjians schedule pushed shooting to begin a few weeks early to allow Industrial Light & Magic more time to work on the effects in post-production. Filming took place in England, California, and Arizona from January to May 1982, strict secrecy surrounded the production and the film used the working title Blue Harvest to prevent price gouging. The film was released in theaters on May 25,1983, six years to the day after the release of the first film, the film grossed between $475 million and $572 million worldwide. Alongside its success, the film received four Academy Award nominations, several home video and theatrical releases and revisions to the film followed over the next 20 years. Star Wars continued with Episode I, The Phantom Menace as part of the film prequel trilogy. A sequel, Star Wars, The Force Awakens, was released on December 18,2015, Luke Skywalker initiates a plan to rescue Han Solo from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt with the help of Princess Leia, Lando Calrissian, Chewbacca, C-3PO, and R2-D2. Leia infiltrates Jabbas palace on Tatooine disguised as a bounty hunter with Chewbacca as her prisoner, Lando is already there disguised as a guard. Leia releases Han from his prison, but she is captured and enslaved. Luke arrives soon afterward but after a standoff, he is captured. After Luke survives his battle with Jabbas Rancor, Jabba sentences him, Luke frees himself and battles Jabbas guards. During the chaos, Boba Fett, who has remained at Jabbas palace since delivering Han, attempts to attack Luke, meanwhile, Leia strangles Jabba to death, and Luke destroys Jabbas sail barge as the group escapes. While the others rendezvous with the Rebel Alliance, Luke returns to Dagobah where he finds that Yoda is dying, before he dies, Yoda confirms that Darth Vader, once known as Anakin Skywalker, is Lukes father, and there is another Skywalker
Return of the Jedi
–
Theatrical release poster (art by Kazuhiko Sano)
Return of the Jedi
–
Sebastian Shaw as the unmasked Darth Vader.
Return of the Jedi
–
The heavy forest of
Redwood National Park was used to film the forests of
Endor in Return of the Jedi.
Return of the Jedi
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The teaser poster titled Revenge of the Jedi by
Drew Struzan
29.
Michael Crichton
–
John Michael Crichton was an American best-selling author, screenwriter, film director and producer best known for his work in the science fiction, medical fiction and thriller genres. His books have sold over 200 million copies worldwide, and many have been adapted into films, in 1994, Crichton became the only creative artist ever to have works simultaneously charting at No.1 in US television, film, and book sales. His literary works are usually within the genre and heavily feature technology. His novels epitomize the techno-thriller genre of literature, often exploring technology and failures of human interaction with it, many of his future history novels have medical or scientific underpinnings, reflecting his medical training and science background. John Michael Crichton was born on October 23,1942, in Chicago, Illinois, to John Henderson Crichton, a journalist, and Zula Miller Crichton. He was raised on Long Island, in Roslyn, New York, Crichton had always planned on becoming a writer and began his studies at Harvard College in 1960. During his undergraduate study in literature, he conducted an experiment to expose a professor who he believed was giving him abnormally low marks, informing another professor of his suspicions, Crichton submitted an essay by George Orwell under his own name. The paper was returned by his unwitting professor with a mark of B− and he received a Henry Russell Shaw Traveling Fellowship from 1964 to 1965 and was a visiting lecturer in Anthropology at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom in 1965. Crichton later enrolled at Harvard Medical School, when he began publishing work, by this time he had become exceptionally tall, by his own account he was approximately 6 feet 9 inches tall in 1997. In reference to his height, while in school, he began writing novels under the pen names John Lange. He later described his Lange books in the way, My feeling about the Lange books is that my competition is in-flight movies. One can read the books in an hour and a half, I write them fast and the reader reads them fast and I get things off my back. In Travels he recalls overhearing doctors, who were unaware that he was the author, a Case of Need, written under the Hudson pseudonym, won him his first Edgar Award for Best Novel in 1969. He also co-wrote Dealing, or the Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues with his younger brother Douglas, the back cover of that book carried a picture, taken by their mother, of Michael and Douglas when very young. He graduated from Harvard, obtaining an MD in 1969, and undertook a fellowship study at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. He never obtained a license to practice medicine, devoting himself to his career instead. Reflecting on his career in medicine years later, Crichton concluded that too often shunned responsibility for their own health. He experimented with astral projection, aura viewing, and clairvoyance, in 1988, Crichton was a visiting writer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Michael Crichton
–
Crichton at
Harvard University in 2002
Michael Crichton
–
Crichton's novel Jurassic Park, and its sequels, were made into films that became a part of popular culture, with related parks established in places as far afield as
Kletno, Poland.
Michael Crichton
–
A
mosquito preserved in
amber. A specimen of this sort was the source of
dinosaur DNA in Jurassic Park.
Michael Crichton
–
Crichton's first published book of non-fiction,
Five Patients, recounts his experiences of practices in the late 1960s at
Massachusetts General Hospital and the issues of costs and politics within American health care.
30.
Runaway (1984 film)
–
Runaway is a 1984 American science fiction action film directed by Michael Crichton, starring Tom Selleck, Gene Simmons, Cynthia Rhodes and Kirstie Alley. In the near future, where robots are part of everyday life like any other electrical appliance—and are just as prone to malfunctions. When a robot malfunctions, it could pose a threat to people or property, such robots are known as runaways. Since they are more dangerous than the machine, they are handled by a division of the police trained in robotics. The runaway squad, however, is treated as an easy and unexciting assignment and often ridiculed. Jack R. Ramsay is a police officer who joined the runaway squad after discovering his previously unknown fear of heights. After years on the job, Ramsay has found one of the divisions few real experts. His new partner Karen Thompson is enthusiastic about the job, but he assures her there is little excitement involved and this changes when they find themselves handling a new threat—the first robotic homicide. These circuits are not hacked chips, but created from a series of master templates, despite being unable to learn anything from uncooperative informants who end up dead, Ramsay refuses to give up and soon discovers the perpetrator is sociopathic genius Dr. Charles Luther. Luther, while working for a contractor, developed a program that allows a robot to thermographically identify a human from amidst cover. Seeing the profit potential, he killed his fellow researchers and tried to sell the technology on the black market, after a botched arrest attempt, Thompson is left with an unexploded shell in her arm which Ramsay removes. While investigating another of Luthers partners, Ramsay and Thompson find Jackie Rogers and she double-crossed him and stole the circuit templates, intending to sell them herself. She is scared because she believes Luther will stop at nothing to kill her, when they create a ruse to transfer Jackie to safety, Luther attacks the police convoy with robotic smart bombs. They discover that the bombs are zeroing in on a bug in Jackies purse, Ramsay decides to make a public appearance with Jackie at a restaurant to draw Luther out, but instead Luther captures Thompson and wants Ramsay to exchange her for Jackie and the templates. Before making the exchange, Jackie gives some of the templates to Ramsay, but Luther kills her anyway, after discovering the missing templates. He then fires his smart bullets into the restaurant and flees. To retrieve the missing templates, Luther plans to attack Ramsay and he uses the police computers to discover everything about Ramsays personal life, including his son. Once Ramsay discovers his information has been hacked, he races home to find his household robot damaged, Luther calls to confirm he kidnapped Bobby and wants to exchange him for the missing templates
Runaway (1984 film)
–
Runaway movie poster
31.
