1.
Silver Throne
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The Silver Throne is a throne used by the Swedish monarch at coronations, accessions to the throne and state opening of the parliament. The Silver Throne is located in the Hall of State at Stockholm Palace, the Silver Throne was made for Queen Christina to her coronation in 1650. Crafted by Abraham Drentwett in Augsburg, Bavaria, it was a gift from Count Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, the Royal Court, The Hall of State
2.
Monarchy of Sweden
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The Monarchy of Sweden concerns the monarchical head of state of Sweden, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The Kingdom of Sweden has been a monarchy since time immemorial, Sweden in the present day is a representative democracy in a parliamentary system based on popular sovereignty, as defined in the current Instrument of Government. The monarch and the members of the Royal Family undertake a variety of official, unofficial and other duties within Sweden. Carl XVI Gustaf became King on 15 September 1973 on the death of his grandfather, Sweden has been a kingdom since prehistoric times. Originally, the Swedish king had combined powers limited to that of a war chief, a judge, the Royal Court of Sweden, however, does count Olofs father as Swedens first king. The king was elected from a favored dynasty at the Stones of Mora. The ceremonial stones were destroyed around 1515 and that dynasty formed a pre-Kalmar Union Sweden into a strong state, and finally king Magnus IV even ruled Norway and Scania. Following the Black Death, the union was weakened, and Scania was reunited with Denmark. In 1397, after the Black Death and domestic power struggles, Queen Margaret I of Denmark united Sweden, Denmark, continual tension within each country and the union led to open conflict between the Swedes and the Danes in the 15th century. The unions final disintegration in the early 16th century led to prolonged rivalry between Denmark-Norway and Sweden for centuries to come. Catholic bishops had supported the King of Denmark, Christian II, Gustav Vasa was elected King of Sweden by the Estates of the Realm, assembled in Strängnäs on 6 June 1523. Inspired by the teachings of Martin Luther, Gustav I used the Protestant Reformation to curb the power of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1527 he persuaded the Estates of the Realm, assembled in the city of Västerås, to church lands. At the same time, he broke with the papacy and established a state church. Legally Sweden has only been a monarchy since 1544 when the Riksdag of the Estates, through Västerås arvförening. Crown tax revenues increased, but more importantly the new system was perceived as fairer, a war with Lübeck in 1535 resulted in the expulsion of the Hanseatic traders, who previously had had a monopoly on foreign trade. With its own burghers in charge, Swedens economic strength grew rapidly, Sweden now built the first modern army in Europe, supported by a sophisticated tax system and an efficient bureaucracy. At the death of King Gustav I in 1560, he was succeeded by his oldest son Eric XIV and his reign was marked by Swedens entrance into the Livonian War and the Northern Seven Years War
3.
Swedish Act of Succession
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The 1810 Act of Succession is one of four Fundamental Laws of the Realm and thus forms part of the Swedish Constitution. The Act regulates the line of succession to the Swedish Throne, the Act of Succession was adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates assembled at Örebro in 1810, upon electing Charles XIV John as the heir to King Charles XIII. This happened at a time for Sweden, as only one year earlier the former king, Gustav IV Adolf had been deposed and replaced by his childless uncle. At the same time the Finnish War was coming to an end and Finland, the authoritarian constitution of 1772 was abolished and power was returned to parliament by the new Instrument of Government adopted on June 6,1809. From 1814 to 1905 the Act of Succession also regulated succession to the Norwegian throne, the Act in the current version specifies that, Only children born in wedlock may inherit the Throne. Only the descendants of Carl XVI Gustaf may inherit the Throne, the offspring of an approved marriage must be brought up within Sweden. A prince or princess may not marry and remain in the line of succession without having received consent, upon application of the Monarch, from the Government of Sweden. A prince or princess is also prevented from becoming monarch of another country, either by election or marriage, without the consent of the Monarch, if any of these provisions are violated, all rights of succession for the person concerned and all descendants are lost. In its original version, the Act mandated that a Swedish prince could only marry into families deemed to be of equal rank, or forfeit for himself and his future descendants all dynastic rights. The key wording was private mans daughter, a term which in Swedish jurisprudence was understood to include all non-royal persons, in 1938 the statutory provision which required a spouse of royal birth was changed and the prohibition only extended to a private Swedish mans daughter. A total of five Swedish princes lost their rights of due to violation of that provision, Oscar in 1888, Lennart in 1932, Sigvard in 1934, Carl in 1937. There is since 1980 no statutory limitation, based on nationality or royal rank, on whom a prince or princess can marry. In 1980, the rule of succession was changed from agnatic primogeniture to absolute primogeniture and this change in effect created Victoria heir apparent, passing over her younger brother Prince Carl Philip. 1809 Instrument of Government List of Swedish monarchs Monarchy of Sweden Act of Succession - at the Riksdag
4.
Swedish language
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Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken natively by more than 9 million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish, along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It is currently the largest of the North Germanic languages by number of speakers, Standard Swedish, spoken by most Swedes, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties descended from the rural dialects still exist. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages, V2, Swedish morphology is similar to English, that is, words have comparatively few inflections. There are two genders, no cases, and a distinction between plural and singular. Older analyses posit the cases nominative and genitive and there are remains of distinct accusative and dative forms as well. Adjectives are compared as in English, and are inflected according to gender, number. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes, complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles, the prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless velar fricative, a highly variable consonant phoneme. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages, by many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, the dialects of Old East Norse that were spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish. The dialects are described as runic because the body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, from 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é. This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain, there was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr dead
5.
Riksdag of the Estates
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Riksdag of the Estates was the name used for the Estates of Sweden when they were assembled. Until its dissolution in 1866, the institution was the highest authority in Sweden next to the king, the actual first meeting is likely the one that took place at Uppsala in 1436 after the death of rebel leader Engelbrekt. At the Riksdag in 1517, regent Sten Sture the Younger, at Västerås in 1527 Lutheranism was adopted as the new state religion instead of Roman Catholicism. At Arboga in 1561, the term Riksdag was used for the first time, at Söderköping in 1595, duke Charles was elected regent of Sweden instead of king Sigismund, who was a Catholic and the king of both Sweden and Poland. In 1612 the Riksdag gave the nobility the privilege and right to all higher offices of government. The first open conflict between the different estates happened in 1650, at the Riksdag in 1680 a large scale reduction was enacted, and Sweden became an absolute monarchy. In 1719, the Riksdag elected Ulrika Eleonora as heir in place of her sisters son. In 1809, the Riksdag elected Charles XIII king after his nephew Gustav IV Adolf had been deposed, at the sessions in 1634,1719,1720,1772 and 1809 new constitutions were adopted. The constitution of 1809 divided the powers of government between the monarch and the Riksdag of the Estates, and after 1866 between the monarch and the new Riksdag. In 1866 all the Estates voted in favor of dissolution and at the time to constitute a new assembly. The four former estates were abolished, the House of Nobility, Swedish, Riddarhuset, remains as a quasi-official representation of the Swedish nobility. The modern Centre Party which grew out of the Swedish farmers movement, following the Finnish War in 1809, Sweden ceded its eastmost provinces to the Russian Empire. Comprising much of present-day Finland, these became a Grand Duchy under the Emperor, the Finnish estates assembled in 1809 at Porvoo to confirm the change in their allegiance. This Diet of Finland followed the forms of the Swedish Riksdag, however, during the reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I it was not assembled and no new legislation was enacted. The diet was next assembled by tsar Alexander II in 1863, after this the Diet met regularly until 1905, when it passed an act forming a new unicameral parliament. That assembly has been Finlands legislative body since then, the Finnish House of Nobility — Finnish, Ritarihuone, Swedish, Riddarhuset — carries on the tradition of the Estate of Nobility, but no new families have been ennobled since 1906. History of Sweden History of Finland History of the Riksdag Riksdagsmusiken
6.
