1.
Chinese name
–
Chinese personal names are names used by those from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and the Chinese diaspora overseas. Prior to the 20th century, educated Chinese also utilized a courtesy name or style name called zi by which they were known among those outside of their family and closest friends. From at least the time of the Shang dynasty, the Han Chinese observed a number of naming taboos regulating who may or may not use a given name. In general, using the given name connoted the speakers authority, peers and younger relatives were barred from speaking it. Owing to this, many historical Chinese figures – particularly emperors – used a half-dozen or more different names in different contexts and those possessing names identical to the emperors were frequently forced to change them. Although some terms in the ancient Chinese naming system, such as xìng and míng, are used today, they were used in different. Commoners possessed only a name, and the modern concept of a surname or family name did not yet exist at any level of society.3 billion citizens. In fact, just the top three – Wang, Li, and Zhang – cover more than 20% of the population. This homogeneity results from the majority of Han family names having only one character. Chinese surnames arose from two separate traditions, the xìng and the shì. The original xìng were clans of royalty at the Shang court, the shì did not originate from families, but denoted fiefs, states, and titles granted or recognized by the Shang court. Apart from the Jiang and Yao families, the original xìng have nearly disappeared, xìng is now used to describe the shì surnames which replaced them, while shì is used to refer to maiden names. The enormous modern clans sometimes share ancestral halls with one another, nonetheless, however tenuous these bonds sometimes are, it remains a minor taboo to marry someone with the same family name. In modern mainland China, it is the norm that a woman keeps her name unchanged. A child usually inherits his/her fathers surname, though the law explicitly states that a child may use either parents or the grandparents. It is also possible, though far less common, for a child to both parents surnames. In the older generations, it was common for a married woman to prepend her husbands surname to her own. This practice is now almost extinct in mainland China, though there are a few such as the name change of Gu Kailai, but survives in some Hong Kong, Macau
Chinese name
–
The signature of
Sun Yat-sen; in English Chinese people usually keep their names in Chinese order unless they live or travel abroad
2.
Chinese surname
–
Chinese surnames are used by Han Chinese and Sinicized ethnic groups in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Vietnam and among overseas Chinese communities. In ancient times two types of surnames existed, namely xing or lineage names, and shi or clan names, Chinese family names are patrilineal, passed from father to children. Women do not normally change their surnames upon marriage, except in places with more Western influences such as Hong Kong, traditionally Chinese surnames have been exogamous. The colloquial expressions laobaixing and bǎixìng are used in Chinese to mean ordinary folks, prior to the Warring States period, only the ruling families and the aristocratic elite had surnames. Historically there was also a difference between clan names or xing and lineages names or shi, Xing were surnames held by the noble clans. They generally are composed of a nü radical which has taken by some as evidence they originated from matriarchal societies based on maternal lineages. Another hypothesis has been proposed by sinologist Léon Vandermeersch upon observation of the evolution of characters in oracular scripture from the Shang dynasty through the Zhou, the female radical seems to appear at the Zhou period next to Shang sinograms indicating an ethnic group or a tribe. This combination seems to designate specifically a female and could mean lady of such or such clan, prior to the Qin Dynasty China was largely a fengjian society. In this way, a nobleman would hold a shi and a xing, after the states of China were unified by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC, surnames gradually spread to the lower classes and the difference between xing and shi blurred. Many shi surnames survive to the present day, according to Kiang Kang-Hu, there are 18 sources from which Chinese surnames may be derived, while others suggested at least 24. The following are some of the sources, Xing, These were usually reserved for the central lineage of the royal family. Of these xings, only Jiang and Yao have survived in their form to modern days as frequently occurring surnames. Royal decree by the Emperor, such as Kuang, state name, Many nobles and commoners took the name of their state, either to show their continuing allegiance or as a matter of national and ethnic identity. These are some of the most common Chinese surnames, name of a fief or place of origin, Fiefdoms were often granted to collateral branches of the aristocracy and it was natural as part of the process of sub-surnaming for their names to be used. An example is Di, Marquis of Ouyangting, whose descendants took the surname Ouyang, there are some two hundred examples of this identified, often of two-character surnames, but few have survived to the present. Names of an ancestor, Like the previous example, this was also a common origin with close to 500 or 600 examples,200 of which are two-character surnames, often an ancestors courtesy name would be used. For example, Yuan Taotu took the character of his grandfathers courtesy name Boyuan as his surname. Sometimes titles granted to ancestors could also be taken as surnames, seniority within the family, In ancient usage, the characters of meng, zhong, shu and ji were used to denote the first, second, third and fourth eldest sons in a family
Chinese surname
–
Many village names in China are linked to surnames. Pictured is Jiajiayuan (贾家源), i.e. "
Jia Family 's Spring", in Honggang Town,
Tongshan County, Hubei
3.
Chen (name)
–
Chen is one of the most common East Asian surnames of Chinese origin. It ranks as the 5th most common surname in China as of 2007, Chen is also the most common family name in Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hong Kong. It is the most common surname in Xiamen, the hometown of many overseas Hoklo. Besides 陳/陈, an uncommon Chinese surname 諶/谌 is also romanized as Chen and it is usually romanised as Chan in Cantonese, most widely used by those from Hong Kong, and sometimes as Chun. The spelling, Chan, is used in Macao and Malaysia. In Min, the name is pronounced Tan, in Hakka and Taishanese, the name is spelled Gin. Some other Romanisations include Zen, Ding and Chern, Chen can be variously spelt as Tan, Chan or Chin in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. Chen is commonly spelled Chang in Peru, the Korean surname 진 is the Korean pronunciation of the same character. In Japanese, the surname is transliterated Chin, in Vietnam, this surname is written in Quốc Ngữ as Trần and it is the second most common surname. Chen was derived from Gui, the surname of the descendants of the sage king Emperor Shun. When King Wu of Zhou established the Zhou dynasty in 1046/45 BC, Gui Man was said to be a descendant of Emperor Shun, at the State of Chen, in modern Huaiyang County, Henan Province. Chen was conquered by Chu in 479 BC, and the people of Chen adopted the name of their state as their surname. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties period, Chen Baxian established the Chen Dynasty, the fourth and the last of the Southern dynasties, which was eventually destroyed by the Sui Dynasty
Chen (name)
–
The
Chen Clan Academy in
Guangzhou, China
Chen (name)
–
Chen surname in
regular script
4.
Taipei
–
Taipei, officially known as Taipei City, is the capital city and a special municipality of the Republic of China. Sitting at the tip of the island, Taipei City is an enclave of the municipality of New Taipei City. It is about 25 km southwest of the port city Keelung. Since 1949, Taipei has been the capital of the ROC after losing the mainland to the Communists in the Chinese Civil War, the name Taipei can refer either to the whole metropolitan area or the city proper. Taipei is the political, economic, educational, and cultural center of Taiwan, considered to be a global city, Taipei is part of a major high-tech industrial area. Railways, high-speed rail, highways, airports, and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island, the city is served by two airports – Taipei Songshan and Taiwan Taoyuan. Its natural features such as Maokong, Yangmingshan, and hot springs are also known to international visitors. As the capital city, Taipei is sometimes used as a synecdoche for Taiwan, prior to the significant influx of Han Chinese immigrants, the region of Taipei Basin was mainly inhabited by the Ketagalan plains aborigines. The number of Han immigrants gradually increased in the early 18th century under Qing Dynasty rule after the government began permitting development in the area, in 1875, the northern part of the island was incorporated into the new Taipeh Prefecture. The Qing dynasty of China made Taipeh the temporary capital of Fujian-Taiwan Province in 1886 when Taiwan was separated from Fujian Province, Taipeh was formally made the provincial capital in 1894. Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 under the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War, Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taihoku as its capital, in which the city was administered under Taihoku Prefecture. Taiwans Japanese rulers embarked on a program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links. A number of Taipei landmarks and cultural institutions date from this period, following the Japanese surrender of 1945, control of Taiwan was handed to the Republic of China. In 1990 Taipei provided the backdrop for the Wild Lily student rallies that moved Taiwanese society from one-party rule to multi-party democracy, the city is today home to Taiwans democratically elected national government. The region known as the Taipei Basin was home to Ketagalan tribes before the eighteenth century, Han Chinese mainly from Fujian Province of Qing dynasty China began to settle in the Taipei Basin in 1709. In 1875, the part of Taiwan was separated from Taiwan Prefecture. From 1875 until the beginning of Japanese rule in 1895, Taipei was part of Tamsui County of Taipeh Prefecture, in 1885, work commenced to create an independent Taiwan Province, and Taipei City was temporarily made the provincial capital. Taipei officially became the capital of Taiwan in 1894, all that remains from the Qing era is the north gate
Taipei
–
Clockwise from top: Taipei skyline,
Grand Hotel, Far Eastern Plaza,
National Palace Museum,
Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall,
Jiantan Station
Taipei
–
The city of Taipei, as seen from
Maokong.