35 mm film
–
35 mm film is the film gauge most commonly used for motion pictures and chemical still photography. The name of the gauge refers to the width of the photographic film, the standard negative pulldown for movies is four perforations per frame along both edges, which results in 16 frames per foot of film. For still photography, the frame has eight perforations on each side. This resulted in cameras, projectors, and other equipment having to be calibrated to each gauge, the 35 mm width, originally specified as 1.375 inches, was introduced in 1892 by William Dickson and Thomas Edison, using film stock supplied by George Eastman. The gauge has been versatile in application, Eastman Kodak, Fujifilm and Agfa-Gevaert are some companies which offered 35 mm films. Today Kodak is the last remaining manufacturer of motion picture film and it is difficult to compare the quality of film to digital media but a good estimate would be about 20.8 million total pixels would equal one 35 millimeter high quality color frame of film. In 1880, George Eastman began to manufacture gelatin dry plates in Rochester. Along with W. H. Walker, Eastman invented a holder for a roll of picture-carrying gelatin layer coated paper, hannibal Goodwins invention of nitrocellulose film base in 1887 was the first transparent, flexible film. With the advent of film, Thomas Alva Edison quickly set out on his invention, the Kinetoscope. The Kinetoscope was a loop system intended for one-person viewing. Edison, along with assistant W. K. L. Dickson, followed that up with the Kinetophone, beginning in March 1892, Eastman and then, from April 1893 into 1896, New Yorks Blair Camera Co. supplied Edison with film stock. Edisons aperture defined a single frame of film at 4 perforations high, a court judgment in March 1902 invalidated Edisons claim, allowing any producer or distributor to use the Edison 35 mm film design without license. Filmmakers were already doing so in Britain and Europe, where Edison had failed to file patents, at the time, film stock was usually supplied unperforated and punched by the filmmaker to their standards with perforation equipment. A variation developed by the Lumière Brothers used a circular perforation on each side of the frame towards the middle of the horizontal axis.33 aspect ratio. Spehr describes the importance of these developments, The early acceptance of 35 mm as a standard had momentous impact on the development and spread of cinema. The film format was introduced into still photography as early as 1913 but first became popular with the launch of the Leica camera, created by Oskar Barnack in 1925. The costly image-forming silver compounds in a film stocks emulsion meant from the start that 35 mm filmmaking was to be a hobby with a high barrier to entry for the public at large. Furthermore, the film base of all early film stock was highly flammable
35 mm film
35 mm film
–
35 mm film sticking out of a canister (or cassette) for
135 format film for
still photography. Kodachrome II film for color slides—marked with a capacity of 36
exposures (on the film strip)—pictured
35 mm film
–
A short strip of undeveloped 35 mm color negative film with BH-size perforations.
35 mm film
–
A photo of a 35 mm film print featuring all four audio formats (or "quad track") — from left to right:
SDDS (blue area to the left of the sprocket holes),
Dolby Digital (grey area between the sprocket holes labelled with the Dolby "Double-D" logo in the middle), analog optical sound (the two white lines to the right of the sprocket holes), and the
DTS time code (the dashed line to the far right).
32.
Digital cinema camera
–
Digital movie cameras for digital cinematography are digital video cameras that capture digitally rather than the historically used movie camera, which shoots on film stock. Different digital movie cameras output a variety of different acquisition formats, cameras designed for domestic use have also been used for some low-budget independent productions. Since the beginning of the 2010s, digital cameras have become the dominant type of camera in the motion picture industry. Beginning in the late 1980s, Sony began marketing the concept of electronic cinematography, the effort met with very little success. However, this led to one of the earliest electronically shot feature movies, Julia and Julia, in May 2002 Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones was released having also been shot using a Sony HDW-F900 camera. Two lesser-known movies, Vidocq and Russian Ark, had previously been shot with the same camera. In parallel with these changes, digital cinema began to emerge in the cinema system, at the high-end of the camera market, there has been an emergence of cameras aimed specifically at the digital cinema market. Since the beginning of the 2010s, the picture industry has almost completely switched to digital capture as well as digital distribution and projection. There are a number of cameras on the market designed specifically for high-end digital cinematography use. Some of the cameras are expensive and some are available to rent. These inexpensive cameras are limited by their relatively high ratios, their small sensors. Many also have integrated lenses which cannot be changed, MiniDV was the predominant standard definition consumer video acquisition format in the early 2000s. Steven Soderbergh used the popular Canon XL2 MiniDV camera while shooting Full Frontal, the Danny Boyle directed British horror film,28 Days Later was also shot on MiniDV using the Canon XL1S, albeit with traditional Panavision 35mm film lenses. One of the first MiniDV cameras used on a film was the Sony VX-1000. This feature made the extremely popular with low-budget movie-makers. Sony, JVC, Canon and other vendors have brought high-definition video acquisition to the consumer and prosumer markets with the HDV format, HDV cameras are sold with a wide range of capabilities. Many support progressive shooting modes, and some have sensors with full 1920x1080 resolution, in addition, some Canon and JVC HDV camcorders have the ability to use high-quality interchangeable lenses, rather than the fixed lenses that are included with most prosumer cameras. The Canon EOS 5D Mark II is a full-frame format HDSLR camera capable of recording 1080p video in at 24,25 or 30 frames per second, movie makers are pressing this camera into service as a low-cost way to shoot motion footage
Digital cinema camera
–
The digital movie camera Arriflex D-21 by Arri.
Digital cinema camera
–
Blackmagic Cinema Camera
33.
