1.
Chinese name
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Chinese personal names are names used by those from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and the Chinese diaspora overseas. Prior to the 20th century, educated Chinese also utilized a courtesy name or style name called zi by which they were known among those outside of their family and closest friends. From at least the time of the Shang dynasty, the Han Chinese observed a number of naming taboos regulating who may or may not use a given name. In general, using the given name connoted the speakers authority, peers and younger relatives were barred from speaking it. Owing to this, many historical Chinese figures – particularly emperors – used a half-dozen or more different names in different contexts and those possessing names identical to the emperors were frequently forced to change them. Although some terms in the ancient Chinese naming system, such as xìng and míng, are used today, they were used in different. Commoners possessed only a name, and the modern concept of a surname or family name did not yet exist at any level of society.3 billion citizens. In fact, just the top three – Wang, Li, and Zhang – cover more than 20% of the population. This homogeneity results from the majority of Han family names having only one character. Chinese surnames arose from two separate traditions, the xìng and the shì. The original xìng were clans of royalty at the Shang court, the shì did not originate from families, but denoted fiefs, states, and titles granted or recognized by the Shang court. Apart from the Jiang and Yao families, the original xìng have nearly disappeared, xìng is now used to describe the shì surnames which replaced them, while shì is used to refer to maiden names. The enormous modern clans sometimes share ancestral halls with one another, nonetheless, however tenuous these bonds sometimes are, it remains a minor taboo to marry someone with the same family name. In modern mainland China, it is the norm that a woman keeps her name unchanged. A child usually inherits his/her fathers surname, though the law explicitly states that a child may use either parents or the grandparents. It is also possible, though far less common, for a child to both parents surnames. In the older generations, it was common for a married woman to prepend her husbands surname to her own. This practice is now almost extinct in mainland China, though there are a few such as the name change of Gu Kailai, but survives in some Hong Kong, Macau
2.
Chinese surname
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Chinese surnames are used by Han Chinese and Sinicized ethnic groups in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Vietnam and among overseas Chinese communities. In ancient times two types of surnames existed, namely xing or lineage names, and shi or clan names, Chinese family names are patrilineal, passed from father to children. Women do not normally change their surnames upon marriage, except in places with more Western influences such as Hong Kong, traditionally Chinese surnames have been exogamous. The colloquial expressions laobaixing and bǎixìng are used in Chinese to mean ordinary folks, prior to the Warring States period, only the ruling families and the aristocratic elite had surnames. Historically there was also a difference between clan names or xing and lineages names or shi, Xing were surnames held by the noble clans. They generally are composed of a nü radical which has taken by some as evidence they originated from matriarchal societies based on maternal lineages. Another hypothesis has been proposed by sinologist Léon Vandermeersch upon observation of the evolution of characters in oracular scripture from the Shang dynasty through the Zhou, the female radical seems to appear at the Zhou period next to Shang sinograms indicating an ethnic group or a tribe. This combination seems to designate specifically a female and could mean lady of such or such clan, prior to the Qin Dynasty China was largely a fengjian society. In this way, a nobleman would hold a shi and a xing, after the states of China were unified by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC, surnames gradually spread to the lower classes and the difference between xing and shi blurred. Many shi surnames survive to the present day, according to Kiang Kang-Hu, there are 18 sources from which Chinese surnames may be derived, while others suggested at least 24. The following are some of the sources, Xing, These were usually reserved for the central lineage of the royal family. Of these xings, only Jiang and Yao have survived in their form to modern days as frequently occurring surnames. Royal decree by the Emperor, such as Kuang, state name, Many nobles and commoners took the name of their state, either to show their continuing allegiance or as a matter of national and ethnic identity. These are some of the most common Chinese surnames, name of a fief or place of origin, Fiefdoms were often granted to collateral branches of the aristocracy and it was natural as part of the process of sub-surnaming for their names to be used. An example is Di, Marquis of Ouyangting, whose descendants took the surname Ouyang, there are some two hundred examples of this identified, often of two-character surnames, but few have survived to the present. Names of an ancestor, Like the previous example, this was also a common origin with close to 500 or 600 examples,200 of which are two-character surnames, often an ancestors courtesy name would be used. For example, Yuan Taotu took the character of his grandfathers courtesy name Boyuan as his surname. Sometimes titles granted to ancestors could also be taken as surnames, seniority within the family, In ancient usage, the characters of meng, zhong, shu and ji were used to denote the first, second, third and fourth eldest sons in a family
3.
Chen (surname)
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Chen is one of the most common East Asian surnames of Chinese origin. It ranks as the 5th most common surname in China as of 2007, Chen is also the most common family name in Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hong Kong. It is the most common surname in Xiamen, the hometown of many overseas Hoklo. Besides 陳/陈, an uncommon Chinese surname 諶/谌 is also romanized as Chen and it is usually romanised as Chan in Cantonese, most widely used by those from Hong Kong, and sometimes as Chun. The spelling, Chan, is used in Macao and Malaysia. In Min, the name is pronounced Tan, in Hakka and Taishanese, the name is spelled Gin. Some other Romanisations include Zen, Ding and Chern, Chen can be variously spelt as Tan, Chan or Chin in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. Chen is commonly spelled Chang in Peru, the Korean surname 진 is the Korean pronunciation of the same character. In Japanese, the surname is transliterated Chin, in Vietnam, this surname is written in Quốc Ngữ as Trần and it is the second most common surname. Chen was derived from Gui, the surname of the descendants of the sage king Emperor Shun. When King Wu of Zhou established the Zhou dynasty in 1046/45 BC, Gui Man was said to be a descendant of Emperor Shun, at the State of Chen, in modern Huaiyang County, Henan Province. Chen was conquered by Chu in 479 BC, and the people of Chen adopted the name of their state as their surname. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties period, Chen Baxian established the Chen Dynasty, the fourth and the last of the Southern dynasties, which was eventually destroyed by the Sui Dynasty
4.
Taipei
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Taipei, officially known as Taipei City, is the capital city and a special municipality of the Republic of China. Sitting at the tip of the island, Taipei City is an enclave of the municipality of New Taipei City. It is about 25 km southwest of the port city Keelung. Since 1949, Taipei has been the capital of the ROC after losing the mainland to the Communists in the Chinese Civil War, the name Taipei can refer either to the whole metropolitan area or the city proper. Taipei is the political, economic, educational, and cultural center of Taiwan, considered to be a global city, Taipei is part of a major high-tech industrial area. Railways, high-speed rail, highways, airports, and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island, the city is served by two airports – Taipei Songshan and Taiwan Taoyuan. Its natural features such as Maokong, Yangmingshan, and hot springs are also known to international visitors. As the capital city, Taipei is sometimes used as a synecdoche for Taiwan, prior to the significant influx of Han Chinese immigrants, the region of Taipei Basin was mainly inhabited by the Ketagalan plains aborigines. The number of Han immigrants gradually increased in the early 18th century under Qing Dynasty rule after the government began permitting development in the area, in 1875, the northern part of the island was incorporated into the new Taipeh Prefecture. The Qing dynasty of China made Taipeh the temporary capital of Fujian-Taiwan Province in 1886 when Taiwan was separated from Fujian Province, Taipeh was formally made the provincial capital in 1894. Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 under the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War, Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taihoku as its capital, in which the city was administered under Taihoku Prefecture. Taiwans Japanese rulers embarked on a program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links. A number of Taipei landmarks and cultural institutions date from this period, following the Japanese surrender of 1945, control of Taiwan was handed to the Republic of China. In 1990 Taipei provided the backdrop for the Wild Lily student rallies that moved Taiwanese society from one-party rule to multi-party democracy, the city is today home to Taiwans democratically elected national government. The region known as the Taipei Basin was home to Ketagalan tribes before the eighteenth century, Han Chinese mainly from Fujian Province of Qing dynasty China began to settle in the Taipei Basin in 1709. In 1875, the part of Taiwan was separated from Taiwan Prefecture. From 1875 until the beginning of Japanese rule in 1895, Taipei was part of Tamsui County of Taipeh Prefecture, in 1885, work commenced to create an independent Taiwan Province, and Taipei City was temporarily made the provincial capital. Taipei officially became the capital of Taiwan in 1894, all that remains from the Qing era is the north gate
5.
