1.
OpenStreetMap
–
OpenStreetMap is a collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world. OSM is considered a prominent example of volunteered geographic information, created by Steve Coast in the UK in 2004, it was inspired by the success of Wikipedia and the predominance of proprietary map data in the UK and elsewhere. Since then, it has grown to over 2 million registered users, who can collect data using manual survey, GPS devices, aerial photography and these crowdsourced data are then made available under the Open Database Licence. The site is supported by the OpenStreetMap Foundation, an organisation registered in England. Rather than the map itself, the data generated by the OpenStreetMap project are considered its primary output, OpenStreetMap data have been favourably compared with proprietary datasources, though data quality varies worldwide. Steve Coast founded the project in 2004, initially focusing on mapping the United Kingdom, in the UK and elsewhere, government-run and tax-funded projects like the Ordnance Survey created massive datasets but failed to freely and widely distribute them. In April 2006, the OpenStreetMap Foundation was established to encourage the growth, development and distribution of free data and provide geospatial data for anybody to use. In December 2006, Yahoo. confirmed that OpenStreetMap could use its aerial photography as a backdrop for map production, sponsors of the event included Google, Yahoo. and Multimap. In October 2007, OpenStreetMap completed the import of a US Census TIGER road dataset, in December 2007, Oxford University became the first major organisation to use OpenStreetMap data on their main website. In March, two announced that they have received venture capital funding of €2.4 million for CloudMade. In November 2010, Bing changed their licence to use of their satellite imagery for making maps. In 2012, the launch of pricing for Google Maps led several prominent websites to switch from their service to OpenStreetMap and other competitors. Map data is collected from scratch by volunteers performing systematic ground surveys using tools such as a handheld GPS unit, the data is then entered into the OpenStreetMap database. Mapathon competition events are held by OpenStreetMap team and by non-profit organisations. The availability of photography and other data from commercial and government sources has added important sources of data for manual editing. Special processes are in place to handle automated imports and avoid legal and technical problems, editing of maps can be done using the default web browser editor called iD, an HTML5 application using D3. js and written by MapBox. The earlier Flash-based application Potlatch is retained for intermediate-level users, JOSM and Merkaartor are more powerful desktop editing applications that are better suited for advanced users. The GNOME Maps application developed for the GNOME desktop environment, which runs on many Linux operating systems, the project has a geographically diverse user-base, due to emphasis of local knowledge and ground truth in the process of data collection
OpenStreetMap
–
Steve Coast (2009)
OpenStreetMap
–
OpenStreetMap
OpenStreetMap
–
Editing with
JOSM after a ground survey
OpenStreetMap
–
Surveying routes with a GPS receiver
2.
Entrepreneur
–
What appears as a real opportunity ex ante might actually be a non-opportunity or one that cannot be actualized by entrepreneurs lacking the necessary business skills, financial or social capital. Traditionally, an entrepreneur has been defined as a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. Rather than working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a business and assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, idea. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a leader and innovator of new ideas. They act as the manager and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise, Entrepreneurship is the process by which an individual identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. For Schumpeter, the changes and dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur, the ‘norm’ of a healthy economy. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, for example, in the 2000s, the field of social entrepreneurship has been identified, in which entrepreneurs combine business activities with humanitarian, environmental or community goals. In the 2010s, entrepreneurship can be studied in college or university as part of the disciplines of management or business administration, Entrepreneur, is a loanword from French. First used in 1723, today the term entrepreneur implies qualities of leadership, initiative, economist Robert Reich has called team-building, leadership, and management ability essential qualities for the entrepreneur. Historically the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith, which was foundational to classical economics. In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, the term entrepreneurship was coined around the 1920s, while the loan from French of the word entrepreneur dates to the 1850s. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation, thus, creative destruction is largely responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs, Schumpeters initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon making technologies to produce the horseless carriage. In this case the innovation, the car, was transformational and it did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time, incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern auto industry. Despite Schumpeters early 20th-century contributions, traditional microeconomic theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks, in this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk, the capitalist did, Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the Production Possibility Curve to a higher level using innovations. Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus, he draws attention to the function of the entrepreneur, and distinguishes clearly between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provides the money
Entrepreneur
–
Left to right,
Eric Schmidt,
Sergey Brin and
Larry Page of
Google, which is cited as an example of entrepreneurship and
disruptive innovation. As of the 2010s, Google is a huge corporation, but in the late 1990s, it started out as an entrepreneurial venture in a garage.
Entrepreneur
–
In 2012, Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues
Melanne Verveer greeted participants in an African Women's Entrepreneurship Program at the State Department in Washington, D.C.
Entrepreneur
–
British entrepreneur
Karren Brady has an estimated net worth of $123 million
Entrepreneur
–
Dell Women's Entrepreneur
Network event in New York City, May 2013
3.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
4.
