1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
3.
Super Bowl
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The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League. The game is the culmination to a season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. Normally, Roman numerals are used to each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played on January 15,1967, the single exception to this rule is Super Bowl 50, which was played on February 7,2016, following the 2015 regular season. The next game, Super Bowl LII, scheduled for February 4,2018, the game was created as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League. It was agreed that the two champion teams would play in the AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970. After the merger, each league was redesignated as a conference, currently, the National Football Conference leads the league with 26 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles, with six, the New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances, with nine. The day on which the Super Bowl is played, now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday, is called Super Bowl Sunday and it is the second-largest day for U. S. food consumption, after Thanksgiving Day. In addition, the Super Bowl has frequently been the most-watched American television broadcast of the year, in 2015, Super Bowl XLIX became the most-watched American television program in history with an average audience of 114. The NFL restricts the use of its Super Bowl trademark, it is called the Big Game or other generic terms by non-sponsoring corporations. As a result, watching and discussing the broadcasts commercials has become a significant aspect of the event, for four decades after its 1920 inception, the NFL successfully fended off several rival leagues. However, in 1960, it encountered its most serious competitor when the American Football League was formed. The AFL vied heavily with the NFL for both players and fans, but by the middle of the decade the strain of competition led to merger talks between the two leagues. Prior to the 1966 season, the NFL and AFL reached an agreement that was to take effect for the 1970 season. As part of the merger, the champions of the two agreed to meet in a world championship game for professional American football until the merger was effected. A bowl game is a college football game. Exploiting the Rose Bowl Games popularity, post-season college football contests were created for Miami, New Orleans, and El Paso, Texas in 1935, by the time the first Super Bowl was played, the term bowl for any major American football game was well established
4.
Public holidays in the United States
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Public holidays in the United States are largely controlled by private sector employers, who employ approximately 62% of the total U. S. population who are given paid time off. A typical work week is generally 40 hours a week with a Saturday-Sunday weekend, public holidays with paid time off is generally defined to occur on a day that is within the employees work week. When a holiday occurs on Saturday or Sunday, that holiday is shifted to either Friday or Monday, most employers follow a holiday schedule similar to the federal holidays of the United States, with exceptions or additions. The federal holiday schedule mainly benefits employees of government and government regulated businesses, however, this sector only comprises 15% of the working population. Besides paid holidays are festival and food holidays that also have wide acceptance based on sales of goods, halloween and Valentines Day are such examples of widely celebrated uncompensated holidays. Public holidays had their origins from established federal holidays that were enacted by Congress. S, demographics and have changed over time. Observances of holidays are most commonly observed with paid time off, however, some are observed with community work depending on the meaning of the holiday. They are however not mandated by any government, agencies, whether it be federal, state, there are no national holidays on which all businesses are closed by law. Federal holidays are only established for certain federally chartered and regulated businesses, all other public holidays are created by the States, most states also allow local jurisdictions to establish their own local holidays. As a result, holidays have not historically been governed at the federal level, some states restrict some business activities on some holidays. Business closures are mandated on some holidays in some states for certain kinds of businesses by Blue Laws, for example, some businesses cannot open on Thanksgiving Day in some New England states if the businesses operated on more than 5000 square feet of space. The most notable businesses to close on such occasions are car dealerships, as of 2012, there were eleven federal holidays in the United States, ten annual holidays and one quadrennial holiday. Pursuant to the Uniform Monday Holiday Act of 1968, official holidays are observed on a Monday, except for New Years Day, Independence Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, many states also have additional holidays that are not observed by the U. S. federal government. Many businesses likewise observe certain holidays as well, which are not mandated by any government agency. Day to embrace the mostly disenfranchised African American community in the form of festivals, illinois and Berkeley, California are two places where Malcolm X is honored with a legal holiday with offices closed whereas Missouri honored Rosa Parks on her birthday. Today, the United States is the 85th most ethnically diverse country in the world, while the popularity of each public holiday cannot easily be measured, the holiday with the highest greeting card sales is Christmas. Major retail establishments such as malls, shopping centers and most retail stores only on Thanksgiving and Christmas and some on Easter Sunday as well. Virtually all companies observe and close on the major holidays, some non-retail business close on the day after Thanksgiving, while some are not allowed to close on the day after Thanksgiving
5.