Taiwan
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Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a state in East Asia. Neighbours include China to the west, Japan to the northeast, Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy. The island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War. While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty, following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945, the ROC took control of Taiwan. However, the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROCs loss of the mainland to the Communists, and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. As a founding member of the United Nations, the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, in the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage, Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world, and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, the PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence. Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC, the PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible. There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, the former name Formosa dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it Ilha Formosa, which means beautiful island. The name Formosa eventually replaced all others in European literature and was in use in English in the early 20th century. This name was adopted into the Chinese vernacular as the name of the sandbar. The modern word Taiwan is derived from this usage, which is seen in forms in Chinese historical records. Use of the current Chinese name was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture, through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as Taiwan. The official name of the state is the Republic of China and it was a member of the United Nations representing China until 1971, when it lost its seat to the Peoples Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become known as Taiwan. In some contexts, especially ones from the ROC government
6.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
7.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
8.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, also known as U of I, University of Illinois, UIUC, or simply Illinois, is a public research-intensive university in the U. S. state of Illinois. Founded in 1867 as a land-grant institution in the cities of Champaign and Urbana, it is the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system. In fiscal year 2015, total research expedentures at Illinois totaled $640 million, the campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States after Harvard University. The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus, the university comprises 17 colleges that offer more than 150 programs of study. Additionally, the university operates an extension that offers programs to more than 1.5 million registrants per year around the state of Illinois. The university holds 647 buildings on 4,552 acres and its operating budget in 2016 was over $2 billion. Even though Illinois is a university, only about 12% of the budget comes from the state. Between several cities, Urbana was selected in 1867 as the site for the new school, the University opened for classes on March 2,1868, and had two faculty members and 77 students. Gregory is largely credited with establishing the University as it is today, Gregorys grave is on the Urbana campus, between Altgeld Hall and the Henry Administration Building. His headstone reads, If you seek his monument, look about you, the Library, which opened with the school in 1868, started with 1,039 volumes. Subsequently, President Edmund J. James, in a speech to the Board of Trustees in 1912 and it is now one of the worlds largest public academic collections. In 1870, the Mumford House was constructed as a farmhouse for the schools experimental farm. The Mumford House remains the oldest structure on campus, the original University Hall was the fourth building built, it stood where the Illini Union stands today. During the Presidency of Edmund J. James, James is credited for building the foundation of the large Chinese international student population on campus, on June 11,1929, the Alma Mater statue was unveiled. The Alma Mater was established by donations by the Alumni Fund, the University replaced the original university hall with Gregory Hall and the Illini Union. After World War II, the university experienced rapid growth, the enrollment doubled and the academic standing improved. This period was marked by large growth in the Graduate College and increased federal support of scientific. During the 1950s and ’60s the university experienced the turmoil common on many American campuses, among these were the water fights of the fifties and sixties
9.
Traditional Chinese characters
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Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities. Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan. Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting. For example, while the name of Taiwan is written as 臺灣, similarly, in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written form since colonial times. In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News, World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters, on the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan and this is because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world
10.
Simplified Chinese characters
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Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s in an attempt to increase literacy and they are officially used in the Peoples Republic of China and Singapore. Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau. Overseas Chinese communities generally tend to use traditional characters, Simplified Chinese characters may be referred to by their official name above or colloquially. Strictly, the latter refers to simplifications of character structure or body, character forms that have existed for thousands of years alongside regular, Simplified character forms were created by decreasing the number of strokes and simplifying the forms of a sizable proportion of traditional Chinese characters. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms embodying graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms, some characters were simplified by applying regular rules, for example, by replacing all occurrences of a certain component with a simplified version of the component. Variant characters with the pronunciation and identical meaning were reduced to a single standardized character. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification, and are identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. Some simplified characters are very dissimilar to and unpredictably different from traditional characters and this often leads opponents not well-versed in the method of simplification to conclude that the overall process of character simplification is also arbitrary. In reality, the methods and rules of simplification are few, on the other hand, proponents of simplification often flaunt a few choice simplified characters as ingenious inventions, when in fact these have existed for hundreds of years as ancient variants. However, the Chinese government never officially dropped its goal of further simplification in the future, in August 2009, the PRC began collecting public comments for a modified list of simplified characters. The new Table of General Standard Chinese Characters consisting of 8,105 characters was promulgated by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on June 5,2013, cursive written text almost always includes character simplification. Simplified forms used in print have always existed, they date back to as early as the Qin dynasty, One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lubi Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China, Traditional culture and values such as Confucianism were challenged. Soon, people in the Movement started to cite the traditional Chinese writing system as an obstacle in modernising China and it was suggested that the Chinese writing system should be either simplified or completely abolished. Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth Movement, called Chinese characters the writing of ox-demons, lu Xun, a renowned Chinese author in the 20th century, stated that, If Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die. Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the problems in China during that time
11.
Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
12.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
13.
MixBit
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MixBit is a video-sharing service that was created by two of the three co-founders of YouTube, Steve Chen and Chad Hurley. It started on August 8,2013, mixBits website lets users create dynamic shared videos. It competes with Vine and Instagram in the video sharing website market, mixBits iPhone app was released in August 2013, and its Android app followed that October. AVOS Systems was an Internet company founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, in April 2011, it was announced that AVOS purchased Delicious, with the transition occurring in June 2011. In May 2011, AVOS purchased the social analytics company Tap 11, in May 2014, AVOS sold Delicious to Science Inc. In 2014 AVOS transformed from an incubator into a company working only on MixBit
14.
GV (company)
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GV, formerly Google Ventures, is the venture capital investment arm of Alphabet Inc. and provides seed, venture, and growth stage funding to technology companies. The firm operates independently from Google and makes financially driven investment decisions, the group was founded on March 31,2009, with a $100 million capital commitment. In 2012, that commitment was raised to $300 million annually, in 2014, the group announced $125 million to invest in promising European startups. GV has offices in Mountain View, San Francisco, New York City, Cambridge, GV was founded as Google Ventures in 2009. In December 2015, the company was renamed GV and introduced a new logo, GV was one of the first venture capital firms to employ the venture capital services model. It provides portfolio companies access to operational help after making a financial investment. Full-time partners at GV work with companies on design and product management, marketing, engineering. GV has developed an intensive, five-day design process, called a Design Sprint, official website Google Ventures on CrunchBase
15.
Prospect Heights, Illinois
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Prospect Heights is a city in Cook County, Illinois, United States and is a suburb of Chicago. The population was 16,256 at the 2010 census, Prospect Heights is located at 42°6′20″N 87°55′41″W. According to the 2010 census, Prospect Heights has an area of 4.269 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 17,081 people,6,379 households, the population density was 4,011.1 people per square mile. There were 6,573 housing units at a density of 1,543.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 77. 41% White,1. 76% African American,0. 25% Native American,4. 37% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,13. 82% from other races, and 2. 35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27. 58% of the population,25. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the family size was 3.21. In the city, the population was out with 24. 2% under the age of 18,9. 2% from 18 to 24,33. 4% from 25 to 44,21. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 103.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $55,641, and the median income for a family was $63,382. Males had an income of $40,317 versus $32,455 for females. The per capita income for the city was $28,200, about 3. 7% of families and 4. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 9% of those under age 18 and 1. 4% of those age 65 or over. On April 5,2011, Nicholas Nick Helmer was elected Mayor of Prospect Heights with 70% of the vote, less than thirty days after being sworn in, Mayor Helmer rehired police officers that were laid off by the prior administration. Most of Prospect Heights is served by the Prospect Heights School District 23, students attend either Wheeling High School or John Hersey High School. Those in District 23s area will attend either and those in District 21s area will attend Wheeling and those in District 26s area will attend Hersey. Private education in Prospect Heights is St. Alphonsus Liguori Catholic Parish and St. Viator High School in Arlington Heights
16.