Wolfram Research
–
Wolfram Research is a private company that creates computational technology. Wolframs flagship product is the technical computing program Mathematica, first released on June 23,1988, Wolfram Research founder Stephen Wolfram is the CEO. The company launched Wolfram Alpha, an engine on 16 May 2009. It brings a new approach to knowledge generation and acquisition that involves large amounts of curated computable data in addition to semantic indexing of text, Wolfram Research acquired MathCore Engineering AB on March 30,2011. On July 21,2011 Wolfram Research launched the Computable Document Format, CDF is an electronic document format designed to allow easy authoring of dynamically generated interactive content. In June 2014, Wolfram Research officially introduced the Wolfram Language as a new general multi-paradigm programming language and it is the primary programming language used in Mathematica. Other products include Wolfram SystemModeler, Wolfram Workbench, gridMathematica, Wolfram Finance Platform, webMathematica, the Wolfram Development Platform, Wolfram Research served as the mathematical consultant for the CBS television series Numb3rs, a show about the mathematical aspects of crime-solving. Wolfram Research publishes several websites including the MathWorld and ScienceWorld encyclopedias. The Wolfram Demonstrations Project is a site hosting interactive technical demonstrations powered by a free Mathematica Player runtime. Wolfram Research publishes The Mathematica Journal, Wolfram has also published several books via Wolfram Media, Wolframs publishing arm. Wolfram Research has organized three Wolfram Science conferences in Boston, MA, Washington, D. C. and Burlington, two other independent NKS Midwest conferences have taken place at the Indiana University, Bloomington in 2005 and 2008. Other independent workshops related to NKS research have also been organized overseas, such as JOUAL at the CNR in Pisa, Wolfram Research hosts the yearly Wolfram Technology Conference in Champaign, IL. During this three-day conference, developers discuss the latest Wolfram technologies for mobile devices, cloud computing, interactive deployment, Wolfram Research also hosts the annual Wolfram Data Summit, a high-level gathering of innovators in data science. They are experimenting with electronic textbook creation, a New Kind of Science Ed Pegg, Jr. Eric W. Weisstein Official website Official Wolfram Research Twitter Account Hoovers Fact Sheet on Wolfram Research, Inc. Michael Trott, The Science and Art of Mathematica by Tim McIntyre, Science, the Mathematics Behind NUMB3RS, Wolframs site on NUMB3RS mathematics. Wolfram releases revolutionary Mathematica 6, Mathematica 6 developer promises a revolution in computing by Jonny Evans, MacWorld, May 2,2007
Wolfram Research
–
Wolfram Research, Inc.
5.
Computing science
–
Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. An alternate, more succinct definition of science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems and its fields can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines. Some fields, such as computational complexity theory, are highly abstract, other fields still focus on challenges in implementing computation. Human–computer interaction considers the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, the earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, further, algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before the development of sophisticated computing equipment. Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623, in 1673, Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner. He may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, for, among other reasons and he started developing this machine in 1834, and in less than two years, he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer. A crucial step was the adoption of a card system derived from the Jacquard loom making it infinitely programmable. Around 1885, Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator, which used punched cards to process statistical information, when the machine was finished, some hailed it as Babbages dream come true. During the 1940s, as new and more powerful computing machines were developed, as it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general. Computer science began to be established as an academic discipline in the 1950s. The worlds first computer science program, the Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science. The first computer science program in the United States was formed at Purdue University in 1962. Since practical computers became available, many applications of computing have become distinct areas of study in their own rights and it is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution during this time. IBM released the IBM704 and later the IBM709 computers, still, working with the IBM was frustrating if you had misplaced as much as one letter in one instruction, the program would crash, and you would have to start the whole process over again. During the late 1950s, the science discipline was very much in its developmental stages. Time has seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computing technology, modern society has seen a significant shift in the users of computer technology, from usage only by experts and professionals, to a near-ubiquitous user base
Computing science
–
Ada Lovelace is credited with writing the first
algorithm intended for processing on a computer.
Computing science
–
Charles Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer.
Computing science
–
The
German military used the
Enigma machine (shown here) during
World War II for communications they wanted kept secret. The large-scale decryption of Enigma traffic at
Bletchley Park was an important factor that contributed to Allied victory in WWII.
Computing science
–
Digital logic
6.
University College London
–
University College London is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It is the largest postgraduate institution in the UK by enrollment and is regarded as one of the worlds leading research universities. UCL also makes the claims of being the third-oldest university in England. In 1836 UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London, which was granted a charter in the same year. UCL has its campus in the Bloomsbury area of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London. UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties, within there are over 100 departments, institutes. In 2015/16, UCL had around 38,300 students and 12,000 staff and had an income of £1.36 billion. UCL ranks highly in national and international league tables and its graduates rank among the most employable in the world, UCL academics discovered five of the naturally occurring noble gases, co-discovered hormones, invented the vacuum tube, and made several foundational advances in modern statistics. There are at least 29 Nobel Prize winners and 3 Fields medalists amongst UCLs alumni and current, UCL was founded on 11 February 1826 under the name London University, as an alternative to the Anglican universities of Oxford and Cambridge. London Universitys first Warden was Leonard Horner, who was the first scientist to head a British university and this suggests that while his ideas may have been influential, he himself was less so. In 1827, the Chair of Political Economy at London University was created, with John Ramsay McCulloch as the first incumbent, in 1828 the university became the first in England to offer English as a subject and the teaching of Classics and medicine began. In 1830, London University founded the London University School, which would later become University College School, in 1833, the university appointed Alexander Maconochie, Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, as the first professor of geography in the UK. In 1834, University College Hospital opened as a hospital for the universitys medical school. In 1836, London University was incorporated by charter under the name University College. The Slade School of Fine Art was founded as part of University College in 1871, in 1878, the University of London gained a supplemental charter making it the first British university to be allowed to award degrees to women. The same year, UCL admitted women to the faculties of Arts and Law and of Science, although women remained barred from the faculties of Engineering and of Medicine. Armstrong College, an institution of Newcastle University, also allowed women to enter from its foundation in 1871. Women were finally admitted to medical studies during the First World War in 1917, in 1898, Sir William Ramsay discovered the elements krypton, neon and xenon whilst professor of chemistry at UCL
University College London
–
The London University as drawn by
Thomas Hosmer Shepherd and published in 1827–1828 (now the
UCL Main Building)
University College London
–
Henry Tonks ' 1923 mural The Four Founders of UCL
University College London
–
William Ramsay is regarded as the " father of noble gases ".