Bar
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Some types of bars, such as pubs, may also serve food from a restaurant menu. The term bar also refers to the countertop and area where drinks are served, bars provide stools or chairs that are placed at tables or counters for their patrons. Bars that offer entertainment or live music are often referred to as music bars, live venues, types of bars range from inexpensive dive bars to elegant places of entertainment often accompanying restaurants for dining. Many bars have a discount period, designated a happy hour to encourage off-peak-time patronage, bars that fill to capacity sometimes implement a cover charge or a minimum drink purchase requirement during their peak hours. Bars may have bouncers to ensure patrons are of age, to eject drunk or belligerent patrons. Such bars often feature entertainment, which may be a band, vocalist, comedian. The term bar is derived from the counter on which drinks are served. Patrons may sit or stand at the bar and be served by the bartender, depending on the size of a bar and its approach, alcohol may be served at the bar by bartenders, at tables by servers, or by a combination of the two. The back bar is a set of shelves of glasses and bottles behind that counter, in some establishments, the back bar is elaborately decorated with woodwork, etched glass, mirrors, and lights. There have been different names for public drinking spaces throughout history. In the colonial era of the United States taverns were an important meeting place, during the 19th century saloons were very important to the leisure time of the working class. Today, even when an establishment uses a different name, such as tavern or saloon, the sale and/or consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the first half of the 20th century in several countries, including Finland, Iceland, Norway, and the United States. In the United States, illegal bars during Prohibition were called speakeasies, blind pigs, laws in many jurisdictions prohibit minors from entering a bar. If those under legal drinking age are allowed to enter, as is the case with pubs that serve food, in some jurisdictions, bars cannot serve a patron who is already intoxicated. Cities and towns usually have restrictions on where bars may be located. Some bars may have a license to serve beer and wine, in some jurisdictions, patrons buying alcohol must also order food. In some jurisdictions, bar owners have a liability for the conduct of patrons who they serve. A bars owners and managers choose the name, décor, drink menu, lighting
6.
Thanksgiving dinner
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The centerpiece of contemporary Thanksgiving in the United States and Canada is a large meal, generally centered on a large roasted turkey which is only enjoyed once per year. William Bradford noted that, besides waterfowl and cider, there was great store of wild turkeys, many of the foods that were included in the first feast have since gone on to become staples of the modern Thanksgiving dinner. The use of the turkey in the USA for Thanksgiving precedes Lincolns nationalization of the holiday in 1863, by 1857, turkey had become part of the traditional dinner in New England. French drip coffee, cigars and cigarettes, the White House Cook Book,1887, by Mrs. F. L. Turkey is the most common dish of a Thanksgiving dinner. Most Thanksgiving turkeys are stuffed with a mixture and roasted. Sage is the traditional herb added to the stuffing, along with chopped celery, carrots, other ingredients, such as chopped chestnuts or other tree nuts, crumbled sausage or bacon, cranberries, raisins, or apples, may be added to stuffing. Deep-fried turkey is rising in popularity due to its shorter preparation time, non-traditional foods other than turkey are sometimes served as the main dish for a Thanksgiving dinner. Ham is often served alongside turkey in many non-traditional households, goose and duck, foods which were traditional European centerpieces of Christmas dinners before being displaced, are now sometimes served in place of the Thanksgiving turkey. Sometimes, fowl native to the region where the meal is taking place is used, for example, in a few areas of the West Coast of the United States, Dungeness crab is common as an alternate main dish, as crab season starts in early November. Similarly, Thanksgiving falls within deer hunting season in the Northeastern United States, sometimes a fowl alternative to turkey is used, for example, goose or duck. Vegetarians or vegans may have a tofu, wheat gluten or lentil-based substitute, in Alaskan villages, whale meat is sometimes eaten. In the United States, a globalist approach to Thanksgiving has become common with the impact of immigration, basic Thanksgiving ingredients, or the intent of the holiday, can be transformed to a variety of dishes by using flavors, techniques, and traditions from their own cuisines. Others celebrate the holiday with a variety of dishes particularly when there is a crowd to be fed, guests tastes vary, copious leftovers are also common following the meal proper. Many Americans would say it is incomplete without cranberry sauce, stuffing or dressing, mashed potatoes, other commonly served dishes include winter squash and sweet potatoes, the latter often prepared with sweeteners such as brown sugar, molasses, or marshmallows. Fresh, canned, or frozen corn is popular and green beans, a fresh salad may be included, especially on the West Coast. Bread rolls or biscuits and cornbread, especially in the South, for dessert, various pies are usually served, particularly pumpkin pie, though apple pie, mincemeat pie, sweet potato pie, and pecan pie are often served as well. There are also differences as to the stuffing or dressing traditionally served with the turkey
7.
