1.
United States Air Force
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The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U. S. military to be formed, the U. S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, the U. S. Air Force provides air support for surface forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2015, the service more than 5,137 military aircraft,406 ICBMs and 63 military satellites. It has a $161 billion budget with 313,242 active duty personnel,141,197 civilian employees,69,200 Air Force Reserve personnel, and 105,500 Air National Guard personnel. According to the National Security Act of 1947, which created the USAF and it shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations. The stated mission of the USAF today is to fly, fight, and win in air, space and we will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and it should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs. The purpose of Nuclear Deterrence Operations is to operate, maintain, in the event deterrence fails, the US should be able to appropriately respond with nuclear options. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. Nuclear strike is the ability of forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level, post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of operations to ensure high levels of performance. Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations, the Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements, adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Forces ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission, positive nuclear command, control, communications, effective nuclear weapons security, and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function. OCA is the method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
4.
Super Bowl
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The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League. The game is the culmination to a season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. Normally, Roman numerals are used to each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played on January 15,1967, the single exception to this rule is Super Bowl 50, which was played on February 7,2016, following the 2015 regular season. The next game, Super Bowl LII, scheduled for February 4,2018, the game was created as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League. It was agreed that the two champion teams would play in the AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970. After the merger, each league was redesignated as a conference, currently, the National Football Conference leads the league with 26 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles, with six, the New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances, with nine. The day on which the Super Bowl is played, now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday, is called Super Bowl Sunday and it is the second-largest day for U. S. food consumption, after Thanksgiving Day. In addition, the Super Bowl has frequently been the most-watched American television broadcast of the year, in 2015, Super Bowl XLIX became the most-watched American television program in history with an average audience of 114. The NFL restricts the use of its Super Bowl trademark, it is called the Big Game or other generic terms by non-sponsoring corporations. As a result, watching and discussing the broadcasts commercials has become a significant aspect of the event, for four decades after its 1920 inception, the NFL successfully fended off several rival leagues. However, in 1960, it encountered its most serious competitor when the American Football League was formed. The AFL vied heavily with the NFL for both players and fans, but by the middle of the decade the strain of competition led to merger talks between the two leagues. Prior to the 1966 season, the NFL and AFL reached an agreement that was to take effect for the 1970 season. As part of the merger, the champions of the two agreed to meet in a world championship game for professional American football until the merger was effected. A bowl game is a college football game. Exploiting the Rose Bowl Games popularity, post-season college football contests were created for Miami, New Orleans, and El Paso, Texas in 1935, by the time the first Super Bowl was played, the term bowl for any major American football game was well established
5.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
6.
Super Bowl LII
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Super Bowl LII, the 52nd Super Bowl and the 48th modern-era National Football League championship game, will decide the league champion for the 2017 NFL season. The game is scheduled to be held on February 4,2018, bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the second Super Bowl in Minneapolis, which previously hosted Super Bowl XXVI in 1992. The game will be televised in the United States by NBC, on October 8,2013, the league announced the following three host finalists, U. S. Minneapolis last hosted the Super Bowl in 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, the Metrodome was torn down after the 2013 season, bank Stadium was being built on the same site. Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana, previously hosted Super Bowl XLVI in 2012. Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, the Superdome has previously hosted the Super Bowl on seven occasions, most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013. New Orleans will celebrate its Tricentennial in 2018, Minneapolis was selected at the league owners meeting in Atlanta on May 20,2014. The 2018 Saint Paul Winter Carnival will conclude on Super Bowl Sunday, the carnival organizers will build a large ice palace to coincide with the Super Bowl festivities, as with the 1992 Minneapolis Super Bowl. The ice palace is an event that occurs about once a decade
7.
Trademark
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The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, for the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are often displayed on company buildings. A trademark identifies the owner of a particular product or service. The unauthorized usage of trademarks by producing and trading counterfeit consumer goods is known as brand piracy, the owner of a trademark may pursue legal action against trademark infringement. Most countries require formal registration of a trademark as a precondition for pursuing this type of action, the United States, Canada and other countries also recognize common law trademark rights, which means action can be taken to protect an unregistered trademark if it is in use. Still, common law trademarks offer the holder in general less legal protection than registered trademarks. A trademark may be designated by the symbols, ™ ℠ ® A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these categories, such as those based on colour, smell. Trademarks which are considered offensive are often rejected according to a nations trademark law, the term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an individual is readily identified, such as the well-known characteristics of celebrities. When a trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a service mark, in other words, trademarks serve to identify a particular business as the source of goods or services. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use, certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark. Different goods and services have been classified by the International Classification of Goods, in trademark treatises it is usually reported that blacksmiths who made swords in the Roman Empire are thought of as being the first users of trademarks. Other notable trademarks that have used for a long time include Löwenbräu. The first trademark legislation was passed by the Parliament of England under the reign of King Henry III in 1266, the first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century. In France the first comprehensive system in the world was passed into law in 1857 with the Manufacture. In Britain, the Merchandise Marks Act 1862 made it an offense to imitate anothers trade mark with intent to defraud or to enable another to defraud. In 1875 the Trade Marks Registration Act was passed which allowed formal registration of marks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise prima facie evidence of ownership of a trade mark, in the United States, Congress first attempted to establish a federal trademark regime in 1870
8.
Public holidays in the United States
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Public holidays in the United States are largely controlled by private sector employers, who employ approximately 62% of the total U. S. population who are given paid time off. A typical work week is generally 40 hours a week with a Saturday-Sunday weekend, public holidays with paid time off is generally defined to occur on a day that is within the employees work week. When a holiday occurs on Saturday or Sunday, that holiday is shifted to either Friday or Monday, most employers follow a holiday schedule similar to the federal holidays of the United States, with exceptions or additions. The federal holiday schedule mainly benefits employees of government and government regulated businesses, however, this sector only comprises 15% of the working population. Besides paid holidays are festival and food holidays that also have wide acceptance based on sales of goods, halloween and Valentines Day are such examples of widely celebrated uncompensated holidays. Public holidays had their origins from established federal holidays that were enacted by Congress. S, demographics and have changed over time. Observances of holidays are most commonly observed with paid time off, however, some are observed with community work depending on the meaning of the holiday. They are however not mandated by any government, agencies, whether it be federal, state, there are no national holidays on which all businesses are closed by law. Federal holidays are only established for certain federally chartered and regulated businesses, all other public holidays are created by the States, most states also allow local jurisdictions to establish their own local holidays. As a result, holidays have not historically been governed at the federal level, some states restrict some business activities on some holidays. Business closures are mandated on some holidays in some states for certain kinds of businesses by Blue Laws, for example, some businesses cannot open on Thanksgiving Day in some New England states if the businesses operated on more than 5000 square feet of space. The most notable businesses to close on such occasions are car dealerships, as of 2012, there were eleven federal holidays in the United States, ten annual holidays and one quadrennial holiday. Pursuant to the Uniform Monday Holiday Act of 1968, official holidays are observed on a Monday, except for New Years Day, Independence Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, many states also have additional holidays that are not observed by the U. S. federal government. Many businesses likewise observe certain holidays as well, which are not mandated by any government agency. Day to embrace the mostly disenfranchised African American community in the form of festivals, illinois and Berkeley, California are two places where Malcolm X is honored with a legal holiday with offices closed whereas Missouri honored Rosa Parks on her birthday. Today, the United States is the 85th most ethnically diverse country in the world, while the popularity of each public holiday cannot easily be measured, the holiday with the highest greeting card sales is Christmas. Major retail establishments such as malls, shopping centers and most retail stores only on Thanksgiving and Christmas and some on Easter Sunday as well. Virtually all companies observe and close on the major holidays, some non-retail business close on the day after Thanksgiving, while some are not allowed to close on the day after Thanksgiving
9.
