1.
Scarborough, New Zealand
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Scarborough is a hillside suburb above Sumner in Christchurch, New Zealand. Scarborough is located between Sumner and Te Onepoto / Taylors Mistake and it was named for the seaside resort in North Yorkshire, England. The first European owner of most of the land was Major Alfred Hornbrook, a small land parcel of 25 acres near present-day Nicholson Park belonged to Charles Church Haslewood, who died in May 1858 when his hunting gun discharged while he looked down the barrel. The land was purchased by R. M. Morten, and after his death, the first person who built in the area was Donald Patterson, a prominent civil engineer. Patterson purchased all the land in the triangle formed by Scarborough Road and Flowers Track, of parks in Christchurch, Nicholson Park would have some of the most spectacular views. From vantage points in this 4 hectares location, good views can be had of Sumner, Flowers Track can be descended from here, and it was the main start point of the spectacular walking track along the cliff tops that formed an early connection between Sumner and Taylors Mistake. The walkway was destroyed in the two earthquakes that hit on 13 June 2011, the first had its epicentre in Taylors Mistake, much of the cliff faces collapsed into the sea below. Some of the land near the cliffs has been red zoned and purchased by the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority, houses on those properties are to be demolished, and the land is so unstable that drones are used to survey the land for establishing the best demolition method. A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, A–L. I, video of damage to Whitewash Head after the first of the two June 2011 Christchurch earthquakes had struck
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Christchurch
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Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Islands east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula and it is home to 389,700 residents, making it New Zealands third most-populous urban area behind Auckland and Wellington. The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848 and it was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Some early writers called the town Christ Church, but it was recorded as Christchurch in the minutes of the management committee of the association, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. The Avon River flows through the centre of the city, with a park located along its banks. At the request of the Deans brothers, the river was named after the River Avon in Scotland, the usual Māori name for Christchurch is Ōtautahi. This was originally the name of a site by the Avon River near present-day Kilmore Street. The site was a dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Te Potiki Tautahi. The Ōtautahi name was adopted in the 1930s, prior to that the Ngāi Tahu generally referred to the Christchurch area as Karaitiana, a transliteration of the English word Christian. The citys name is abbreviated by New Zealanders to Chch. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is the fingerspelled letter C signed twice, with the second to the right of the first. Archaeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250 CE. These first inhabitants were thought to have followed by the Waitaha tribe. Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha were dispossessed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe and they were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu tribe, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers. Their abandoned holdings were taken over by the Deans brothers in 1843 who stayed, the First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte Jane, Sir George Seymour, the Charlotte Jane was the first to arrive on 16 December 1850. The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, the name Christ Church was decided prior to the ships arrival, at the Associations first meeting, on 27 March 1848
4.
John Bird Sumner
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John Bird Sumner was a bishop in the Church of England and Archbishop of Canterbury. John Bird Sumner was a brother of Charles Richard Sumner, bishop of Winchester and their father was Robert Sumner and their mother was Hannah Bird, a first cousin of William Wilberforce. Sumner was born in Kenilworth, Warwickshire and he was educated at Eton College and Kings College, Cambridge. In 1802, Sumner became a master at Eton College, where he was nicknamed Crumpety Sumner by the boys and he was elected a fellow of Eton in 1817 and in 1818 the school presented him to the living of Maple Durham, Oxfordshire. After being a prebendary of the Durham diocese for some years, during his episcopacy many churches and schools were built in the diocese. In 1848 he was elevated to Archbishop of Canterbury and in this capacity he dealt impartially with the different church parties until his death, sumners numerous writings were much esteemed, especially by the Evangelical party to which he belonged. His best known writings are his Treatise on the Records of Creation, in the well-known Gorham Case, Sumner came into conflict with Henry Phillpotts, Bishop of Exeter, who accused him of supporting heresy and refused to communicate with him. He supported the Divorce Bill in parliament but opposed the Deceased Wifes Sister Bill, Sumner was president of the Canterbury Association which founded Christchurch, New Zealand. In 1848 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, Sumner died in 1862 in Addington and is buried in Addington churchyard. He had married Marianne Robertson on 31 March 1803 in Bath and she was the daughter of George Robertson, a captain in the Royal Navy, and Ann Lewis, daughter of Francis Lewis, a New York signer of the Declaration of Independence and Elizabeth Anessley. Sumner and his wife had seven children, Anne, Eliza Maria, Georgiana, Caroline, Maria, John Henry Robertson, Sumner was later to have remarried to Ella Sophia, the fourth child of Stamford Raffles, but she died on the eve of their wedding. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Sumner, John Bird, material relating to John Bird Sumner at Lambeth Palace Library
5.