Taipei
–
Satellite image of Taipei City
Taipei
–
Old street in Taipei in 2013
5.
Taiwan
–
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a state in East Asia. Neighbours include China to the west, Japan to the northeast, Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy. The island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War. While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty, following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945, the ROC took control of Taiwan. However, the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROCs loss of the mainland to the Communists, and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. As a founding member of the United Nations, the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, in the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage, Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world, and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, the PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence. Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC, the PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible. There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, the former name Formosa dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it Ilha Formosa, which means beautiful island. The name Formosa eventually replaced all others in European literature and was in use in English in the early 20th century. This name was adopted into the Chinese vernacular as the name of the sandbar. The modern word Taiwan is derived from this usage, which is seen in forms in Chinese historical records. Use of the current Chinese name was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture, through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as Taiwan. The official name of the state is the Republic of China and it was a member of the United Nations representing China until 1971, when it lost its seat to the Peoples Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become known as Taiwan. In some contexts, especially ones from the ROC government
Taiwan
–
A young
Tsou man
Taiwan
–
Flag
Taiwan
–
Overview of
Fort Zeelandia, painted around 1635
Taiwan
–
Japanese colonial soldiers march Taiwanese captured after the
Tapani Incident from the
Tainan jail to court, 1915.
6.
San Francisco
–
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco
–
San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco
–
Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco
–
1853
United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco
–
Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
7.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
–
A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
–
Flag
California
–
Mount Shasta
California
–
Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
8.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
9.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, also known as U of I, University of Illinois, UIUC, or simply Illinois, is a public research-intensive university in the U. S. state of Illinois. Founded in 1867 as a land-grant institution in the cities of Champaign and Urbana, it is the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system. In fiscal year 2015, total research expedentures at Illinois totaled $640 million, the campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States after Harvard University. The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus, the university comprises 17 colleges that offer more than 150 programs of study. Additionally, the university operates an extension that offers programs to more than 1.5 million registrants per year around the state of Illinois. The university holds 647 buildings on 4,552 acres and its operating budget in 2016 was over $2 billion. Even though Illinois is a university, only about 12% of the budget comes from the state. Between several cities, Urbana was selected in 1867 as the site for the new school, the University opened for classes on March 2,1868, and had two faculty members and 77 students. Gregory is largely credited with establishing the University as it is today, Gregorys grave is on the Urbana campus, between Altgeld Hall and the Henry Administration Building. His headstone reads, If you seek his monument, look about you, the Library, which opened with the school in 1868, started with 1,039 volumes. Subsequently, President Edmund J. James, in a speech to the Board of Trustees in 1912 and it is now one of the worlds largest public academic collections. In 1870, the Mumford House was constructed as a farmhouse for the schools experimental farm. The Mumford House remains the oldest structure on campus, the original University Hall was the fourth building built, it stood where the Illini Union stands today. During the Presidency of Edmund J. James, James is credited for building the foundation of the large Chinese international student population on campus, on June 11,1929, the Alma Mater statue was unveiled. The Alma Mater was established by donations by the Alumni Fund, the University replaced the original university hall with Gregory Hall and the Illini Union. After World War II, the university experienced rapid growth, the enrollment doubled and the academic standing improved. This period was marked by large growth in the Graduate College and increased federal support of scientific. During the 1950s and ’60s the university experienced the turmoil common on many American campuses, among these were the water fights of the fifties and sixties
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
The original University Hall, which stood until 1938, when it when it was replaced by Gregory hall and the
Illini Union. Pieces were used in the erection of Hallene Gateway dedicated in 1998
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
John Milton Gregory, the university's first president
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
Statue on campus titled "
Alma Mater " by
Lorado Taft
10.
Chinese language
–
Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language, the varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family. The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin, followed by Wu, Min, and Yue. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. Standard Chinese is a form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six languages of the United Nations. The written form of the language, based on the logograms known as Chinese characters, is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects. Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is the spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. Hakka also has a diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China, Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty, as the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have sought to promulgate a unified standard. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, in addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the structure of the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, the earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty
Chinese language
–
The
Tripitaka Koreana, a Korean collection of the
Chinese Buddhist canon
Chinese language
–
Hànyǔ (Chinese) written in
traditional (left) and
simplified (right) characters
Chinese language
–
"
Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion " by
Wang Xizhi, written in
semi-cursive style
11.
Specials (Unicode block)
–
Specials is a short Unicode block allocated at the very end of the Basic Multilingual Plane, at U+FFF0–FFFF. Of these 16 codepoints, five are assigned as of Unicode 9, U+FFFD � REPLACEMENT CHARACTER used to replace an unknown, unrecognized or unrepresentable character U+FFFE <noncharacter-FFFE> not a character. FFFE and FFFF are not unassigned in the sense. They can be used to guess a texts encoding scheme, since any text containing these is by not a correctly encoded Unicode text. The replacement character � is a found in the Unicode standard at codepoint U+FFFD in the Specials table. It is used to indicate problems when a system is unable to render a stream of data to a correct symbol and it is usually seen when the data is invalid and does not match any character, Consider a text file containing the German word für in the ISO-8859-1 encoding. This file is now opened with an editor that assumes the input is UTF-8. The first and last byte are valid UTF-8 encodings of ASCII, therefore, a text editor could replace this byte with the replacement character symbol to produce a valid string of Unicode code points. The whole string now displays like this, f�r, a poorly implemented text editor might save the replacement in UTF-8 form, the text file data will then look like this, 0x66 0xEF 0xBF 0xBD 0x72, which will be displayed in ISO-8859-1 as f�r. Since the replacement is the same for all errors this makes it impossible to recover the original character, a better design is to preserve the original bytes, including the error, and only convert to the replacement when displaying the text. This will allow the text editor to save the original byte sequence and it has become increasingly common for software to interpret invalid UTF-8 by guessing the bytes are in another byte-based encoding such as ISO-8859-1. This allows correct display of both valid and invalid UTF-8 pasted together, Unicode control characters UTF-8 Mojibake Unicodes Specials table Decodeunicodes entry for the replacement character
Specials (Unicode block)
–
Replacement character
12.
Chinese characters
–
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese, and sometimes also in English, they are called hànzì. They have been adapted to write a number of languages including, Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja. Collectively, they are known as CJK characters, in English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world, Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan,2,136 are taught through secondary school, the characters used in Japan are distinct from those used in China in many respects. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, in South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. In Old Chinese, most words were monosyllabic and there was a correspondence between characters and words. Rather, a character almost always corresponds to a syllable that is also a morpheme. However, there are a few exceptions to this correspondence, including bisyllabic morphemes. Modern Chinese has many homophones, thus the same syllable may be represented by many characters. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings, cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations and these foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese. When the script was first used in the late 2nd millennium BC, words of Old Chinese were generally monosyllabic, increasing numbers of polysyllabic words have entered the language from the Western Zhou period to the present day. The process has accelerated over the centuries as phonetic change has increased the number of homophones and it has been estimated that over two thirds of the 3,000 most common words in modern Standard Chinese are polysyllables, the vast majority of those being disyllables. The most common process has been to form compounds of existing words, words have also been created by adding affixes, reduplication and borrowing from other languages. Polysyllabic words are written with one character per syllable
Chinese characters
–
Chinese characters
Chinese characters
–
"Chinese character" in
traditional (left) and
simplified form (right)
Chinese characters
–
Ox scapula with oracle bone inscription
Chinese characters
13.
Traditional Chinese characters
–
Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities. Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan. Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting. For example, while the name of Taiwan is written as 臺灣, similarly, in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written form since colonial times. In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News, World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters, on the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan and this is because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world
Traditional Chinese characters
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Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese characters
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Job announcement in a Filipino Chinese daily newspaper written in Traditional Chinese characters.
Traditional Chinese characters
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A Series of Reading workbook in Traditional Chinese used in some Elementary schools in the Philippines.
14.