Bar
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Some types of bars, such as pubs, may also serve food from a restaurant menu. The term bar also refers to the countertop and area where drinks are served, bars provide stools or chairs that are placed at tables or counters for their patrons. Bars that offer entertainment or live music are often referred to as music bars, live venues, types of bars range from inexpensive dive bars to elegant places of entertainment often accompanying restaurants for dining. Many bars have a discount period, designated a happy hour to encourage off-peak-time patronage, bars that fill to capacity sometimes implement a cover charge or a minimum drink purchase requirement during their peak hours. Bars may have bouncers to ensure patrons are of age, to eject drunk or belligerent patrons. Such bars often feature entertainment, which may be a band, vocalist, comedian. The term bar is derived from the counter on which drinks are served. Patrons may sit or stand at the bar and be served by the bartender, depending on the size of a bar and its approach, alcohol may be served at the bar by bartenders, at tables by servers, or by a combination of the two. The back bar is a set of shelves of glasses and bottles behind that counter, in some establishments, the back bar is elaborately decorated with woodwork, etched glass, mirrors, and lights. There have been different names for public drinking spaces throughout history. In the colonial era of the United States taverns were an important meeting place, during the 19th century saloons were very important to the leisure time of the working class. Today, even when an establishment uses a different name, such as tavern or saloon, the sale and/or consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the first half of the 20th century in several countries, including Finland, Iceland, Norway, and the United States. In the United States, illegal bars during Prohibition were called speakeasies, blind pigs, laws in many jurisdictions prohibit minors from entering a bar. If those under legal drinking age are allowed to enter, as is the case with pubs that serve food, in some jurisdictions, bars cannot serve a patron who is already intoxicated. Cities and towns usually have restrictions on where bars may be located. Some bars may have a license to serve beer and wine, in some jurisdictions, patrons buying alcohol must also order food. In some jurisdictions, bar owners have a liability for the conduct of patrons who they serve. A bars owners and managers choose the name, décor, drink menu, lighting
10.
Productivity
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Productivity describes various measures of the efficiency of production. A productivity measure is expressed as the ratio of output to inputs used in a production process, Productivity is a crucial factor in production performance of firms and nations. Productivity growth also helps businesses to be more profitable, there are many different definitions of productivity and the choice among them depends on the purpose of the productivity measurement and/or data availability. Productivity measures that use one class of inputs or factors, in practice, measurement in production means measures of partial productivity. Interpreted correctly, these components are indicative of productivity development, and approximate the efficiency with which inputs are used in an economy to produce goods, however, productivity is only measured partially – or approximately. At the company level, typical partial productivity measures are such things as worker hours, before widespread use of computer networks, partial productivity was tracked in tabular form and with hand-drawn graphs. Tabulating machines for data processing began being used in the 1920s and 1930s. By the late 1970s inexpensive computers allowed industrial operations to process control. Today data collection is largely computerized and almost any variable can be viewed graphically in real time or retrieved for selected time periods, in macroeconomics, a common partial productivity measure is labour productivity. Labour productivity is an indicator of several economic indicators as it offers a dynamic measure of economic growth, competitiveness. It is the measure of productivity which helps explain the principal economic foundations that are necessary for both economic growth and social development. In general labour productivity is equal to the ratio between a measure of volume and a measure of input use. This is done in order to avoid double-counting when an output of one firm is used as an input by another in the same measurement, in macroeconomics the most well-known and used measure of value-added is the Gross Domestic Product or GDP. It is widely used as a measure of the growth of nations. GDP is the income available for paying capital costs, labor compensation, taxes, some economists instead use gross value added, there is normally a strong correlation between GDP and GVA. The measure of input use reflects the time, effort and skills of the workforce, denominator of the ratio of labour productivity, the input measure is the most important factor that influences the measure of labour productivity. Labour input is measured either by the number of hours worked of all persons employed or total employment. There are both advantages and disadvantages associated with the different input measures that are used in the calculation of labour productivity, however, the quality of hours-worked estimates is not always clear
11.
NFL on CBS
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The NFL on CBS is the branding used for broadcasts of National Football League games that are produced by CBS Sports, the sports division of the CBS television network in the United States. The network has aired NFL game telecasts since 1956, since 2014, CBS has also broadcast Thursday Night Football games during the first half of the NFL season, through a production partnership with the NFL Network. CBS coverage began on September 30,1956, before the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, prior to 1968, CBS had an assigned crew for each NFL team. As an result, CBS became the first network to broadcast some NFL regular season games to selected markets across the country. From 1970 until the end of the 1993 season, when Fox won the broadcast television contract to that particular conference, since 1975, game coverage has been preceded by pre-game show The NFL Today, which features game previews, extensive analysis and interviews. CBSs first attempts to broadcast the NFL on television were notable for there being no broadcasting contract with the league as a whole. Instead, CBS had to strike deals with individual teams to broadcast games into the teams own markets, often the games would be broadcast with split audio – that is, a game between two franchises would have the same picture in both teams networks. Each teams network had different announcers, chris Schenkel was their play-by-play announcer in that early era when each team was assigned its own network voice on its regional telecasts. At the time, there were few if any true national telecasts until the NFL championship game, Schenkel was joined by Jim McKay, later Johnny Lujack through the 1950s and the early 1960s. As Giants players retired to the broadcast booth in the early and 1960s, first Pat Summerall, as the 1970 merger of the NFL and AFL approached, CBS moved to a more generic announcer approach while Schenkel left to join ABC Sports. From 1956 to 1959, the Baltimore Colts, Pittsburgh Steelers, when these three played at home, there was no need for the usage of split audio. Instead, the teams telecasts were produced in a simple singular audio-video feed. In 1959,1960 and 1961, NBC had the rights to televise Colts, while the game broadcasts were blacked out in those cities, they were available to other NBC-affiliated stations. The Chicago Bears and Chicago Cardinals only produced home telecasts for their vast network. Because of this, if the Bears played the Colts in Baltimore or the Cardinals visited Forbes Field to play the Steelers during this period, meanwhile, the Cleveland Browns had their own network, part of Sports Network Incorporated and Carling Beer. In 1961, then-CBS affiliate WISN-TV in Milwaukee opted not to carry that years annual telecast of The Wizard of Oz, running a Green Bay Packers football game instead. In contrast to the infamous Heidi telecast in 1968, the popularity of The Wizard of Oz as a television event at that time was such that the station ran the movie locally at a later date. In 1962, the NFL followed the American Football Leagues suit with its own revenue sharing plan after CBS agreed to telecast all regular season games for a fee of US$4.65 million
12.