University College London
–
The Wilkins Building in 1956
7.
Microsoft
–
Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup, as of 2016, it was the worlds largest software maker by revenue, and one of the worlds most valuable companies. Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4,1975, to develop and it rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows. The companys 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion, in June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers. The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion for computer programming, sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. In 1972 they founded their first company, named Traf-O-Data, which offered a computer that tracked and analyzed automobile traffic data. Allen went on to pursue a degree in science at Washington State University. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systemss Altair 8800 microcomputer, Allen suggested that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device, after a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didnt actually have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter and they officially established Microsoft on April 4,1975, with Gates as the CEO. Allen came up with the name of Micro-Soft, as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, the company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979. Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, however, it was MS-DOS that solidified the companys dominance. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOSs available software selection, the company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named Microsoft Press. Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkins disease, while jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20,1985. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated, in 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office
Microsoft
–
Front lobby entrance of building 17, one of the largest buildings on Microsoft's main campus in Redmond
Microsoft
–
Paul Allen (l.) and
Bill Gates (r.) on October 19, 1981, in a sea of PCs after signing a pivotal contract. IBM called Microsoft in July 1980 inquiring about
programming languages for its upcoming PC line; after failed negotiations with another company, IBM gave Microsoft a contract to develop the OS for the new line of PCs.
Microsoft
–
Bill Gates giving his deposition in 1998 for the
United States v. Microsoft trial.
Microsoft
–
In 1996, Microsoft released Windows CE, a version of the operating system meant for personal digital assistants and other tiny computers.
8.
Bing (search engine)
–
Bing is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft. The service has its origins in Microsofts previous search engines, MSN Search, Windows Live Search, Bing provides a variety of search services, including web, video, image and map search products. Bing, Microsofts replacement for Live Search, was unveiled by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer on May 28,2009, at the All Things Digital conference in San Diego, California, in July 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo. announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo. Search global customers and partners made the transition by early 2012, the deal was altered in 2015, meaning Yahoo. was only required to use Bing for a majority of searches. In October 2011, Microsoft stated that they were working on new back-end search infrastructure with the goal of delivering faster, known as Tiger, the new index-serving technology had been incorporated into Bing globally since August that year. In May 2012, Microsoft announced another redesign of its engine that includes Sidebar. As of November 2015, Bing is the second largest search engine in the US with a volume of 20. 9%. Search, which Bing largely powers, has 12. 5%, Microsoft originally launched MSN Search in the third quarter of 1998, using search results from Inktomi. It consisted of an engine, index, and web crawler. In early 1999, MSN Search launched a version which displayed listings from Looksmart blended with results from Inktomi except for a time in 1999 when results from AltaVista were used instead. Since then Microsoft upgraded MSN Search to provide its own search engine results. The upgrade started as a program in November 2004. Image search was powered by a party, Picsearch. The service also started providing its search results to other search engine portals in an effort to compete in the market. The first public beta of Windows Live Search was unveiled on March 8,2006, the new search engine used search tabs that include Web, news, images, music, desktop, local, and Microsoft Encarta. On March 21,2007, Microsoft announced that it would separate its search developments from the Windows Live services family, Live Search was integrated into the Live Search and Ad Platform headed by Satya Nadella, part of Microsofts Platform and Systems division. As part of change, Live Search was merged with Microsoft adCenter. A series of reorganisations and consolidations of Microsofts search offerings were made under the Live Search branding, soon after, Windows Live Expo was discontinued on July 31,2008
Bing (search engine)
–
Windows Live Search homepage
Bing (search engine)
–
Bing
Bing (search engine)
–
The discontinued Live Search versions of the
Windows Sidebar gadgets
9.