Charles XIII of Sweden
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Charles XIII & II also Carl, Swedish, Karl XIII, was King of Sweden from 1809 and King of Norway from 1814 until his death. He was the son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia. Though known as King Charles XIII in Sweden, he was actually the seventh Swedish king by that name, Prince Charles was appointed grand admiral when he was but few days old. He was described as a dancer at the amateur theatre of the royal court. Reportedly he was not very close to his mother, the Queen preferred her youngest children, Sophie Albertine and Frederick Adolf. Charles was, however, his fathers favorite, and similar to him in personality and he was also described as close to his brother Gustav during their childhood. This was in the period following the December Crisis. In 1770, he made a journey through Germany and France alone, upon the departure of his mother to Prussia, and the return of his brother, however, Gustav III managed to win him to his side. In 1772 he cooperated in the Revolution of 1772 of his elder brother and he was given the task to use his connections in the Caps party to neutralize it and secure the southern provinces by use of the military, tasks he performed successfully. As a sign of recognition, he was given the title Duke of Södermanland by him, Duke Charles was early on the object of his mothers plans to arrange political marriages for her children. On the wish of his mother, he was to be married to her niece, his cousin Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt, the government, however, refused to issue negotiations because of the costs. As the King had not consummated his own marriage, he wished to place the task of providing an heir to the throne to his brother, Charles agreed to the marriage in August 1773, and the marriage took place the following year. After a false alarm of a pregnancy of Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte in 1775, the royal couple lived de facto separate private lives and both had extramarital affairs. Charles was described as dependent and easily influenced and his numerous affairs gave him the reputation of being a libertine. He unsuccessfully courted Magdalena Rudenschöld, and her refusal of his advances has been pointed out as the cause of the treatment he exposed her to as regent during the Armfelt conspiracy. After the late 1790s, when his health deteriorated by a series of attacks, his relationship to his consort improved. The Duke was also known for his interest in the supernatural and mysticism and he was also of the Freemasons. He was reportedly a client of the fortune teller Ulrica Arfvidsson, in 1811, he founded the Order of Charles XIII, a Swedish order of chivalry awarded only to Protestant Freemasons
7.
Riksdag
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This is a list of Members of the Riksdag, the national parliament of Sweden. The Riksdag is an assembly with 349 Members of Parliament. In the Riksdag, Members are seated per constituency and not party, the following MPs were elected in the Swedish general election,2006 and will serve until the Swedish general election,2010. Members of the center-right Cabinet of Fredrik Reinfeldt, the coalition during this term, are marked in bold. Members of the Riksdag in alphabetical order
8.
Primogeniture
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The son of a deceased elder brother inherits before a living younger brother by right of substitution for the deceased heir. In the absence of any children, brothers succeed, individually, among siblings, sons inherit before daughters. The principle has applied in history to inheritance of property as well as inherited titles and offices, most notably monarchies. Variations on primogeniture modify the right of the son to the entirety of a familys inheritance or, in the West since World War II. Most monarchies in Europe have eliminated male preference in succession, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, absolute, equal, or lineal primogeniture is a form of primogeniture in which gender does not matter for inheritance. This form of primogeniture was not practiced by any modern monarchy before 1980, however, according to Poumarede, the Basques of the Kingdom of Navarre transmitted title and property to the firstborn, whatever the gender. This inheritance practice was adhered to by the nobility and free families alike in the early. The Navarrese monarchy, however, was inherited by dynasties from outside of Navarre which followed different succession laws, eventually only the Basque lower nobility and free families of the Basque country and other regions continued to follow this practice, which persisted as late as the 19th century. The most notable of these are the Egyptian cases of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III, as well as the Ptolemaic Dynastys kings, Zapateros proposal was supported by the leader of the main opposition party, the conservative Partido Popular, making its passage likely. However, Zapateros administration ended before any amendment was drafted, Felipe succeeded to the throne as Felipe VI, upon his fathers abdication in 2014, by which time he had two daughters. Felipe VI has no son that would, absent the constitutional change, in July 2006, the Nepalese government proposed adopting absolute primogeniture, but the monarchy was abolished in 2008 before the change could be put into effect. In 2011, the governments of the 16 Commonwealth realms who share the person as their respective monarch announced the Perth Agreement. This was implemented when the legislation came into effect on 26 March 2015. In Japan, debates have occurred over whether to adopt absolute primogeniture, however, the birth of Prince Hisahito, a son of Prince Akishino has sidelined the debate. In 2006, King Juan Carlos I of Spain issued a decree reforming the succession to noble titles from male-preference primogeniture to absolute primogeniture. The order of succession for all noble dignities is determined in accordance with the title of concession and, if there is none, with that traditionally applied in these cases. Men and women have a right of succession to grandeeship and to titles of nobility in Spain. Male-preference primogeniture accords succession to the throne to a member of a dynasty if she has no living brothers
9.
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
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Carl XVI Gustaf is the King of Sweden. He ascended the throne upon the death of his grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf on 15 September 1973 and he is the youngest child and only son of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The Kings heir apparent, upon passage on 1 January 1980 of a new law establishing absolute primogeniture, is Crown Princess Victoria, Carl Gustaf was born on 30 April 1946 at 10,20 in Haga Palace in Solna, Stockholm County. He was the youngest of five children and the son of Swedens Prince Gustaf Adolf. He was christened at the Royal Chapel on 7 June 1946 by the Archbishop of Uppsala and he was baptized in Charles XIs baptismal font, which stood on Gustav IIIs carpet and he lay in Charles XIs cradle with Oscar IIs crown beside him. The same christening gown in white linen batiste which the prince carried had been worn by his father in 1906, Prince Carl Gustaf was also given the title of the Duke of Jämtland. His father, Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, was killed in a crash on 26 January 1947. His fathers death had left the prince second in line for the throne, behind his grandfather. When his great-grandfather Gustaf V died in 1950, the prince became the heir apparent of Sweden. Carl Gustaf was seven years old before he was told about his fathers death, after graduating from high school, Carl Gustaf completed two and a half years of education in the Royal Swedish Army, the Royal Swedish Navy, and the Royal Swedish Air Force. He received his commission as an officer in all three services in 1968, and he rose to the rank of captain and lieutenant. He has also completed his studies in history, sociology, political science, tax law. In addition, he studied the affairs of the Riksdag, Government. On 15 September 1973, Carl Gustaf became King of Sweden upon the death of his grandfather, on September 19, he took the required regal assurance during an extraordinary meeting of the cabinet. Afterwards, he appeared before the parliament, diplomatic corps, court, both the cabinet meeting and ceremony at the Hall were broadcast live on television. Following the ceremonies, he appeared on the balcony to acknowledge gathered crowds, at the cabinet meeting, the King declared that his name would be Carl XVI Gustaf and that his title would be King of Sweden. He adopted, For Sweden – With the times as his personal motto, when Carl Gustaf ascended the throne, plans were already in place to replace the 1809 Instrument of Government which gave the King extensive involvement with government. Though the King was a near-autocrat on paper, the Riksdags authority grew steadily into the early 20th century, in 1914, Gustaf V made a speech which resulted in what is known as the Courtyard Crisis wherein he was accused of interfering with politics
10.