Fox NFL
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Fox NFL is the branding used for broadcasts of National Football League games produced by Fox Sports and televised on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Game coverage is usually preceded by the pre-game shows Fox NFL Kickoff, the latter two shows feature the same studio hosts and analysts for both programs, who also contribute to the former. In weeks when Fox airs a doubleheader, the late broadcast airs under the brand Americas Game of the Week. The network aired its inaugural NFL game telecast on August 12,1994, though Fox was growing rapidly as a network, and had established itself as a presence, it was still not considered a major competitor to the Big Three broadcast networks. To this end, Fox had bid aggressively for football broadcast rights almost from the start and it notably passed on the United States Football League, which had hoped to move to fall in 1986, the same time Fox was to debut, and was seeking a broadcast contract. Fox made an offer to the National Football League to acquire the Monday Night Football contract for the same amount ABC that had been paying to carry the package, about US$1.3 billion at the time. However, the NFL, in part because Fox had not established itself as a major network, Sunday afternoon timeslot in spring is filled by Fox NASCAR from NASCAR Cup Series. The NFC was considered the more desirable due to its presence in most of the largest U. S. markets, such as New York City, Chicago. Indeed, Fox was still a player in 1993, not yet considered on par with CBS, NBC and ABC. The network already had offbeat hits such as The Simpsons, Married, with Children and Beverly Hills,90210 on its schedule. The vast resources that Rupert Murdoch had allowed the network to grow quickly, primarily to the detriment of CBS, Fox was also able to procure Pat Summerall and John Madden to be its lead broadcast team, a capacity they had been serving for CBS. Terry Bradshaw, who was previously co-host of The NFL Today, was added to serve as the shows lead analyst. In the summer of 1994, SF Broadcasting purchased four stations from Burnham Broadcasting, in the NFC markets affected by the deals, Fox gained VHF affiliates in eight primary markets and three satellite markets, adding to the three that the network had before the deal. The new affiliates in St. Louis and Greensboro switched shortly before the Rams relocated from Los Angeles, besides giving the network leverage in attracting new affiliates, the rights gave Fox many new viewers and a platform for advertising its other shows. Foxs acquisition of the National Football Conference contract severely affected CBS, beyond losing a marquee sporting event and some of its key talent, CBS had hoped to replace the NFL with National Hockey League rights, but Fox then promptly outbid CBS for those as well. CBS began rebuilding itself after the network took the AFC television contract from NBC in 1998, Foxs acquisition of National Football League television rights was a watershed event not only for the network, but for the NFL as well. Not only was it the event that placed Fox on a par with the Big Three broadcast networks, but it also ushered in an era of growth for the NFL, Fox used the slogan Same Game, New Attitude to promote its new NFL package. The networks pre-game show, Fox NFL Sunday focused more on entertainment and it also used parabolic microphones to include the sounds of the stands and of the on-field action
13.
NBC Sunday Night Football
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NBC Sunday Night Football is a weekly television broadcast of National Football League games on NBC in the United States. It began airing on August 6,2006 with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, NBC took over the rights to the Sunday prime time game telecasts from ESPN, which carried the broadcasts from 1987 to 2005. Previously, NBC had aired American Football League, and later American Football Conference, games from 1960 until 1998, during the 2011–12 season, Sunday Night Football became the first live sports competition to hold the position as Nielsens most-watched program on U. S. As of 2016, Al Michaels serves as the announcer for the broadcasts, with Cris Collinsworth as the color commentator. John Madden, the commentator for the first three years of the program, retired prior to the 2009 season, he was succeeded in that role by Collinsworth. NBCs broadcast begins at 7,00 p. m. Eastern Time with its pre-game show Football Night in America, the show serves the same purpose as NFL Primetime did for ESPN, offering recaps of the early action as well as a preview of the game to come. The show emanates from the NBC Sports studios in Connecticut as well as at the game site, Dan Patrick, Tony Dungy, Rodney Harrison, Peter King and Mike Florio broadcast from the studio while Mike Tirico reports from the game. Michaels, Collinsworth, and Tafoya will also appear, NBC is the current home of the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, which begins the NFLs preseason each August. Normally, there are two other preseason telecasts on NBC, however, because of the Beijing Olympics, only two were shown in 2008, two preseason games, and the Thursday night season opener were retained as part of the new contract beginning in 2014. From 2006 until 2013, NBCs contract included the rights to both Saturday wild card games that had been previously aired by ABC as part of its Monday Night Football contract. Tom Hammond provided play-by-play for the game until 2012, with Dan Hicks taking the position in 2013. Joe Gibbs was the color commentator for these broadcasts, doing so until 2008 when he replaced John Madden as lead analyst. Mike Mayock, NBCs Notre Dame color commentator until 2012, John Madden taking as color commentator in 2013, the actual first game of the run – the 2006 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game between the Oakland Raiders and Philadelphia Eagles – was televised on August 6,2006. NBC Sunday Night Football is the beneficiary of the leagues new flexible-scheduling system, in its first four seasons of Sunday night coverage, NBC took one week off in late October or early November, so as not to conflict with Foxs coverage of baseballs World Series. In 2006 NBC did not air a game on October 22, which was the date for Game 2 of the World Series. In 2007, there was no game on October 28, in 2008, there was no game on October 26, although no games aired on these nights, Football Night in America still aired as scheduled at 7,00 p. m. Eastern. NBC televised a game on October 31,2010 and again on October 23,2011, both games featured the New Orleans Saints at home, first in 2010 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, then in 2011 against the Indianapolis Colts. Ratings have been mixed for these results, with the NFL winning the night in 2010 while MLB won in 2011, louis Cardinals and Texas Rangers was a more closely contested game, caused the ratings to slip in 2011
14.