TeleNav
–
The company’s headquarters are located in Santa Clara, California in the United States with additional offices in the U. S. Germany, Japan, Romania, China, and Brazil. Telenav, founded as “Televigation” was first established in 1999 by HP Jin, YC Chao, Sal Dhanani, in December 2000, Telenav launched myPNA WAP service to Sprint. The product allowed users to retrieve directions between two addresses and search for local points-of-interest, in 2002, Telenav developed a real-time mobile navigation product for Nextel/Motorola Java phones using a tethered GPS receiver developed by GlobalSat. The following year, Navigator was created for the BlackBerry 7520, Sprint Navigation was introduced in 2005. Catering to Sprint devices, Telenav created a line of mobiled-based applications with 3D navigation capability available for wireless subscribers using particular Sprint devices, Telenav Track, a product designed to help companies track their mobile resources including employees, vehicles and assets was launched in 2006. In 2009, Telenav announced their first Android app available in Google Play, also, in June 2009, Telenav unveiled its first app for iOS, AT&T Navigator, made available on the iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS. In March 2011, Telenav announced an application, Telenav GPS Navigation. Telenav completed its Initial Public Offering in May 2010 and began trading on the NASDAQ under the symbol TNAV, with the completion of its IPO, Telenav became the first mobile LBS company to enter into public trading. In 2010, Ford announced it had also selected Telenav to provide GPS navigation software in its new MyFord Touch driver connect technology, during the summer, Telenav announced a partnership with U. S. Cellular Corporation to bring mobile GPS navigation service to wireless subscribers, in September 2011, Telenav acquired the Boston-based company, Goby Inc. a local and travel search company. At CES2012, Telenav announced new iPhone app, Scout, also at CES, Ford announced Scout as the navigation service for some vehicles. In January 2014 Telenav acquired Skobbler, a producer of software for Android. Telenav offers a number of location-based products serving the mobile consumer, announced in January,2012, Scout was launched for iPhones. The free mobile app features mapping and navigation support, and allows users to access real-time commute times, current location, search, also announced in January 2012, It is an online searching tool for food, drink and social activities around a users location. In 2012 Telenav announced it was paying $22.5 million to acquire ThinkNear, is a navigation system for cars. It is only available for some Ford vehicles, Scout for Apps is a HTML5, browser-based, voice-guided turn-by-turn GPS navigation service for mobile phones. The free service for web and app developer, offers the ability to include turn-by-turn. Developers can integrate the service by adding one line of code, Telenav GPS Navigator is a mobile GPS navigation application
TeleNav
–
Telenav
10.
What3words
–
What3words is a geocoding system for the communication of locations with a resolution of three metres. What3words encodes geographic coordinates into three dictionary words, for example, the Statue of Liberty is located at planet. inches. most. This differs from most other location encoding systems in that it displays three words rather than strings of numbers or letters. What3words has a website, apps for iOS and Android, founded by Chris Sheldrick, Jack Waley-Cohen, Mohan Ganesalingam, and Michael Dent, what3words launched in July 2013. The company was incorporated on March 5,2013 and a patent application for the core technology filed on April 19,2013. In November 2013 what3words raised $500,000 of seed funding, on November 3,2015, what3words closed a $3.5 million Series A funding round led by Intel Capital, with Li Ka-shings Horizons Ventures participating. On June 29,2016, what3words closed a $8.5 million Series B round led by Aramex, what3words uses a grid of the world made up of 57 trillion squares of 3 metres by 3 metres. Each square has given a three-word English address. What3words has named the 17 trillion squares on land with three words in other languages. As of December 2016, w3w addresses are available in Arabic, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Mongolian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish, the iOS app also supports Swahili. With announced plans for a total of 25 languages, the targeted for the end of 2016, Chinese, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean. The company has also mentioned Greek, various languages of Nigeria and India, including Bengali, Farsi, Hindi, each what3words language uses a wordlist of 25,000 words. Homophones and variant spellings are treated to minimise any potential for confusion, the what3words algorithm actively shuffles similar-sounding three-word combinations around the world to enable both human and automated error-checking. The what3words system uses an algorithm in combination with a limited database. What3words originally sold OneWord addresses, which were stored in a database for a yearly fee, the main claimed advantage of what3words is memorability and unambiguous nature of words for most everyday and non-technical uses. Supporters of open standards denounce the system for being controlled by a private business. The fact that similar addresses are purposefully far away from each other is seen by some as a disadvantage. What3words reserves the right to change their list of words and will not be responsible for the consequences, inspired by the idea, there are free clones, such as what3fucks, that also actually try to improve upon the technology
What3words
11.
San Francisco
–
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco
–
San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco
–
Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco
–
1853
United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco
–
Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
12.
Colorado
–
Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
Colorado
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The
Elk Mountains near
Aspen, Colorado
Colorado
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Flag
Colorado
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Mountains and lakes near
Breckenridge, Colorado
Colorado
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A view of the arid high plains in Southeastern Colorado
13.
Seattle, Washington
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
Seattle, Washington
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Downtown Seattle from
Queen Anne Hill
Seattle, Washington
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Seal
Seattle, Washington
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The
Battle of Seattle (1856)
Seattle, Washington
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Seattle's first
streetcar, at the corner of Occidental and Yesler, 1884. All of the buildings visible in this picture were destroyed by fire five years later.
14.
The Guardian
–
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
The Guardian
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The Guardian front page on 6 June 2014
The Guardian
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The Guardian senior news writer Esther Addley interviewing Ecuadorian Foreign Minister
Ricardo Patiño for this article relating to
Julian Assange (August 2014)
The Guardian
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The Guardian's HQ in
London
The Guardian
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The Guardian' s Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name The Manchester Guardian
15.