Mount Prospect, Illinois
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Mount Prospect is a village in Elk Grove and Wheeling Townships in Cook County, Illinois, about 22 miles northwest of downtown Chicago. As of the 2010 census, the village had a population of 54,167. Mount Prospect is located at 42°3′56″N 87°56′10″W, according to the 2010 census, Mount Prospect has a total area of 10.374 square miles, of which 10.34 square miles is land and 0.034 square miles is water. At 665 feet above sea level, Mount Prospect is a point in the immediate area. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Mount Prospect lies within the Humid continental climate zone in the summer type. The village experiences warm to hot and humid summers and frigid, the village lies within U. S. D. A Hardiness zone 5b, along the fringe of zone 6a. As of the census of 2010, there were 54,167 people,21,836 housing units, the population density was 5,310.5 people per square mile and the housing unit density was 2,140.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 77% White,11. 7% Asian,2. 4% Black,0. 4% Native American,0. 01% Pacific Islander,6. 5% from other races, and 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15. 5% of the population,24. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the family size was 3.15. The median age was 39.7 years, the population consisted of 49. 3% males and 50. 7% females. A census survey conducted between 2005 and 2007 estimate the current median income for a family to be $81,574, males had a median income of $44,585 versus $32,218 for females. The per capita income for the village was $26,464, about 3. 1% of families and 4. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 2% of those under age 18 and 3. 7% of those age 65 or over. In 2008, Mount Prospect was voted the best city in which to raise children, companies based in Mount Prospect include Cummins Allison, NTN USA and Rauland-Borg. According to the Villages 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are, Mount Prospect has a number of distinct and it has multiple districts that serve the entire village. Central Mount Prospect is served by Mount Prospect School District 57, north Mount Prospect is served by River Trails School District 26. South Mount Prospect is served by Elk Grove Community Consolidated School District 59, a very small portion of northern Mount Prospect in its northernmost point is served by Buffalo Grove-Wheeling Community Consolidated District 21. A small part of north central Mount Prospect is also served by Arlington Heights School District 25, a small part of northwest Mount Prospect is served by Prospect Heights School District 23
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John Hersey High School
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Middle schools whose graduates usually attend Hersey include Thomas Middle School, MacArthur Middle School and River Trails Middle School. JHHS also receives students from private schools such as St. James, St. Alphonsus Ligouri, St. Emily, St. Paul, St. Peter Lutheran. John Hersey High School was opened in the fall of 1968 in Arlington Heights, Illinois and these towns included Arlington Heights, Buffalo Grove, Mt. Prospect, Prospect Heights and Wheeling. John Hersey High Schools colors are orange, brown, and white, John Hersey High School is known as one of the few schools in the state that specifically caters to students with special needs. The hard-of-hearing population at JHHS is one of the largest in the area, Hersey also welcomed the CLS program, formerly housed at Wheeling High School, to its school in 2006. JHHS built a new arts and fitness section in June 2009. The Hersey Bands excellence was recognized through placement on the John Philip Sousa Foundations Roll of Honor of Historic High School Concert Bands, Hersey Bands were founded by band director Don Caneva. During Canevas ten-year reign at Hersey, his bands brought home over 100 first-place awards, a few scenes from the 2010 remake A Nightmare on Elm Street were filmed at Hersey in the first week of May 2009. In 2012, the average ACT score at Hersey for the class was 25.2. Hersey has made Adequate Yearly Progress on the Prairie State Achievement Examination, according to U. S. News & World Report, Hersey is one of the top 30 schools in Illinois for the 2007/08 school year. U. S. News also states that 48. 6% of 12th graders participate in AP classes, also according to U. S. News & World Report, Hersey was ranked as the 10th top ranked high school in Illinois in 2012. In 2012 Hersey also held the ranking of #304. According to U. S. News & World Report, Hersey was ranked as the 9th top ranked school in Illinois. Hersey High School won 1st place in the 2007 National Deaf Academic Bowl competition, in 2007, the Hersey Huskie Rugby Club went to the Tier II State Championship, but lost to the Morton Mustangs. The Hersey Marching Huskies won the University of Illinois field competition in 2006 and won the best overall award, Hersey HS competes in the Mid-Suburban League East Division. JHHS is also a member of the Illinois High School Association, teams from Hersey are stylized as the Huskies. Hersey also keeps records and trophies won by Arlington High School, the school sponsors interscholastic teams from both young men and women in basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, volleyball, and water polo. Young men may compete in baseball, football, and wrestling, while women may compete in badminton, bowling, cheerleading
18.
Arlington Heights, Illinois
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Arlington Heights is a town in Cook County in the U. S. state of Illinois. A suburb of Chicago, it lies about 25 miles northwest of the citys downtown, the population was 75,101 at the 2010 census. Arlington Heights is known for Arlington Park Race Track, home of the Arlington Million, the village is also home to the Arlington Heights Memorial Library, which has one of the largest collections in the state. Arlington Heights lies mostly in the part of Wheeling Township, with territory in adjacent Elk Grove and Palatine townships. The General Land Office began selling land here in 1835, in 1853, William Dunton, originally from Oswego, New York, persuaded the Illinois & Wisconsin Railroad to make a stop here, and laid out a town called Dunton. Dunton Avenue, named after William Dunton, is the base line that splits addresses east and west. By 1850, the area had changed its ethnic composition. By the late 1850s the area had become noted for its truck farms, the little town at the depot slowly grew, acquiring a blacksmith, a cheese factory, a hardware store, and a hotel. It incorporated as Arlington Heights in 1887, when its population numbered about 1,000, most were farmers, but they were joined by others who worked in Chicago, since Arlington Heights was an early commuter suburb. The town developed religious institutions that reflected the origins of its citizens, the first churches were Presbyterian and Methodist, with St. Peter Lutheran Church, a German Lutheran church, following in 1860. Today, the village has many Roman Catholics, boasting three very large churches, St. James, St. By the start of the 20th century Arlington Heights had about 1,400 inhabitants, by then Arlington Heights was also known for Arlington Park, a racetrack founded in 1927 by the California millionaire Harry D. Curly Brown upon land formerly consisting of 12 farms, camp McDonald and two country clubs were founded in the 1930s. On July 31,1985, a burned down the grandstand. The current six-story grandstand was completed and opened for use June 28,1989, by then virtually all the available land had been taken up, and the formerly isolated depot stop found itself part of a continuous built-up area stretching from Lake Michigan to the Fox River. Arlington Heights is located at 42°05′42″N 87°58′51″W, according to the 2010 census, Arlington Heights has a total area of 16.639 square miles, of which 16.61 square miles is land and 0.029 square miles is water. Some of the most popular restaurants include Javiers Sabor Mexicano, Peggy Kinanes, Mago Grill, Bistro Chen, although land and space is now limited in Arlington Heights, business and community development along with community design are key concerns. The Village of Arlington Heights is also instrumental in business, residential, the community is served by many fine hotels
19.
Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy
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The Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, or IMSA, is a three-year residential public high school in Aurora, Illinois, United States, with an enrollment of approximately 650 students. Enrollment is generally offered to incoming sophomores, although students who have had the equivalent of one year of Algebra. All applicants undergo a competitive admissions process involving the review of grades, teacher evaluations, student essays, historically, approximately one-third of applicants in any given year are admitted. Due to its nature as an institution, there are no charges related to tuition, room and board, however. IMSA has been ranked by Newsweek as one of the top ten high schools in the country for math and science. Thompson has noted with pride that he chose to build IMSA instead of competing for the ill-fated supercollider project, the school was established by the Illinois General Assembly in 1985, and opened to students in 1986. The academy is housed in a constructed in 1978 as the north campus of West Aurora High School. IMSAs first class graduated in 1989, with the commencement speech delivered by Lederman, IMSA is one of the countrys few high schools to possess a. edu second-level domain. Marshall retired from the position on June 30,2007, and was later named President Emerita by the Board of Trustees and she still has an office on campus and continues to position IMSA on the national and international stages. Marshall serves on the board of several non-profit and for-profit institutions, although the school received a budget cut in financial year 2002, its budget has since increased, with the support of House Minority Leader Tom Cross. IMSAs chairperson is Sheila MB Griffin, prospective students, who are usually freshmen in high school but in some cases may be eighth graders, must complete an application to be considered for admission to IMSA. In order to draw greater numbers of applications and transform teaching and learning, IMSA has a network run by The Center for Advancement. Some students who are invited to attend IMSA are admitted on the condition that they complete a two-week, intensive preparation course, known as EXCEL. IMSA has a low retention rate, the average retention rate per class is 85%. Students at IMSA take rigorous college courses, with all classes being taught at the honors level. Each student must fulfill a set of credits in order to graduate. This set of credits is broken down by academic subject, each semester-long class counts for 0.5 credits, unless it meets with greater-than-normal frequency. In addition to the program, IMSA also offers a large number clubs ranging from religious clubs to volunteer organizations
20.