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden
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Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland, is the eldest child and heir apparent of King Carl XVI Gustaf. If she ascends to the throne as expected, she will be Swedens fourth queen regnant and the first since 1720. Victoria was born on 14 July 1977 at 21,45 CET at the Karolinska University Hospital in Solna, Stockholm County, Sweden and she is a member of the Royal House of Bernadotte. Born as a Princess of Sweden, she was designated Crown Princess in 1979 ahead of her younger brother and her place as first in the line of succession formally went into effect on 1 January 1980 with the parliamentary change to the Act of Succession that introduced absolute primogeniture. Her given names honour various relatives and she was christened at The Royal Palace Church on 27 September 1977. Her godparents were Crown Prince Harald of Norway, her uncle, Ralf Sommerlath, Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands. The Crown Princess was confirmed in the summer of 1992 at Räpplinge church on the island of Öland. Victoria studied for a year at the Université Catholique de lOuest at Angers in France, from 1998 to 2000, Victoria resided in the United States, where she studied various subjects at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. In May 1999, she was an intern at the Swedish Embassy in Washington, Victoria completed a study program at the Government Offices in 2001. In 2003, Victorias education continued with visits to Swedish businesses, in 2006, Victoria enrolled in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs Diplomat Program, running from September 2006 to June 2007. The program is a program for young future diplomats and gives an insight to the ministrys work, Swedish foreign and security policies. In June 2009, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University and she speaks Swedish, English, French and German. She was made Crown Princess and heir apparent on 1 January 1980 by the 1979 change to the Act of Succession of 1810 and this constitutional reform meant that the throne would be inherited by the monarchs eldest child without regard to gender. King Carl XVI Gustaf objected to the reform after it occurred because he favoured tradition, when she became heir, she also was made titular Duchess of Västergötland, one of the historical provinces of Sweden. Prior to this change, the heir apparent to the throne was her younger brother. He is now fourth in line to the throne, behind the Crown Princesss daughter and she is one of only three female heirs apparent in the world – the other two being her goddaughter Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange, and Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant. Victorias declaration of majority took place in the Hall of State at the Royal Palace of Stockholm on 14 July 1995, as of the day she turned 18, she became eligible to act as Head of State when the King is not in country. Victoria made her first public speech on this occasion, located on the dais in the background was the same silver throne on which her father was seated at his enthronement, in actual use from 1650 and up until this ceremony
11.
Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland
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Princess Leonore of Sweden, Duchess of Gotland, is the elder child of Princess Madeleine and Christopher ONeill. She is seventh in the line of succession to the Swedish throne, at the time of her birth she was fifth in line. Leonore was born at 22,41 Eastern Time on 20 February 2014 at New Yorks Weill Cornell Medical Center, a 21-gun salute was fired in Stockholm to celebrate her birth. Prior to her birth it was announced that any children of Princess Madeleine would be styled Royal Highness. However, in order to be eligible to ascend, Leonore must be brought up as a member of the Church of Sweden and her name and titles were revealed when her grandfather, King Carl XVI Gustaf, met with the cabinet on 26 February 2014. Her first name was chosen by her parents as one that they both liked very much after considering a large number of other names. It has been used previously by four Swedish queens, but then only in full as Eleonora and her middle names honour her great-grandaunt Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland, and her paternal grandmother. Leonore was registered with the surname Bernadotte in the Swedish registry, a Te Deum thanksgiving service was held in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Palace on 2 March 2014 to celebrate her birth. She was christened in the familys antique christening gown which was first worn by Prince Gustaf Adolf when he was christened in 1906 and her name and date of christening was added in embroidery to the gown. Leonore met Pope Francis on 27 April 2015 in Vatican City with her parents, Leonore attended the wedding of her maternal uncle on 13 June 2015 wearing an heirloom dress previously worn by her maternal great-great-grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf. On 21 February 2016, Leonore accompanied her mother at a tea party for 12 children with illnesses from the My Big Day Foundation hosted at Stockholm Palace. On 3 June 2016, Leonore visited her duchy, Gotland, accompanied by her parents to visit a horse which was given to Leonore at the time of her christening named Heidi, Leonore is styled as, Her Royal Highness Princess Leonore of Sweden, Duchess of Gotland. Sweden, Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, Princess Leonores coat of arms is based on the greater coat of arms of Sweden. In the centre, on an inescutcheon, is the arms of the House of Bernadotte. Surrounding the shield is the ribbon of the Order of the Seraphim, Royal Court of Sweden- Princess Leonore Media related to Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland at Wikimedia Commons
12.
Church of Sweden
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The Church of Sweden is the largest Christian church in Sweden. A member of the Porvoo Communion, the Church professes the Lutheran branch of Christianity and it is composed of thirteen dioceses, divided into parishes. It is a national church which, working with a democratic organisation and through the ministry of the church. The Primate of the Church of Sweden is the Archbishop of Uppsala — currently Antje Jackelén, today, the Church of Sweden is an Evangelical Lutheran church. 6.2 million people are members of the Church of Sweden and it is liturgically and theologically high church, having retained priests, vestments, and the Mass during the Swedish Reformation. In common with other Evangelical Lutheran churches, the Church of Sweden maintains the historical episcopate, the Church of Sweden is known for its liberal position in theological issues, particularly the question of homosexuality. When Bishop Eva Brunne was consecrated as Bishop of Stockholm in 2009, despite a significant yearly loss of members, its membership of 6,225,091 people accounts for 63. 2% of the Swedish population. Until 2000 it held the position of state church, the high membership numbers are because until 1996 all newborn children were made members, unless their parents had actively cancelled their membership. Approximately 2% of the members regularly attend Sunday services. According to a Gallup poll conducted in 2009, 17% of the Swedish population considered religion as an important part of their daily life, King Gustav I Vasa instigated the Church of Sweden in 1536 during his reign as King of Sweden. This act separated the church from the Roman Catholic Church and its canon law, in 1571, the Swedish Church Ordinance became the first Swedish church order following the Reformation. The Church of Sweden became Lutheran at the Uppsala Synod in 1593 when it adopted the Augsburg Confession to which most Lutherans adhere, at this synod, it was decided that the church would retain the three original Christian creeds, the Apostles, the Athanasian, and the Nicene. In 1686, the Riksdag of the Estates adopted the Book of Concord, although certain parts, labelled Confessio fidei, were considered binding. Confessio dei included the three aforementioned Creeds, the Augsburg Confession and two Uppsala Synod decisions from 1572 and 1593, during the 20th century the Church of Sweden oriented itself strongly towards liberal Christianity and human rights. In 1957, the assembly rejected a proposal for ordination of women. Since 1960, women have been ordained as priests, and since 1994, a proposal to perform same-sex weddings was approved on October 22,2009 by 176 of 249 voting members of the Church of Sweden Synod. The Christian church in Scandinavia was originally governed by the archdiocese of Bremen, in 1104 an archbishop for all Scandinavia was installed in Lund. Uppsala was made Swedens archdiocese in 1164, and remains so today, the papal diplomat William of Modena attended a church meeting in Skänninge in March 1248, where the ties to the Catholic Church were strengthened
13.