NFL Films
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Founder Ed Sabol was a World War II veteran who worked selling topcoats after returning to the United States. In his spare time, he used a motion picture camera, received as a wedding gift. Inspired by his own work, Sabol founded a film company called Blair Motion Pictures. Sabol won the bidding for the rights to film the 1962 NFL championship game for $5,000, the film of that game impressed NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle, who asked the owners of the NFL to agree to buy out Sabols company. Although the owners rejected Rozelles proposal in 1964, they agreed a year later and he received $20,000 in seed money from each of the leagues 14 owners, and in return would shoot all NFL games and produce a highlight film for each team. Ed Sabol died on Monday, February 9,2015, at his home in Arizona, on August 6,2011, Ed Sabol was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a major contributor to the National Football League. Much has been made of the Films style, salon. com television critic Matt Zoller Seitz has called NFL Films the greatest in-house P. R. machine in pro sports history. An outfit that could make even a tedius stalemate seem as momentous as the battle for the Alamo, NFL Films productions follow certain patterns. J. K. Simmons was tapped to narrate the companys one-hour recap of the 16-0 regular season of the 2007 New England Patriots, team-specific films such as year-in-review films have occasionally been narrated by broadcasters or personalities involved with the team in question. Examples include the 2000 and 2001 Oakland Raiders season reviews being narrated by actor, the style has been called tight on the spiral, a reference to the frequently-used slow-motion shot of the spinning football as it travels from the quarterbacks hand to the receiver. NFL Films also dubs sound bites of local radio broadcasts over key plays, in addition, NFL Films often uses multiple camera angles. The company also makes use of footage of players and coaches in the locker room after the game. With these techniques NFL Films turns football games into events that mimic ballet, opera, among the companys most famous creations is the poem and accompanying music cue The Autumn Wind, which have become official themes for the Oakland Raiders. One of NFL Films most popular series is Hard Knocks, Hard Knocks won consecutive Outstanding Edited Sports Series Emmys in 2009 &2010. They appear on either ESPN or the NFL Network, NFL Films also produces the NFL Game of the Week, which showcases a previous-weeks game of the current season. ION Television has purchased the rights to air Game of the Week, Saturdays at 6PM ET beginning September 15, ESPN Classic has been known to air classic episodes of Game of the Week. Among other television programs NFL Films is credited for producing include NFL Total Access and much of the NFL Networks programming output. NFL Films game highlights were also a staple of HBOs Inside the NFL for its entire run, NFL Films is famous for producing an annual highlight film for each team every season
15.
Puppy Bowl
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The Puppy Bowl is an annual television program on Animal Planet that mimics an American football bowl game similar to the Super Bowl, using puppies. Shown each year on Super Bowl Sunday, the show consists of footage of a batch of puppies at play inside a model stadium, the first Puppy Bowl was shown on February 6,2005, opposite Super Bowl XXXIX. The puppies featured in the Puppy Bowl are from shelters, according to the shows producers, the inspiration for Puppy Bowl as Super Bowl counterprogramming came from the popular Yule Log Christmas program. Several months of planning occur before each show, which is filmed in October. A veterinarian is on site during the production of Puppy Bowl to ensure safety and well-being. In 2012, an American Humane Association representative was always on-site to ensure that puppies did not become too aggressive, according to its associate producer, about 53 hours of filming are needed to produce a single Puppy Bowl. In 2007, shooting occurred over three days, roughly 30 staff members were needed in 2008 to produce the show. In 2010, the veterinarian on site said filming was spread over three days, while in 2015 filming occurred in 12-hour blocks over two days, puppies are given a rest period every 30 minutes, due to the heat from the lights. Forty-six puppies were used in 2008, and about 60 puppies in 2010, the 2011 production occurred in the New York City area in the fall of 2010, using 47 puppies, while the 2012 show featured 58 puppies. The 2013 show featured 63 puppies, with 10 on the field at one time, the 2014 episode was filmed October 2 to 4,2013, at the Chelsea Broadcast Center in Manhattan, New York City. A staff of 49 Animal Planet employees and 48 volunteers wrangled the animals, kittens and cats were filmed the first day, puppies and dogs the second, and other animals on the fourth. A total of 66 puppies were used for the show in 2014 and this allowed 12 to 15 puppies to be on the field at a time, and for puppies to be given rest periods every 20 minutes. Another 30 untrained kittens, five penguins, three trained adult cats, eight tailgate party dogs, four dogs, and six hamsters were used in the 2014 show. All the animals except the penguins are adoptable, in 2015,37 shelters from around the United States and Puerto Rico submitted 85 puppies for the event, of which 55 puppies were chosen to be on the air. Another 25 kittens were used for the half-time show, forty-four shelters and rescue groups in 25 states provided 49 animals in 2016. Filming returned to an eight-hour-a-day, three-day format in 2016, with two used for filming puppies and one day for kittens and other animals. Sixty personnel were needed for filming, puppies were grouped by size for on-field play. For Puppy Bowl XIII,34 shelters and rescue organizations in 22 states, Puppy Bowl is filmed inside a miniature Plexiglas stadium that is 19 feet long by 10 feet wide
16.
Thanksgiving dinner
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The centerpiece of contemporary Thanksgiving in the United States and Canada is a large meal, generally centered on a large roasted turkey which is only enjoyed once per year. William Bradford noted that, besides waterfowl and cider, there was great store of wild turkeys, many of the foods that were included in the first feast have since gone on to become staples of the modern Thanksgiving dinner. The use of the turkey in the USA for Thanksgiving precedes Lincolns nationalization of the holiday in 1863, by 1857, turkey had become part of the traditional dinner in New England. French drip coffee, cigars and cigarettes, the White House Cook Book,1887, by Mrs. F. L. Turkey is the most common dish of a Thanksgiving dinner. Most Thanksgiving turkeys are stuffed with a mixture and roasted. Sage is the traditional herb added to the stuffing, along with chopped celery, carrots, other ingredients, such as chopped chestnuts or other tree nuts, crumbled sausage or bacon, cranberries, raisins, or apples, may be added to stuffing. Deep-fried turkey is rising in popularity due to its shorter preparation time, non-traditional foods other than turkey are sometimes served as the main dish for a Thanksgiving dinner. Ham is often served alongside turkey in many non-traditional households, goose and duck, foods which were traditional European centerpieces of Christmas dinners before being displaced, are now sometimes served in place of the Thanksgiving turkey. Sometimes, fowl native to the region where the meal is taking place is used, for example, in a few areas of the West Coast of the United States, Dungeness crab is common as an alternate main dish, as crab season starts in early November. Similarly, Thanksgiving falls within deer hunting season in the Northeastern United States, sometimes a fowl alternative to turkey is used, for example, goose or duck. Vegetarians or vegans may have a tofu, wheat gluten or lentil-based substitute, in Alaskan villages, whale meat is sometimes eaten. In the United States, a globalist approach to Thanksgiving has become common with the impact of immigration, basic Thanksgiving ingredients, or the intent of the holiday, can be transformed to a variety of dishes by using flavors, techniques, and traditions from their own cuisines. Others celebrate the holiday with a variety of dishes particularly when there is a crowd to be fed, guests tastes vary, copious leftovers are also common following the meal proper. Many Americans would say it is incomplete without cranberry sauce, stuffing or dressing, mashed potatoes, other commonly served dishes include winter squash and sweet potatoes, the latter often prepared with sweeteners such as brown sugar, molasses, or marshmallows. Fresh, canned, or frozen corn is popular and green beans, a fresh salad may be included, especially on the West Coast. Bread rolls or biscuits and cornbread, especially in the South, for dessert, various pies are usually served, particularly pumpkin pie, though apple pie, mincemeat pie, sweet potato pie, and pecan pie are often served as well. There are also differences as to the stuffing or dressing traditionally served with the turkey
17.