Computer science
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Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. An alternate, more succinct definition of science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems and its fields can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines. Some fields, such as computational complexity theory, are highly abstract, other fields still focus on challenges in implementing computation. Human–computer interaction considers the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, the earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, further, algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before the development of sophisticated computing equipment. Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623, in 1673, Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner. He may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, for, among other reasons and he started developing this machine in 1834, and in less than two years, he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer. A crucial step was the adoption of a card system derived from the Jacquard loom making it infinitely programmable. Around 1885, Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator, which used punched cards to process statistical information, when the machine was finished, some hailed it as Babbages dream come true. During the 1940s, as new and more powerful computing machines were developed, as it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general. Computer science began to be established as an academic discipline in the 1950s. The worlds first computer science program, the Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science. The first computer science program in the United States was formed at Purdue University in 1962. Since practical computers became available, many applications of computing have become distinct areas of study in their own rights and it is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution during this time. IBM released the IBM704 and later the IBM709 computers, still, working with the IBM was frustrating if you had misplaced as much as one letter in one instruction, the program would crash, and you would have to start the whole process over again. During the late 1950s, the science discipline was very much in its developmental stages. Time has seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computing technology, modern society has seen a significant shift in the users of computer technology, from usage only by experts and professionals, to a near-ubiquitous user base
21.
Chad Hurley
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Chad Meredith Hurley is an American co-founder and former CEO of the popular video-sharing website YouTube and MixBit. In June 2006, he was voted 28th on Business 2. 0s 50 People Who Matter Now list, in October 2006, he and Steve Chen sold YouTube for $1.65 billion to Google. Hurley worked in eBays PayPal division—one of his tasks involved designing the original PayPal logo — before starting YouTube with fellow PayPal colleagues Steve Chen, Hurley was primarily responsible for the tagging and video-sharing aspects of YouTube. Hurley was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, the child of Don and Joann Hurley. He has two siblings, a sister, Heather, and a younger brother, Brent. Since childhood, Chad showed extreme interest in the arts, but then became interested in computers. He was a runner for Twin Valley High Schools cross-country program. He was also member of the Technology Student Association during high school and he graduated from Twin Valley High School, Elverson in 1995 and went on to receive his B. A. in Fine Art from Indiana University of Pennsylvania in 1999. By his marriage to Kathy Clark, Hurley is the son-in-law of the legendary Silicon Valley entrepreneur James H. Clark, Hurley founded YouTube in 2005 with Steve Chen and Jawed Karim. On October 16,2006, Chen and Hurley sold YouTube to Google Inc. for $1.65 billion and it was reported in the Wall Street Journal that Chad Hurleys share was $345. 6M at Googles February 7,2007 closing stock price of $470.01. He received 694,087 Google shares directly and another 41,232 shares in a trust, youTubes other two co-founders, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim, received 625,366 shares and 137,443 shares, respectively valued at $326. 2M and $64. 6M. The Journals report was based on Googles registration statement with SEC filed on February 7,2007, Hurley stepped down as CEO of YouTube in October 2010 and stated he would stay on as an advisor of YouTube, allowing Salar Kamangar to take over the CEO position. In August 2013, Chen and Hurley launched another company called MixBit which does video editing using smart phones, Chad was involved as a major investor with US F1 Team, one of the new entrants in Formula One automobile racing for the 2010 season. On March 2,2010, the personnel were dismissed from their duties. Neither Hurley, team principal Ken Anderson, nor sporting director Peter Windsor would comment on the failure to make it to the grid. It is rumored that Hurley is still trying to get involved with F1 via other teams and he is a part-owner of the NBAs Golden State Warriors and the MLS Los Angeles Football Club. Michael Moritz interviews Chad Hurley et al. at TechCrunch40 conference video Chad Hurleys Executive Producer profile on The 1 Second Film
22.
PayPal
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PayPal is one of the worlds largest Internet payment companies. The company operates as a payment processor for online vendors, auction sites and other commercial users, established in 1998, PayPal had its IPO in 2002, and became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay later that year. In 2014, PayPal moved $228 billion in 30 currencies across more than 190 nations, the same year, eBay announced plans to spin-off PayPal into an independent company by mid-2015 and this was completed on July 18,2015. On July 20,2015, PayPal had its second IPO, PayPal was established in December 1998 as Confinity, a company that developed security software for handheld devices founded by Max Levchin, Peter Thiel, Luke Nosek and Ken Howery. PayPal was developed and launched as a transfer service at Confinity in 1999. In March 2000, Confinity merged with X. com, a banking company founded by Elon Musk. Musk was optimistic about the success of the money transfer business Confinity was developing. Musk and then-president and CEO of X. com, Bill Harris, disagreed on this point, in October of that year, Musk made the decision that X. com would terminate its other Internet banking operations and focus on the PayPal money service. The X. com company was then renamed PayPal in 2001, Paypals IPO listed under the ticker PYPL at $13 per share and ended up generating over $61 million. Shortly after PayPals IPO, the company was acquired by eBay in July 2002 for $1.5 billion, more than 70 percent of all eBay auctions accepted PayPal payments, and roughly 1 in 4 closed auction listings were transacted via PayPal. PayPal acquired the VeriSign payment solution in 2005 to expand its e-commerce business, by the end of 2007, the company generated $1.8 billion in revenue. In November 2008, the company acquired Bill Me Later, a payments company offering transactional credit at over 9000 online merchants in the US. PayPal revenues for Q12009 were $643 million, up 11 percent year over year,42 percent of revenues in Q12009 were from international markets. PayPals Total Payment Volume, the value of transactions in Q12009 was nearly $16 billion. By 2010, PayPal had over 100 million active user accounts in 190 markets through 25 different currencies, in July 2011, fourteen alleged members of the Anonymous hacktivist group were charged with attempting to disrupt PayPals operations. The denial of service attacks occurred in December 2010, after PayPal stopped processing donations to Wikileaks, on December 5,2013,13 of the PayPal 14 pleaded guilty to misdemeanor and felony charges related to the attacks. The company continued to focus on growth and growth of its Merchant Services division. In 2011, PayPal announced that it would begin moving its business offline so that customers can make payments via PayPal in stores
23.