IMAX
–
IMAX is a motion picture film format and a set of cinema projection standards developed in Canada by Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroitor, Robert Kerr, and William C. IMAX has the capacity to record and display images of far greater size, since 2002, some feature films have been converted into IMAX format for displaying in IMAX theatres and some have also been partially shot in IMAX. IMAX is the most widely used system for special-venue film presentations, as of June 2016, there were 1,102 IMAX theatres in 69 countries. The desire to increase the impact of film has a long history. In 1929, Fox introduced Fox Grandeur, the first 70 mm film format, in the 1950s, the potential of 35 mm film to provide wider projected images was explored in the processes of CinemaScope and VistaVision, following multi-projector systems such as Cinerama. While impressive, Cinerama was difficult to install, during Expo 67 in Montreal, the National Film Board of Canadas In the Labyrinth and Fergusons Man and the Polar Regions both used multi-projector, multi-screen systems. Each encountered technical difficulties led them to found a company called Multiscreen. As it became clear that a single, large-screen image had more impact than multiple smaller ones and was a viable product direction. An IMAX 3D theatre also is in operation near the former Expo 67 site at the Montreal Science Centre in the Port of Old Montreal, tiger Child, the first IMAX film, was demonstrated at Expo 70 in Osaka, Japan. The first permanent IMAX installation was built at the Cinesphere theatre at Ontario Place in Toronto and it debuted in May 1971, showing the film North of Superior. The installation is still in place, however, Ontario Place is on hiatus for redevelopment, during Expo 74 in Spokane, Washington, an IMAX screen that measured 27 m ×20 m was featured in the US Pavilion. It became the first IMAX Theatre to not be partnered with any brand of movie theaters. About five million visitors viewed the screen, which covered the total visual field when looking directly forward. This created a sensation of motion in most viewers, and motion sickness in some, much to the dismay of the majority of Spokane and the disapproval of the IMAX Corporation itself, it will be demolished because of its inability to project films digitally. An IMAX 3D & Digital theater was built in Spokane. However, its screen-size is less than half that of the original, due to protests, the IMAX Corporation has been able to remodel the area with the city, and turn the U. S. Pavilion itself into the first permanent outdoor IMAX screen, the first permanent IMAX Dome installation, the Eugene Heikoff and Marilyn Jacobs Heikoff Dome Theatre at the Reuben H. Fleet Science Center, opened in San Diegos Balboa Park in 1973, the first permanent IMAX 3D theatre was built in Vancouver, British Columbia for Transitions at Expo 86, and was in use until September 30,2009
IMAX
–
Audiences view a film using 3D glasses.
IMAX
–
A comparison between 35 mm and 15/70 mm negative areas.
IMAX
–
An IMAX cinema camera, displayed at the National Media Museum, Bradford, U.K.
IMAX
–
The 15 kW
Xenon short-arc lamp used in IMAX projectors.
34.
Gimbal
–
A gimbal is a pivoted support that allows the rotation of an object about a single axis. A set of three gimbals, one mounted on the other with orthogonal axes, may be used to allow an object mounted on the innermost gimbal to remain independent of the rotation of its support. The gimbal suspension used for mounting compasses and the like is sometimes called a Cardan suspension after Italian mathematician, however, Cardano did not invent the gimbal, nor did he claim to. The device has been known since antiquity, first described in the 3rd c, BCE by Philo of Byzantium, although some modern authors support it may not have a single identifiable inventor. The gimbal was first described by the Greek inventor Philo of Byzantium and this was done by the suspension of the inkwell at the center, which was mounted on a series of concentric metal rings so that it remained stationary no matter which way the pot is turned. Thus, the sinologist Joseph Needham suspected Arab interpolation as late as 1965, however, Carra de Vaux, author of the French translation which still provides the basis for modern scholars, regards the Pneumatics as essentially genuine. The historian of technology George Sarton also asserts that it is safe to assume the Arabic version is a copying of Philos original. So does his colleague Michael Lewis, after antiquity, gimbals remained widely known in the Near East. In the Latin West, reference to the device appeared again in the 9th century recipe book called the Little Key of Painting Mappae clavicula, the French inventor Villard de Honnecourt depicts a set of gimbals in his famous sketchbook. In the early period, dry compasses were suspended in gimbals. In China, the Han Dynasty inventor Ding Huan created a gimbal incense burner around 180 CE, there is a hint in the writing of the earlier Sima Xiangru that the gimbal existed in China since the 2nd century BCE. There is mention during the Liang Dynasty that gimbals were used for hinges of doors and windows, extant specimens of Chinese gimbals used for incense burners date to the early Tang Dynasty, and were part of the silver-smithing tradition in China. In this application, the measurement unit is equipped with three orthogonally mounted gyros to sense rotation about all axes in three-dimensional space. The gyro outputs are kept to a null through drive motors on each gimbal axis, to accomplish this, the gyro error signals are passed through resolvers mounted on the three gimbals, roll, pitch and yaw. These resolvers perform an automatic matrix transformation according to each gimbal angle, the yaw torques must be resolved by roll and pitch transformations. The gimbal angle is never measured, similar sensing platforms are used on aircraft. In inertial navigation systems, gimbal lock may occur when vehicle rotation causes two of the three rings to align with their pivot axes in a single plane. When this occurs, it is no longer possible to maintain the sensing platforms orientation, to control roll, twin engines with differential pitch or yaw control signals are used to provide torque about the vehicles roll axis
Gimbal
–
Cardan suspension in
Villard de Honnecourt 's sketchbook (ca. 1230)
Gimbal
–
Illustration of a simple two-axis gimbal set; the center ring can be vertically fixed
Gimbal
–
Early modern dry compass suspended by gimbals (1570)
Gimbal
–
A Baker-Nunn satellite-tracking camera on an altitude-altitude-azimuth mount
35.