Lutheranism
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Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian. Luthers efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched the Protestant Reformation in the German-speaking territories of the Holy Roman Empire. Lutheranism advocates a doctrine of justification by grace alone through faith alone on the basis of Scripture alone and this is in contrast to the belief of the Catholic Church, defined at the Council of Trent, concerning authority coming from both the Scriptures and Tradition. In addition, Lutheranism accepts the teachings of the first seven ecumenical councils of the undivided Christian Church, unlike Calvinism, Lutherans retain many of the liturgical practices and sacramental teachings of the pre-Reformation Church, with a particular emphasis on the Eucharist, or Lords Supper. Lutheran theology differs from Reformed theology in Christology, the purpose of Gods Law, the grace, the concept of perseverance of the saints. Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest denominations of Protestantism, with approximately 80 million adherents, it constitutes the third most common Protestant denomination after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. The Lutheran World Federation, the largest communion of Lutheran churches, Other Lutheran organizations include the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as independent churches. The name Lutheran originated as a term used against Luther by German Scholastic theologian Dr. Johann Maier von Eck during the Leipzig Debate in July 1519. Eck and other Catholics followed the practice of naming a heresy after its leader. Martin Luther always disliked the term Lutheran, preferring the term Evangelical, which was derived from euangelion, the followers of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other theologians linked to the Reformed tradition also began to use that term. To distinguish the two groups, others began to refer to the two groups as Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed. As time passed by, the word Evangelical was dropped, Lutherans themselves began to use the term Lutheran in the middle of the 16th century, in order to distinguish themselves from other groups such as the Philippists and Calvinists. In 1597, theologians in Wittenberg defined the title Lutheran as referring to the true church, Lutheranism has its roots in the work of Martin Luther, who sought to reform the Western Church to what he considered a more biblical foundation. Lutheranism spread through all of Scandinavia during the 16th century, as the monarch of Denmark–Norway, through Baltic-German and Swedish rule, Lutheranism also spread into Estonia and Latvia. Since 1520, regular Lutheran services have been held in Copenhagen, under the reign of Frederick I, Denmark-Norway remained officially Catholic. Although Frederick initially pledged to persecute Lutherans, he adopted a policy of protecting Lutheran preachers and reformers. During Fredericks reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads in Denmark, at an open meeting in Copenhagen attended by the king in 1536, the people shouted, We will stand by the holy Gospel, and do not want such bishops anymore. Fredericks son Christian was openly Lutheran, which prevented his election to the throne upon his fathers death, however, following his victory in the civil war that followed, in 1537 he became Christian III and advanced the Reformation in Denmark-Norway
14.
Government of Sweden
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The Government of the Kingdom of Sweden is the national cabinet and the supreme executive authority in Sweden. The short-form name Regeringen is used both in the Fundamental Laws of the Realm and in the vernacular, while the long-form is only used in international treaties, the Government is responsible for its actions to the Riksdag. Instrument of Government, Chapter 12, Article 1, the Instrument of Government —one of the Fundamental Laws of the Realm—sets out the main responsibilities and duties of the Government and how it relates to other organs of the State. Instrument of Government, Chapter 12, Article 1, most state administrative authorities, as opposed to local authorities, sorts under the Government, including the Armed Forces, Coast Guard, Customs Service and the Swedish police. While the Judiciary technically sort under the Government in the fiscal sense, the Government of Sweden is the high contracting party when entering treaties with foreign sovereign states and international organisations, as per 10,1 of the Instrument of Government. In most other systems this formal function is usually vested in the head of state. Chapter 6, Article 7 prescribes that laws and ordinances are promulgated by the Government, the nomination is then put to a vote in the chamber. Unless an absolute majority of the members votes no, the nomination is confirmed, the Speaker must then find a new nominee. This means the Riksdag can consent to a Prime Minister without casting any yes votes, after being elected the Prime Minister appoints the cabinet ministers and announces them to the Riksdag. The Riksdag can cast a vote of no confidence against any single cabinet minister, to succeed a vote of no confidence must be supported by an absolute majority or it has failed. If a vote of no confidence is cast against the Prime Minister this means the government is rejected. A losing government has one week to call for an election or else the procedure of nominating a new Prime Minister starts anew. Each appointment of a new Prime Minister is considered to result in a new cabinet, however, there is no automatic resignation following a defeat in a general election, so an election does not always result in a new cabinet. Previously known as the Royal Chancery, the name was changed to the Government Offices on 1 January 1975 with the current Instrument of Government entering into effect. The Instrument of Government briefly mentions in Chapter 7, Article 1 that there is an organization supporting the Government known as the Government Offices. The present organizational charter for the Government Offices is found in the ordinance named Förordning med instruktion för Regeringskansliet, since the issuance of the beforementiond ordinance in 1996, all the ministries are entities within the Government Offices, rather than as separate organisations. Below follows a summary of the current structure. Government of Sweden - Official site Organization and Ministerial Bios - Official site
15.
Queen Silvia of Sweden
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Queen Silvia of Sweden is the spouse of King Carl XVI Gustaf and mother of the heir apparent to the throne, Crown Princess Victoria. In 2011, Silvia became the longest serving queen of Sweden, Silvia Renate Sommerlath was born in Heidelberg, Germany, on 23 December 1943, the only daughter of the late Alice and Walther Sommerlath. Her father was German and her mother was Brazilian and she has two older brothers, Ralf and Walther Sommerlath. They and their families were guests at the 2010 wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling and her third brother, Jörg Sommerlath, died in 2006. The Mother-Child House Jörg Sommerlath in Berlin, operated by Queen Silvias World Childhood Foundation, is named after him, the family returned to West Germany in 1957. She briefly worked as a flight attendant, a trained interpreter, Swedish is actually her sixth language. She speaks her native German, her mothers language of Portuguese, as well as French, Spanish and she has some fluency in Swedish Sign Language, a national sign language used by the deaf community in Sweden. During the 1972 Summer Olympics, Silvia Sommerlath met Crown Prince Carl Gustaf, in a later interview, the King explained how it just clicked when they met. After the death of King Gustaf VI Adolf on 15 September 1973 and he and Silvia announced their engagement on 12 March 1976 and were married three months later, on 19 June in Stockholm Cathedral in Stockholm. It was the first marriage of a reigning Swedish monarch since 1797, If he had married Silvia during the reign of his grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf, he would have lost his position as heir-apparent to the Swedish throne. This was due to the inflexibility of his grandfather, who believed that royalty must marry royalty and this was also the reason why Carl Gustafs uncle, Prince Bertil, did not marry until after Gustaf VI Adolfs death. The King and Queen of Sweden have three children and five grandchildren, Crown Princess Victoria, Duchess of Västergötland. She is married to Daniel Westling, and they have a daughter and he is married to Sofia Hellqvist, and they have a son, Prince Alexander, Duke of Södermanland Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland. As the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet noted in 1994, on the occasion of the Queens 50th birthday and you could put it that way. Even if Silvias arrival was like kicking someone lying down, or hitting a guy with glasses. The guy with glasses was mostly to be found with the Social Democrats, a few lines in the party manifesto, ever more vague over the years. It has always been there, but nobody has ever done anything to implement it, as she told the Swedish news agency TT, If a person is hurt too much, the natural reaction is to withdraw. That is a pity, because I really think our children are natural and open toward other people
16.