OpenStreetMap Foundation
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The OpenStreetMap Foundation is a company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales on 22 August 2006. It is a foundation whose aim is to support and enable the development of freely-reusable geospatial data. As its name suggests, it is connected with the OpenStreetMap project. OSMF is an organisation, with all members entitled to vote at a general meeting on foundation activities. OSMF members do not determine how OpenStreetMap itself operates, only the foundation, membership is open to all on payment of the membership fee of £15 per year. As of December 2015, there were 701 members, the foundation is funded by a combination of membership fees and specific larger donations. Notably MapQuest donated $50,000 to the foundation in 2011, since September 2013, the foundation accepted corporate memberships in a associated member category. Founding corporate members are Geofabrik, Geotab, Naver, NextGIS, the foundation is run by a board of seven members, including the foundations officers, chairman, secretary and treasurer. In December 2015, the current board was announced, Peter Barth Kate Chapman Martijn van Exel Mikel Maron Paul Norman Frederik Ramm Ilya Zverev Open Knowledge International Official website
OpenStreetMap Foundation
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OpenStreetMap Foundation
16.
OpenSeaMap
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OpenSeaMap is a software project collecting freely usable nautical information and geospatial data to create a worldwide nautical chart. This chart is available on the OpenSeaMap website, and can also be downloaded for use as a chart for offline applications. The project is part of OpenStreetMap, OpenSeaMap uses the same database, and complements the spatial data with nautical information. Such data may be used in accordance with the Open Database License and this ensures integration into printed materials, websites and applications is possible, without being limited by restrictive licenses, or having to pay fees. The idea for the project was born at an OpenStreetMap developer conference in autumn 2008 at the Linux Hotel in Essen, a group of boaters and programmers decided to extend the coverage of OpenStreetMap to the seas and fresh water bodies. From the start the project has been worldwide and multilingual, by the end of 2009, the design and architecture of the project had been created, and a sample harbor Warnemünde was created to serve as an example chart. Since autumn 2009, a server has been available and the project is engaged in several collaborations with other free projects. In January 2010 OpenSeaMap was given a stand at boot Düsseldorf, Europes largest boat show, Charts will show lighthouses, lateral buoy, cardinal marks and other navigational aids. In the ports, facilities will be mapped, similarly, public authorities, shipbuilders and repairers, as well as sanitation and utility facilities will be displayed. The navigational attributes correspond to the international standard IHO S-57, water depths are not yet covered, because the database is not designed for three-dimensional coordinates. However, the plan is to integrate a bathymetric model to describe the seabed. The data are presented in multiple levels with OpenLayers on the map of OpenStreetMap. The base map contains all the objects from OpenStreetMap. OpenSeaMap includes additional layers such as aids to navigation, ports, the chart is for planning sailing and boat trips. It will also be useful as a guide for tourists and it is not intended to replace official charts. Online Map The map is available to any computer with a connection from the website OpenSeaMap. org. Offline Map The map can also be loaded on local data storage and this map will also permit use on other devices, such as GPS devices from Garmin and Lowrance, phones, and PDAs. The off-map is regularly updated, usually every week, App for iPad, iPhone, iPod touch The free App for OpenSeaMap works on iPad, iPhone und iPod touch
OpenSeaMap
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Air pressure
OpenSeaMap
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OpenSeaMap
OpenSeaMap
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Bathymetric data
OpenSeaMap
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Depth tracks near Palma (ES)
17.
Wheelmap.org
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Wheelmap. org is an online, worldwide map for finding and marking wheelchair accessible places, developed by the German nonprofit organisation Sozialhelden e. V. Anyone can find and add public places to the map and rate them according to a traffic light system. Parents pushing a baby carriage can also benefit from the Wheelmap information, currently almost 600,000 public places worldwide can be found on the map. About 300 new places are added on a daily basis, Wheelmap ist available on the website and as an app for iOS, Android and Windows Phone. Anyone can mark Points of Interest, according to their wheelchair accessibility on Wheelmap. They can be marked quickly and easily by anyone, without prior registration, weelmap. org focuses on the relevant accessibility informations and is not limited to wheelchair specific locations, such as therapy centers or toilets. About wheelmap. org - article in The Sydney Morning Herald
Wheelmap.org
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Wheelmap.org
Wheelmap.org
Wheelmap.org
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Wheelchair accessible
Wheelmap.org
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Restricted wheelchair accessible
18.
Mapbox
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Mapbox is a large provider of custom online maps for websites such as Foursquare, Pinterest, Evernote, the Financial Times, The Weather Channel and Uber Technologies. Since 2010, it has expanded the niche of custom maps, as a response to the limited choice offered by map providers such as Google Maps. The data are both from open data sources, such as OpenStreetMap and NASA, and from proprietary data sources. The technology is based on Node. js, CouchDB, Mapnik, GDAL, the startup was created as a part of Development Seed in order to offer map customization for non-profit customers, in 2010. It was bootstrapped until a 2013 $10M funding round by Foundry Group, in June 2015, Mapbox announced it had raised $52.55 million in a Series B round of funding. Early work on OpenStreetMap tools, including the iD editor, was funded by a $575,000 grant from the Knight Foundation. On 2016-07-11, MapQuest discontinued the open tile API and users such as GNOME Maps were switched to a free tier of the Mapbox tileserver
Mapbox
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Mapbox
19.