Simplified Chinese characters
–
Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s in an attempt to increase literacy and they are officially used in the Peoples Republic of China and Singapore. Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau. Overseas Chinese communities generally tend to use traditional characters, Simplified Chinese characters may be referred to by their official name above or colloquially. Strictly, the latter refers to simplifications of character structure or body, character forms that have existed for thousands of years alongside regular, Simplified character forms were created by decreasing the number of strokes and simplifying the forms of a sizable proportion of traditional Chinese characters. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms embodying graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms, some characters were simplified by applying regular rules, for example, by replacing all occurrences of a certain component with a simplified version of the component. Variant characters with the pronunciation and identical meaning were reduced to a single standardized character. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification, and are identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. Some simplified characters are very dissimilar to and unpredictably different from traditional characters and this often leads opponents not well-versed in the method of simplification to conclude that the overall process of character simplification is also arbitrary. In reality, the methods and rules of simplification are few, on the other hand, proponents of simplification often flaunt a few choice simplified characters as ingenious inventions, when in fact these have existed for hundreds of years as ancient variants. However, the Chinese government never officially dropped its goal of further simplification in the future, in August 2009, the PRC began collecting public comments for a modified list of simplified characters. The new Table of General Standard Chinese Characters consisting of 8,105 characters was promulgated by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on June 5,2013, cursive written text almost always includes character simplification. Simplified forms used in print have always existed, they date back to as early as the Qin dynasty, One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lubi Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China, Traditional culture and values such as Confucianism were challenged. Soon, people in the Movement started to cite the traditional Chinese writing system as an obstacle in modernising China and it was suggested that the Chinese writing system should be either simplified or completely abolished. Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth Movement, called Chinese characters the writing of ox-demons, lu Xun, a renowned Chinese author in the 20th century, stated that, If Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die. Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the problems in China during that time
Simplified Chinese characters
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Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese characters
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The slogan 战无不胜的毛泽东思想万岁 (Zhàn wúbù shèng de Máo Zédōng sīxiǎng wànsuì; Long live the invincible
Mao Zedong Thought) on
Xinhua Gate in Beijing.
Simplified Chinese characters
–
The first batch of Simplified Characters introduced in 1935 consisted of 324 characters.
15.
Pinyin
–
Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
Pinyin
–
A school slogan asking elementary students to speak
Putonghua is annotated with pinyin, but without tonal marks.
Pinyin
–
In
Yiling,
Yichang,
Hubei, text on road signs appears both in Chinese characters and in Hanyu Pinyin
16.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day
YouTube
–
From left to right:
Chad Hurley,
Steve Chen, and
Jawed Karim
YouTube
–
Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
YouTube
–
YouTube's headquarters as of 2010 in
San Bruno, California.
17.
Mixbit
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MixBit is a video-sharing service that was created by two of the three co-founders of YouTube, Steve Chen and Chad Hurley. It started on August 8,2013, mixBits website lets users create dynamic shared videos. It competes with Vine and Instagram in the video sharing website market, mixBits iPhone app was released in August 2013, and its Android app followed that October. AVOS Systems was an Internet company founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, in April 2011, it was announced that AVOS purchased Delicious, with the transition occurring in June 2011. In May 2011, AVOS purchased the social analytics company Tap 11, in May 2014, AVOS sold Delicious to Science Inc. In 2014 AVOS transformed from an incubator into a company working only on MixBit
Mixbit
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MixBit
18.
Google Ventures
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GV, formerly Google Ventures, is the venture capital investment arm of Alphabet Inc. and provides seed, venture, and growth stage funding to technology companies. The firm operates independently from Google and makes financially driven investment decisions, the group was founded on March 31,2009, with a $100 million capital commitment. In 2012, that commitment was raised to $300 million annually, in 2014, the group announced $125 million to invest in promising European startups. GV has offices in Mountain View, San Francisco, New York City, Cambridge, GV was founded as Google Ventures in 2009. In December 2015, the company was renamed GV and introduced a new logo, GV was one of the first venture capital firms to employ the venture capital services model. It provides portfolio companies access to operational help after making a financial investment. Full-time partners at GV work with companies on design and product management, marketing, engineering. GV has developed an intensive, five-day design process, called a Design Sprint, official website Google Ventures on CrunchBase
Google Ventures
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Google Ventures
19.
PayPal
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PayPal is one of the worlds largest Internet payment companies. The company operates as a payment processor for online vendors, auction sites and other commercial users, established in 1998, PayPal had its IPO in 2002, and became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay later that year. In 2014, PayPal moved $228 billion in 30 currencies across more than 190 nations, the same year, eBay announced plans to spin-off PayPal into an independent company by mid-2015 and this was completed on July 18,2015. On July 20,2015, PayPal had its second IPO, PayPal was established in December 1998 as Confinity, a company that developed security software for handheld devices founded by Max Levchin, Peter Thiel, Luke Nosek and Ken Howery. PayPal was developed and launched as a transfer service at Confinity in 1999. In March 2000, Confinity merged with X. com, a banking company founded by Elon Musk. Musk was optimistic about the success of the money transfer business Confinity was developing. Musk and then-president and CEO of X. com, Bill Harris, disagreed on this point, in October of that year, Musk made the decision that X. com would terminate its other Internet banking operations and focus on the PayPal money service. The X. com company was then renamed PayPal in 2001, Paypals IPO listed under the ticker PYPL at $13 per share and ended up generating over $61 million. Shortly after PayPals IPO, the company was acquired by eBay in July 2002 for $1.5 billion, more than 70 percent of all eBay auctions accepted PayPal payments, and roughly 1 in 4 closed auction listings were transacted via PayPal. PayPal acquired the VeriSign payment solution in 2005 to expand its e-commerce business, by the end of 2007, the company generated $1.8 billion in revenue. In November 2008, the company acquired Bill Me Later, a payments company offering transactional credit at over 9000 online merchants in the US. PayPal revenues for Q12009 were $643 million, up 11 percent year over year,42 percent of revenues in Q12009 were from international markets. PayPals Total Payment Volume, the value of transactions in Q12009 was nearly $16 billion. By 2010, PayPal had over 100 million active user accounts in 190 markets through 25 different currencies, in July 2011, fourteen alleged members of the Anonymous hacktivist group were charged with attempting to disrupt PayPals operations. The denial of service attacks occurred in December 2010, after PayPal stopped processing donations to Wikileaks, on December 5,2013,13 of the PayPal 14 pleaded guilty to misdemeanor and felony charges related to the attacks. The company continued to focus on growth and growth of its Merchant Services division. In 2011, PayPal announced that it would begin moving its business offline so that customers can make payments via PayPal in stores
PayPal
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PayPal's corporate headquarters in San Jose, California
PayPal
–
eBay, PayPal, Kijiji, and StubHub in Toronto
PayPal
–
PayPal Operations Center and main office located in
Omaha, NE
20.
Chad Hurley
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Chad Meredith Hurley is an American co-founder and former CEO of the popular video-sharing website YouTube and MixBit. In June 2006, he was voted 28th on Business 2. 0s 50 People Who Matter Now list, in October 2006, he and Steve Chen sold YouTube for $1.65 billion to Google. Hurley worked in eBays PayPal division—one of his tasks involved designing the original PayPal logo — before starting YouTube with fellow PayPal colleagues Steve Chen, Hurley was primarily responsible for the tagging and video-sharing aspects of YouTube. Hurley was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, the child of Don and Joann Hurley. He has two siblings, a sister, Heather, and a younger brother, Brent. Since childhood, Chad showed extreme interest in the arts, but then became interested in computers. He was a runner for Twin Valley High Schools cross-country program. He was also member of the Technology Student Association during high school and he graduated from Twin Valley High School, Elverson in 1995 and went on to receive his B. A. in Fine Art from Indiana University of Pennsylvania in 1999. By his marriage to Kathy Clark, Hurley is the son-in-law of the legendary Silicon Valley entrepreneur James H. Clark, Hurley founded YouTube in 2005 with Steve Chen and Jawed Karim. On October 16,2006, Chen and Hurley sold YouTube to Google Inc. for $1.65 billion and it was reported in the Wall Street Journal that Chad Hurleys share was $345. 6M at Googles February 7,2007 closing stock price of $470.01. He received 694,087 Google shares directly and another 41,232 shares in a trust, youTubes other two co-founders, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim, received 625,366 shares and 137,443 shares, respectively valued at $326. 2M and $64. 6M. The Journals report was based on Googles registration statement with SEC filed on February 7,2007, Hurley stepped down as CEO of YouTube in October 2010 and stated he would stay on as an advisor of YouTube, allowing Salar Kamangar to take over the CEO position. In August 2013, Chen and Hurley launched another company called MixBit which does video editing using smart phones, Chad was involved as a major investor with US F1 Team, one of the new entrants in Formula One automobile racing for the 2010 season. On March 2,2010, the personnel were dismissed from their duties. Neither Hurley, team principal Ken Anderson, nor sporting director Peter Windsor would comment on the failure to make it to the grid. It is rumored that Hurley is still trying to get involved with F1 via other teams and he is a part-owner of the NBAs Golden State Warriors and the MLS Los Angeles Football Club. Michael Moritz interviews Chad Hurley et al. at TechCrunch40 conference video Chad Hurleys Executive Producer profile on The 1 Second Film
Chad Hurley
–
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2009, Davos, Switzerland.
Chad Hurley
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Chad Hurley in 2007.
21.