Sled
–
Most commonly sleds are used on snow or ice, however in certain cases they may be used on any surfaces, especially on ones with relatively low friction, such as sand or wet grass. They may be used to transport passengers, cargo, or both, shades of meaning differentiating the three terms often reflect regional variations depending on historical uses and prevailing climate. In Britain sledge is the term, and more common than sled. Toboggan is sometimes used synonymously with sledge but more often to refer to a type of sledge without runners. Sleigh refers to a moderate to large-sized, usually open-topped vehicle to carry passengers or goods, in Scandinavia particularly a sleigh may also be drawn by reindeer, as for Father Christmas. In American usage sled remains the term but often implies a smaller device. Sledge implies a heavier sled used for moving freight or massive objects, in Australia, where there is limited snow, sleigh and sledge are given equal preference in local parlance. The people of Ancient Egypt are thought to have used sledges extensively in the construction of their public works, sleds and sledges were found in the Oseberg Viking ship excavation. The sledge was also prized, because – unlike wheeled vehicles – it was exempt from tolls. Until the late 19th century, a closed winter sled, or vozok and it was a means of transport preferred by royals, bishops, and boyars of Muscovy. Several royal vozoks of historical importance have been preserved in the Kremlin Armoury, man-hauled sledges were the traditional means of transport on British exploring expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic regions in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Dog sleds were used by most others, such as Roald Amundsen, today some people use kites to tow exploration sleds in such climes. The word sled comes from Middle English sledde, which itself has the origins in Old Dutch word slee, the same word shares common ancestry with both sleigh and sledge. North Americas Horse Drawn Sleigh Rides
Sled
–
A
Fjord horse drawing a sleigh.
Sled
–
Horse-drawn sleigh.
Ukraine, 2012
Sled
–
Horse-drawn sleigh ride, Pakenham, Ontario, Canada
Sled
–
A child's sledge (19th century).
Radomysl Castle
36.
Center of gravity
–
The distribution of mass is balanced around the center of mass and the average of the weighted position coordinates of the distributed mass defines its coordinates. Calculations in mechanics are simplified when formulated with respect to the center of mass. It is a point where entire mass of an object may be assumed to be concentrated to visualise its motion. In other words, the center of mass is the equivalent of a given object for application of Newtons laws of motion. In the case of a rigid body, the center of mass is fixed in relation to the body. The center of mass may be located outside the body, as is sometimes the case for hollow or open-shaped objects. In the case of a distribution of separate bodies, such as the planets of the Solar System, in orbital mechanics, the equations of motion of planets are formulated as point masses located at the centers of mass. The center of mass frame is a frame in which the center of mass of a system is at rest with respect to the origin of the coordinate system. The concept of center of mass in the form of the center of gravity was first introduced by the ancient Greek physicist, mathematician, and engineer Archimedes of Syracuse. He worked with simplified assumptions about gravity that amount to a uniform field, in work on floating bodies he demonstrated that the orientation of a floating object is the one that makes its center of mass as low as possible. He developed mathematical techniques for finding the centers of mass of objects of uniform density of various well-defined shapes, Newtons second law is reformulated with respect to the center of mass in Eulers first law. The center of mass is the point at the center of a distribution of mass in space that has the property that the weighted position vectors relative to this point sum to zero. In analogy to statistics, the center of mass is the location of a distribution of mass in space. Solving this equation for R yields the formula R =1 M ∑ i =1 n m i r i, solve this equation for the coordinates R to obtain R =1 M ∭ Q ρ r d V, where M is the total mass in the volume. If a continuous mass distribution has density, which means ρ is constant. The center of mass is not generally the point at which a plane separates the distribution of mass into two equal halves, in analogy with statistics, the median is not the same as the mean. The coordinates R of the center of mass of a system, P1 and P2, with masses m1. The percentages of mass at each point can be viewed as projective coordinates of the point R on this line, another way of interpreting the process here is the mechanical balancing of moments about an arbitrary point
Center of gravity
–
This child's toy uses the principles of center of mass to keep balance on a finger.
Center of gravity
–
Estimated center of mass/gravity (blue sphere) of a gymnast at the end of performing a cartwheel. Notice center is outside the body in this position.
37.
Inertia
–
Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its state of motion, this includes changes to its speed, direction, or state of rest. It is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a line at constant velocity. The principle of inertia is one of the principles of classical physics that are used to describe the motion of objects. Inertia comes from the Latin word, iners, meaning idle, Inertia is one of the primary manifestations of mass, which is a quantitative property of physical systems. In common usage, the inertia may refer to an objects amount of resistance to change in velocity, or sometimes to its momentum. Thus, an object will continue moving at its current velocity until some force causes its speed or direction to change. On the surface of the Earth, inertia is often masked by the effects of friction and air resistance, both of which tend to decrease the speed of moving objects, and gravity. Aristotle explained the continued motion of projectiles, which are separated from their projector, by the action of the surrounding medium, Aristotle concluded that such violent motion in a void was impossible. Despite its general acceptance, Aristotles concept of motion was disputed on several occasions by notable philosophers over nearly two millennia, for example, Lucretius stated that the default state of matter was motion, not stasis. Philoponus proposed that motion was not maintained by the action of a surrounding medium, although this was not the modern concept of inertia, for there was still the need for a power to keep a body in motion, it proved a fundamental step in that direction. This view was opposed by Averroes and by many scholastic philosophers who supported Aristotle. However, this view did not go unchallenged in the Islamic world, in the 14th century, Jean Buridan rejected the notion that a motion-generating property, which he named impetus, dissipated spontaneously. Buridans position was that an object would be arrested by the resistance of the air. Buridan also maintained that impetus increased with speed, thus, his idea of impetus was similar in many ways to the modern concept of momentum. Buridan also believed that impetus could be not only linear, but also circular in nature, buridans thought was followed up by his pupil Albert of Saxony and the Oxford Calculators, who performed various experiments that further undermined the classical, Aristotelian view. Their work in turn was elaborated by Nicole Oresme who pioneered the practice of demonstrating laws of motion in the form of graphs, benedetti cites the motion of a rock in a sling as an example of the inherent linear motion of objects, forced into circular motion. The law of inertia states that it is the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion. According to Newton, an object will stay at rest or stay in motion unless acted on by a net force, whether it results from gravity, friction, contact
Inertia
–
Galileo Galilei
38.