Jawed Karim
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Jawed Karim is a German-American Internet entrepreneur, who co-founded YouTube and was the first person to upload a video on it. The video he released was named Me at the zoo and as of 2017 has reached 36 million views, many of the core components of PayPal, including its real-time anti-internet fraud system, were also designed and implemented by Karim. Karim was born in Merseburg, East Germany and he crossed the inner German border with his family in 1981, growing up in Neuss, West Germany. Karim grew up in Germany and his moved to Saint Paul. Karim graduated from Saint Paul Central High School and later attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Computer Science and he left campus prior to graduating to become an early employee at PayPal, but continued his coursework, earning his Bachelor of Science in computer science. He subsequently earned a degree in computer science from Stanford University. In 1998 Jawed served an Internship at Silicon Graphics Inc. where he worked on 3D voxel data management for large data sets for volume rendering, including the data for the Visible Human Project. While working at PayPal, he met Chad Hurley and Steve Chen, the three later founded the YouTube video sharing website in 2005. YouTubes first-ever video, Me at the zoo, was uploaded by Karim on 23 April 2005, when the site was introduced in February 2005, Karim agreed not to be an employee and simply be an informal adviser, and that he was focusing on his studies. As a result, he took a lower share in the company compared to Hurley. Because of his role in the company, Karim was mostly unknown to the public as the third founder until YouTube was acquired by Google in 2006. Despite his lower share in the company, the purchase was still large enough that he received 137,443 shares of stock, worth about $64 million based on Googles closing stock price at the time. In October 2006, Karim gave a lecture about the history of YouTube at the University of Illinois annual ACM Conference entitled YouTube, in his lecture he mentioned Wikipedia as being an innovative social experiment. Karim returned again to the University of Illinois in May 2007 as the 136th, in March 2008, Karim launched a venture fund called Youniversity Ventures, with the goal of helping current and former university students to develop and launch their business ideas. On 6 November 2013, YouTube began requiring that commenting on its videos be done via a Google+ account, an online petition to revert the change garnered over 240,000 signatures. In response to Google requiring YouTube members to use Google+ for its comment system, Karim wrote on his YouTube account, and updated the video description on his first video titled Me at the zoo to, I cant comment here anymore, since i dont want a google+ account. Google subsequently dropped its Google+ requirement across all products, beginning with YouTube, Karim has published articles on programming in Dr. Dobbs Journal, including one on loading rendering and animating Quake models. Jawed Karims Personal Website Jaweds YouTube Profile Cache of Jaweds YouTube Profile in 2008 Youniversity Ventures He went off to college to make his fortune – The News-Gazette
24.
Facebook
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Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California. Facebook gradually added support for students at other universities. Since 2006, anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a user of Facebook, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement. The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students, Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops, laptops, tablet computers, and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks. After registering to use the site, users can create a user profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, in groups, editors can pin posts to top. Additionally, users can complain about or block unpleasant people, because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service, Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies. Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen, Facebook, Inc. held its initial public offering in February 2012, and began selling stock to the public three months later, reaching an original peak market capitalization of $104 billion. On July 13,2015, Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poors 500 Index to reach a market cap of $250 billion, Facebook has more than 1.86 billion monthly active users as of December 31,2016. As of April 2016, Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world, Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only. Zuckerberg wrote a program called Facemash on October 28,2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore, to accomplish this, Zuckerberg hacked into protected areas of Harvards computer network and copied private dormitory ID images. Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online, the site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam. He uploaded 500 Augustan images to a website, each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section and he shared the site with his classmates, and people started sharing notes. The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website in January 2004 and he said that he was inspired by an editorial about the Facemash incident in The Harvard Crimson. On February 4,2004, Zuckerberg launched Thefacebook, originally located at thefacebook. com. com and they claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to The Harvard Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation and they later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares. Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, within the first month, eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum, and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website
25.
Google
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Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
26.
Delicious (website)
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Delicious is a social bookmarking web service for storing, sharing, and discovering web bookmarks. The site was founded by Joshua Schachter and Peter Gadjokov in 2003, by the end of 2008, the service claimed more than 5.3 million users and 180 million unique bookmarked URLs. Yahoo sold Delicious to AVOS Systems in April 2011, and the site relaunched in a back to state on September 27 that year. In May 2014, AVOS sold the site to Science Inc, in January 2016 Delicious Media, a new alliance, reported it had assumed control of the service. Delicious uses a non-hierarchical classification system in which users can tag each of their bookmarks with freely chosen index terms. A combined view of everyones bookmarks with a tag was available, for instance. Its collective nature made it possible to view bookmarks added by other users, Delicious also allowed users to group links with similar topics together to form a Stack, and include title and descriptions for the Stack page. Stacks could be worked on collaboratively with other users, and could be followed and shared with other users, Stacks were added in September 2011 and removed in July 2012. Delicious has a hotlist on its home page and recent pages, users can also explore stacks on the home page by navigating categories like Arts & Design, Education, et cetera. Delicious is one of the most popular social bookmarking services, many features have contributed to this, including the websites simple interface, human-readable URL scheme, a novel domain name, a simple REST-like API, and RSS feeds for web syndication. The source code of the site is not available, but a user can download his or her own data through the sites API in an XML or JSON format, or export it to a standard Netscape bookmarks format. All bookmarks posted to Delicious are publicly viewable by default, although users can mark specific bookmarks as private, the public aspect is emphasized, the site is not focused on storing private bookmark collections. Delicious linkrolls, tagrolls, network badges, RSS feeds, there are several competing social bookmarking websites including some open source clones. The precursor to Delicious was Muxway, a blog that had grown out of a text file that Schachter maintained to keep track of links related to Memepool. In September 2003, Schachter released the first version of Delicious, in March 2005, he left his day job to work on Delicious full-time, and in April 2005 it received approximately $2 million in funding from investors including Union Square Ventures and Amazon. com. Yahoo acquired Delicious on December 9,2005, various guesses suggest it was sold for somewhere between US$15 million and US$30 million. On December 16,2010, a slide from a Yahoo meeting leaked, indicating that Delicious would be sunsetted in the future. Later Yahoo clarified that they would be selling Delicious, not ending it and this news resulted in Delicious users looking for alternative sites
27.
Yahoo!
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Yahoo Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. Yahoo was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 2,1995, Yahoo was one of the pioneers of the early internet era in the 1990s. Marissa Mayer, a former Google executive, Google Employee number 20 and it is globally known for its Web portal, search engine Yahoo. Search, and related services, including Yahoo, answers, advertising, online mapping, video sharing, fantasy sports, and its social media website. It is one of the most popular sites in the United States, according to news sources, roughly 700 million people visit Yahoo websites every month. Yahoo itself claims it attracts more than half a billion consumers every month in more than 30 languages, in January 1994 Yang and Filo were electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University, when they created a website named Jerry and Davids guide to the World Wide Web. The site was a directory of websites, organized in a hierarchy. In March 1994, Jerry and Davids Guide to the World Wide Web was renamed Yahoo, the yahoo. com domain was created on January 18,1995. The word yahoo is a backronym for Yet Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle or Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, the term hierarchical described how the Yahoo database was arranged in layers of subcategories. However, Filo and Yang insist they mainly selected the name because they liked the definition of a yahoo, rude, unsophisticated. This meaning derives from the Yahoo race of beings from Gullivers Travels. Yahoo grew rapidly throughout the 1990s, like many search engines and web directories, Yahoo added a web portal. By 1998, Yahoo was the most popular starting point for web users and it also made many high-profile acquisitions. Its stock price skyrocketed during the bubble, Yahoo stocks closing at an all-time high of $118.75 a share on January 3,2000. However, after the bubble burst, it reached a post-bubble low of $8.11 on September 26,2001. Yahoo began using Google for search in 2000, over the next four years, it developed its own search technologies, which it began using in 2004. In response to Googles Gmail, Yahoo began to offer unlimited email storage in 2007, the company struggled through 2008, with several large layoffs. In February 2008, Microsoft Corporation made a bid to acquire Yahoo for $44.6 billion
28.