JOSM
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JOSM is a free software desktop editing tool for OpenStreetMap geodata created in Java. It has a lot of advanced features, but also more complicated user interface than default online editor iD, JOSM provides more than 200 keyboard shortcuts for the core functions. Many additional features are available through the plugins, there are more than 100 of them in the repository. First changeset was created on 27 September 2005, first beta version was made available on 4 October 2005 and JOSM1.0 has been released on 22 January 2006. Current versioning scheme, using code changeset number, was introduced in 2008, in 2014 project logo has been replaced with the new artwork, which won a design contest. From this year stable releases are identified with additional YY. MM internal version number, however they may not exactly reflect the release date, since revision 10786 released on 12 August 2016 support for Java versions earlier than 8 has been dropped. The highest number of edits in OSM is done using JOSM, the software was used to perform several large scale OSM imports, including TIGER data in the United States. JOSM can also be used for editing an OSM sister project OpenHistoricalMap and its included as a package in many Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, Arch Linux and the OSGEO Live DVD Various tutorials are available. The LearnOSM Tutorial, translated in 16 languages, has a section on JOSM and it covers the editing process, the tools, the plugins, the presets, the imagery functionalities, conflict resolution and other features. Official homepage JOSM help system JOSM page on OSM Wiki
JOSM
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JOSM
20.
Potlatch (software)
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Potlatch is a free software editing tool for OpenStreetMap geodata using Adobe Flash. It is one of two editors embedded directly within the OpenStreetMap website, Potlatch 2 requires a web browser with at least version 8 of the Flash plugin installed. It continues to be actively maintained, Potlatch 1 was released mid 2006 and was the default editor on the main OpenStreetMap site until it was replaced by Potlatch 2 in April 2011. The name Potlatch came from the name of newsletter of the Lettrist International art collective, an alpha version of Potlatch 2, a complete reimplementation of the software, was published in summer 2010. In December 2010, Potlatch 2 was released for general use, after Microsoft had granted OpenStreetMap permission to use aerial imagery from their Bing Maps service for tracing, Potlatch 2 was extended to display these images in the background. ID is in turn a reimplementation of Potlatch 2 architecture in JavaScript, ramm, Frederik, Topf, Jochen, Chilton, Steve. OpenStreetMap, Using and Enhancing the Free Map of the World, Potlatch 2 Github repository Potlatch 2 in the OpenStreetMap wiki
Potlatch (software)
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Potlatch
21.
Leaflet (software)
–
Leaflet is a widely used open source JavaScript library used to build web mapping applications. First released in 2011, it supports most mobile and desktop platforms, supporting HTML5, along with OpenLayers, and the Google Maps API, it is one of the most popular JavaScript mapping libraries and is used by major web sites such as FourSquare, Pinterest and Flickr. Leaflet allows developers without a GIS background to easily display tiled web maps hosted on a public server. It can load data from GeoJSON files, style it and create interactive layers. It is developed by Vladimir Agafonkin, who joined Mapbox in 2013, a typical use of Leaflet involves binding a Leaflet map element to an HTML element such as a div. Layers and markers are added to the map element. The Leaflet library itself is accessible through the variable L. Leaflet supports Web Map Service layers, GeoJSON layers, Vector layers, many other types of layers are supported via plugins. Like other web map libraries, the display model implemented by Leaflet is one basemap, plus zero or more translucent overlays. Leaflet has core support for few GIS standard formats, with others supported in plugins, Leaflet 0.7 supports Chrome, Firefox, Safari 5+, Opera 12+ and IE 7-11. Leaflet is directly comparable with OpenLayers, as both are open source, client-side only JavaScript libraries, the library as a whole is much smaller, around 7,000 lines of code compared to 230,000 as of 2015. It has a smaller footprint than OpenLayers due partly to its modular structure. The code base is newer, and takes advantage of recent features of JavaScript, plus HTML5, however, Leaflet lacks features OpenLayers supports, such as Web Feature Service and native support for projections other than Google Web Mercator. Google Maps API provides speed and simplicity, but is not flexible, the new DataLayer part of Googles API does allow external data sources to be displayed, however. Leaflet began life in 2010 as Web Maps API, a JavaScript library for the CloudMade mapping provider, in May 2011, CloudMade announced the first release of Leaflet, built from scratch but using parts of the old API code. 0.1, May 17,20110.2, June 18,20110.3, Feb 14,20120.4, Jul 30,20120.5, Jan 17,2013 This release introduced Retina support and many usability and user experience improvements. 0.6, Jun 26,2013 This release expanded the APIs range of methods and events, improved usability and it was completed in a 2-day code sprint supported by Mapbox. 0.7, Nov 22,2013 This release focused on bug fixing, announcing that refactoring,1.0, Sep 27,2016 This release contained over 400 changes compared to v0.7.7. Main improvements, Performance improvements in all aspects of the library, better tile loading algorithm with less flickering
Leaflet (software)
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A basic demo using Leaflet.
22.
Mapnik
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Mapnik is an open source mapping toolkit for desktop- and server-based map rendering, written in C++. Artem Pavlenko, the developer of Mapnik, set out with the explicit goal of creating beautiful maps by employing the sub-pixel anti-aliasing of the Anti-Grain Geometry library. Mapnik now also has a Cairo rendering backend, for handling common software tasks such as memory management, file system access, regular expressions, and XML parsing, Mapnik utilizes the Boost C++ libraries. An XML file can be used to define a collection of mapping objects that determine the appearance of a map, or objects can be constructed programmatically in C++, Python, a number of data formats are supported in Mapnik using a plugin framework. Current plugins exist that utilize OGR and GDAL to read a range of vector, Mapnik also has custom Shapefile, PostGIS and GeoTIFF readers. More data access plug-ins will be available in the future, there is also an osm2pgsql utility, that converts OpenStreetMap data into a format that can be loaded into PostgreSQL. Mapnik can then be used to render the OSM data into maps with the appearance the user wants, Mapnik is a cross platform toolkit that runs on Windows, Mac, Unix-like systems like Linux and Solaris. One of its users is the OpenStreetMap project, which uses it in combination with an Apache Web Server module. Mapnik is also used by CloudMade, MapQuest, and MapBox, Mapnik is free software and is released under LGPL
Mapnik
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Mapnik
23.