Jawed Karim
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Jawed Karim is a German-American Internet entrepreneur, who co-founded YouTube and was the first person to upload a video on it. The video he released was named Me at the zoo and as of 2017 has reached 36 million views, many of the core components of PayPal, including its real-time anti-internet fraud system, were also designed and implemented by Karim. Karim was born in Merseburg, East Germany and he crossed the inner German border with his family in 1981, growing up in Neuss, West Germany. Karim grew up in Germany and his moved to Saint Paul. Karim graduated from Saint Paul Central High School and later attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Computer Science and he left campus prior to graduating to become an early employee at PayPal, but continued his coursework, earning his Bachelor of Science in computer science. He subsequently earned a degree in computer science from Stanford University. In 1998 Jawed served an Internship at Silicon Graphics Inc. where he worked on 3D voxel data management for large data sets for volume rendering, including the data for the Visible Human Project. While working at PayPal, he met Chad Hurley and Steve Chen, the three later founded the YouTube video sharing website in 2005. YouTubes first-ever video, Me at the zoo, was uploaded by Karim on 23 April 2005, when the site was introduced in February 2005, Karim agreed not to be an employee and simply be an informal adviser, and that he was focusing on his studies. As a result, he took a lower share in the company compared to Hurley. Because of his role in the company, Karim was mostly unknown to the public as the third founder until YouTube was acquired by Google in 2006. Despite his lower share in the company, the purchase was still large enough that he received 137,443 shares of stock, worth about $64 million based on Googles closing stock price at the time. In October 2006, Karim gave a lecture about the history of YouTube at the University of Illinois annual ACM Conference entitled YouTube, in his lecture he mentioned Wikipedia as being an innovative social experiment. Karim returned again to the University of Illinois in May 2007 as the 136th, in March 2008, Karim launched a venture fund called Youniversity Ventures, with the goal of helping current and former university students to develop and launch their business ideas. On 6 November 2013, YouTube began requiring that commenting on its videos be done via a Google+ account, an online petition to revert the change garnered over 240,000 signatures. In response to Google requiring YouTube members to use Google+ for its comment system, Karim wrote on his YouTube account, and updated the video description on his first video titled Me at the zoo to, I cant comment here anymore, since i dont want a google+ account. Google subsequently dropped its Google+ requirement across all products, beginning with YouTube, Karim has published articles on programming in Dr. Dobbs Journal, including one on loading rendering and animating Quake models. Jawed Karims Personal Website Jaweds YouTube Profile Cache of Jaweds YouTube Profile in 2008 Youniversity Ventures He went off to college to make his fortune – The News-Gazette
Jawed Karim
–
Jawed Karim in 2008
22.
Facebook
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Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California. Facebook gradually added support for students at other universities. Since 2006, anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a user of Facebook, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement. The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students, Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops, laptops, tablet computers, and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks. After registering to use the site, users can create a user profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, in groups, editors can pin posts to top. Additionally, users can complain about or block unpleasant people, because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service, Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies. Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen, Facebook, Inc. held its initial public offering in February 2012, and began selling stock to the public three months later, reaching an original peak market capitalization of $104 billion. On July 13,2015, Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poors 500 Index to reach a market cap of $250 billion, Facebook has more than 1.86 billion monthly active users as of December 31,2016. As of April 2016, Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world, Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only. Zuckerberg wrote a program called Facemash on October 28,2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore, to accomplish this, Zuckerberg hacked into protected areas of Harvards computer network and copied private dormitory ID images. Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online, the site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam. He uploaded 500 Augustan images to a website, each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section and he shared the site with his classmates, and people started sharing notes. The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website in January 2004 and he said that he was inspired by an editorial about the Facemash incident in The Harvard Crimson. On February 4,2004, Zuckerberg launched Thefacebook, originally located at thefacebook. com. com and they claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to The Harvard Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation and they later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares. Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, within the first month, eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum, and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website
Facebook
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Facebook login/signup screen
Facebook
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Mark Zuckerberg, co-creator of Facebook, in his
Harvard dorm room, 2005.
Facebook
–
Facebook headquarters entrance sign at 1 Hacker Way,
Menlo Park, California
Facebook
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Billboard on the
Thomson Reuters building welcomes Facebook to NASDAQ, 2012
23.
AVOS Systems
–
MixBit is a video-sharing service that was created by two of the three co-founders of YouTube, Steve Chen and Chad Hurley. It started on August 8,2013, mixBits website lets users create dynamic shared videos. It competes with Vine and Instagram in the video sharing website market, mixBits iPhone app was released in August 2013, and its Android app followed that October. AVOS Systems was an Internet company founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, in April 2011, it was announced that AVOS purchased Delicious, with the transition occurring in June 2011. In May 2011, AVOS purchased the social analytics company Tap 11, in May 2014, AVOS sold Delicious to Science Inc. In 2014 AVOS transformed from an incubator into a company working only on MixBit
AVOS Systems
–
MixBit
24.
Delicious (website)
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Delicious is a social bookmarking web service for storing, sharing, and discovering web bookmarks. The site was founded by Joshua Schachter and Peter Gadjokov in 2003, by the end of 2008, the service claimed more than 5.3 million users and 180 million unique bookmarked URLs. Yahoo sold Delicious to AVOS Systems in April 2011, and the site relaunched in a back to state on September 27 that year. In May 2014, AVOS sold the site to Science Inc, in January 2016 Delicious Media, a new alliance, reported it had assumed control of the service. Delicious uses a non-hierarchical classification system in which users can tag each of their bookmarks with freely chosen index terms. A combined view of everyones bookmarks with a tag was available, for instance. Its collective nature made it possible to view bookmarks added by other users, Delicious also allowed users to group links with similar topics together to form a Stack, and include title and descriptions for the Stack page. Stacks could be worked on collaboratively with other users, and could be followed and shared with other users, Stacks were added in September 2011 and removed in July 2012. Delicious has a hotlist on its home page and recent pages, users can also explore stacks on the home page by navigating categories like Arts & Design, Education, et cetera. Delicious is one of the most popular social bookmarking services, many features have contributed to this, including the websites simple interface, human-readable URL scheme, a novel domain name, a simple REST-like API, and RSS feeds for web syndication. The source code of the site is not available, but a user can download his or her own data through the sites API in an XML or JSON format, or export it to a standard Netscape bookmarks format. All bookmarks posted to Delicious are publicly viewable by default, although users can mark specific bookmarks as private, the public aspect is emphasized, the site is not focused on storing private bookmark collections. Delicious linkrolls, tagrolls, network badges, RSS feeds, there are several competing social bookmarking websites including some open source clones. The precursor to Delicious was Muxway, a blog that had grown out of a text file that Schachter maintained to keep track of links related to Memepool. In September 2003, Schachter released the first version of Delicious, in March 2005, he left his day job to work on Delicious full-time, and in April 2005 it received approximately $2 million in funding from investors including Union Square Ventures and Amazon. com. Yahoo acquired Delicious on December 9,2005, various guesses suggest it was sold for somewhere between US$15 million and US$30 million. On December 16,2010, a slide from a Yahoo meeting leaked, indicating that Delicious would be sunsetted in the future. Later Yahoo clarified that they would be selling Delicious, not ending it and this news resulted in Delicious users looking for alternative sites
Delicious (website)
–
The Delicious homepage
25.
Yahoo!
–
Yahoo Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. Yahoo was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 2,1995, Yahoo was one of the pioneers of the early internet era in the 1990s. Marissa Mayer, a former Google executive, Google Employee number 20 and it is globally known for its Web portal, search engine Yahoo. Search, and related services, including Yahoo, answers, advertising, online mapping, video sharing, fantasy sports, and its social media website. It is one of the most popular sites in the United States, according to news sources, roughly 700 million people visit Yahoo websites every month. Yahoo itself claims it attracts more than half a billion consumers every month in more than 30 languages, in January 1994 Yang and Filo were electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University, when they created a website named Jerry and Davids guide to the World Wide Web. The site was a directory of websites, organized in a hierarchy. In March 1994, Jerry and Davids Guide to the World Wide Web was renamed Yahoo, the yahoo. com domain was created on January 18,1995. The word yahoo is a backronym for Yet Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle or Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, the term hierarchical described how the Yahoo database was arranged in layers of subcategories. However, Filo and Yang insist they mainly selected the name because they liked the definition of a yahoo, rude, unsophisticated. This meaning derives from the Yahoo race of beings from Gullivers Travels. Yahoo grew rapidly throughout the 1990s, like many search engines and web directories, Yahoo added a web portal. By 1998, Yahoo was the most popular starting point for web users and it also made many high-profile acquisitions. Its stock price skyrocketed during the bubble, Yahoo stocks closing at an all-time high of $118.75 a share on January 3,2000. However, after the bubble burst, it reached a post-bubble low of $8.11 on September 26,2001. Yahoo began using Google for search in 2000, over the next four years, it developed its own search technologies, which it began using in 2004. In response to Googles Gmail, Yahoo began to offer unlimited email storage in 2007, the company struggled through 2008, with several large layoffs. In February 2008, Microsoft Corporation made a bid to acquire Yahoo for $44.6 billion
Yahoo!