Asian Scientist
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Asian Scientist is an English language science and technology magazine published in Singapore. Asian Scientist was launched as an MIT alumni start-up in March 2011 by Asian Scientist Publishing Pte Ltd, based in Singapore, Asian Scientist is maintained by a team of professional science journalists, medical doctors, and scientists contributing to it. The magazines launch reflects the growing demographic of scientists, engineers, and doctors from Asia and this shifting face of science reflects the strides made by the Asia-8 and other emerging nations in recognizing research & development as a valuable industry. According to the Science and Engineering Indicators 2012 released by the U. S, between 1999 and 2009, for example, the U. S. share of global R&D dropped from 38 to 31 percent, whereas Asia’s share grew from 24 to 35 percent during that period. On April 16,2013, Asian Scientist Publishing accepted seed funding from international science publisher World Scientific Publishing Company to expand operations at its Singapore headquarters, on January 2014, it launched its flagship print magazine targeted at scientists, healthcare professionals and students. The magazines inaugural issue focused on the sciences and was featured by media outlets in Singapore. The company also publishes books under the Asian Scientist imprint, in August 2015, it published a book called Singapores Scientific Pioneers, with the goal of highlighting the contributions of 25 pioneering scientists. On April 2,2015, it launched the inaugural Asian Scientist Writing Prize, co-organized with Science Centre Singapore, the competition received close to 400 entries and gave out SGD$21,000 in cash and prizes. The competition will return for its second installment in 2017, in February 2016, the book Bugs & Quarks, Stories from the Asian Scientist Writing Prize 2015 was published. The book is a compilation of 25 essays submitted to the Asian Scientist Writing Prize by individuals representing a cross-section of science, the magazine covers science, medical and technology news updates from the Asia and Australasia regions. It devotes categories to research and development, health, medicine, new media, the site has been indexed by Google News since July 22,2011. In June 2016, it launched a Facebook video channel to feature the latest science, the magazine regularly features peer-reviewed clinical and basic research from Asia, and carries out one-on-one interviews with notable Asian scientists. Dr. Morita discussed the process and challenges that led up to this scientific achievement, Dr. Yongyuth Yuthavong, the deputy prime minister of Thailand. Dr. Yuthavong, who has a PhD in organic chemistry, shared his vision for science in Thailand and the ASEAN region, and the need for scientists to get involved in politics. Ms. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, who is one of Forbes magazine’s 100 most powerful women in the world, and chairman and managing director of Biocon Limited, ms. Mazumdar-Shaw discussed the challenges to innovation and entrepreneurship that Asia faces. 2012 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, who discussed his early career, what inspires him. Former Beijing Genomics Institute Executive Director Dr. Wang Jun, who explained why the kung fu panda best describes the Chinese world leader in human, plant, and animal genetics research. MIT Media Lab Director Joi Ito, who discussed his vision for the MIT Media Lab, Dr. David Ho, CEO of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, who discussed HIV/AIDS research in China
29.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
30.
The Lincoln Academy of Illinois
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The Lincoln Academy of Illinois is a not-for-profit and non-partisan organization dedicated to recognizing contributions made by living Illinoisans. The Academy administers the Order of Lincoln, the highest award given by the U. S. State of Illinois, each year several people are presented the award at a ceremony presided over by the Academy President, the Governor of Illinois. Several prominent individuals have received the award, after visiting the Illinois exhibit at the 1964 Worlds Fair in New York, theater producer Michael Butler was inspired to start an organization to honor distinguished Illinoisans. Butler, who was head of the states Organization for Economic Development, submitted a proposal to this effect to Governor Otto Kerner. The Governor accepted the proposal and named Butler the first Chancellor of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois on December 2,1964, the first convocation to honor Lincoln Laureates was held on February 12,1965, at the Chicago Historical Society. Since that time, over 300 Illinoisans have received the award, the Academy began awarding Student Laureate awards to outstanding college students in 1975. The Academy is overseen by the President, who is always the incumbent Governor of Illinois, all other officers are elected for four-year terms by a panel of 18 Regents, who act as the Board of Directors. The chief executive officer is known as the Chancellor, the Vice-Chancellor performs the duties of the Chancellor in his/her absence. Major administrative duties are carried out by the Executive Director, finances are handled by a Treasurer, and meeting minutes are certified by a Secretary. The organization also has three types of trustees, General Trustees, Academic Trustees, and Rectors, there are 60 General Trustees, each of whom is appointed for six-year terms by the President of the Academy or current Trustees. There are ten Rectors, who represent each of the categories of endeavor from which the Academy selects its award recipients, the Lincoln Academy elects several Laureates each year to the Order of Lincoln, the highest award given by the State of Illinois. The award is presented at a public ceremony presided over by the President of the Academy. The ceremony rotates every three years between Springfield, Chicago, and other areas of the state, honorees are presented with the Badge of the Academy and a citation listing the reasons for their selection as Laureates. Nominees for the award must be Illinoisans either by birth or residence, Laureates are then selected at a meeting of the Regents and Trustees. Each student, nominated by his/her respective institution, is named a Student Laureate and receives the Lincoln Medal, a certificate of merit, and a civic engagement monetary award. Student Laureates are chosen by the executive officers of their respective institutions. Student Laureates are honored for their excellence in curricular and extracurricular activities. The ceremony is held in the Old State Capitol, and is followed by a luncheon with the Governor at the Executive Mansion
31.
Asian Art Museum (San Francisco)
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The museum owes its origin to a donation to the city of San Francisco by Chicago millionaire Avery Brundage, who was a major collector of Asian art. The Society for Asian Art, incorporated in 1958, was the group that formed specifically to gain Avery Brundages collection, the museum opened in 1966 as a wing of the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum in Golden Gate Park. Brundage continued to make donations to the museum, including the bequest of all his personal collection of Asian art on his death in 1975. In total, Brundage donated more than 7,700 Asian art objects to San Francisco, until 2003, the museum shared a space with the de Young Museum in Golden Gate Park. As the museum’s collection grew, the facilities in Golden Gate Park were no longer sufficient to display or even house the collection, in 1987 Mayor Dianne Feinstein proposed a plan to revitalize Civic Center that included relocating the museum to the Main Library. In 1995, Silicon Valley entrepreneur Chong-Moon Lee made a $15 million donation to launch the campaign for a new building for the museum. Lord Cultural Resources, a professional practice, was also commissioned to undertake a three-part sequence of planning studies for the relocation of the Museum. The old Main library was a Beaux Arts-style building designed by George Kelham in 1917, the new $160.5 million project, designed by Gae Aulenti, introduced an indoor sky-lit court to provide a dramatic central core to the museum. Removing some interior walls, Aulenti created a sense of openness to facilitate visitor movement, the new 185, 000-square-foot museum increased the exhibition space by approximately 75 percent compared to the former Golden Gate Park location. In October 2011, the museum launched a new identity, designed by the branding agency Wolff Olins, the logo is an upside down A, representing the idea of approaching Asian art from a new perspective. In March,2016, the announced that it will build an additional new pavilion to its current San Francisco Civic Center Building. The new pavilion will sit atop an existing, lower-level wing on the museum’s Hyde Street side, the collection has approximately 18,000 works of art and artifacts from all major Asian countries and traditions, some of which are as much as 6,000 years old. Galleries are devoted to the arts of South Asia, Iran and Central Asia, Southeast Asia, there are 2,500 works on display in the permanent collection. A Japanese tea house is displayed on the exhibition floor of the museum. This teahouse was built in Kyoto, disassembled, shipped to San Francisco, the Tea House was designed by architect Osamu Sato as a functioning teahouse, as well as a display case. It is a three and three-quarters mat room, 49-Mile Scenic Drive List of museums with major collections of Asian art Asian Art Museum official website
32.
History of YouTube
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The history of YouTube began when PayPal employees created a video-sharing website where users could upload, share and view content. The Internet domain name www. youtube. com was activated on Monday, February 14,2005 at 9,13 p. m. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, when they worked for PayPal. Prior to working for PayPal, Hurley studied design at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Chen, YouTubes initial headquarters was above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name YouTube. com was activated on February 14,2005 with video upload options being integrated on April 23,2005. The first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, was uploaded on April 23,2005, YouTube began as an angel-funded enterprise working from a makeshift office in a garage. In November 2005, venture firm Sequoia Capital invested an initial $3.5 million, in April 2006, Sequoia and Artis Capital Management invested an additional $8 million in the company, which had experienced significant growth in its first few months. During the summer of 2006, YouTube was one of the fastest growing sites on the World Wide Web, the site delivered an average of 100 million video views per day in July. It was ranked the fifth-most-popular website on Alexa, far out-pacing even MySpaces rate of growth, the website averaged nearly 20 million visitors per month according to Nielsen/NetRatings, with around 44% female and 56% male visitors. The 12- to 17-year-old age group was dominant, YouTubes pre-eminence in the online market was substantial. According to the website Hitwise. com, YouTube commanded up to 64% of the UK online video market, YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006. On October 9,2006, it was announced that the company would be purchased by Google for US$1.65 billion in stock, at that time it was Googles second-largest acquisition. The agreement between Google and YouTube came after YouTube presented three agreements with companies in an attempt to avoid copyright-infringement lawsuits. YouTube planned to continue operating independently, with its co-founders and 67 employees working within Google, Googles February 7,2007 SEC filing revealed the breakdown of profits for YouTubes investors after the sale to Google. In 2010, Chad Hurleys profit was more than $395 million while Steve Chens profit was more than $326 million, in 2006, Time Magazine featured a YouTube screen with a large mirror as its annual Person of the Year. It cited user-created media such as posted on YouTube and featured the sites originators along with several content creators. The Wall Street Journal and New York Times also reviewed posted content on YouTube in 2006, with regard to its effects on corporate communications. PC World Magazine named YouTube the ninth of its Top 10 Best Products of 2006, in 2007, both Sports Illustrated and Dime Magazine featured positive reviews of a basketball highlight video titled, The Ultimate Pistol Pete Maravich MIX. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000, originating in 2007, the YouTube Awards are annual awards given out in recognition of the best YouTube videos of the preceding year as voted by the YouTube community
33.