Heir apparent
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An heir apparent or heiress apparent is a person who is first in line of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person. An heir presumptive, by contrast, is someone who is first in line to inherit a title, today these terms most commonly describe heirs to hereditary titles, particularly monarchies. They are also used metaphorically to indicate an anointed successor to any position of power, in France the title was le Dauphin. See crown prince for more examples and this article primarily describes the term heir apparent in a hereditary system regulated by laws of primogeniture—as opposed to cases where a monarch has a say in naming the heir. An heir presumptive, by contrast, can always be bumped down in the succession by the birth of more closely related in a legal sense to the current title-holder. The clearest example occurs in the case of a title-holder with no children, if at any time he or she were to produce children, they rank ahead of whatever more distant relative had been heir presumptive. Many legal systems assume childbirth is always possible regardless of age or health, in such circumstances a person may be, in a practical sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive. Adelaide was 44 at the time, so pregnancy was even if unlikely. Daughters may inherit titles that descend according to male-preference primogeniture, thus, normally, even an only daughter will not be heir apparent, since at any time a brother might be born who, though younger, would assume that position. Hence, she is an heir presumptive, for example, Queen Elizabeth II was heir presumptive during the reign of her father, King George VI, because at any stage up to his death, George could have fathered a legitimate son. In a system of absolute primogeniture that disregards gender, female heirs apparent occur, several European monarchies that have adopted such systems in the last few decades furnish practical examples. Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway is heir apparent to her father, Victoria was not heir apparent from birth, but gained the status in 1980 following a change in the Swedish Act of Succession. Her younger brother Carl Philip was thus heir apparent for a few months, then, as the representative of her fathers line she would assume a place ahead of any more distant relatives. Such a situation has not to date occurred with the English or British throne, several times an heir apparent has died, however, there have been several female heirs apparent to British peerages. In one special case, however, England and Scotland had an heir apparent. William, by contrast, was to reign for life only, thus, although after Marys death William continued to reign, he had no power to beget direct heirs, and Anne became the heir apparent for the remainder of Williams reign. She eventually succeeded him as Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland, the position of an heir apparent is normally unshakable, it can be assumed they will inherit. Sometimes, however, extraordinary events—such as the death or the deposition of the parent—intervene
17.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
18.
Freedom of religion
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It also includes the freedom to change ones religion or belief. Freedom of religion is considered by people and most of the nations to be a fundamental human right. Historically, freedom of religion has been used to refer to the tolerance of different theological systems of belief, each of these have existed to varying degrees. Compare examples of individual freedom in Italy or the Muslim tradition of dhimmis, in Antiquity, a syncretic point of view often allowed communities of traders to operate under their own customs. When street mobs of separate quarters clashed in a Hellenistic or Roman city, Cyrus the Great established the Achaemenid Empire ca.550 BC, and initiated a general policy of permitting religious freedom throughout the empire, documenting this on the Cyrus Cylinder. Some of the exceptions have been in regions where one of the revealed religions has been in a position of power, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity. This was the core for resentment and the persecution of early Christian communities, Freedom of religious worship was established in the Buddhist Maurya Empire of ancient India by Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC, which was encapsulated in the Edicts of Ashoka. Greek-Jewish clashes at Cyrene in 73 AD and 117 AD and in Alexandria in 115 AD provide examples of cities as scenes of tumult. Dhimmis were allowed to operate their own courts following their own systems in cases that did not involve other religious groups. ISIS re-established the punitive jizya tax and forbade Christians in Syria from building places of worship, ringing bells, wearing crosses or criticizing Islam, ancient Jews fleeing from persecution in their homeland 2,500 years ago settled in India and never faced anti-Semitism. Freedom of religion edicts have been written during Ashoka the Greats reign in the 3rd century BC. Freedom to practise, preach and propagate any religion is a right in Modern India. Most major religious festivals of the communities are included in the list of national holidays. Although India is an 80% Hindu country, India is a state without any state religions. Many scholars and intellectuals believe that Indias predominant religion, Hinduism, has long been a most tolerant religion, rajni Kothari, founder of the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies has written, is a country built on the foundations of a civilisation that is fundamentally non-religious. The Dalai Lama, the Tibetan leader in exile, said that religious tolerance of Aryabhoomi, not only Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism which are the native religions but also Christianity and Islam have flourished here. Religious tolerance is inherent in Indian tradition, the Dalai Lama said, Freedom of religion in the Indian subcontinent is exemplified by the reign of King Piyadasi. One of King Ashokas main concerns was to reform governmental institutes and exercise moral principles in his attempt to create a just and humane society
19.
Confession of Augsburg
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The Augsburg Confession was written in both German and Latin and was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on 25 June 1530. It is the document contained in the Lutheran Book of Concord. On 21 January 1530, Emperor Charles V issued letters from Bologna, although the writ of invitation was couched in very peaceful language, it was received with suspicion by some of the Protestants. This summary has received the name of the Torgau Articles, on 3 April, the elector and reformers started from Torgau, and reached Coburg on 23 April. There, Luther was left behind because he was an outlaw according to the Diet of Worms, the rest reached Augsburg on 2 May. On the journey, Melanchthon worked on an apology, using the Torgau articles, and sent his draft to Luther at Coburg on 11 May, during the diet, the cities of Weißenburg in Bayern, Heilbronn, Kempten, and Windesheim also expressed their concurrence with the confession. The Protestant princes, however, declared that they would not part with the confession until its reading should be allowed, the 25th was then fixed for the day of its presentation. In order to exclude the people, the chapel of the episcopal palace was appointed in place of the spacious city hall. The reading of the German version of the text by Christian Beyer lasted two hours and was so distinct that every word could be heard outside, the reading being over, the copies were handed to the emperor. The German he gave to the chancellor, the Elector of Mainz. Neither of the copies is now extant, the first official publication was edited by Philipp Melanchthon, a professor at the University of Wittenberg and a close colleague and friend of Martin Luther. That in doctrine and ceremonies nothing has been received on our part against Scripture or the Church Catholic, signatures of several secular leaders in Saxony. The Augsburg Confession became the confessional document for the Lutheran movement. Following the public reading of the Augsburg Confession in June 1530, the response by Charles V. However, in September, Charles V declared the response to be sufficient and gave the Lutheran princes until 15 April 1531, in response, Phillipp Melancthon wrote a lengthy and sustained argument both supporting the Augsburg Confession and refuting the arguments made in the Confutation. This document became known as the Apology of the Augsburg Confession and was translated into German and was widely distributed. The Lutheran princes at the diet concurrently agreed to an alliance in the event of action by Charles V known as the Schmalkaldic League. By 1535, the League admitted any city or state to the alliance that gave official assent to the Augsburg Confession and the Apology
20.