OpenLayers
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OpenLayers is an open source JavaScript library for displaying map data in web browsers as slippy maps. It provides an API for building rich web-based geographic applications similar to Google Maps, OpenLayers supports GeoRSS, KML, Geography Markup Language, GeoJSON and map data from any source using OGC-standards as Web Map Service or Web Feature Service. The library was based on the Prototype JavaScript Framework. Two other open-source mapping tools released by MetaCarta are FeatureServer and TileCache, since November 2007, OpenLayers has been an Open Source Geospatial Foundation project. OpenLayers Official Site OpenLayers on GitHub
OpenLayers
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OpenLayers can communicate through several protocols
24.
Maps.me
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MAPS. ME is a mobile app for Android, iOS and BlackBerry that provides offline maps using OpenStreetMap data. In November 2014, it was acquired by Mail. Ru Group, in September 2015, the app was open sourced. First, the team has developed an application in Switzerland. MAPS. ME was founded by Yury Melnichek who was leading the project until April of 2016 when Evgeny Lisovskiy took over, in early 2017 the philosophy of the app changed leading it to be supported by intrusive adverts. In 2012, MapsWithMe came in first in the Startup Monthly competition in Vilnius, the team won a nine-week traineeship in Silicon Valley as a prize. In November 2014, MAPS. ME was acquired by Mail. Ru Group to be integrated with My. com, the engineering team was relocated to the Mail. Ru Group office in Moscow to continue working on the project. All map data for MAPS. ME is taken from OpenStreetMap, technologies used in the app, C++ Objective-C Java Android NDK Qt OpenGL ES MAPS. ME provides a free API to developers for both commercial and personal use. In 2013, developers of YotaPhone, a Russian smartphone with 2 displays, MapsWithMe released a special version of the app optimized for both color and e-ink screens of the smartphone. The main screen allows users to see maps of all countries, drop pins on the map, then it is possible to move the maps to the e-ink display to use the map in the energy saving mode. Currently, support of YotaPhone is excluded from last releases, comparison of commercial GPS software Official website Maps. me on Twitter Source code in GitHub
Maps.me
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Maps.me
25.
Marble (software)
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Marble is a virtual globe application which allows the user to choose among the Earth, the Moon, Venus, Mars and other planets to display as a 3-D model. It is free software under the terms of the GNU LGPL, developed by KDE for use on personal computers and it is written in C++ and uses Qt. Marble is intended to be flexible, beyond its cross-platform design. It is designed to run without the need for hardware acceleration, an important user-experience objective being that the application start fairly quickly, it ships with a minimal but useful off-line dataset. Contributors have added support for on-line mapping sources such as OpenStreetMap, Marble also provides route planning capabilities. A navigation mode called MarbleToGo was developed as part of Google Summer of Code 2010 and it was later partially rewritten and renamed to Marble Touch. Geothek is a fork of Marble adding a statistics module, pixel maps, and it is developed and used by Austrian publisher Ed. Hölzel as atlas software for classrooms
Marble (software)
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Screenshot of Marble showing Europe
26.
Navit
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Navit is an open source and free, modular, touch screen friendly, car navigation system with GPS tracking, realtime routing engine and support for various vector map formats. It features both a 2D and 3D view of map data, Navit supports a variety of operating systems and hardware platforms including Windows, Windows CE, Linux, macOS, Android, iPhone, and Palm webOS. The Win CE version can run on a GPS device like tomtom or cartrek, Navit can be used with several sources of map data, notably OpenStreetMap and Garmin maps. GPS navigation software Official website Navit on SourceForge. net Navit on Google Play Navit Android package at the F-Droid repository
Navit
27.
OsmAnd
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OsmAnd is a free and open source, global mobile map viewing & navigation app for offline and online maps for Android and iOS. It uses the OpenStreetMap map database for its primary displays, the development of this project is being done on GitHub and the Android version is available under the GPLv3 license. OsmAnd is a map and navigation application with access to the free, via the devices GPS, OsmAnd offers routing, with visual and voice guidance, for car, bike, and pedestrian. All the main functionalities work both online and offline
OsmAnd
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Navigating through
Potsdam,
New York,
USA
28.
Geo-Wiki
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Geo-wiki is a platform for engaging citizens in environmental monitoring. It aids in both the validation of existing geographical information and the collection of new information through crowdsourcing. Using tools such as Google Earth, Bing Maps, Geotagged photographs and it provides feedback on existing information overlaid on satellite imagery or by contributing entirely new data. Data can be input via the traditional desktop platform or mobile devices, with campaigns, resulting data are available without restriction. Internet tools such as Google Earth offer enormous potential for land cover validation, Google Earth allows wider audience to be involved in a validation exercise. Applications of Geo-wiki go beyond simply improving land cover and this should reduce uncertainty and improve predictions in land use, vegetation, climate change, and earth systems modeling. Scientists from several research institutions describe development of the map in Geophysical Research Letters, picture Pile FotoQuest Austria Collaborative mapping Land cover Geo-Wiki Main Page Geo-Wiki Pictures LAKO-Wiki The Degree Confluence Project
Geo-Wiki
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Land cover disagreement over Africa in croplands and forests available for analysis in Geo-wiki
29.