Bowling ball
–
A bowling ball is a piece of sporting equipment used to hit bowling pins in the sport of bowling. Ten-pin bowling balls are hard spheres with three holes drilled in them, one each for the ring and middle fingers, and one for the thumb. Other bowling balls, such as used in five-pin bowling, candlepin bowling, and duckpin bowling are smaller, lighter. Most bowling alleys provide balls for patrons to use within the establishment, key properties of ten-pin bowling balls include surface friction, porosity, and mass distribution, which affect the motion of the ball as it rolls. Friction and porosity are variables of the surface of the ball, known as the stock, while mass distribution is determined by the shape. The USBC and FIQ specifies that bowling balls may only be made from uniform, the weight of the ball must not exceed 16.00 pounds, with no lower bound for weight. The hardness of the ball must be at least 72, as measured by a Type D Shore durometer at room temperature. A ball may have a circumference between 26.704 inches and 27.002 inches, and a diameter in the range of 8.500 inches to 8.595 inches, additionally, markings must include an individual serial number and the logo of the USBC. Holes are allowed to be drilled into a ball for a variety of reasons. Up to five holes may be drilled for the fingers for one hand. A balance hole may be added to alter the mass distribution, the USBC recently changed their rules that affect no-thumb bowlers more than those using a conventional grip. Now any hole not used explicitly for gripping during the approach is to be considered a balance hole and this means that no-thumb bowlers would have to take out their thumb hole or their balance hole if they have both. This is because it may give them the advantage of special weighting, a mill hole may also be used for inspection purposes. There are special scales designed to weigh/compare different halves of the ball, the radius of gyration must fall between 2.460 inches and 2.800 inches, and the differential radius of gyration must not exceed 0.060 inches. The coefficient of friction must not exceed 0.320, historically, bowling balls were often made from dense hardwoods such as Lignum Vitae, but starting in the early 20th century, hard rubber became the primary material for bowling balls. The first bowling balls to be made from polyester were produced in the late 1950s and this would become the predominant material in the 1970s. In the early 1980s, polyurethane bowling balls were introduced and this is desirable, as a greater entry angle tends to provide a higher striking percentage. In the early 1990s, a new material known as reactive resin was introduced, reactive resin is still made from polyurethane, but has been treated with additives while in a liquid state that create pores in the coverstock that allow it to absorb oil
Bowling ball
–
A plastic ball and two bowling pins.
Bowling ball
–
Two reactive resin bowling balls. Both are the same model, but one is pearlized (right) and one is not (left).
Bowling ball
–
House balls lying on ball return.
39.
Digital single-lens reflex camera
–
A digital single-lens reflex camera is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor, as opposed to photographic film. The reflex design scheme is the difference between a DSLR and other digital cameras. In the reflex design, light travels through the lens, then to a mirror that alternates to send the image to either the viewfinder or the image sensor, the alternative would be to have a viewfinder with its own lens, hence the term single lens for this design. By using only one lens, the viewfinder of a DSLR presents an image that will not perceptibly differ from what is captured by the cameras sensor, like SLRs DSLRs typically use interchangeable lenses with a proprietary lens mount. A movable mechanical mirror system is switched down to light from the lens over a matte focusing screen via a condenser lens. Most of the entry-level DSLRs use a instead of the traditional pentaprism. Focusing can be manual or automatic, activated by pressing half-way on the release or a dedicated AF button. DSLRs typically use autofocus based on phase detection and this method allows the optimal lens position to be calculated, rather than found, as would be the case with autofocus based on contrast maximisation. Phase-detection autofocus is typically faster than other passive techniques, as the phase sensor requires the same light going to the image sensor, it was previously only possible with an SLR design. Digital SLR cameras, along with most other cameras, generally have a mode dial to access standard camera settings or automatic scene-mode settings. Sometimes called a PASM dial, they typically provide such as program, aperture-priority, shutter-priority. Scene modes vary from camera to camera, and these modes are inherently less customizable and they often include landscape, portrait, action, macro, night, and silhouette, among others. However, these different settings and shooting styles that scene mode provides can be achieved by calibrating certain settings on the camera, professional DSLRs seldom contain automatic scene modes as professionals often do not require these and professionals know how to achieve the looks they want. A method to prevent dust entering the chamber, by using a dust cover filter right behind the mount, was used by Sigma in its first DSLR. Olympus used a built-in sensor cleaning mechanism in its first DSLR that had a sensor exposed to air, several Canon DSLR cameras rely on dust reduction systems based on vibrating the sensor at ultrasonic frequencies to remove dust from the sensor. Interchangeable lenses for SLRs and DSLRs are built to operate correctly with a lens mount that is generally unique to each brand. There are also lens adapters that allow a lens for one mount to be used on a camera body with a different lens mount. Many lenses are mountable, diaphragm-and-meter-compatible, on modern DSLRs and on older film SLRs that use the lens mount
Digital single-lens reflex camera
–
Cutaway of an
Olympus E-30 DSLR (key: see above)
Digital single-lens reflex camera
–
Camera lens
Digital single-lens reflex camera
–
Canon EF-S 18-135mm APS-C
Zoom lens
Digital single-lens reflex camera
–
Sony ECM-CG50 shotgun-type microphone for DSLR video capture
40.
American Society of Cinematographers
–
The American Society of Cinematographers, founded in 1919, is an educational, cultural, and professional organization. Neither a labor union nor a guild, ASC membership is by invitation and is extended only to directors of photography, members can put the letters A. S. C. after their names. ASC membership has become one of the highest honors that can be bestowed upon a professional cinematographer, the ASC currently has approximately 340 members and continues to grow. Its history goes back to the Cinema Camera Club in New York City founded by Arthur Charles Miller, Phil Rosen, Arthur Miller left to work in Hollywood, California, one year after the Motion Picture Industry Union was formed. The ASC was chartered in California in January 1919 by Miller,1920 also marked the beginning of American Cinematographer magazine, still in print today. The magazine focuses on the cinematography of current motion picture releases, including interviews with cinematographers, back-issues remain in high demand among film makers, seeking to discover how a particular films look was achieved. Other than the magazine, the most well-known publication of the ASC is the American Cinematographer Manual, the first edition was published in 1935 by Jackson J. Rose as The American Cinematographer Hand Book and Reference Guide. The Hand Book evolved from the Cinematographic Annual only published twice, roses handbook went through nine editions by the middle of the 1950s, and it was from this book that the modern American Cinematographer Manual originated. The first edition of the new manual was published in 1960, and is now in its ninth edition
American Society of Cinematographers
–
American Society of Cinematographers
41.
Nikola Tesla Satellite Award
–
The Nikola Tesla Award is an honorary Satellite Award bestowed by the International Press Academy to recognize the pioneers of filmmaking technology industry. It was first presented on January 12,2003, at the 7th Annual Golden Satellite Awards ceremony to George Lucas, hive Lighting and its company co-founders Robert Rutherford and Jon Edward Miller are the latest recipient. The trophy awarded to the honorees is a bust of inventor Nikola Tesla cast in bronze, on a marble base and it was designed by Sarajevan sculptor Dragan Radenović
Nikola Tesla Satellite Award
–
Career and inventions
42.