–
Jerry Yang and David Filo, the founders of Yahoo
Yahoo!
–
Protest against the mass surveillance by the
NSA
Yahoo!
–
Yahoo's
Bangalore office
26.
Asian Scientist Magazine
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Asian Scientist is an English language science and technology magazine published in Singapore. Asian Scientist was launched as an MIT alumni start-up in March 2011 by Asian Scientist Publishing Pte Ltd, based in Singapore, Asian Scientist is maintained by a team of professional science journalists, medical doctors, and scientists contributing to it. The magazines launch reflects the growing demographic of scientists, engineers, and doctors from Asia and this shifting face of science reflects the strides made by the Asia-8 and other emerging nations in recognizing research & development as a valuable industry. According to the Science and Engineering Indicators 2012 released by the U. S, between 1999 and 2009, for example, the U. S. share of global R&D dropped from 38 to 31 percent, whereas Asia’s share grew from 24 to 35 percent during that period. On April 16,2013, Asian Scientist Publishing accepted seed funding from international science publisher World Scientific Publishing Company to expand operations at its Singapore headquarters, on January 2014, it launched its flagship print magazine targeted at scientists, healthcare professionals and students. The magazines inaugural issue focused on the sciences and was featured by media outlets in Singapore. The company also publishes books under the Asian Scientist imprint, in August 2015, it published a book called Singapores Scientific Pioneers, with the goal of highlighting the contributions of 25 pioneering scientists. On April 2,2015, it launched the inaugural Asian Scientist Writing Prize, co-organized with Science Centre Singapore, the competition received close to 400 entries and gave out SGD$21,000 in cash and prizes. The competition will return for its second installment in 2017, in February 2016, the book Bugs & Quarks, Stories from the Asian Scientist Writing Prize 2015 was published. The book is a compilation of 25 essays submitted to the Asian Scientist Writing Prize by individuals representing a cross-section of science, the magazine covers science, medical and technology news updates from the Asia and Australasia regions. It devotes categories to research and development, health, medicine, new media, the site has been indexed by Google News since July 22,2011. In June 2016, it launched a Facebook video channel to feature the latest science, the magazine regularly features peer-reviewed clinical and basic research from Asia, and carries out one-on-one interviews with notable Asian scientists. Dr. Morita discussed the process and challenges that led up to this scientific achievement, Dr. Yongyuth Yuthavong, the deputy prime minister of Thailand. Dr. Yuthavong, who has a PhD in organic chemistry, shared his vision for science in Thailand and the ASEAN region, and the need for scientists to get involved in politics. Ms. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, who is one of Forbes magazine’s 100 most powerful women in the world, and chairman and managing director of Biocon Limited, ms. Mazumdar-Shaw discussed the challenges to innovation and entrepreneurship that Asia faces. 2012 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, who discussed his early career, what inspires him. Former Beijing Genomics Institute Executive Director Dr. Wang Jun, who explained why the kung fu panda best describes the Chinese world leader in human, plant, and animal genetics research. MIT Media Lab Director Joi Ito, who discussed his vision for the MIT Media Lab, Dr. David Ho, CEO of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, who discussed HIV/AIDS research in China
Asian Scientist Magazine
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Asian Scientist
27.
Asian Art Museum of San Francisco
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The museum owes its origin to a donation to the city of San Francisco by Chicago millionaire Avery Brundage, who was a major collector of Asian art. The Society for Asian Art, incorporated in 1958, was the group that formed specifically to gain Avery Brundages collection, the museum opened in 1966 as a wing of the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum in Golden Gate Park. Brundage continued to make donations to the museum, including the bequest of all his personal collection of Asian art on his death in 1975. In total, Brundage donated more than 7,700 Asian art objects to San Francisco, until 2003, the museum shared a space with the de Young Museum in Golden Gate Park. As the museum’s collection grew, the facilities in Golden Gate Park were no longer sufficient to display or even house the collection, in 1987 Mayor Dianne Feinstein proposed a plan to revitalize Civic Center that included relocating the museum to the Main Library. In 1995, Silicon Valley entrepreneur Chong-Moon Lee made a $15 million donation to launch the campaign for a new building for the museum. Lord Cultural Resources, a professional practice, was also commissioned to undertake a three-part sequence of planning studies for the relocation of the Museum. The old Main library was a Beaux Arts-style building designed by George Kelham in 1917, the new $160.5 million project, designed by Gae Aulenti, introduced an indoor sky-lit court to provide a dramatic central core to the museum. Removing some interior walls, Aulenti created a sense of openness to facilitate visitor movement, the new 185, 000-square-foot museum increased the exhibition space by approximately 75 percent compared to the former Golden Gate Park location. In October 2011, the museum launched a new identity, designed by the branding agency Wolff Olins, the logo is an upside down A, representing the idea of approaching Asian art from a new perspective. In March,2016, the announced that it will build an additional new pavilion to its current San Francisco Civic Center Building. The new pavilion will sit atop an existing, lower-level wing on the museum’s Hyde Street side, the collection has approximately 18,000 works of art and artifacts from all major Asian countries and traditions, some of which are as much as 6,000 years old. Galleries are devoted to the arts of South Asia, Iran and Central Asia, Southeast Asia, there are 2,500 works on display in the permanent collection. A Japanese tea house is displayed on the exhibition floor of the museum. This teahouse was built in Kyoto, disassembled, shipped to San Francisco, the Tea House was designed by architect Osamu Sato as a functioning teahouse, as well as a display case. It is a three and three-quarters mat room, 49-Mile Scenic Drive List of museums with major collections of Asian art Asian Art Museum official website
Asian Art Museum of San Francisco
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Asian Art Museum of San Francisco
Asian Art Museum of San Francisco
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Green Tea in
Tetsubin at the café
Asian Art Museum of San Francisco
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Tibetan drawing of
Mahakala, in the exhibit halls
Asian Art Museum of San Francisco
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12th-century Cambodian sculpture of
Buddha
28.
Walt Mossberg
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Walter S. Mossberg is an American journalist who was, from 1991 through 2013, the principal technology columnist for The Wall Street Journal. He is currently Executive Editor of The Verge and Editor-at-Large of Recode and he writes a weekly column for both and also has a weekly podcast, Ctrl-Walt-Delete. He is also producer of the annual Code Conference. Dow Jones announced on September 19,2013, that Mossberg would leave The Wall Street Journal as part of the breakup with AllThingsD by the end of the year. AllThingsD was a conference and web site owned by Dow Jones but created and operated by Mossberg. Along with other reporters from AllThingsD, Mossberg and Swisher started a new site called Recode in 2014. Mossberg, a native of Warwick, Rhode Island, is a graduate of Brandeis University, Mossberg was a reporter and editor at The Wall Street Journal from 1970 until the end of 2013. He was based in the Journals Washington, D. C. office and his Personal Technology column appeared every Thursday from 1991 through 2013. He also edited the Digital Solution column each Wednesday, and wrote the Mossbergs Mailbox column on Thursdays and he appears weekly on CNBC, and in web video reports, and formerly provided commentary in a segment on PC Worlds Digital Duo, a computer program airing on PBS stations. In 1999, Mossberg became the first technology writer to receive the Loeb award for Commentary, in 2001, he won the World Technology Award for Media and Journalism and received an honorary Doctorate of Law from the University of Rhode Island. Mossberg is widely regarded as one of the most influential writers on information technology, in 2004, in a lengthy profile, Wired called him The Kingmaker, saying ew reviewers have held so much power to shape an industrys successes and failures. He was also reported to have been the highest paid journalist at the Journal and that conference concept continues today in the form of their Code Conference. Mossberg and Swisher also co-edited the All Things Digital web site, on January 2,2014, Walt Mossberg and Kara Swisher launched a new tech website called Recode. The website was acquired by Vox Media in May 2015 in an all-stock deal
Walt Mossberg
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Walt Mossberg (left) with
Steve Jobs (right) at All Things Digital 5 in 2007
29.