Drunk drivers
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People driving under the influence of alcohol are commonly referred to as drunk drivers, or drink-drivers. When charged with this as a crime, it may either be referred to as a DUI or a DWI, studies have been performed to identify commonalities between severe drunk drivers. Laws are also in place to protect citizens from the consequences incurred by drunk drivers, although situations differ and each person is unique, some common traits have been identified among drunk drivers. In the study personality traits and mental health of severe drunk drivers in Sweden,162 Swedish DUI offenders of all ages were studied to find links in psychological factors and characteristics. There are a variety of characteristics common among DUI offenders which are discussed, including, anxiety, depression, inhibition, low assertiveness, neuroticism. There is also a specific personality type found, typically more antisocial. Offenders who begin drinking at an age for thrills and fun are more likely to be antisocial later in their lives. The majority of the sample, 72%, came from what is considered more normal circumstances, the smaller portion of the sample, 28%, comes from what is generally considered less than desirable circumstances, or not normal. They tended to start drinking heavily earlier in life and exhibited more premorbid risk factors, had a more severe substance abuse, various characteristics associated with drunk drivers were found more often in one gender than another. Females were more likely to be affected by mental and physical health problems, have family and social problems, have a greater drug use. However, the females tended to have legal issues than the typical male offender. Some specific issues females dealt with were that almost half of the female alcoholics had previously attempted to commit suicide, in general the sample, when paralleled with control groups, was tested to be much more impulsive in general. Another commonality among the group was that the DUI offenders were more underprivileged when compared with the general population of drivers. A correlation has been found between lack of conscientiousness and accidents, meaning that low conscientiousness drivers were often involved in driving accidents than other drivers. Through this testing a previously overlooked character trait of DUI offenders was uncovered by the low scores on the openness to experience domain. This area includes intellectual curiosity, receptivity to the world of fantasy and imagination, appreciation of art and beauty, openness to inner emotions, values. In all these factors, there is only one which indicates relapses for driving under the influence. Not only can personality traits of DUI offenders be dissimilar from the rest of the population and they are unique in that they often drink despite the severity of legal and financial sanctions imposed on them by society
18.
Buffet
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A buffet is a system of serving meals in which food is placed in a public area where the diners generally serve themselves. Buffets are offered at various places including hotels, restaurants and many social events, Buffet restaurants normally offer all-you-can-eat food for a set price. Buffets usually have some hot dishes, so the term cold buffet has been developed to describe formats lacking hot food, buffets are effective for serving large numbers of people at once, and are often seen in institutional settings, such as business conventions or large parties. Since a buffet involves diners serving themselves, it has in the past been considered a form of dining. In recent years, however, buffet meals are increasingly popular among hosts of home dinner parties, the buffet table originates from the brännvinsbord table from the middle of 16th century. This custom had its prime during the early 18th century, and was developed into the more modern buffet around the beginning of 19th century, the smörgåsbord buffet did not increase in popularity until the expansion of the railroads throughout Europe. The smörgåsbord table was originally a meal where guests gathered before dinner for a pre-dinner drink, the smörgåsbord buffet was often held in separate rooms for men and women before the dinner was served. The term buffet originally referred to the French sideboard furniture where the food was served, the word buffet became popular in the English-speaking world in the second half of the 20th century after the Swedes had popularized the smorgasbord in New York. The word is now accepted into the English language. In England such a buffet was called a court cupboard, prodigal displays of plate were probably first revived at the fashionable court of Burgundy and adopted in France. During the 18th century more subtle demonstrations of wealth were preferred, in a 1922 housekeeping book entitled How to Prepare and Serve a Meal, Lillian B. Lansdown wrote, The informal luncheon at small tables calls for service by a number of maids, there are many different ways of offering diners a selection of foods which are called buffet style meals. Some buffets are single pass only, but most buffets allow a diner to first take small samples of unfamiliar foods, to avoid misunderstandings in commercial eating establishments, the rules and charges are often posted on signs near the buffet serving tables. One form of buffet is to have a counter or table filled with plates containing fixed portions of food. The food display may either be staffed, or the customers may pick up the plates themselves. This form is most commonly seen in cafeterias, another derivative of this type of buffet occurs where patrons choose food from a buffet style layout and then pay based on what was chosen. A variation occurs in a dim sum house, where seated patrons make their selections from wheeled carts containing different plates of food which the staff circulate through the restaurant. Another variation is a conveyor belt sushi restaurant, where seated patrons select dishes from a conveyor belt carrying a variety of foods
19.