Camera shake
–
Image stabilization is a family of techniques used to reduce blurring associated with the motion of a camera or other imaging device during exposure. Generally, it compensates for pan and tilt of the imaging device and it is used in image-stabilized binoculars, still and video cameras, astronomical telescopes, and also smartphones, mainly the high-end. With still cameras, camera shake is particularly problematic at slow speeds or with long focal length lenses. With video cameras, camera shake causes visible frame-to-frame jitter in the recorded video, in astronomy, the problem of lens-shake is added to by variations in the atmosphere over time, which will cause the apparent positions of objects to change. In photography, image stabilization can often permit the use of shutter speeds 2–4.5 stops slower, for example, at a focal length of 125 mm on a 35 mm camera, vibration or camera shake could affect sharpness if the shutter speed was slower than 1/125 second. The sharpness obtainable at a speed can increase dramatically. When calculating the effective length, it is important to take into account the image format a camera uses. For example, many digital SLR cameras use a sensor that is 2/3, 5/8. This means that the 35 mm frame is 1.5,1.6, the latter values are referred to as the crop factor, field-of-view crop factor, focal-length multiplier, or format factor. On a 2x crop factor camera, for instance, a 50 mm lens produces the field of view as a 100 mm lens used on a 35 mm film camera. However, image stabilization does not prevent motion blur caused by the movement of the subject or by extreme movements of the camera, Image stabilization is only designed for and capable of reducing blur that results from normal, minute shaking of a lens due to hand-held shooting. Some lenses and camera bodies include a secondary panning mode or a more aggressive active mode, image-stabilization features can also be a benefit in astrophotography, when the camera is technically—but not effectively—fixed in place. The Pentax K-5 and K-r can use their sensor-shift capability to reduce star trails in reasonable exposure times, in effect, the stabilization compensates for the Earths motion, not the cameras. There are two types of implementation - lens-based, or body-based stabilization and these refer to where the stabilizing system is located. Both have their advantages and disadvantages, an optical image stabilizer, often abbreviated OIS, IS, or OS, is a mechanism used in a still camera or video camera that stabilizes the recorded image by varying the optical path to the sensor. This technology is implemented in the lens itself, as distinct from In Body Image Stabilization, the key element of all optical stabilization systems is that they stabilize the image projected on the sensor before the sensor converts the image into digital information. In Nikon and Canons implementation, it works by using a lens element that is moved orthogonally to the optical axis of the lens using electromagnets. Vibration is detected using two piezoelectric angular velocity sensors, one to detect movement and the other to detect vertical movement
Camera shake
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A steadicam system.
Camera shake
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A comparison of close-up photographs of a keypad with and without optical image stabilization.
43.
Skycam
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Skycam is a computer-controlled, stabilized, cable-suspended camera system. The system is maneuvered through three dimensions in the space over a playing area of a stadium or arena by computer-controlled cable-drive system. It is responsible for bringing video game–like camera angles to television sports coverage, the camera package weighs less than 14 kg and can travel at 13 m/s. Invented by Garrett Brown, Skycam was acquired by Winnercomm, Inc. in 2004, on January 12,2009, Winnercomm was acquired by Outdoor Channel Holdings, Inc. parent company of the Outdoor Channel. However, with the expiration of the patents, other companies have entered the market. Fox Sports refers to their system as the DLP Ultimate Picture Cam, Skycam was first publicly used in fall 1984, at a preseason National Football League game in San Diego between the Chargers and 49ers, televised by CBS. NBC debuted the first wire-flown remote-controlled camera used in coverage at the 1985 Orange Bowl. But its use did not become widespread until February 2001 for the XFL, ESPN first used Skycam in 2001 for an NFL pre-season telecast and then consistently in 2002 for Sunday Night Football broadcasts. Prior to the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, it was proposed that Skycam be used at the Ceremonies, a test run was held at the Coliseum. However, during its last test, it sped very fast low to the ground and it crashed into the football goal post at the Peristyle end of the Coliseum and fell to the ground in pieces. It was not used at the Olympics that year, systems from Skycam and CableCam have also been used for the NBA and NHL final series and the beginning of the 2005 and 2006 NASCAR season broadcast on Fox. CableCam was used on the famous 17th hole at the TPC at Sawgrass for NBCs coverage of The Players Championship in 2005, CBC used a CableCam in their broadcasts of the 2005 and 2006 Grey Cups. CBS used a SkyCam for their coverage of the 2010 NCAA Mens Basketball Final Four games in Lucas Oil Stadium, in Australia, the Nine Network trialed Skycam for three of their Friday Night Football broadcasts of the Australian Football League for the 2004 season. It was also used in the State of Origin series, the first use of Skycam for an MLS broadcast was on April 2,2005 for an ESPN broadcast of a match between DC United and Chivas USA at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California. Skycam has been used infrequently for MLS broadcasts since then, including the 2015 MLS All-Star Game, on April 2,2016, Sporting Kansas City debuted the leagues first semi-permanent Skycam installation at Childrens Mercy Park, in a match against Real Salt Lake. The system consists of four reels anchored at high fixed points at corners of the stadium or arena, each reel is a cable spool with 4.5 horsepower motor and disc brakes with its own computer capable of a.01 positioning resolution. The cable is a braided Kevlar jacketed single mode optical fiber with conductive copper elements and is capable of supporting 600 lbs on a single cable, the 36 tall spar contains the Sony HD camera, the pan and tilt motor, and stabilization sensors. Weighing only 45 pounds, the package includes a power distribution module
Skycam
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A Skycam at work during a
Washington Huskies football game in Seattle.
Skycam
–
Skycam HD at an
ESPN on ABC –broadcast
University of California, Berkeley football game.
44.