Monarchy
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The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic, to partial and restricted, to completely autocratic. Traditionally and in most cases, the monarchs post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication, occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election. Finally, there have been cases where the term of a reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved. Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy, Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century, but it is no longer prevalent. Currently,47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state,19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state. The monarchs of Cambodia, Japan, and Malaysia reign, the word monarch comes from the Greek language word μονάρχης, monárkhēs which referred to a single, at least nominally absolute ruler. In current usage the word usually refers to a traditional system of hereditary rule. Depending on the held by the monarch, a monarchy may be known as a kingdom, principality, duchy, grand duchy, empire, tsardom, emirate, sultanate, khaganate. The form of societal hierarchy known as chiefdom or tribal kingship is prehistoric, the Greek term monarchia is classical, used by Herodotus. The monarch in classical antiquity is often identified as king, the Chinese, Japanese and Nepalese monarchs continued to be considered living Gods into the modern period. Since antiquity, monarchy has contrasted with forms of democracy, where power is wielded by assemblies of free citizens. In antiquity, monarchies were abolished in favour of such assemblies in Rome, much of 19th century politics was characterised by the division between anti-monarchist Radicalism and monarchist Conservativism. Many countries abolished the monarchy in the 20th century and became republics, advocacy of republics is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchies is called monarchism. In the modern era, monarchies are more prevalent in small states than in large ones, most monarchs, both historically and in the modern day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, the centre of the royal household and court. Growing up in a family, future monarchs are often trained for the responsibilities of expected future rule. Different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. While most monarchs have been male, many female monarchs also have reigned in history, rule may be hereditary in practice without being considered a monarchy, such as that of family dictatorships or political families in many democracies. The principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of leadership
21.
Line of succession to the Belgian throne
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There are fifteen persons in the line of succession to the Belgian throne. Since 1991, Belgium practises absolute primogeniture among the descendants of King Albert II, a person is deprived of his or her rights to the crown if he or she marries without the consent of the king. The lost right may be re-established by the king in the event of parliamentary agreement, when Prince Amedeo married in 2014, it was reported that he did not ask his uncle King Philippes permission, and had therefore lost his right to the Belgian throne. However, on November 12,2015, a Royal Decree was published which showed that consent had been given after the marriage retroactively, list of Belgian monarchs Lists of incumbents
22.
Line of succession to the Bhutanese throne
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The line of succession to the throne of Bhutan is based on the constitution of Bhutan. Currently the line of succession is according to cognatic primogeniture with males preceding females who are in the same degree of kinship. If the heir apparent has reached the age of majority of 21, if the heir apparent and the nearest people in the line of succession are deemed unsuitable, it is up to the monarch to decide who will be the next heir. If the monarch violates the constitution, he or she must abdicate, the list is composed of the nearest family of the current monarch. The actual line of succession may be longer as there could be other legitimate descendants of King Ugyen Wangchuck. The legitimate descendants of King Ugyen Wangchuck are presently entitled to succeed, if a king dies leaving a pregnant wife, the unborn child will automatically assume a place in the line of succession if there is no male heir. A person loses his or her succession rights if he or she marries a person who is not a natural born Bhutanese citizen. If the successor to the throne has not reached the age of majority of 21 or is mentally or physically incapable of performing their functions there are two possible outcomes, the heir presumptive having reached the age of majority would serve as regent until the regency is not needed. The Council of Regency would exercise the prerogatives of the king under the constitution if an eligible heir presumptive or other suitable member of the royal family is not available. The Privy Council consists of two members appointed by the monarch, one nominated by the Council of Ministers and one member nominated by the National Council
23.
Succession to the Danish throne
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The Danish Act of Succession, adopted on 27 March 1953, restricts the throne to those descended from Christian X and his wife, Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, through approved marriages. Succession is governed by absolute primogeniture, dynasts lose their right to the throne if they marry without the permission of the monarch, to be given in the Council of State. Individuals born to unmarried dynasts or to former dynasts that married without royal permission, further, when approving a marriage, the monarch can impose conditions that must be met in order for any resulting offspring to have succession rights. Should there be no eligible descendant of King Christian X and Queen Alexandrine, since the condition was not met, Princess Benediktes children are not deemed to have succession rights and are not included in the official line of succession. Before 1953, various descendants of King Christian IX had succession rights in Denmark, the new Act of Succession terminated those rights but left the individuals involved in possession of their titles. This created a class of people with royal titles but no rights to the throne, as a distinction, those entitled to inherit the throne are called Prins til Danmark while those without succession rights are referred to as Prins af Danmark. From 1853 until 1953, the crown passed according to agnatic primogeniture, the monarch in 1953, King Frederick IX, had three daughters but no sons. Under the 1953 act, the heir presumptive to the throne was Hereditary Prince Knud, the Hereditary Prince was far less popular than the King was. Further, his mother-in-law, Princess Helena, was accused of supporting the Nazi movement during the Second World War, thus, the Salic law was changed to male-preference primogeniture in 1953, meaning that females could inherit, but only if they had no brothers. His sons married without the permission and lost both their royal titles and succession rights. Only Knuds daughter, the unmarried Princess Elisabeth, retains her rights to the throne, Queen Margrethe IIs youngest sister, Anne-Marie, married King Constantine II of Greece in 1964. The bill was voted through two successive parliaments, and submitted to a referendum, ensuring that, in future, the apparent to the throne of Denmark would be the monarchs first-born child. However, the yes did not change the line of succession at that time. The Crown Princess gave birth to twins on 8 January 2011
24.