Buffet
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A buffet is a system of serving meals in which food is placed in a public area where the diners generally serve themselves. Buffets are offered at various places including hotels, restaurants and many social events, Buffet restaurants normally offer all-you-can-eat food for a set price. Buffets usually have some hot dishes, so the term cold buffet has been developed to describe formats lacking hot food, buffets are effective for serving large numbers of people at once, and are often seen in institutional settings, such as business conventions or large parties. Since a buffet involves diners serving themselves, it has in the past been considered a form of dining. In recent years, however, buffet meals are increasingly popular among hosts of home dinner parties, the buffet table originates from the brännvinsbord table from the middle of 16th century. This custom had its prime during the early 18th century, and was developed into the more modern buffet around the beginning of 19th century, the smörgåsbord buffet did not increase in popularity until the expansion of the railroads throughout Europe. The smörgåsbord table was originally a meal where guests gathered before dinner for a pre-dinner drink, the smörgåsbord buffet was often held in separate rooms for men and women before the dinner was served. The term buffet originally referred to the French sideboard furniture where the food was served, the word buffet became popular in the English-speaking world in the second half of the 20th century after the Swedes had popularized the smorgasbord in New York. The word is now accepted into the English language. In England such a buffet was called a court cupboard, prodigal displays of plate were probably first revived at the fashionable court of Burgundy and adopted in France. During the 18th century more subtle demonstrations of wealth were preferred, in a 1922 housekeeping book entitled How to Prepare and Serve a Meal, Lillian B. Lansdown wrote, The informal luncheon at small tables calls for service by a number of maids, there are many different ways of offering diners a selection of foods which are called buffet style meals. Some buffets are single pass only, but most buffets allow a diner to first take small samples of unfamiliar foods, to avoid misunderstandings in commercial eating establishments, the rules and charges are often posted on signs near the buffet serving tables. One form of buffet is to have a counter or table filled with plates containing fixed portions of food. The food display may either be staffed, or the customers may pick up the plates themselves. This form is most commonly seen in cafeterias, another derivative of this type of buffet occurs where patrons choose food from a buffet style layout and then pay based on what was chosen. A variation occurs in a dim sum house, where seated patrons make their selections from wheeled carts containing different plates of food which the staff circulate through the restaurant. Another variation is a conveyor belt sushi restaurant, where seated patrons select dishes from a conveyor belt carrying a variety of foods
8.