Spidercam
–
The name Spidercam is a trademark. The Spidercam system is modeled after Skycam, which preceded it, by controlling the winding and unwinding of the cables, the system allows the dolly to reach any position in the three-dimensional space. The inputs of the Spidercam pilot are processed by software which forwards the commands to the winches via fiber optic cables. Two of the Kevlar cables also have fiber optic cables woven into them to commands to the camera and the remote head. The remote head, which houses the camera, provides pan and tilt movement and includes the remote which controls focus, zoom. A gyro sensor in the dolly stabilises the horizon, a specially trained Spidercam camera operator controls the camera. Peters, the founder of CCSytems Inc. developed the Spidercam system, the first successful test of the system took place in a large event hall in Carinthia, Austria in 2003. In 2004 the system was employed for the first time on a production in Austria. That same year, Peters teamed up with the German company PMT Professional Motion Technology GmbH, after some modifications inspired by PMT, the Spidercam entered the market. PMT also provides a system for 35mm film cameras, a new partner, the Austrian businessman Herbert Neff, joined Peters in 2007 and a new company, Spidercam GmbH, was founded. To meet the demand for spidercam services, spidercam GmbH offers training for prospective operators. Spidercam Gmbh has an engineering department which works on improving the Spidercam. Currently work is being done on a revised and new system. In cricket, Spidercam was first used in the Indian Cricket League, followed by the semi-finals of the 2010 Indian Premier League in Mumbai and it was used for the first time in a test match at The Gabba in Brisbane during the 2012 South African tour of Australia. In a Group B match between Mumbai Indians and Sydney Sixers on 22 October 2012 during the 2012 Champions League Twenty20, the hit didnt result in any damage to the camera system and the cam continued its broadcasting. A similar incident happened in an Indian cricket league match in which a hit the spidercam and was caught out. The decision was reversed after the batsmans protest, on 23 January 2016 at the SCG, during the 5th ODI between Australia and India, Virat Kohli hit the Spidercam off a John Hastings delivery. The ball still reached the boundary, but was called dead instead, if the ball hits the Spidercam, the ball is called dead and any runs scored or wickets taken do not count and the ball is rebowled
Spidercam
–
The Spidercam (upper right) in action prior to a football match
45.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
46.
The Hollywood Reporter
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Headquartered in Los Angeles, THR is part of the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a group of properties that includes Billboard and SpinMedia. It is owned by Eldridge Industries, a company owned by an executive of its previous owner. Under Janice Min, a faltering THR was relaunched in 2010 as a weekly print magazine with a revamped, continuously updated website, as well as mobile. THR was founded in 1930 by William R, billy Wilkerson as Hollywoods first daily entertainment trade newspaper. The first edition appeared on September 3,1930, and featured Wilkersons front-page Tradeviews column, the newspaper appeared Monday to Saturday for the first 10 years, except for a brief period, then Monday to Friday from 1940. Wilkerson ran the THR until his death in September 1962, although his final column appeared 18 months prior, from the late 1930s, Wilkerson used THR to push the view that the industry was a communist stronghold. In particular, he opposed the screenplay writers trade union, the Screen Writers Guild, in 1946 the Guild considered creating an American Authors Authority to hold copyright for writers, instead of ownership passing to the studios. Wilkerson devoted his Tradeviews column to the issue on July 29,1946 and he went to confession before publishing it, knowing the damage it would cause, but was apparently encouraged by the priest to go ahead with it. The column contained the first industry names, including Dalton Trumbo and Howard Koch, on became the Hollywood blacklist. Eight of the 11 people Wilkerson named were among the Hollywood Ten who were blacklisted after hearings in 1947 by the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1997 THR reporter David Robb wrote a story about the newspapers involvement, for the blacklists 65th anniversary in 2012, the THR published a lengthy investigative piece about Wilkersons role, by reporters Gary Baum and Daniel Miller. The same edition carried an apology from Wilkersons son, W. R. Wilkerson III and he wrote that his father had been motivated by revenge for his thwarted ambition to own a studio. Wilkersons wife, Tichi Wilkerson Kassel, took over as publisher and she sold the paper on April 11,1988, to Affiliated Publications, parent company of Billboard Publications, for $26.7 million. Robert J. Dowling became THR president in 1988 and editor-in-chief, Dowling brought in Alex Ben Block as editor in 1990, and editorial quality of both news and specials steadily improved. Block and Teri Ritzer dampened much of the coverage and cronyism that had infected the paper under Wilkerson. After Block left, former editor at Variety, Anita Busch, was brought in as editor between 1999 and 2001. Busch was credited with making the paper competitive with Variety, tony Uphoff assumed the publisher position in November 2005. Uphoff was replaced in October 2006 by John Kilcullen, the publisher of Billboard, Kilcullen was a defendant in Billboards infamous dildo lawsuit, in which he was accused of race discrimination and sexual harassment
The Hollywood Reporter
–
Dwayne Johnson on the June 2014 cover
47.
WNYC
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WNYC is the trademark, and a set of call letters shared by a pair of non-profit, noncommercial, public radio stations located in New York City. New York Public Radio formerly did business as WNYC RADIO until March 2013, WNYC broadcasts on 820 kHz, and WNYC-FM broadcasts on 93.9 MHz. Both stations are owned by New York Public Radio and are members of NPR, some hours the programming is simulcast, some hours different shows air on each station. WNYC reaches more than one million listeners each week and has the largest public radio audience in the United States, WNYCs AM transmitter is located in Kearny, New Jersey, WNYC-FMs transmitter is located on the Empire State Building in New York City. WNYC is one of the oldest radio stations in New York, funds for the establishment of the station were approved on June 2,1922 by the New York City Board of Estimate and Apportionment. WNYC made its first official broadcast two years later on July 8,1924, at 570 AM with a second-hand transmitter shipped from Brazil, with the commencement of WNYCs operations, the City of New York became one of the first American municipalities to be directly involved in broadcasting. Studios and transmitter were at The Municipal Building,1 Centre Street, in 1928 WNYC was forced into a time-sharing arrangement on 570 AM with WMCA, another pioneering New York radio outlet. This situation lasted until 1931, when the Federal Radio Commission moved WNYC to 810 AM, WNYCs transmitter was moved in 1937 from the top of the Municipal Building to City-owned land at 10 Kent Street in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, as part of a Works Progress Administration project. The site was designated as WNYC Transmitter Park. In 1938 the Municipal Broadcasting System was established by the City of New York to run the station, for its first 14 years, WNYC had been run by the New York City Commissioner for Bridges, Plant and Structures. Now, under an agency devoted singularly to its function and with the leadership of new director Morris S. Novik, appointed by Mayor LaGuardia, among its many landmark programs was the annual American Music Festival. In 1941 the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement shifted WNYCs dial position a second time, WCCO was moved to 830 as well, and was given clear-channel authority. WNYC would remain a 1, 000-watt outlet for the next 48 years, later that year, on December 7, WNYC was the first radio station in the United States to announce the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. During World War II, the FCC allowed WNYC to stay on the air a few hours in the evening due to the public service it was providing. WNYC began regularly scheduled broadcasts on the FM band on March 13,1943 at 43.9 MHz, known originally as W39NY, the FM outlet adopted its present WNYC-FM identity and its present frequency of 93.9 MHz within a few years. In 1961 the pair were joined by an operation, as WUHF took to the air in an experimental format. The following year the station was renamed WNYC-TV, the Brooklyn transmitter site was decommissioned, and the AM transmitter was moved to Belleville Turnpike in Kearny, New Jersey, sharing three towers with WMCA, its former shared-time partner. The stations ownership by the City meant that it was subject to the whims of various mayors
WNYC
–
Mayor
Fiorello H. La Guardia on his Talk to the People program on WNYC.