Archbishop of Canterbury
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The current archbishop is Justin Welby. His enthronement took place at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013, Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the Apostle to the English, sent from Rome in the year 597. From the time of Augustine in the 6th until the 16th century, during the English Reformation the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. In the Middle Ages there was variation in the methods of nomination of the Archbishop of Canterbury. At various times the choice was made by the canons of Canterbury Cathedral, today the archbishop fills four main roles, He is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, which covers the eastern parts of the County of Kent. Founded in 597, it is the oldest see in the English church and he is the metropolitan archbishop of the Province of Canterbury, which covers the southern two-thirds of England. He is the primate and chief religious figure of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury plays a part in national ceremonies such as coronations, due to his high public profile. As spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion, the archbishop, although without legal authority outside England, is recognised by convention as primus inter pares of all Anglican primates worldwide, since 1867 he has convened more or less decennial meetings of worldwide Anglican bishops, the Lambeth Conferences. In the last two of these functions he has an important ecumenical and interfaith role, speaking on behalf of Anglicans in England, the archbishops main residence is Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth. He also has lodgings in the Old Palace, Canterbury, located beside Canterbury Cathedral, as holder of one of the five great sees, the Archbishop of Canterbury is ex officio one of the Lords Spiritual of the House of Lords. He is one of the men in England and the highest ranking non-royal in the United Kingdoms order of precedence. Since Henry VIII broke with Rome, the Archbishops of Canterbury have been selected by the English monarch, today the choice is made in the name of the monarch by the prime minister, from a shortlist of two selected by an ad-hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission. Since the 20th century, the appointment of Archbishops of Canterbury conventionally alternates between more moderate Anglo-Catholics and Evangelicals, the current archbishop, Justin Welby, the 105th Archbishop of Canterbury, was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 4 February 2013. As archbishop he signs himself as + Justin Cantuar and his predecessor, Rowan Williams, 104th Archbishop of Canterbury, was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 27 February 2003. Immediately prior to his appointment to Canterbury, Williams was the Bishop of Monmouth, on 18 March 2012, Williams announced he would be stepping down as Archbishop of Canterbury at the end of 2012 to become Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge. In addition to his office, the archbishop also holds a number of positions, for example, he is Joint President of the Council of Christians. Some positions he formally holds ex officio and others virtually so, geoffrey Fisher, 99th Archbishop of Canterbury, was the first since 1397 to visit Rome, where he held private talks with Pope John XXIII in 1960
6.
Canterbury Association
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The Canterbury Association was formed in order to establish a colony in what is now the Canterbury Region in the South Island of New Zealand. The Association was founded in London on 27 March 1848, the prime movers were Edward Gibbon Wakefield and John Robert Godley. Wakefield was heavily involved in the New Zealand Company, which by that time had established four other colonies in New Zealand. He approached Godley to help him establish a colony sponsored by the Church of England, at its first meeting, the Association decided upon names. The settlement was to be called Canterbury, presumably after the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Association re-targeted its planned settlement from the Wairarapa to the Banks Peninsula hinterland, where it arranged to buy land from the New Zealand Company for 10 shillings per acre. The Association then sold the land to its colonists for £3 per acre, reserving the rest, the additional £2 10s, for use in public such as emigration, roads. The provision of funds for emigration aimed to allow the Association to offer assisted passages to members of the classes with desirable skills for the new colony. A poster advertising the assisted passages specifically mentions Gardeners, Sheps, Farm Servants, Labourers, Godley went out to New Zealand in early 1850 to oversee the preparations for the settlement already undertaken by a large team of men under the direction of Captain Joseph Thomas. Lord Lyttelton, Sir John Simeon, 3rd Baronet, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, and Lord Richard Cavendish guaranteed ₤15,000 to the Association, which saved it from financial collapse. The Charlotte Jane and Randolph arrived in Lyttelton Harbour on 16 December 1850, the Sir George Seymour on the 17th, the British press dubbed the settlers on these first four ships the Canterbury Pilgrims. A further 24 shiploads of Canterbury Association settlers, making a total of approximately 3,500, the affairs of the Canterbury Association were wound up in 1853. English, Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 11-Jul-2005, a sort of conscience, the Wakefields Auckland University Press. Bishop Harper and the Canterbury Settlement
7.
Edward Jollie
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Edward Jollie was a pioneer land surveyor in New Zealand, initially as a cadet surveyor with the New Zealand Company. The Christchurch Central City is laid out to his survey, the family was from Brampton, Carlisle, England. His father was the Reverend Francis Jollie, and he was the fourth son and he followed his elder brother Francis to New Zealand, arriving on the barque Brougham in Wellington in 1842. Later he worked in the Wairau, and in Canterbury, where he laid out the new town of Christchurch in 1850, later he was briefly the first Member of Parliament for the Cheviot electorate 1859–1860, being elected in December 1859. In his diary, he says about his career that In the Assembly I voted with the Government, but only spoke once in a debate. He was active on the Canterbury Provincial Council from 1865 until the abolition of the provinces in 1876 and he held several posts including Secretary of Public Works and Provincial Treasurer. He lived with his wife, Caroline, six daughters and two sons in Europe from 1877 and when returned to New Zealand in 1884 settled in Patea. His wife encouraged him to write an autobiography for the benefit of their children, caught Mapping, The Life and Times of New Zealand’s Early Surveyors
8.