Censorship of YouTube
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Video-sharing platform YouTube is the second-most popular website as of 2016, according to Alexa Internet. Censorship of it has occurred and continues to occur in countries throughout the world. In other countries access to the website as a whole remains open, in cases where the entire site is banned due to one particular video, YouTube will often agree to remove or limit access to that video in order to restore service. As of September 2012, countries with standing national bans on YouTube include China, Iran, Pakistan, Syria, YouTube was also mostly blocked in Germany from YouTubes side due to disputes between GEMA and YouTube over royalties until they made peace in 2016. YouTubes Terms of Service prohibit the posting of videos which violate copyrights or depict pornography, illegal acts, gratuitous violence, or hate speech. User-posted videos that violate such terms may be removed and replaced with a message stating, YouTube offers an opt-in feature known as Restricted Mode, which filters videos that may contain mature content. In August 2016, YouTube introduced a new system to users of violations of the advertiser-friendly content rules. The hashtag #YouTubeIsOverParty was prominently used on Twitter as a means of discussing the controversy, in March 2017, a number of major advertisers began to pull their advertising campaigns from YouTube, over concerns that their ads were appearing on objectionable and/or extremist content. The Restricted Mode of YouTube is a meant to filter out sexually explicit or otherwise inappropriate content for minors. In addition, lesbian pop duo Tegan and Sara told the Guardian If you put @YouTube on restricted mode a bunch of our music videos disappear, … LGBTQ people shouldn’t be restricted. Critics have stressed that LGBT content should not be seen as sexual or inappropriate for children. The availability of LGBT content to LGBT youth, such as information coming out, is vitally important. Gun channels have also affected by Restricted Mode. YouTube was first blocked in China for several months from October 15,2007 to March 22,2008 and it was blocked again from March 24,2009, although a Foreign Ministry spokesperson would neither confirm nor deny whether YouTube had been blocked. Since then, YouTube is not accessible from China, however, YouTube can still be accessed in Hong Kong and Macau. Google might now be planning to gain access of YouTube in China as of 2017, on December 3,2006, Iran blocked YouTube, along with several other sites, after declaring them immoral. The block came after a video was posted online that appears to show an Iranian soap opera star having sex, the block was later lifted and then reinstated after the 2009 Iranian presidential election. In 2012, Iran reinstated the block, along with Google, on January 17,2016, some users reported that the website was unblocked although the site was blocked again on January 20
34.
Social impact of YouTube
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As the worlds largest video platform, YouTube has had impact in many fields, with some individual YouTube videos having directly shaped world events. In June 2008, Michael Wesch observed in YouTube a cultural phenomenon of networked individualism, in 2011, Willow Scobie asserted the anthropological significance of YouTube and noted evidence of a transformative experience for some people, and that some could identify as being a YouTuber. By the end of 2013, Khan Academys network of YouTube channels grew to 26,000 no-fee videos that collectively had been viewed 372 million times. Certain public school systems, non-profits, and charter schools use YouTube videos of outstanding educators in the training and professional development of teachers. At a more level, individuals use YouTube to carry how to videos sharing their knowledge in areas such as cosmetics. Beyond being what a Forrester Research analyst characterized as the largest video platform on the globe, however, YouTube keyword searches are confined to metadata—video titles and labels—rather than the video content itself. In the year following YouTubes 2005 launch, some early video creators gained large viewing audiences, while others created small, legion of Extraordinary Dancers producer Jon M. Such fields include dance and music, with Chu saying the Internet was causing dance to evolve, collaborative meetings, a global online equivalent of the Homebrew Computer Club, take place virtually, via video. A further step is to mix geographically distributed performances into a single work, the Tokyo Times noted J Rices We Pray for You YouTube video, benefitting victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, as an example of a trend to use such crowdsourcing for charitable purposes. Director Kevin Macdonald explained that the film wouldnt have been possible pre-Internet, the anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens. In addition to public reaction, legislative action was undertaken almost immediately to study the prevalence of bullying. Local experts characterized the video as catching the collective emotional pulse of a crowded, YouTube was included in Entertainment Weeklys 100 Greatest list in 2009—though with the ironic praise, a safe home for piano-playing cats, celeb goof-ups, and overzealous lip-synchers since 2005. Learmonth reasoned that online journalism, being based on greatly diminished economics and expectations, is intrinsically inaccurate, in this vein, GroupMs CEO was quoted as saying there seemed to be a bigger premium on popularity than authority. A Pew Research Center study found that a new kind of visual journalism had developed, in which citizen eyewitnesses and established news organizations share in content creation. The study found that while 51% of the most watched YouTube news videos were produced by news organizations, pews deputy director observed that news reporting on YouTube was opening up the flow of information and forging new areas of cooperation and dialogue between citizens and news outlets. In July–August 2012, YouTube provided the first live-stream coverage of the events in the Summer Olympic Games, in August 2012 YouTube formed its Elections Hub that streamed speeches from American national political party conventions and featured content from eight major news organizations. S. The video became a symbol of the Iranian opposition movement, the Polk Awards curator saying that the video such a important news element in. The award panel said it wanted to acknowledge the role of ordinary citizens, videos of al-Qaeda militant Anwar al-Awlaki, including some urging attacks against the United States, were posted to YouTube
35.
YouTube Spotlight
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YouTube Spotlight is YouTubes official channel, hosted on its own website. As explained by its name, the channel is used to spotlight videos, Events that have been brought to light by the channel include YouTube Comedy Week and the YouTube Music Awards. Additionally, the channel uploads videos including episodes of YouTube Nation, on November 2,2013, the YouTube Spotlight channel briefly surpassed PewDiePies channel, to become the most subscribed channel on the website. The channel ascended to the top position through autosuggesting and pre-selecting itself as an option upon new user registration for YouTube. Throughout December 2013, the channel and PewDiePie struggled for the top position, as of February 42017, the channel has earned over 25.5 million subscribers and 1.0 billion video views. The channel is ranked as the 4th most subscribed channel, behind PewDiePie, HolaSoyGerman, since 2010, YouTube has released an annual YouTube Rewind video through its Spotlight channel. All YouTube Rewind videos from 2012—2016 have surpassed 100 million views, the 2010 and 2011 videos, however, have less than 10 million views each. The 2016 video became YouTubes fastest video to reach 100 million views and it is also the third most liked non-music video of all time with over 2.75 million likes. On December 14,2016, shortly after the 2016 Rewind video was released, in January 2014, YouTube Nation was launched on its own channel, as a collaborative project between YouTube and DreamWorks Animation. DWA oversaw the production while YouTube managed the sales and marketing of the series, the series is a news series that rounds up information from the Spotlight channel. YouTube promotes the series through its Spotlight channel, as well, early in its history, the series used guest hosts Grace Helbig, Hannah Hart, and Mamrie Hart to help propel the series and its audience. Due to regularly being promoted on the Spotlight channel, YouTube Nation was able to reach the 1 million subscriber milestone within three months of its launch, the series was nominated for the 4th annual Streamy Award under Best News and Current Events but lost to SourceFed. After 350 episodes, the series aired its last episode on December 5,2014, in May 2013, the Spotlight channel was used to stream its Comedy Week event, produced by ChannelFlip. During the event, YouTube used its homepage to spotlight comedy videos made specifically for the event, the video of the 2-hour kickoff event has earned 1.06 million views as of September 2014. The event was met with mixed reception, with the particular mixture of new and traditional media personalities. The event was the first of its kind in relation to being streamed by YouTube, although it was marketed as the first annual Comedy Week event, there have been no announcements in regards to a follow-up Comedy Week event. On August 4,2013, YouTube launched Geek Week, which was kicked off by Freddie Wong in the United States, and Tomska in the United Kingdom. The week was composed of themed days, which included Blockbuster Sunday, Global Geekery Monday, Brainiac Tuesday, Super Wednesday, Gaming Thursday, the event was launched in conjunction with Nerdist in the US, and ChannelFlip in the UK
36.