WNYC
–
The
Manhattan Municipal Building, WNYC's home from 1922 to 2008.
WNYC
–
WNYC reporter
48.
Film crew
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A film crew is a group of people hired by a production company for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. The crew is distinguished from the cast as the cast are understood to be the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew is also separate from the producers as the producers are the ones who own a portion of either the company or the films intellectual property rights. A film crew is divided into different departments, each of which specializes in an aspect of the production. Motion picture projects have three stages, development, production and distribution. Television crew positions are derived from those of film crew, the director is considered to be a separate entity, not within the film crews departmental structure. Though directors wield a great deal of power, they are subordinate to the films producer or producers. Some directors, especially more established ones, take on many of the roles of a producer, second unit director The second unit director is responsible for overseeing the photography assigned to the second unit, which can range from minor insert shots to large stunt sequences. The second unit director position is filled by a member of the production. Music director In India-based movie productions, many of which are musicals, the role involves supervising the arrangement, recording and mastering of film music along with conducting and orchestration. Writer Person or persons who write a film script, either an original script or adapted from another written work, in which case the original work and author may also be credited. Production is generally not considered a department as such, but rather as a series of functional groups, producer A film producer creates the conditions for film-making. The producer initiates, coordinates, supervises, and controls matters such as raising, hiring key personnel. The producer is involved throughout all phases of the making process from development to completion of a project. There may be producers on a film who may take a role in a number of areas, such as development. Today, however, the title has become ambiguous, particularly in feature films, since the 1980s, it has become increasingly common for the line producer to be given the title of executive producer, while the initiating producer takes the produced by credit. On other projects, the reverse happens, with the producer taking the produced by credit. So the two credits have become effectively interchangeable, with no precise definition, line producer The line producer is the liaison between the studio or producer and the production manager, responsible for managing the production budget
Film crew
–
Film crew and equipment on a location shoot
Film crew
–
A
Camera operator filming a scene from the 1950 Hollywood film
Julius Caesar starring
Charlton Heston
49.
Filmmaking
–
Filmmaking is the process of making a film. Filmmaking takes place in places around the world in a range of economic, social, and political contexts. Typically, it involves a number of people, and can take from a few months to several years to complete. Film production consists of five stages, Development, The first stage in which the ideas for the film are created, rights to books/plays are bought etc. Financing for the project has to be sought and greenlit, pre-production, Preparations are made for the shoot, in which cast and film crew are hired, locations are selected and sets are built. Production, The raw elements for the film are recorded during the film shoot, post-production, The images, sound, and visual effects of the recorded film are edited. Distribution, The finished film is distributed and screened in cinemas and released to home video. In this stage, the project producer selects a story, which may come from a book, play, another film, true story, video game, comic book, graphic novel, or an original idea, etc. After identifying a theme or underlying message, the works with writers to prepare a synopsis. Next they produce an outline, which breaks the story down into one-paragraph scenes that concentrate on dramatic structure. Then, they prepare a treatment, a 25-to-30-page description of the story, its mood and this usually has little dialogue and stage direction, but often contains drawings that help visualize key points. Another way is to produce a scriptment once a synopsis is produced, next, a screenwriter writes a screenplay over a period of several months. The screenwriter may rewrite it several times to improve dramatization, clarity, structure, characters, dialogue, however, producers often skip the previous steps and develop submitted screenplays which investors, studios, and other interested parties assess through a process called script coverage. A film distributor may be contacted at a stage to assess the likely market. All these factors imply a certain appeal of the film to a possible audience, not all films make a profit from the theatrical release alone, so film companies take DVD sales and worldwide distribution rights into account. The producer and screenwriter prepare a film pitch, or treatment and they will also pitch the film to actors and directors in order to attach them to the project. Many projects fail to move beyond this stage and enter so-called development hell, if a pitch succeeds, a film receives a green light, meaning someone offers financial backing, typically a major film studio, film council, or independent investor. The parties involved negotiate a deal and sign contracts, once all parties have met and the deal has been set, the film may proceed into the pre-production period
Filmmaking
–
Steven Spielberg with Chandran Rutnam in Sri Lanka
Filmmaking
–
Sound recordist Curtis Choy (left) on location for "Dim Sum: a Little Bit of Heart," an indie film by Wayne Wang on Clement Street, San Francisco, California 1983
50.
Actor
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Anyone who meets the eligibility requirements may apply for aid, which could vary from medical assistance, paying rent, or finding employment. Heros benefits are not meant to be a permanent crutch for needy creators, any granted aid is kept confidential. The Hero Initiative has two boards of directors, the Executive Board and the Fund Disbursement Board, former board members include founders Pat McCallum, editor-in-chief of Wizard Magazine, and Mike Richardson, publisher and founder of Dark Horse Comics. They are George Pérez, Roy Thomas, Charlie Novinskie, Dennis ONeil, John Romita Sr. the charity is currently supported by Dark Horse Comics, Dynamic Forces, Image Comics, Marvel Entertainment, Top Cow Productions, and Wizard Entertainment. The Hero Initiative utilizes many methods of fundraising, foremost is their annual art auction, auctioning donated original comics art-work at fan conventions. Year-long, they sell donated art and special edition comics at conventions, artists, writers, and publishers are invited to donate work, and fans are invited to donate money directly to the fund. ACTOR also sells a green Excelsior, wrist-band similar in design to the Livestrong wristband. The Hero Initiative was formerly known as A Commitment to Our Roots, or ACTOR, while the original name of the organization reflected the charitys goal, the acronym that resulted, ACTOR, more often confused people unfamiliar with the organization. 2006, George Pérez, John Romita, Sr.2007, Joe Kubert 2008, Nick Cardy 2009, Neal Adams 2010, Walt Simonson 2011, Stan Lee 2012, John Romita, Jr. The award recognizes one person in each year who demonstrates particular generosity and integrity in support of the overall comic book community. It debuted at the 2010 Harvey Awards ceremony held at the Baltimore Comic-Con
Actor
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The Hero Initiative
Actor