Buffalo wing
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A Buffalo wing or chicken wing in the cuisine of the United States is a chicken wing section that is generally deep-fried, unbreaded, and coated in vinegar-based cayenne pepper hot sauce and butter. They are traditionally served hot, along with celery sticks and/or carrot sticks with blue cheese for dipping, the Buffalo wing was invented in 1964 at Anchor Bar in Buffalo, New York. Cayenne pepper, hot sauce and melted butter or margarine are the basis of the sauce, typically, the wings are deep-fried in oil until they are well browned. They are then drained, mixed with sauce, and shaken to coat the wings, there are several different claims about how Buffalo wings were invented. One of the more prevalent claims is that Buffalo wings were first prepared at the Anchor Bar in Buffalo, New York, by Teressa Bellissimo and it was then that she came up with the idea of deep frying chicken wings and tossing them in cayenne hot sauce. He stated that it was his mother, Teressa, who came up with the idea of chicken wings, there was mis-delivery of wings instead of backs and necks for making the bars spaghetti sauce. Faced with this resource, Frank Bellissimo says that he asked Teressa to do something with them. However, an article about the Anchor Bar in a local newspaper in 1969 does not mention Buffalo wings. Another claim is that a man named John Young served chicken wings in a special mambo sauce at his Buffalo restaurant in the mid-1960s, Young had registered the name of his restaurant, John Youngs Wings n Things, at the county courthouse before leaving Buffalo in 1970. Marketing materials for Franks RedHot claim that it was the hot sauce used in the Bellissimos original recipe, the city of Buffalo officially declared July 29,1977, to be Chicken Wing Day. Buffalo wings have become a bar food and appetizer across the United States. Large franchises specializing in Buffalo wings have emerged, notably Buffalo Wild Wings founded in 1982, as the market got larger, restaurants began to use a variety of sauces in addition to buffalo sauce. These sauces generally take influences from Chinese, Japanese, Thai, Caribbean, because of the mess caused by eating Buffalo wings, it is now common for restaurants to offer boneless wings that can be eaten with a fork. These are essentially small chicken tenders coated or spun in sauce, many American-style restaurants in other countries will offer Buffalo chicken wings on their menus, especially if they also function as a bar. Buffalo wings are used in competitive eating events, such as Philadelphias Wing Bowl and it has also become commonplace for restaurants to offer a wing eating contest featuring a customer eating a certain number of wings, coated in their hottest sauce. Many bars and restaurants intentionally create a sauce for this purpose. The first mention of Buffalo wings on national television may have been on NBCs Today show in the 1980s, clips showing cooks preparing the dish continue to be featured on nationally televised sporting events involving the Buffalo Bills and to a lesser extent the Buffalo Sabres. In the Canadian television series Murdoch Mysteries, set c,1903, spiced chicken wings are invented in Buffalo by visiting British-born Canadian police inspector Thomas Brackenreid
20.
Chili con carne
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Chili con carne, commonly known in American English as simply chili, is a spicy stew containing chili peppers, meat, and often tomatoes and beans. Other seasonings may include garlic, onions, and cumin, geographic and personal tastes involve different types of meat and ingredients. Recipes provoke disputes among aficionados, some of whom insist that the word applies only to the basic dish, without beans. Chili con carne is a frequent dish for cook-offs and is used as an ingredient in other dishes, in Spanish, the word chile from the Nahuatl chīlli refers to a chili pepper, and carne is Spanish for meat. The San Antonio Chili Stand, in operation at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago, San Antonio was a tourist destination and helped Texas-style chili con carne spread throughout the South and West. Chili con carne is the dish of the U. S. state of Texas as designated by the House Concurrent Resolution Number 18 of the 65th Texas Legislature during its regular session in 1977. Before World War II, hundreds of small, family-run chili parlors could be found throughout Texas and other states, each establishment usually had a claim to some kind of secret recipe. As early as 1904, chili parlors were opening outside of Texas, after working at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Charles Taylor opened a chili parlor in Carlinville, Illinois, serving Mexican Chili. In the 1920s and 1930s chains of diner-style chili parlors grew up in the Midwest, Cincinnati chili arguably represents the most vibrant continuation of the chili parlor tradition, with dozens of restaurants offering this style throughout the Cincinnati area. It can be traced back to at least 1922, when the original Empress Chili location opened, in Green Bay, Wisconsin, the chili parlor Chili Johns has existed since 1913. As with Cincinnati chili, it is most commonly served over spaghetti with oyster crackers, the original proprietors son opened a second location in Burbank in 1946, which is also still in existence. Until the late 2000s, a chili parlor dating to 1904, hodge, continued to operate in St. Louis. It featured a dish called a slinger, two cheeseburger patties, hash browns, and two eggs, and smothered in chili. Hodge-branded locations remain, though one exists under the name Chili Macs. Beans, a staple of Tex-Mex cuisine, have associated with chili as far back as the early 20th century. The question of whether beans belong in chili has been a matter of contention among chili cooks for a long time, small red or pink common beans are commonly used for chili, as are black-eyed peas, kidney beans, great northern beans, or navy beans. Texas-style chili may or may not contain beans and may even be made without other vegetables whatsoever besides chili peppers, most commercially prepared canned chili includes beans. Commercial chili prepared without beans is usually called chili no beans in the United States, tomatoes are another ingredient on which opinions differ
21.
Pork ribs
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Pork ribs are a cut of pork popular in North American and Asian cuisines. The ribcage of a pig, meat and bones together, is cut into usable pieces, prepared by smoking, grilling, or baking – usually with a sauce, often barbecue –. Several different types of ribs are available, depending on the section of rib cage from which they are cut, variation in the thickness of the meat and bone, as well as levels of fat in each cut, can alter the flavor and texture of the prepared dish. The inner surface of the rib cage is covered by a layer of tissue that is difficult to cook tender. Baby back ribs are taken from the top of the rib cage between the spine and the ribs, below the loin muscle. They have meat between the bones and on top of the bones, and are shorter, curved, the rack is shorter at one end, due to the natural tapering of a pigs rib cage. The shortest bones are only about 3 in and the longest is usually about 6 in. A pig side has 15 to 16 ribs, but usually two or three are left on the shoulder when it is separated from the loin. So, a rack of back ribs contains a minimum of eight ribs, a typical commercial rack has 10–13 bones. If fewer than 10 bones are present, butchers call them cheater racks, spare ribs, also called spareribs or side ribs, are taken from the belly side of the rib cage, below the section of back ribs and above the sternum. Spare ribs are flatter and contain more bone than meat, the term spare ribs is a Middle English corruption of rippspeer, a Low German term that referred to racks of meat being roasted on a turning spit. St. Louis style ribs have had the bone, cartilage. Kansas City style ribs are trimmed less closely than the St. Louis style ribs, rib tips are short, meaty sections of rib attached to the lower end of the spare ribs, between the ribs and the sternum. Unlike back ribs or spare ribs, the structure of the rib is provided by dense costal cartilage, rib tips are cut away from the spare ribs when preparing St. Louis style spare ribs. Riblets are prepared by butchers by cutting a set of spare ribs approximately in half. This produces a set of short, flat ribs where the part of the rib is removed. Loin back ribs dont always have this removed, when not removed they have a rounded look to them and are often referred to as baby back ribs. Another product called riblets is actually the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, riblets used to be thrown out by butchers, but have become popular due to their excellent flavor and lower cost
22.