Vevo
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Vevo hosts music videos from both Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment syndicated on YouTube and its website, with Google and Vevo sharing advertising and similar benefits. EMI also licensed its library of videos for Vevo shortly before its launch, originally, Warner Music Group was reported to be considering hosting its content on the service after it launched, but formed an alliance with rival MTV Networks. The concept for Vevo was described as being a service for music videos. The sites other revenue sources include a store and referral links to purchase viewed songs on Amazon Music. UMG acquired the domain name vevo. com on November 20,2008, SME reached a deal to add its content to the site in June 2009. The site went live on December 8,2009, and that month became the number one most visited music site in the United States. In June 2012, Vevo launched its Certified awards, which honors artists with at least 100 million views on Vevo, on March 12,2013, Vevo launched Vevo TV, an advertising-supported internet television channel running 24 hours a day, featuring blocks of music videos and specials. The channel is available to viewers in North America and Germany. Vevo has planned launches in other countries, after revamping its website, Vevo TV later branched off into three separate networks, Hits, Flow, and Nashville. Vevo shut down the service during the first half of 2016 as part of a site wide redesign, during the run of the service, its schedule and programming was heavily repetitive. Many videos would play twice within an hour and a majority of the videos shown were current, programming shows such as the Top10Now and Vevo Lift would air several times per day. Since the service has been shut down, its apps that havent been updated just play the Top10Now in an infinite loop. Vevo is available in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Nepal, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The website was scheduled to go worldwide in 2010, but as of January 1,2017, Vevos official blog cited licensing issues for the delay in the worldwide rollout. Most of Vevos videos on YouTube are viewable by users in other countries, the Vevo service in the United Kingdom and Ireland was launched on April 26,2011. On April 16,2012, Vevo was launched in Australia, on August 14,2012, Brazil became the first Latin American country to have the service. It was expected to be launched in six more European and Latin American countries in 2012, Vevo launched in Spain, Italy, and France on November 15,2012. Vevo launched in the Netherlands on April 3,2013, and on May 17,2013, in September 29,2013, Vevo updated its iOS application that now includes launching in Germany
37.
YouTube Awards
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The awards were organized in 2007 to call out some of the most popular videos and let the users choose which ones deserve some additional recognition. The awards are the first time that videos would receive any recognition, previously. The winners received a trophy, which was a stand with a large glass play button, in addition, they received an invitation to an event to occur later this year. YouTube does Awards every year, but does not always do a formalized recognition, the videos to vote upon are chosen by YouTube staff, while the winners are selected by YouTubers. The Awards were first given in 2007—called the 2006 Awards—for the best videos of 2006, the awards were in seven categories, Adorable, Comedy, Commentary, Creative, Inspirational, Musician of the Year and Series. Each category then comprised 10 videos which YouTubers ranked in order of preference, in addition, each category held only six videos for which YouTubers could vote. Voting for the 2006 Awards took place from March 18,2007 to March 23,2007, duke Righteous and Alex Chudnovsky were both nominated in the Music Video of the Year category. The 2007 YouTube Awards came just a week after Viacom sued YouTubes parent company, Google, the Awards received criticism from New York Times writer Virginia Heffernan when first organized. She suggested that the Awards created too much of a process on YouTube. YouTube, she argued, should not be about awards and individual recognition of merit, rather, it should be a free place where one can post videos and express oneself free of judgment on quality. Caroline McCarthy of CNET News commented on the 2007 awards in agreement with Heffernan and she also commented many of the most popular videos are not high quality, or original content. Nominations for the 2007 Awards included noted YouTubers Peter Oakley, lonelygirl15, Renetto, the 2008 Awards began on March 13,2008 and lasted for 5 days, until March 18. YouTubers could vote once per day, but they couldnt change their vote once they voted, a notable entry in the 2008 Awards was a video of the University of Florida Taser incident, uploaded by The Gainesville Sun, it was entered in the new Eyewitness category. One nomination in the Politics category was an interview with a candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination for the 2008 American presidential election, Ron Paul, also included in the Politics section was the I Got a Crush. on Obama video. Nominated in the Inspirational category was a motion video by Trevor Dougherty. Video by vlogger Chris Crocker was nominated in the Commentary category, the song Chocolate Rain by Tay Zonday was nominated in the Music section, it won
38.
CNN/YouTube presidential debates
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The CNN/YouTube presidential debates were a series of televised debates in which United States presidential hopefuls field questions submitted through the video sharing site YouTube. The Democratic Party installment took place in Charleston, South Carolina, the Republican Party installment took place in St. Petersburg, Florida and aired on November 28,2007. The CNN/YouTube Debates were conceived of by David Bohrman, the Washington Bureau Chief of CNN, and Steve Grove and it was the first-ever web-to-television debate partnership. A man named Chris from Portland introduced the debate in a YouTube video and he challenged the candidates to actually answer the questions instead of beating around the bush. After that, more questions were shown and the candidates answered them. Here are the questions that were directed at each candidate. Sometimes, the questions were asked to one candidate, multiple candidates, moderator Anderson Cooper opened questions directed at one candidate to specific additional candidates. Cooper also sometimes allowed candidates to respond if they were mentioned or addressed in another response, If you had to pick any Republican member of Congress or Republican governor to be your running mate, who would it be. Senator Biden, in the past, youve talked about NATO troops, by what date after January 21,2009, will all U. S. troops be out of Iraq. And how many members do you have serving in uniform. Who was your favorite teacher and why, Senator Biden, everyone on this stage who was in Congress in 2001 voted for No Child Left Behind. Would you scrap it or revise it, mrs. Clinton, how would you define the word liberal. And would you use this word to describe yourself, whenever I read an editorial about one of you, the author never fails to mention the issue of race or gender, respectively. Either one is not authentically black enough, or the other is not satisfactorily feminine, how will you address these critics and their charges if one or both of you should end up on the Democratic ticket in 08. Senator Clinton, is he a better advocate for women, should American troops go to Darfur. Just in the spirit of trying to get the answer, does that mean no American ground troops, Senator Clinton, do you think women should register for Selective Service. This question is to Senator Hillary Clinton, the Arab states, Muslim nations, believe its women as being second-class citizens. If youre president of the United States, how do you feel that you would even be taken seriously by these states in any kind of talks, negotiations, I feel that is a legitimate question
39.
YouTube Comedy Week
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YouTube Comedy Week was an event on YouTube, and produced by Jash in the US and ChannelFlip in the UK. Comedy week was an event that ran from May 19-25,2013 and this was the first of a planned annual YouTube Comedy Week. The Big Live Comedy Show began the event, was hosted by Kyle Mooney and this was stage show that was broadcast live. Arnold Schwarzenegger was featured in a video that promoted Comedy Week, following YouTubes announcement of the event, several news publications reported about the event. Tubefilter reported that YouTube had hyped the Comedy Week event with television advertisements, as of July 10,2013, The Big Live Comedy Show has garnered nearly 1 million video views and has approximately 73% likes on its YouTube rating. Other videos uploaded by YouTube during Comedy Week, struggled to get past 250,000 views, however, the Gregory Brothers The History of YouTube earned over 2 million video views. The performers and entertainers involved in the event featured a mixture of traditional and new media stars, the performances by YouTube personalities were met with better reception than those of mainstream media stars