Kamran Elahian
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Kamran Elahian is an Iranian-American Entrepreneur who is the chairman and co-founder of Global Catalyst Partners, an international, multistage, technology-oriented venture capital firm. GCP has invested in technology companies in the U. S. China, Japan. Kamran serves on the boards of Actelis Networks, Beceem Communications, iKoa, Kamran was born in Tehran in 1954. Kamran immigrated to the United States before the Iranian Revolution, Kamran received a BS in Computer Science, a BS in Mathematics and a Masters of Engineering degree in Computer Graphics from the University of Utah. A veteran entrepreneur with over 29 years of experience in the high-tech industry, Kamran co-founded 10 companies, CAE Systems acquired by Tektronix for $75M, Cirrus Logic IPO at $150M valuation/achieved market cap of over $3. He is also chairman and co-founder of Global Catalyst Foundation, Global Catalyst Foundation is a private foundation established by the principals of Global Catalyst Partners. Its mission is to improve lives through the effective application of information technologies. In 2013, Kamran was a mentor for Unreasonable at Sea, founded by Unreasonable Group, Semester at Sea, and Stanford’s Hasso Plattner Institute of Design. In December 2006, The Dr. Kamran Elahian Website Global Catalyst Partners Global Catalyst Foundation
Kamran Elahian
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Kamran Elahian کامران الهیان
30.
FYI (U.S. TV channel)
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The network features lifestyle programming, with a mix of reality, culinary, home renovation and makeover series. The network originally launched in 1999 as The Biography Channel, being an offshoot of the A&E television series Biography, as such, it originally featured factual programs, such as reruns of its namesake. As of February 2015, the channel was available to approximately 70,932,000 pay-television households in the United States, the channel was launched on January 1,1999 as The Biography Channel. A&E Television Networks conceived the channel as an offshoot of the long-running A&E profile series Biography, on October 1,2000, A&E Networks expanded its British partnership with British Sky Broadcasting with the launch of a UK market Biography Channel. In August 2006, The Biography Channel became the home for the Biography series. In 2007, Biography Channel unveiled a new on-air brand—identifying the network simply as Bio, the Biography Channel, or Bio, had been stagnating since A+E’s 2013 upfront presentation as little focus was placed upon it. Bio was generating 12 cents per subscribers from the video provider which is half the industry average, after tweaking the three main A+E channels, Bio averaged viewers of 91,000 adults 25-54 in prime compared to what A&E and History managed over the same period. An opening in the genre occurred as the Style Network became the men-focused Esquire Network, while preparing to launch FYI, Bio began re-airing A&E’s house-flipping shows and 30 potential shows were placed in development. In December 2013, A+E Networks announced that The Biography Channel would be rebranded as FYI, by February, FYI had a slate of six new series including three food series, two home design series, and one style series. Other shows were also in development, Two of the shows in development had pilot orders, Red Hot Design, in April, Midnight Feast was greenlit for the new channel while 2 others were order to pilot, Say It To My Face and Reverse Course. The network launched on July 7,2014 with a special, FYI, First Look. The first of its new series, Married at First Sight. In January 2015, following the success of its Six Months Later special, FYI ordered Married at First Sight, in January 2016, FYI named Paul Greenberg as their Executive Vice-President / General Manager. Epic Meal Empire produced by The Collective and Nexttime Productions based on the Epic Meal Time YouTube show, Married At First Sight, The First Year Zombie House Flipping follows Justin Stamper and his team of house renovators in Orlando, Florida. A Zombie House is a term for a rundown home that is devaluing a neighborhood. Stamper and his team, Ashlee Casserly, Keith Ori, and Peter Duke, search for such homes, the show first aired on January 30,2016, and ran for eight episodes. Originally, to be a program, The Feed was pushed back to a summer start. Red Hot Design, which features a team led by designer and artist Shasta Smith making upscale art and furniture from unusual materials, Say It To My Face produced by Pie Town Productions in which restaurant owners and chefs and their online critics meet to defend their position
FYI (U.S. TV channel)
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FYI
31.
YouTube Awards
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The awards were organized in 2007 to call out some of the most popular videos and let the users choose which ones deserve some additional recognition. The awards are the first time that videos would receive any recognition, previously. The winners received a trophy, which was a stand with a large glass play button, in addition, they received an invitation to an event to occur later this year. YouTube does Awards every year, but does not always do a formalized recognition, the videos to vote upon are chosen by YouTube staff, while the winners are selected by YouTubers. The Awards were first given in 2007—called the 2006 Awards—for the best videos of 2006, the awards were in seven categories, Adorable, Comedy, Commentary, Creative, Inspirational, Musician of the Year and Series. Each category then comprised 10 videos which YouTubers ranked in order of preference, in addition, each category held only six videos for which YouTubers could vote. Voting for the 2006 Awards took place from March 18,2007 to March 23,2007, duke Righteous and Alex Chudnovsky were both nominated in the Music Video of the Year category. The 2007 YouTube Awards came just a week after Viacom sued YouTubes parent company, Google, the Awards received criticism from New York Times writer Virginia Heffernan when first organized. She suggested that the Awards created too much of a process on YouTube. YouTube, she argued, should not be about awards and individual recognition of merit, rather, it should be a free place where one can post videos and express oneself free of judgment on quality. Caroline McCarthy of CNET News commented on the 2007 awards in agreement with Heffernan and she also commented many of the most popular videos are not high quality, or original content. Nominations for the 2007 Awards included noted YouTubers Peter Oakley, lonelygirl15, Renetto, the 2008 Awards began on March 13,2008 and lasted for 5 days, until March 18. YouTubers could vote once per day, but they couldnt change their vote once they voted, a notable entry in the 2008 Awards was a video of the University of Florida Taser incident, uploaded by The Gainesville Sun, it was entered in the new Eyewitness category. One nomination in the Politics category was an interview with a candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination for the 2008 American presidential election, Ron Paul, also included in the Politics section was the I Got a Crush. on Obama video. Nominated in the Inspirational category was a motion video by Trevor Dougherty. Video by vlogger Chris Crocker was nominated in the Commentary category, the song Chocolate Rain by Tay Zonday was nominated in the Music section, it won
YouTube Awards
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2NE1 at the 2011 YouTube Awards Ceremony
32.
CNN/YouTube presidential debates
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The CNN/YouTube presidential debates were a series of televised debates in which United States presidential hopefuls field questions submitted through the video sharing site YouTube. The Democratic Party installment took place in Charleston, South Carolina, the Republican Party installment took place in St. Petersburg, Florida and aired on November 28,2007. The CNN/YouTube Debates were conceived of by David Bohrman, the Washington Bureau Chief of CNN, and Steve Grove and it was the first-ever web-to-television debate partnership. A man named Chris from Portland introduced the debate in a YouTube video and he challenged the candidates to actually answer the questions instead of beating around the bush. After that, more questions were shown and the candidates answered them. Here are the questions that were directed at each candidate. Sometimes, the questions were asked to one candidate, multiple candidates, moderator Anderson Cooper opened questions directed at one candidate to specific additional candidates. Cooper also sometimes allowed candidates to respond if they were mentioned or addressed in another response, If you had to pick any Republican member of Congress or Republican governor to be your running mate, who would it be. Senator Biden, in the past, youve talked about NATO troops, by what date after January 21,2009, will all U. S. troops be out of Iraq. And how many members do you have serving in uniform. Who was your favorite teacher and why, Senator Biden, everyone on this stage who was in Congress in 2001 voted for No Child Left Behind. Would you scrap it or revise it, mrs. Clinton, how would you define the word liberal. And would you use this word to describe yourself, whenever I read an editorial about one of you, the author never fails to mention the issue of race or gender, respectively. Either one is not authentically black enough, or the other is not satisfactorily feminine, how will you address these critics and their charges if one or both of you should end up on the Democratic ticket in 08. Senator Clinton, is he a better advocate for women, should American troops go to Darfur. Just in the spirit of trying to get the answer, does that mean no American ground troops, Senator Clinton, do you think women should register for Selective Service. This question is to Senator Hillary Clinton, the Arab states, Muslim nations, believe its women as being second-class citizens. If youre president of the United States, how do you feel that you would even be taken seriously by these states in any kind of talks, negotiations, I feel that is a legitimate question
CNN/YouTube presidential debates
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The CNN/YouTube Republican Debate on 2007-11-28
33.
YouTube Comedy Week
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YouTube Comedy Week was an event on YouTube, and produced by Jash in the US and ChannelFlip in the UK. Comedy week was an event that ran from May 19-25,2013 and this was the first of a planned annual YouTube Comedy Week. The Big Live Comedy Show began the event, was hosted by Kyle Mooney and this was stage show that was broadcast live. Arnold Schwarzenegger was featured in a video that promoted Comedy Week, following YouTubes announcement of the event, several news publications reported about the event. Tubefilter reported that YouTube had hyped the Comedy Week event with television advertisements, as of July 10,2013, The Big Live Comedy Show has garnered nearly 1 million video views and has approximately 73% likes on its YouTube rating. Other videos uploaded by YouTube during Comedy Week, struggled to get past 250,000 views, however, the Gregory Brothers The History of YouTube earned over 2 million video views. The performers and entertainers involved in the event featured a mixture of traditional and new media stars, the performances by YouTube personalities were met with better reception than those of mainstream media stars
YouTube Comedy Week
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YouTube Comedy Week/ El Canal de la Comedia
34.