Dipping sauce
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A dip or dipping sauce is a common condiment for many types of food. Unlike other sauces, instead of applying the sauce to the food, dips are commonly used for finger foods, appetizers, and other easily held foods. Thick dips based on cream, crème fraiche, milk, yogurt, mayonnaise, soft cheese. Alton Brown suggests that a dip is defined based on its ability to contact with its transport mechanism over three feet of white carpet. Dips in various forms are all over the world and people have been using sauces for dipping for thousands of years. Some types of dip include, Aioli, a mayonnaise flavored with garlic, ajika, a spicy, subtly flavoured dip in Caucasian cuisine, based on hot red pepper, garlic, herbs and spices. Ajvar, made from red bell peppers with garlic, found in Serbian cuisine Artichoke dip, some versions are served chunky, while others are puréed and have a smooth texture Baba ghanoush, a dip made from eggplant. It is popular in the Eastern Mediterranean and parts of South Asia, bagna càuda, a regional dish of the Italian Piedmont, it is composed of garlic, anchovies, oil and dairy, and is served with assorted vegetables for dipping. Barbecue sauce, a common sauce either tomato, vinegar, or mustard based, often used for grilled and fried meats, and french fries in the United States. Bean dip, dip made from refried beans Blue cheese dressing is made from mayonnaise, sour cream, yogurt, blue cheese, milk, vinegar, onion powder, dry mustard. It is commonly used as a dip for raw vegetables or buffalo wings, buffalo sauce, made from vinegar-based pepper hot sauce, is often used as both a coating for buffalo wings as well as a standalone dipping sauce for other foods. Chile con queso, a dip of melted cheese and chili peppers used in Tex Mex cuisine with tortilla chips, chili oil is used as a dipping sauce for meat and dim sum. Chocolate, a dip for various fruits, doughnuts, profiteroles, chutney, any of a wide variety of sauces with origins in the sub-continent of India, from freshly chopped herbs in yogurt, to bottled, spiced fruit mixtures. Used with snacks like deep fried samosas and pakoras, in India and Sri Lanka, it is also commonly served with dosa and idli. Clam dip, a kind of condiment for dipping crackers and chips, cocktail sauce, a popular dip for seafood made from ketchup or chili sauce and horseradish. Crab dip, a thick dip popular in Maryland usually made from cream cheese, curry ketchup, also called Currygewürz in Germany, is a spicier form of ketchup. Fish sauce, or nam pla, the fermented fish equivalent of soy sauce, used in southeastern Asian cuisines as a dip for snacks, fish paste or bagoong, fermented fish paste, used in southeastern Asian cuisines as a dip for rice dishes. Fondue, a cheese sauce, which rose in popularity in the U. S
23.
Pizza
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Pizza is a yeasted flatbread generally topped with tomato sauce and cheese and baked in an oven. It is commonly topped with a selection of meats, vegetables, the term was first recorded in the 10th century, in a Latin manuscript from Gaeta in Central Italy. The modern pizza was invented in Naples, Italy, and the dish and its variants have become popular. In 2009, upon Italys request, Neapolitan pizza was safeguarded in the European Union as a Traditional Speciality Guaranteed dish, the Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana is a non-profit organization founded in 1984 with headquarters in Naples. It promotes and protects the true Neapolitan pizza, Pizza is sold fresh or frozen, either whole or in portions, and is a common fast food item in Europe and North America. Various types of ovens are used to them and many varieties exist. Several similar dishes are prepared from ingredients used in pizza preparation, such as calzone. Suggested etymologies include, Byzantine Greek and Late Latin pitta > pizza, modern Greek pitta bread and the Apulia and Calabrian pitta, a round flat bread baked in the oven at high temperature sometimes with toppings. The word pitta can in turn be traced to either Ancient Greek πικτή, fermented pastry, the Lombardic word bizzo or pizzo meaning mouthful, which was brought to Italy in the middle of the 6th century AD by the invading Lombards. Foods similar to pizza have been made since the neolithic age, Records of people adding other ingredients to bread to make it more flavorful can be found throughout ancient history. An early reference to a pizza-like food occurs in the Aeneid, in Book VII, Aeneas and his men are served a meal that includes round cakes topped with cooked vegetables. When they eat the bread, they realize that these are the tables prophesied by Celaeno, modern pizza evolved from similar flatbread dishes in Naples, Italy in the 18th or early 19th century. Prior to that time, flatbread was often topped with ingredients such as garlic, salt, lard, cheese and it is uncertain when tomatoes were first added and there are many conflicting claims. Until about 1830, pizza was sold from open-air stands and out of pizza bakeries, of the three different pizzas he created, the Queen strongly preferred a pizza swathed in the colors of the Italian flag, red, green, and white. Supposedly, this kind of pizza was named after the Queen. Pizza was brought to the United States with Italian immigrants in the nineteenth century. The countrys first pizzeria, Lombardis, opened in 1905, following World War II, veterans returning from the Italian Campaign after being introduced to Italys native cuisine proved a ready market for pizza in particular. Since then pizza consumption has exploded in the U. S, Pizza chains such as Dominos, Pizza Hut, and Papa Johns, pizzas from take and bake pizzerias, and chilled or frozen pizzas from supermarkets make pizza readily available nationwide
24.
Potato chip
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A potato chip or crisp is a thin slice of potato that has been deep fried, baked, kettle-cooked, or popped until crunchy. Potato chips are commonly served as a snack, side dish, more generally, crisps and chips include savory snack products made from not just potato, but also corn, tapioca, banana, or other cereals, and other root vegetables, and other fruits. Potato chips are a predominant part of the food and convenience food market in Western countries. The global potato chip market generated total revenues of US$16.49 billion in 2005 and this accounted for 35. 5% of the total savory snacks market in that year. The earliest known recipe for potato chips is in William Kitchiners cookbook The Cooks Oracle, first published in 1817, which was a bestseller in England and the United States. Early recipes for potato chips in the United States are found in Mary Randolphs Virginia House-Wife, lees Cooks Own Book, both of which explicitly cite Kitchiner. However, a legend associates the creation of potato chips with Saratoga Springs, New York, the customer kept sending his French-fried potatoes back, complaining that they were too thick. Frustrated, he sliced the potatoes razor thin, fried them until crisp, to Crums surprise, the customer loved them. They soon became called Saratoga Chips, a name that persisted into at least the mid-20th century, a version of this story popularized in a 1973 national advertising campaign by St. Regis Paper Company, which manufactured packaging for chips, said that Crums customer was Cornelius Vanderbilt. Crum was renowned as a chef and by 1860 owned his own lakeside restaurant, in the 20th century, potato chips spread beyond chef-cooked restaurant fare and began to be mass-produced for home consumption. The Dayton, Ohio-based Mike-sells Potato Chip Company, founded in 1910, New England-based Tri-Sum Potato Chips, founded in 1908 as the Leominster Potato Chip Company, in Leominster, Massachusetts claim to be Americas first potato chip manufacturer. Chips sold in markets were sold in tins or scooped out of storefront glass bins and delivered by horse. The early potato chip bag was wax paper with the ends ironed or stapled together, at first, potato chips were packaged in barrels or tins, which left chips at the bottom stale and crumbled. This pioneering method reduced crumbling and kept the chips fresh and crisp longer and this innovation, along with the invention of cellophane, allowed potato chips to become a mass-market product. Today, chips are packaged in bags, with nitrogen gas blown in prior to sealing to lengthen shelf life. Traditional chips were made by the process, where all chips are fried all at once at a low temperature. Industrial advance resulted in a shift to production by a process, running chips through a vat of hot oil. Consumer desire for original style chips resulted in the introduction of traditionally made kettle-style chips in the 2000s
25.