NASA World Wind
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World Wind is an open-source virtual globe first developed by NASA in 2003 for use on personal computers and then further developed in concert with the open source community since 2004. As of 2017 a web based version of World Wind is available online, the original version relied on. NET Framework, which ran only on Microsoft Windows. The SDK includes a suite of basic demos, available at goworldwind. org, the World Wind Java version was awarded NASA Software of the Year in November 2009. The program overlays NASA and USGS satellite imagery, aerial photography, topographic maps, Keyhole Markup Language, though widely available since 2003, World Wind was released with the NASA Open Source Agreement license in 2004. The latest Java-based version, was released in December 2016, as of 2015 a web based version of World Wind is under development and available online. An Android version is also available, the previous. NET-based version was an application with an extensive suite of plugins. Apart from the Earth there are worlds, Moon, Mars, Venus, Jupiter. Users could interact with the planet by rotating it, tilting the view. Five million place names, political boundaries, latitude/longitude lines, World Wind. NET provided the ability to browse maps and geospatial data on the internet using the OGCs WMS servers, import ESRI shapefiles and kml/kmz files. This is an example of how World Wind allows anyone to deliver their data, other features of World Wind. NET included support for. X models and advanced visual effects such as atmospheric scattering or sun shading. The resolution inside the US is high enough to discern individual buildings, houses, cars. The resolution outside the US is at least 15 meters per pixel, Microsoft has allowed World Wind to incorporate Virtual Earth high resolution data for non-commercial use. World Wind uses digital elevation model data collected by NASAs Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, National Elevation Dataset and this means one can view topographic features such as the Grand Canyon or Mount Everest in three dimensions. In addition, WW has bathymetry data which allows users to see ocean features, such as trenches and ridges, in 3D. Many people using the applications are adding their own data and are making them available through various sources, such as the World Wind Central or blogs mentioned in the link section below. All images and movies created with World Wind using Blue Marble, Landsat, or USGS public domain data can be modified, re-distributed. World Wind can be expanded by using one of many add-ons - small extensions that add new functionality to the program, plug-in developers can add features to World Wind without changing the programs source code. The original recipe for World Wind was restricted to Windows, relying on the. NET libraries, a new SDK version has been developed in Java with JOGL referred to as World Wind Java
NASA World Wind
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USGS Urban Ortho-Imagery of Huntington Beach, California in older version of World Wind (1.2)
NASA World Wind
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Screenshot of World Wind showing Blue Marble Next Generation layer
NASA World Wind
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Rapid Fire MODIS -
Hurricane Katrina
NASA World Wind
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Moon -
Hypsometric Map layer
30.
WikiMapia
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Created by Alexandre Koriakine and Evgeniy Saveliev on May 2006, since then it has become a popular mapping website. Although the projects name is reminiscent to that of Wikipedia and that the share the wiki philosophy. According to the website, Wikimapia is an open-content collaborative mapping project, aimed at marking all geographical objects in the world and it aims to create and maintain a free, complete, multilingual and up-to-date map of the whole world. Wikimapia intends to contain detailed information about every place on Earth, the Wikimapia website provides a Google Maps API-based interactive web map that consists of user-generated information layered on top of Google Maps satellite imagery and other resources. The navigation interface provides scroll and zoom functionality similar to that of Google Maps, the Wikimapia layer is a collection of objects with a polygonal outline and linear features. Streets are connected by intersection points to form a street grid, both kinds of items may have textual descriptions and photos attached to them. Viewers are able to click on any marked object or street segment to see its description, descriptions can be searched by a built-in search tool. Tools for refining existing places according to category as well as measuring distances between objects are also available, the interface is available in many languages, and the textual description of each item may have multiple versions in different languages. Wikimapia maps can also be embedded on other websites, the data in Wikimapia is derived from voluntary crowdsourcing. All users, registered or unregistered, are allowed to add a place on the Wikimapia layer, using a simple graphical editing tool, users are able to draw an outline or polygon that matches the satellite image layer underneath. Each object or tag has specific information fields which include categories, a description, street address. Users are likewise capable of uploading several relevant photos, fewer restrictions in map editing are given to registered users, who are able to edit and/or delete existing places as well as draw linear features. A watchlist could be set up to monitor all activity or object changes made in one or more of the assigned rectangular areas on the map. The website is maintained and developed by a team of administrators. Improvements are largely based on a system from registered users through public forum discussions, bug reports. The registered user community is largely self-organized, with users communicating through an internal message system, map editing rewards the user experience points and milestone awards assigned by the system. Registered users are automatically ranked in levels according to accumulated experience points, with higher levels gaining access to advanced tools, a registered user may be promoted to an Advanced User status as other existing AUs deem it fit. Additional editing and moderation tools, which includes the authority to ban users are given to an Advanced User, special roles of maintaining the website forum, place categories, and the Wikimapia Documentation are also given by the Wikimapia Team to some users
WikiMapia
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Wikimapia
.jpg)