YouTube Live
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YouTube Live was a 2008 event streamed live on the Internet from San Francisco and Tokyo. It was launched November 22–23,2008, on April 8,2011, The channel was closed, effectively removing all videos. It was replaced by the YouTube live section page, jordanian Queen Rania was also honored at the event with the first ever YouTube Visionary Award for her efforts to combat stereotypes and misconceptions associated with Arabs and Muslims. With over 3 million views, Queen Rania created her own channel on YouTube in March 2008 to start an international conversation, as a sponsor for the event, Flip Video gave away a free Flip Video Mino to many of the audience members to record any of the event. A station to upload videos to YouTube from the Mino was also provided, the event was meant to be an annual show, as referenced by Katy Perry at the beginning, however, it remains the only event to date. This is a list of guests and performers in order of appearance. Presenting the award, San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom explained the honor as for her use of technology to instigate social change, the Queen had launched her channel in March 2008 to break down stereotypes about the Arab and Muslim worlds
YouTube Live
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YouTube Live.
LisaNova and
Alphacat impersonate
Sarah Palin and
Barack Obama.
35.
YouTube Music Awards
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The YouTube Music Awards is an awards show presented by YouTube to honor the best in the music video medium. The 2013 edition of the YTMAs were held at New York Citys Pier 36 and were broadcast live at Youtube. com/YTMA, some notable artists, including Arcade Fire, Pentatonix and Lindsey Stirling, Tyler, The Creator, M. I. A. The award show started at 6pm EST and was scheduled for 90 minutes, fans could vote in each category by posting a specific links from Youtube. com/YTMA on either their Facebook, Google+ or Twitter. The video with the most posts in each category was the winner, Artist of the Year was won by Eminem and Video of the Year was won by Girls Generation for their video I Got a Boy. The 2013 edition was directed by Spike Jonze, the show was mostly unscripted because Jonze wanted the show to. feel like a YouTube video — the raw messiness of making stuff. The winners of the 2015 edition of the show were announced on March 2,2015. 50 winners were based on the growth in views, subscribers. Breakthrough of the Year Response of the Year Innovation of the Year YouTube Phenomenon Video of the Year Artist of the Year Official website
YouTube Music Awards
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YouTube Music Awards
36.
YouTube Spotlight
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YouTube Spotlight is YouTubes official channel, hosted on its own website. As explained by its name, the channel is used to spotlight videos, Events that have been brought to light by the channel include YouTube Comedy Week and the YouTube Music Awards. Additionally, the channel uploads videos including episodes of YouTube Nation, on November 2,2013, the YouTube Spotlight channel briefly surpassed PewDiePies channel, to become the most subscribed channel on the website. The channel ascended to the top position through autosuggesting and pre-selecting itself as an option upon new user registration for YouTube. Throughout December 2013, the channel and PewDiePie struggled for the top position, as of February 42017, the channel has earned over 25.5 million subscribers and 1.0 billion video views. The channel is ranked as the 4th most subscribed channel, behind PewDiePie, HolaSoyGerman, since 2010, YouTube has released an annual YouTube Rewind video through its Spotlight channel. All YouTube Rewind videos from 2012—2016 have surpassed 100 million views, the 2010 and 2011 videos, however, have less than 10 million views each. The 2016 video became YouTubes fastest video to reach 100 million views and it is also the third most liked non-music video of all time with over 2.75 million likes. On December 14,2016, shortly after the 2016 Rewind video was released, in January 2014, YouTube Nation was launched on its own channel, as a collaborative project between YouTube and DreamWorks Animation. DWA oversaw the production while YouTube managed the sales and marketing of the series, the series is a news series that rounds up information from the Spotlight channel. YouTube promotes the series through its Spotlight channel, as well, early in its history, the series used guest hosts Grace Helbig, Hannah Hart, and Mamrie Hart to help propel the series and its audience. Due to regularly being promoted on the Spotlight channel, YouTube Nation was able to reach the 1 million subscriber milestone within three months of its launch, the series was nominated for the 4th annual Streamy Award under Best News and Current Events but lost to SourceFed. After 350 episodes, the series aired its last episode on December 5,2014, in May 2013, the Spotlight channel was used to stream its Comedy Week event, produced by ChannelFlip. During the event, YouTube used its homepage to spotlight comedy videos made specifically for the event, the video of the 2-hour kickoff event has earned 1.06 million views as of September 2014. The event was met with mixed reception, with the particular mixture of new and traditional media personalities. The event was the first of its kind in relation to being streamed by YouTube, although it was marketed as the first annual Comedy Week event, there have been no announcements in regards to a follow-up Comedy Week event. On August 4,2013, YouTube launched Geek Week, which was kicked off by Freddie Wong in the United States, and Tomska in the United Kingdom. The week was composed of themed days, which included Blockbuster Sunday, Global Geekery Monday, Brainiac Tuesday, Super Wednesday, Gaming Thursday, the event was launched in conjunction with Nerdist in the US, and ChannelFlip in the UK
YouTube Spotlight
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YouTube Spotlight channel logo
37.
Vevo
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Vevo hosts music videos from both Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment syndicated on YouTube and its website, with Google and Vevo sharing advertising and similar benefits. EMI also licensed its library of videos for Vevo shortly before its launch, originally, Warner Music Group was reported to be considering hosting its content on the service after it launched, but formed an alliance with rival MTV Networks. The concept for Vevo was described as being a service for music videos. The sites other revenue sources include a store and referral links to purchase viewed songs on Amazon Music. UMG acquired the domain name vevo. com on November 20,2008, SME reached a deal to add its content to the site in June 2009. The site went live on December 8,2009, and that month became the number one most visited music site in the United States. In June 2012, Vevo launched its Certified awards, which honors artists with at least 100 million views on Vevo, on March 12,2013, Vevo launched Vevo TV, an advertising-supported internet television channel running 24 hours a day, featuring blocks of music videos and specials. The channel is available to viewers in North America and Germany. Vevo has planned launches in other countries, after revamping its website, Vevo TV later branched off into three separate networks, Hits, Flow, and Nashville. Vevo shut down the service during the first half of 2016 as part of a site wide redesign, during the run of the service, its schedule and programming was heavily repetitive. Many videos would play twice within an hour and a majority of the videos shown were current, programming shows such as the Top10Now and Vevo Lift would air several times per day. Since the service has been shut down, its apps that havent been updated just play the Top10Now in an infinite loop. Vevo is available in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Nepal, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The website was scheduled to go worldwide in 2010, but as of January 1,2017, Vevos official blog cited licensing issues for the delay in the worldwide rollout. Most of Vevos videos on YouTube are viewable by users in other countries, the Vevo service in the United Kingdom and Ireland was launched on April 26,2011. On April 16,2012, Vevo was launched in Australia, on August 14,2012, Brazil became the first Latin American country to have the service. It was expected to be launched in six more European and Latin American countries in 2012, Vevo launched in Spain, Italy, and France on November 15,2012. Vevo launched in the Netherlands on April 3,2013, and on May 17,2013, in September 29,2013, Vevo updated its iOS application that now includes launching in Germany
Vevo
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24-Hour Vevo Record
Vevo
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Primary businesses
38.
List of most viewed YouTube videos
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This list of most viewed YouTube videos contains the top 80 videos with the most views of all time, as derived from YouTube charts. Videos that YouTube suspects have had their view counts manipulated are not included in this list. View counts are based on the YouTube website, many of the videos are videos that play through YouTubes partner site, Vevo. Of the 80 videos in this list,77 are music videos and these videos include the Billion View Club, a group of videos whose view counts have exceeded one billion views each. Prior to June 28,2015, only two videos, Gangnam Style and Baby, had reached this milestone, but less than 3½ months later, on October 7,2015, ten videos had done so. As of April 2017, a total of 52 videos have exceeded one billion views,8 of which have exceeded two billion views, the five fastest videos to reach one billion views are Hello, Sorry, Gangnam Style, Closer, and This Is What You Came For. The five fastest videos to two billion views are Sorry, See You Again, Gangnam Style, Uptown Funk. As of April 2017, Justin Bieber is the only artist to have four videos exceeding one billion views. Taylor Swift and Calvin Harris each have three videos that exceed one billion views, while Katy Perry, Fifth Harmony, Psy, Adele, taylor Swift is the only artist to have two videos exceeding two billion views. The following table lists the top 80 most viewed videos on YouTube, with each total rounded to the nearest million views, as well as the creator, the following table lists the last 11 videos to become YouTubes most viewed video, from October 2005 to the present. *The approximate number of each video had when it became YouTubes most viewed video
List of most viewed YouTube videos
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Psy 's "
Gangnam Style " has been the most watched video on YouTube since November 2012, with over 2.4 billion views as of November 2015.