Line of succession to the Japanese throne
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The current line of succession to the Chrysanthemum Throne is based on the Imperial Household Law. At present, only males are allowed to succeed to the throne, the list below contains all princes currently eligible to succeed to the throne. The list below contains all princes currently eligible to succeed to the throne, the Imperial House Law of 1889 was the first Japanese law to regulate the imperial succession. Until October 1947, when it was abolished and replaced with the Imperial Household Law, in all instances, the succession proceeded from the eldest male heir to the youngest. In the majority of cases, the sons and male heirs of an emperor were favoured over those born to concubines. The amendment provided for princes to leave the family, either by imperial decree or by imperial sanction. They were then granted a name and assumed the status of nobles with the peerage titles of marquis or count. Alternatively, a prince could be adopted into a noble family or succeed to the headship of an imperial family line as a noble. Prince Fushimi Kuniie had 17 sons in all by various concubines, a 1907 amendment to the Imperial House Law further reduced the number of imperial princes eligible to succeed to the throne. The main Fushimi-no-miya line and the Kuni, Kaya, Asaka, Higashikuni, Takeda, the present head of the Fushimi-no-miya family and the head of the Kitashirakawa branch lack male heirs to continue their lineages, however. Debate over the succession was first raised in the late 1920s after the Shōwa Emperors accession. As a career officer and known nationalist with radical leanings. Still, in 1938 Prince Saionji expressed his worry that Prince Chichibu might someday usurp the throne by violent means, by October 1940, however, Prince Chichibu had become seriously ill with pulmonary tuberculosis, and led a retired life from then on. He was quietly passed over in the line of succession in favour of his brother Prince Takamatsu, in an emergency, Prince Takamatsu was intended to assume the regency for his nephew the Crown Prince. In July 1944, though the hopelessness of Japans war effort became clear after the loss of Saipan, on 8 July, the decision was formally taken, with Prince Takamatsu endorsing it several days later. By this plan, Prince Higashikuni would replace Tojo as premier, however, the plan was ultimately dismissed as being too risky. Article 2 of the Constitution of Japan provides that The Imperial Throne shall be dynastic, the Imperial Household Law of 1947 enacted by the 92nd and last session of the Imperial Diet, retained the exclusion on female dynasts found in the 1889 law. Before September 2006, there was a succession crisis since no male child had been born into the imperial family since Prince Akishino in 1965
25.
Succession to the Jordanian throne
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Line of succession to the Jordanian throne is the line of people who are eligible to succeed to the throne of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The succession is regulated by Article 28 of the Constitution of Jordan, the throne passes according to agnatic primogeniture. The only people eligible to succeed are mentally sound Muslim men who are legitimate, a prince must be born to Muslim parents in order to have succession rights. The king has the right to appoint one of his brothers as heir apparent, a person can be barred from succession by Royal Decree on the ground of unsuitability. His descendants would not be automatically excluded
26.
Line of succession to the Liechtensteiner throne
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Succession to the Liechtensteiner throne is governed by the house laws of the Princely Family of Liechtenstein, which stipulate agnatic primogeniture. The family continued to be governed by various statutes until 1993, when it was decided some of the provisions were outdated. The statute was repealed on 26 October, and the new law was published on 6 December. Should there be no eligible male patrilineal descendants left, the sovereign has the right to adopt an heir presumptive. It is explicitly stated if a member of the princely family adopts a prince who is in the line of succession. There is no scenario under which a woman could succeed to the throne of Liechtenstein, the house law also provides for a possibility of renunciation of succession rights. List of princes of Liechtenstein List of heirs to the throne of Liechtenstein
27.
Line of succession to the Malaysian throne
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Malaysia practises an elective monarchy, and as such, there is no distinct line of succession to the Malaysian thrones. In the event where the current seat of the throne falls vacant, the deputy king does not automatically succeed the throne. The election is regulated by Article 32 of the Constitution of Malaysia, by convention, the monarch of the Throne of Malaysia has been elected by the established order of seniority of the states. Negeri Sembilan is unique in that it is the only State in Malaysia which practices an elective monarchy instead of a linear dynasty, the four largest luak in Negeri Sembilan each elect an Undang, who are also the kingmakers of the State. When the position of the Yamtuan Besar falls vacant, the four Undangs will be called upon to appoint a successor among the Princes of Four and they are the Tunku Besar of Seri Menanti, the Tunku Laksamana, the Tunku Muda of Serting and the Tunku Panglima Besar. The current Yamtuan Besar is Tuanku Muhriz, the reigning Sultan appoints princes in the male line of descent from a Sultan to certain high princely titles. They are arranged in an order of precedence indicating the order of succession to the throne. Crown Prince and Heir Apparent to the Sultanate The Raja Di-Hilir, deputy Crown Prince and Second Heir to the Sultanate. While titleholders are usually appointed for life, titles may be revoked in cases of proven incompetence or disability, on the death or promotion of an existing titleholder, the holder of the next most senior title succeeds him. The Raja Muda is the apparent, and succeeds the ruling sultan on his demise. The Raja Kechil Besar then becomes the Raja Di-Hilir, the new Sultan may then appoint his own nominee to the junior-most title made vacant by these successions
28.
Succession to the Monegasque throne
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The line of succession to the Monegasque throne is a list of people entitled to succeed to the throne of Monaco. The line of succession was most recently and notably modified by a change implemented by Princely Law 1.249 of 2 April 2002. Under the constitution of Monaco, the crown according to male-preference cognatic primogeniture. Children born as a result of adultery are permanently excluded, the list below includes only persons eligible to succeed to the throne. A person born to a dynast who was not married to the parent at the time of birth does not have any succession rights unless legitimized by his or her parents subsequent marriage. Louis and Pauline Ducruet and Alexandre Casiraghi have been legitimised by their parents subsequent marriages, until 2002, the crown of Monaco could only pass to the direct descendants, including adopted children, of the reigning prince. Constitution of Monaco List of rulers of Monaco List of heirs to the Monegasque throne Monaco succession crisis of 1918
29.
Succession to the Dutch throne
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Since 1983, the crown of the Netherlands passes according to absolute primogeniture. From 1814 until 1887, a monarch could only be succeeded by their closest female relative if there were no male relatives. Male-preference cognatic primogeniture was adopted in 1887, though abolished when absolute primogeniture was introduced in 1983, proximity of blood has been taken into consideration since 1922, when the constitution was changed to limit the line of succession to three degrees of kinship from the current monarch. The list below contains all people currently eligible to succeed to the throne, Princess Beatrixs second son, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, was removed from the line of succession in 2004 when he married without seeking Parliamentary approval. His two daughters, Countess Luana of Orange-Nassau van Amsberg and Countess Zaria of Orange-Nassau van Amsberg, are not in the line of succession, Princess Irene was removed from the list when she married Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma without Parliamentary approval. Approval was withheld because Carlos Hugos Carlist pretense to the Spanish throne threatened to cause a Constitutional crisis, Princess Christina was also removed from the list because she married Jorge Pérez y Guillermo. The couple decided not to seek Parliamentary approval for their marriage, Prince Pieter-Christiaan and Prince Floris of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven, were removed from the list because they had both decided not to seek Parliamentary approval for their 2005 marriages. Prince Maurits and Prince Bernhard of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven, list of heirs to the Dutch throne Monarchy of the Netherlands
30.
Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne
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The order of succession to the throne of Saudi Arabia is determined by, and within, the House of Saud. A deputy crown prince was first selected in 2014, the current ruler of Saudi Arabia is King Salman, who succeeded King Abdullah on his death on 23 January 2015. On the same day, Prince Muqrin became Crown Prince only to be replaced three months later by Muhammad bin Nayef at the order of Salman, the appointment of grandsons to line of succession is to be based on merit. The Allegiance Council was created in 2006 to facilitate the transfer of power. The House of Saud controlled vast parts of the Arabian peninsula for two and a half centuries, the dynasty collapsed twice in the 1800s due to discord over succession. In 1890s, the Al Sauds were completely supplanted by the Al Rashid, the kingdom began to fight to restore itself through Emir Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, known to the world as Ibn Saud, and his capture of Riyadh in 1902. After much tumult, Saudi Arabia became a kingdom in 1932, as Ibn Saud conquered Arabia, he formed alliances by polygamous marriages to members of its biggest tribes. This strengthened his power within the Al Sauds and expanded his legitimacy in Arabia, not to mention nearly a hundred children, the possibility of a baby as heir to a kingdom that was patently unstable, as the Emirate of Najed was in 1920, completely unacceptable. The Emir decided to leave the open, leaving hope for one of his brothers or his second son Saud to eventually take over what would become a mighty kingdom. In the late 1920s and early 30s, Ibn Sauds brother Muhammad bin Abdul-Rahman began to argue with him as to who would be next in line, his son Khalid, in 1933, the king made his choice, and Prince Saud was declared Crown Prince. Late in life, King ibn Saud declared that he wished that the Saudi succession would be via agnatic seniority and that Sauds heir presumptive would be his next, and more capable son, Faisal. There were rumors around this time that a son, Muhammad, was plotting to take the throne from his brothers when the time came. When the old king died in 1953, Saud became king, for the eleven years of his reign, the question of who was to succeed King Saud was considered a done deal. This was unacceptable to the rest of the Royal Clan, and at Faisals request, despite problems that led to his nickname The Father of the Two Evils, Prince Mohammed was an intelligent and dynamic personality, leaving the possibility of another royal feud. During one of the times Feisal had taken over the government, he had appointed his half brother Khalid as Deputy Prime Minister in 1962, bypassing Muhammed. One of the reasons that Muhammed initially demured from standing down, was his distrust of the so-called Sudairi Seven, the eldest of the group, Prince Fahd, was Feisals top choice. He was given the position of second deputy Prime Minister and at the time, royal sources let it be known that Prince Abdullah, head of the National Guard. Between the two, they would reign for 33 years, as King Khalids health began rapidly decline, the problem of succession came back into the fore
31.
Succession to the Spanish throne
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Spain uses the system of male-preference cognatic primogeniture. Dynasts who marry against the prohibition of the king and the Cortes are excluded from the succession together with their descendants. A prohibition expressed only by the King or only by the Cortes will have no consequences to the succession, disputes about the succession are to be settled by legislation. The above list is limited to descendants of King Juan Carlos I, section 1 of Article 57 of the Spanish Constitution provides that The Crown of Spain shall be inherited by the successors of H. M. Juan Carlos I de Borbón. To date, no clarification has been whether this provision includes anyone beyond the descendants of King Juan Carlos. The rights of earlier generations are similarly clouded by numerous renunciations, Article 57 further provides that Abdications and renunciations and any doubt in fact or in law that may arise in connection with the succession to the Crown shall be settled by an organic act. Unless and until an organic act clarifies the rights of members of the Kings family, it is unknown who, if anyone. If the word successors is deemed to mean descendants, the ends with Irene Urdangarín y de Borbón. If not and if made by King Juan Carloss sisters are deemed valid, Infante Carlos. The subsequent announcement, in 2006, that the Princess was pregnant with a daughter, however. List of heirs to the Spanish throne List of Spanish monarchs Spanish Royal Family Carlism
32.
Succession to the Swazi throne
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In Swaziland, no king can appoint his successor. Only an independent special traditional Council called the Liqoqo decides which of the wives shall be Great Wife, the son of this Great Wife will automatically become the next king. The Great Wife is chosen after the death of the king and her character affects her childs chances of ascending to the status of king. According to Swazi culture, a son cannot be the heir if his mother is not of good standing and she must not bear the maiden name of Nkhosi-Dlamini as Dlamini is the name of the Royal House of Swaziland and she must not be a ritual wife. The king currently has fifteen wives and 23 children, a Swazi kings first two wives are chosen for him by the national councillors. These two have special functions in rituals and their sons can never become kings, the first wife must be a member of the Matsebula clan, the second of the Motsa clan. These wives are known as tesulamsiti, a royal fiancée is called liphovela, or bride. They graduate from being fiancées to full wives as soon as they fall pregnant, but the traditional marriage, known as “Ludvendve” only follows later. In traditional Swazi culture, the king is expected to marry a woman from every clan in order to cement relationships with each part of Swaziland and this means that the king must have many wives. Son, HRH Prince Sicalo Son, Prince Maveletiveni Inkhosikati LaMotsa—Ritual wife, laMbikiza is involved in the Swazi Royal Initiative to Combat AIDS. She also left the king in 2004, after having an affair and she married a South African businessman, with whom she has a child. In May 2012 she was rumoured to have left the royal compound. Daughter, Princess Yenziwe June 2002 Inkhosikati LaMagongo— Niece of Chief Mlobokazana Fakudze and she met the king at the birthday party of one of his children before she participated in the Miss Swaziland Teen beauty pageant. Her father is South African, from Barberton and she had an affair with Ndumiso Mamba. She graduated from Mbabanes St. Francis High School in 2012 and was a finalist in the Miss Cultural Heritage beauty pageant and she was introduced at the Reed Dance in Shiselweni on 13 September 2013. She became an Inkhosikati on August 30,2014. Daughter, Princess Ntsandvweni
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1924 Palace Law of Succession
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The Palace Law of Succession, Buddhist Era 2467 governs succession to the Throne of the Kingdom of Thailand, under the ruling House of Chakri. Succession matters prior to the end of monarchy in 1932 could be contentious. In 1924, King Vajiravudh attempted to clarify the process by laying down the Palace Law of Succession. In 1932, after Siam became a monarchy, various amendments relating to succession were introduced. The 1997 Constitution of Thailand relied on the law with regards to succession, the 2007 Constitution again relied on the Palace Law. The preamble of the 2014 interim constitution of Thailand abrogated the 2007 Constitution, with the exception of chapter 2, concerning the monarchy and the succession. The original Palace Law of A. D.1360 relating to succession since Ayutthaya Kingdom period did not lay out a system for determining a successor upon the death of a king. Rather, it provided a frame of reference from which the king could be chosen. Typically, the new king would be either the kings son born of a major queen or consort. The Law also provided rules by which someone who was neither a son nor a brother of the king could accede to the throne. However, the Palace Law was not always followed and did not ensure smooth successions, at least one third of Ayutthayas royal successions involved bloodshed. Indeed, the history of the kingdom at that time is a chronicle of frequent usurpations, historian David K. King Taksin established himself as King of Siam by right of conquest. He, however, alienated the support to secure the legitimacy of his reign. His chief military commander, then on an expedition to enforce recognition of his friend and king by the current ruler of Cambodia, hastened to the rescue. Then, following the precedent of the newly crowned King Wareru of the 13th century, the Code of Wareru is reflected in successive codes, but the Siamese went beyond it to establish a true code of laws. The Palace Law was a constituent part of new legal compendium called The Three Seals Code, which was needed, Rama I said, because old laws were often misinterpreted. Succession under the Three Seals Code took into account the potential of the king to be, as prescribed by ancient Buddhist texts. This was manifested in his upholding of the Ten Virtues of Kingship, Dāna, Śīla, Paricaga, Ajava, Maddava, Tapa, Akkodha, Avihimsa, Khanti, lineage, however, still played a very important role
King Carl XVI Gustaf (born 1946)[3]