Chili con carne
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Chili con carne, commonly known in American English as simply chili, is a spicy stew containing chili peppers, meat, and often tomatoes and beans. Other seasonings may include garlic, onions, and cumin, geographic and personal tastes involve different types of meat and ingredients. Recipes provoke disputes among aficionados, some of whom insist that the word applies only to the basic dish, without beans. Chili con carne is a frequent dish for cook-offs and is used as an ingredient in other dishes, in Spanish, the word chile from the Nahuatl chīlli refers to a chili pepper, and carne is Spanish for meat. The San Antonio Chili Stand, in operation at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago, San Antonio was a tourist destination and helped Texas-style chili con carne spread throughout the South and West. Chili con carne is the dish of the U. S. state of Texas as designated by the House Concurrent Resolution Number 18 of the 65th Texas Legislature during its regular session in 1977. Before World War II, hundreds of small, family-run chili parlors could be found throughout Texas and other states, each establishment usually had a claim to some kind of secret recipe. As early as 1904, chili parlors were opening outside of Texas, after working at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Charles Taylor opened a chili parlor in Carlinville, Illinois, serving Mexican Chili. In the 1920s and 1930s chains of diner-style chili parlors grew up in the Midwest, Cincinnati chili arguably represents the most vibrant continuation of the chili parlor tradition, with dozens of restaurants offering this style throughout the Cincinnati area. It can be traced back to at least 1922, when the original Empress Chili location opened, in Green Bay, Wisconsin, the chili parlor Chili Johns has existed since 1913. As with Cincinnati chili, it is most commonly served over spaghetti with oyster crackers, the original proprietors son opened a second location in Burbank in 1946, which is also still in existence. Until the late 2000s, a chili parlor dating to 1904, hodge, continued to operate in St. Louis. It featured a dish called a slinger, two cheeseburger patties, hash browns, and two eggs, and smothered in chili. Hodge-branded locations remain, though one exists under the name Chili Macs. Beans, a staple of Tex-Mex cuisine, have associated with chili as far back as the early 20th century. The question of whether beans belong in chili has been a matter of contention among chili cooks for a long time, small red or pink common beans are commonly used for chili, as are black-eyed peas, kidney beans, great northern beans, or navy beans. Texas-style chili may or may not contain beans and may even be made without other vegetables whatsoever besides chili peppers, most commercially prepared canned chili includes beans. Commercial chili prepared without beans is usually called chili no beans in the United States, tomatoes are another ingredient on which opinions differ
9.
Pork ribs
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Pork ribs are a cut of pork popular in North American and Asian cuisines. The ribcage of a pig, meat and bones together, is cut into usable pieces, prepared by smoking, grilling, or baking – usually with a sauce, often barbecue –. Several different types of ribs are available, depending on the section of rib cage from which they are cut, variation in the thickness of the meat and bone, as well as levels of fat in each cut, can alter the flavor and texture of the prepared dish. The inner surface of the rib cage is covered by a layer of tissue that is difficult to cook tender. Baby back ribs are taken from the top of the rib cage between the spine and the ribs, below the loin muscle. They have meat between the bones and on top of the bones, and are shorter, curved, the rack is shorter at one end, due to the natural tapering of a pigs rib cage. The shortest bones are only about 3 in and the longest is usually about 6 in. A pig side has 15 to 16 ribs, but usually two or three are left on the shoulder when it is separated from the loin. So, a rack of back ribs contains a minimum of eight ribs, a typical commercial rack has 10–13 bones. If fewer than 10 bones are present, butchers call them cheater racks, spare ribs, also called spareribs or side ribs, are taken from the belly side of the rib cage, below the section of back ribs and above the sternum. Spare ribs are flatter and contain more bone than meat, the term spare ribs is a Middle English corruption of rippspeer, a Low German term that referred to racks of meat being roasted on a turning spit. St. Louis style ribs have had the bone, cartilage. Kansas City style ribs are trimmed less closely than the St. Louis style ribs, rib tips are short, meaty sections of rib attached to the lower end of the spare ribs, between the ribs and the sternum. Unlike back ribs or spare ribs, the structure of the rib is provided by dense costal cartilage, rib tips are cut away from the spare ribs when preparing St. Louis style spare ribs. Riblets are prepared by butchers by cutting a set of spare ribs approximately in half. This produces a set of short, flat ribs where the part of the rib is removed. Loin back ribs dont always have this removed, when not removed they have a rounded look to them and are often referred to as baby back ribs. Another product called riblets is actually the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, riblets used to be thrown out by butchers, but have become popular due to their excellent flavor and lower cost
10.