Joseph Thomas (surveyor)
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Captain Joseph Thomas was the chief surveyor for Lyttelton, Sumner, and Christchurch in New Zealand. He took up surveying after service in the British army, gaining the rank of lieutenant, in the 1840s, he explored many parts of New Zealand and worked for the New Zealand Company. This gained him employment with the Canterbury Association, which sent him to New Zealand in 1848, Thomas role was to find a suitable site for their proposed settlement, and what became the Canterbury region with Christchurch as its capital was the result of his efforts. He was dismissed in early 1851 over quarrels with John Robert Godley, Thomas life after 1853 is unknown. Having allowed for Hagley Park as a central city green space is regarded as his major achievement. Thomas was born in Worcester, England, in 1803, at age 13, he was an ensign in the 101st Regiment. In 1819, he was admitted to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and in November 1822 and he served in India and in November 1827 transferred to the 19th Regiment of Foot for service in the West Indies. Thomas left the army in 1833 with the rank of lieutenant and he returned to England in 1839. Thomas purchased land in Wellington from the New Zealand Company and arrived there on the Adelaide on 7 March 1840, as the land proved to be unavailable, he ventured into fishing and whaling, but in 1841 accepted a survey position under William Mein Smith. Thomas undertook work in Wanganui and Porirua, but together with most of his colleagues, in the following year, he was engaged to undertake survey work in the Otago region under Frederick Tuckett, but the work was postponed and he explored parts of the North Island instead. He returned to England and soon after in 1848 was appointed by the Canterbury Association as their chief surveyor for their settlement in Canterbury. His formal employer was the New Zealand Company, as the Canterbury Association had not received its charter and he left England on 6 July 1848 together with the surveyors Thomas Cass and Charles Torlesse, and arrived in Nelson on 5 November. Other instructions to Thomas included that the settlement should have an area of at least 1,000,000 acres. The settlement could be at the coast or inland, but any coastal settlement required a good harbour, the capital was to be called Christchurch. In Nelson, he organised a copy of the written by G. Duppa of his 1841 exploration of Port Cooper. Thomas went to Wellington next, where he arrived on 21 November 1848, William Fox as the New Zealand Companys agent accompanied the three surveyors on the journey, and they reached Port Cooper on 15 December 1848. Thomas himself explored Banks Peninsula on foot and went to Port Levy, Pigeon Bay, Akaroa, Little River and back via the inland shore of Lake Ellesmere. Their own report was supplemented by a report from the Deans brothers, Thomas and Fox jointly approved land holdings for two parties of settlers already in the area, who had paid for land in the Wellington area which had not been available
9.
Canterbury Province
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The Canterbury Province was a province of New Zealand from 1853 until the abolition of provincial government in 1876. Canterbury Province was founded in December 1850 by an association of influential Englishmen associated with the Church of England, the Charlotte Jane and the Randolph—the first two of the First Four Ships—arrived in the area on 16 December 1850, later celebrated as the provinces initial Anniversary Day. Elections were held in 1853 for Superintendent and, later that year and these elections predated any elected national assembly. The franchise was extended to men over the age of 21 who owned property in the province, the first meeting place was the former office of the Guardian and Advertiser, Canterburys second newspaper, on Chester Street near the Avon River. In 1866, the moved to Guise Brittans house, which later became part of the Clarendon Hotel. One session in 1858 was held in the hall on what is now High Street. On 28 September 1859, the council first met in what known as the Timber Chamber of the Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings. The Stone Chamber of the Provincial Council Buildings was used from November 1865, following the West Coast Gold Rush, the portion of the province west of the Southern Alps was split off as Westland in 1867. Upon the establishment of the University of New Zealand in 1870, on the east coast the province was bounded by the Hurunui River in the north and the Waitaki River in the south. The boundary on the west coast was largely undefined before the West Coast became its own province. In 1868 the West Coast was separated from the Province with the formation of the County of Westland on the West Coast with the line defined as the crest of the Southern Alps. In 1873 the County formed its own Province, the short-lived Westland Province, in the south the course of the Waitaki River was not known and disputes arose with the Province of Otago over pastoral leases in the inland high country. In the 1860s South Canterbury made two bids to become separate province but this was rejected by the national government, when the province was abolished, the area was distributed across eight counties. The Ferrymead Railway was the first railway to be opened and closed in New Zealand and it was made obsolete by the opening of a new 8 miles line through a tunnel giving Christchurch access to the better port of Lyttelton. The mainlines of the Canterbury Provincial Railways were Irish gauge with some lines in Colonial gauge. These lines were all absorbed into the New Zealand Railways Department in 1876. Charles Simeon was the officer for the first election of a Superintendent. Canterbury had four Superintendents, The Executive Council is comparable to a cabinet, the following 26 Executive Councils existed, Each New Zealand province celebrates an anniversary day
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