39.
Censorship of YouTube
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Video-sharing platform YouTube is the second-most popular website as of 2016, according to Alexa Internet. Censorship of it has occurred and continues to occur in countries throughout the world. In other countries access to the website as a whole remains open, in cases where the entire site is banned due to one particular video, YouTube will often agree to remove or limit access to that video in order to restore service. As of September 2012, countries with standing national bans on YouTube include China, Iran, Pakistan, Syria, YouTube was also mostly blocked in Germany from YouTubes side due to disputes between GEMA and YouTube over royalties until they made peace in 2016. YouTubes Terms of Service prohibit the posting of videos which violate copyrights or depict pornography, illegal acts, gratuitous violence, or hate speech. User-posted videos that violate such terms may be removed and replaced with a message stating, YouTube offers an opt-in feature known as Restricted Mode, which filters videos that may contain mature content. In August 2016, YouTube introduced a new system to users of violations of the advertiser-friendly content rules. The hashtag #YouTubeIsOverParty was prominently used on Twitter as a means of discussing the controversy, in March 2017, a number of major advertisers began to pull their advertising campaigns from YouTube, over concerns that their ads were appearing on objectionable and/or extremist content. The Restricted Mode of YouTube is a meant to filter out sexually explicit or otherwise inappropriate content for minors. In addition, lesbian pop duo Tegan and Sara told the Guardian If you put @YouTube on restricted mode a bunch of our music videos disappear, … LGBTQ people shouldn’t be restricted. Critics have stressed that LGBT content should not be seen as sexual or inappropriate for children. The availability of LGBT content to LGBT youth, such as information coming out, is vitally important. YouTube was first blocked in China for several months from October 15,2007 to March 22,2008 and it was blocked again from March 24,2009, although a Foreign Ministry spokesperson would neither confirm nor deny whether YouTube had been blocked. Since then, YouTube is not accessible from China, however, YouTube can still be accessed in Hong Kong and Macau. Google might now be planning to gain access of YouTube in China as of 2017, on December 3,2006, Iran blocked YouTube, along with several other sites, after declaring them immoral. The block came after a video was posted online that appears to show an Iranian soap opera star having sex, the block was later lifted and then reinstated after the 2009 Iranian presidential election. In 2012, Iran reinstated the block, along with Google, on January 17,2016, some users reported that the website was unblocked although the site was blocked again on January 20. YouTube is blocked in North Korea because of the laws regarding the Internet
Censorship of YouTube
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This error message was shown when attempting to access YouTube in Turkey between May 5, 2008 to October 30, 2010.
Censorship of YouTube
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Censorship of
40.
History of YouTube
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The history of YouTube began when PayPal employees created a video-sharing website where users could upload, share and view content. The Internet domain name www. youtube. com was activated on Monday, February 14,2005 at 9,13 p. m. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, when they worked for PayPal. Prior to working for PayPal, Hurley studied design at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Chen, YouTubes initial headquarters was above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name YouTube. com was activated on February 14,2005 with video upload options being integrated on April 23,2005. The first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, was uploaded on April 23,2005, YouTube began as an angel-funded enterprise working from a makeshift office in a garage. In November 2005, venture firm Sequoia Capital invested an initial $3.5 million, in April 2006, Sequoia and Artis Capital Management invested an additional $8 million in the company, which had experienced significant growth in its first few months. During the summer of 2006, YouTube was one of the fastest growing sites on the World Wide Web, the site delivered an average of 100 million video views per day in July. It was ranked the fifth-most-popular website on Alexa, far out-pacing even MySpaces rate of growth, the website averaged nearly 20 million visitors per month according to Nielsen/NetRatings, with around 44% female and 56% male visitors. The 12- to 17-year-old age group was dominant, YouTubes pre-eminence in the online market was substantial. According to the website Hitwise. com, YouTube commanded up to 64% of the UK online video market, YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006. On October 9,2006, it was announced that the company would be purchased by Google for US$1.65 billion in stock, at that time it was Googles second-largest acquisition. The agreement between Google and YouTube came after YouTube presented three agreements with companies in an attempt to avoid copyright-infringement lawsuits. YouTube planned to continue operating independently, with its co-founders and 67 employees working within Google, Googles February 7,2007 SEC filing revealed the breakdown of profits for YouTubes investors after the sale to Google. In 2010, Chad Hurleys profit was more than $395 million while Steve Chens profit was more than $326 million, in 2006, Time Magazine featured a YouTube screen with a large mirror as its annual Person of the Year. It cited user-created media such as posted on YouTube and featured the sites originators along with several content creators. The Wall Street Journal and New York Times also reviewed posted content on YouTube in 2006, with regard to its effects on corporate communications. PC World Magazine named YouTube the ninth of its Top 10 Best Products of 2006, in 2007, both Sports Illustrated and Dime Magazine featured positive reviews of a basketball highlight video titled, The Ultimate Pistol Pete Maravich MIX. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000, originating in 2007, the YouTube Awards are annual awards given out in recognition of the best YouTube videos of the preceding year as voted by the YouTube community
History of YouTube
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From left to right:
Chad Hurley,
Steve Chen, and
Jawed Karim.
History of YouTube
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Screenshot of the site a few months after its launch.
History of YouTube
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YouTube's current headquarters in
San Bruno, California
History of YouTube
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YouTube's headquarters in San Bruno from 2006 to 2010
41.
Social impact of YouTube
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As the worlds largest video platform, YouTube has had impact in many fields, with some individual YouTube videos having directly shaped world events. In June 2008, Michael Wesch observed in YouTube a cultural phenomenon of networked individualism, in 2011, Willow Scobie asserted the anthropological significance of YouTube and noted evidence of a transformative experience for some people, and that some could identify as being a YouTuber. By the end of 2013, Khan Academys network of YouTube channels grew to 26,000 no-fee videos that collectively had been viewed 372 million times. Certain public school systems, non-profits, and charter schools use YouTube videos of outstanding educators in the training and professional development of teachers. At a more level, individuals use YouTube to carry how to videos sharing their knowledge in areas such as cosmetics. Beyond being what a Forrester Research analyst characterized as the largest video platform on the globe, however, YouTube keyword searches are confined to metadata—video titles and labels—rather than the video content itself. In the year following YouTubes 2005 launch, some early video creators gained large viewing audiences, while others created small, legion of Extraordinary Dancers producer Jon M. Such fields include dance and music, with Chu saying the Internet was causing dance to evolve, collaborative meetings, a global online equivalent of the Homebrew Computer Club, take place virtually, via video. A further step is to mix geographically distributed performances into a single work, the Tokyo Times noted J Rices We Pray for You YouTube video, benefitting victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, as an example of a trend to use such crowdsourcing for charitable purposes. Director Kevin Macdonald explained that the film wouldnt have been possible pre-Internet, the anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens. In addition to public reaction, legislative action was undertaken almost immediately to study the prevalence of bullying. Local experts characterized the video as catching the collective emotional pulse of a crowded, YouTube was included in Entertainment Weeklys 100 Greatest list in 2009—though with the ironic praise, a safe home for piano-playing cats, celeb goof-ups, and overzealous lip-synchers since 2005. Learmonth reasoned that online journalism, being based on greatly diminished economics and expectations, is intrinsically inaccurate, in this vein, GroupMs CEO was quoted as saying there seemed to be a bigger premium on popularity than authority. A Pew Research Center study found that a new kind of visual journalism had developed, in which citizen eyewitnesses and established news organizations share in content creation. The study found that while 51% of the most watched YouTube news videos were produced by news organizations, pews deputy director observed that news reporting on YouTube was opening up the flow of information and forging new areas of cooperation and dialogue between citizens and news outlets. In July–August 2012, YouTube provided the first live-stream coverage of the events in the Summer Olympic Games, in August 2012 YouTube formed its Elections Hub that streamed speeches from American national political party conventions and featured content from eight major news organizations. S. The video became a symbol of the Iranian opposition movement, the Polk Awards curator saying that the video such a important news element in. The award panel said it wanted to acknowledge the role of ordinary citizens, videos of al-Qaeda militant Anwar al-Awlaki, including some urging attacks against the United States, were posted to YouTube
Social impact of YouTube
Social impact of YouTube
Social impact of YouTube
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Journalist
Dan Savage receives a
Webby Special Achievement Award in 2011 for his anti-bullying
It Gets Better Project, which started on YouTube and drew video responses from the highest levels of government.
Social impact of YouTube
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The privately produced YouTube video
Innocence of Muslims (2012) spurred
protests and related anti-American violence internationally, such as this demonstration in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
42.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