Dipping sauce
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A dip or dipping sauce is a common condiment for many types of food. Unlike other sauces, instead of applying the sauce to the food, dips are commonly used for finger foods, appetizers, and other easily held foods. Thick dips based on cream, crème fraiche, milk, yogurt, mayonnaise, soft cheese. Alton Brown suggests that a dip is defined based on its ability to contact with its transport mechanism over three feet of white carpet. Dips in various forms are all over the world and people have been using sauces for dipping for thousands of years. Some types of dip include, Aioli, a mayonnaise flavored with garlic, ajika, a spicy, subtly flavoured dip in Caucasian cuisine, based on hot red pepper, garlic, herbs and spices. Ajvar, made from red bell peppers with garlic, found in Serbian cuisine Artichoke dip, some versions are served chunky, while others are puréed and have a smooth texture Baba ghanoush, a dip made from eggplant. It is popular in the Eastern Mediterranean and parts of South Asia, bagna càuda, a regional dish of the Italian Piedmont, it is composed of garlic, anchovies, oil and dairy, and is served with assorted vegetables for dipping. Barbecue sauce, a common sauce either tomato, vinegar, or mustard based, often used for grilled and fried meats, and french fries in the United States. Bean dip, dip made from refried beans Blue cheese dressing is made from mayonnaise, sour cream, yogurt, blue cheese, milk, vinegar, onion powder, dry mustard. It is commonly used as a dip for raw vegetables or buffalo wings, buffalo sauce, made from vinegar-based pepper hot sauce, is often used as both a coating for buffalo wings as well as a standalone dipping sauce for other foods. Chile con queso, a dip of melted cheese and chili peppers used in Tex Mex cuisine with tortilla chips, chili oil is used as a dipping sauce for meat and dim sum. Chocolate, a dip for various fruits, doughnuts, profiteroles, chutney, any of a wide variety of sauces with origins in the sub-continent of India, from freshly chopped herbs in yogurt, to bottled, spiced fruit mixtures. Used with snacks like deep fried samosas and pakoras, in India and Sri Lanka, it is also commonly served with dosa and idli. Clam dip, a kind of condiment for dipping crackers and chips, cocktail sauce, a popular dip for seafood made from ketchup or chili sauce and horseradish. Crab dip, a thick dip popular in Maryland usually made from cream cheese, curry ketchup, also called Currygewürz in Germany, is a spicier form of ketchup. Fish sauce, or nam pla, the fermented fish equivalent of soy sauce, used in southeastern Asian cuisines as a dip for snacks, fish paste or bagoong, fermented fish paste, used in southeastern Asian cuisines as a dip for rice dishes. Fondue, a cheese sauce, which rose in popularity in the U. S
11.
Pizza
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Pizza is a yeasted flatbread generally topped with tomato sauce and cheese and baked in an oven. It is commonly topped with a selection of meats, vegetables, the term was first recorded in the 10th century, in a Latin manuscript from Gaeta in Central Italy. The modern pizza was invented in Naples, Italy, and the dish and its variants have become popular. In 2009, upon Italys request, Neapolitan pizza was safeguarded in the European Union as a Traditional Speciality Guaranteed dish, the Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana is a non-profit organization founded in 1984 with headquarters in Naples. It promotes and protects the true Neapolitan pizza, Pizza is sold fresh or frozen, either whole or in portions, and is a common fast food item in Europe and North America. Various types of ovens are used to them and many varieties exist. Several similar dishes are prepared from ingredients used in pizza preparation, such as calzone. Suggested etymologies include, Byzantine Greek and Late Latin pitta > pizza, modern Greek pitta bread and the Apulia and Calabrian pitta, a round flat bread baked in the oven at high temperature sometimes with toppings. The word pitta can in turn be traced to either Ancient Greek πικτή, fermented pastry, the Lombardic word bizzo or pizzo meaning mouthful, which was brought to Italy in the middle of the 6th century AD by the invading Lombards. Foods similar to pizza have been made since the neolithic age, Records of people adding other ingredients to bread to make it more flavorful can be found throughout ancient history. An early reference to a pizza-like food occurs in the Aeneid, in Book VII, Aeneas and his men are served a meal that includes round cakes topped with cooked vegetables. When they eat the bread, they realize that these are the tables prophesied by Celaeno, modern pizza evolved from similar flatbread dishes in Naples, Italy in the 18th or early 19th century. Prior to that time, flatbread was often topped with ingredients such as garlic, salt, lard, cheese and it is uncertain when tomatoes were first added and there are many conflicting claims. Until about 1830, pizza was sold from open-air stands and out of pizza bakeries, of the three different pizzas he created, the Queen strongly preferred a pizza swathed in the colors of the Italian flag, red, green, and white. Supposedly, this kind of pizza was named after the Queen. Pizza was brought to the United States with Italian immigrants in the nineteenth century. The countrys first pizzeria, Lombardis, opened in 1905, following World War II, veterans returning from the Italian Campaign after being introduced to Italys native cuisine proved a ready market for pizza in particular. Since then pizza consumption has exploded in the U. S, Pizza chains such as Dominos, Pizza Hut, and Papa Johns, pizzas from take and bake pizzerias, and chilled or frozen pizzas from supermarkets make pizza readily available nationwide
12.
Potato chip
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A potato chip or crisp is a thin slice of potato that has been deep fried, baked, kettle-cooked, or popped until crunchy. Potato chips are commonly served as a snack, side dish, more generally, crisps and chips include savory snack products made from not just potato, but also corn, tapioca, banana, or other cereals, and other root vegetables, and other fruits. Potato chips are a predominant part of the food and convenience food market in Western countries. The global potato chip market generated total revenues of US$16.49 billion in 2005 and this accounted for 35. 5% of the total savory snacks market in that year. The earliest known recipe for potato chips is in William Kitchiners cookbook The Cooks Oracle, first published in 1817, which was a bestseller in England and the United States. Early recipes for potato chips in the United States are found in Mary Randolphs Virginia House-Wife, lees Cooks Own Book, both of which explicitly cite Kitchiner. However, a legend associates the creation of potato chips with Saratoga Springs, New York, the customer kept sending his French-fried potatoes back, complaining that they were too thick. Frustrated, he sliced the potatoes razor thin, fried them until crisp, to Crums surprise, the customer loved them. They soon became called Saratoga Chips, a name that persisted into at least the mid-20th century, a version of this story popularized in a 1973 national advertising campaign by St. Regis Paper Company, which manufactured packaging for chips, said that Crums customer was Cornelius Vanderbilt. Crum was renowned as a chef and by 1860 owned his own lakeside restaurant, in the 20th century, potato chips spread beyond chef-cooked restaurant fare and began to be mass-produced for home consumption. The Dayton, Ohio-based Mike-sells Potato Chip Company, founded in 1910, New England-based Tri-Sum Potato Chips, founded in 1908 as the Leominster Potato Chip Company, in Leominster, Massachusetts claim to be Americas first potato chip manufacturer. Chips sold in markets were sold in tins or scooped out of storefront glass bins and delivered by horse. The early potato chip bag was wax paper with the ends ironed or stapled together, at first, potato chips were packaged in barrels or tins, which left chips at the bottom stale and crumbled. This pioneering method reduced crumbling and kept the chips fresh and crisp longer and this innovation, along with the invention of cellophane, allowed potato chips to become a mass-market product. Today, chips are packaged in bags, with nitrogen gas blown in prior to sealing to lengthen shelf life. Traditional chips were made by the process, where all chips are fried all at once at a low temperature. Industrial advance resulted in a shift to production by a process, running chips through a vat of hot oil. Consumer desire for original style chips resulted in the introduction of traditionally made kettle-style chips in the 2000s