Pizza delivery
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Pizza delivery is a service in which a pizzeria or pizza chain delivers a pizza to a customer. Pizzas may be delivered in pizza boxes or delivery bags, and deliveries are made with either an automobile, motor scooter, customers can, depending on the pizza chain, choose to pay online, or in person, with cash, credit or a debit card. A delivery fee is charged with what the customer has bought. Ordering pizza for delivery usually involves contacting a local restaurant or chain by telephone or online. Online ordering is available in countries, where some pizza chains offer online menus. The pizza delivery industry has kept pace with technological developments since the 1980s beginning with the rise of the personal computer, since 2008 GPS tracking technology has been used for real-time monitoring of delivery vehicles by customers over the Internet. Some pizzerias, such as the Ontario-based Canadian chain Pizza Pizza, will incorporate a guarantee to deliver within a period of time. For example, Dominos Pizza had a campaign in the 1980s. This was discontinued in the United States in 1993 due to the number of lawsuits arising from accidents caused by hurried delivery drivers, but is still offered in some countries. Pizzerias with no time guarantee will commonly state to the customer an approximate time frame for a delivery, without making any guarantees as to the actual delivery time. According to Dominos, Super Bowl Sunday is the most popular day for its pizza deliveries, others are Halloween, New Years Day, New Years Eve, and the day before Thanksgiving. Unscheduled events may cause an increase in pizza deliveries, for example. For decades, free delivery was a slogan for almost all pizza stores. In Australia, a portion of the charge is given to the driver as the store is required to reimburse the driver for the use of a personal vehicle. Dominos Pizza is credited with popularizing free pizza delivery in the United States, Pizza Hut began experimenting in 1999 with a 50-cent delivery charge in ten stores in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. By mid-2001 it was implemented in 95% of its 1,749 company-owned restaurants in the U. S. in 2005, Papa Johns implemented delivery charges in the majority of its company-owned stores. In some countries, it is common to give the pizza deliverer an optional tip upon paying for the order, in Canada and the United States, tipping for pizza delivery is customary. Opinions on appropriate amounts vary widely, bags used to keep pizza hot while being transported are commonly referred to as hotbags or hot bags
26.
Guacamole
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Guacamole is an avocado-based dip or salad first created by the Aztecs in what is now Mexico. In addition to its use in modern Mexican cuisine, it has become part of American cuisine as a dip, condiment. The name comes from an Aztec dialect via Nahuatl āhuacamolli, which translates to avocado sauce. In Mexican Spanish, it is pronounced, in American English, it is sometimes pronounced /ɡwɑːkəˈmoʊliː/, the name of the Guatemalan version has the final e omitted. Avocados were first cultivated in South Central Mexico to Central America, in the early 1900s, avocados frequently went by the name alligator pear. The Hass avocado is the most popular varietal of avocado and is named after postal worker Rudolph Hass, Guacamole has increased avocado sales in the US, especially on Super Bowl Sunday and Cinco de Mayo. The rising consumption of guacamole has increased due to the U. S. government lifting a ban on imports in the 1900s. Guacamole dip is traditionally made by mashing ripe avocados and sea salt with a molcajete, some recipes call for tomato, onion, garlic, peas, lemon or lime juice, chili or cayenne pepper, coriander or basil, jalapeño, and/or additional seasonings. Some non-traditional recipes call for sour cream as the main ingredient, due to the presence of polyphenol oxidase in the cells of avocado, exposure to oxygen in the air causes an enzymatic reaction and develops melanoidin pigment, turning the sauce brown. This result is generally considered unappetizing, and there are methods that are used to counter this effect. Commonly used methods to counter this effect include storing the guacamole in a container or wrapping tightly in clear plastic wrap to limit the surface area exposed to the air. Avocados are a source of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and phytosterols and they also contain carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein. Mantequilla de pobre is a mixture of avocado, tomato, oil, despite its name, it predates the arrival of dairy cattle in the Americas, and thus was not originally made as a butter substitute. Thinner and more acidic, or thick and chunky, guasacaca is a Venezuelan avocado-based sauce, it is made with vinegar, and is served over parrillas, arepas, empanadas, and various other dishes. It is common to make the guasacaca with a hot sauce instead of jalapeño. Avocados have since become a winter delicacy and are cut into salads as well as being spread on bread today also with pita, usually eaten in the villages of the coastal plain. It is also common today to add cumin before adding the juice as well as feta cheese or safed cheese. Prepared guacamoles are available in stores, often available refrigerated, frozen or in high pressure packaging which pasteurizes and extends shelf life if products are maintained at 34 to 40 °F
27.
American University
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American University is a private research university in Washington, D. C. United States, affiliated with the United Methodist Church, although the curriculum is secular. The university was chartered by an Act of Congress on February 24,1893, as The American University, AU was named the most politically active school in the nation in The Princeton Reviews annual survey of college students in 2008,2010, and 2012. As of 2016, roughly 7,710 undergraduate students and 5,230 graduate students are currently enrolled, the school has grown increasingly competitive in recent years, with a 25% acceptance rate for the Class of 2020 versus a 46% acceptance rate for the class of 2018. A member of the Division I Patriot League, its sports compete as the American University Eagles. The American University was established in the District of Columbia by an Act of Congress on December 5,1892, after more than three decades devoted principally to securing financial support, the university was officially dedicated on May 15,1914. The first instruction began on October 6 of that year, when 28 students were enrolled, the First Commencement, at which no degrees were awarded, was held on June 2,1915. The Second Annual Commencement was held on June 2,1916 where the first degrees were awarded, shortly after these early commencement ceremonies, classes were interrupted by war. During World War I, the university allowed the U. S. military to use some of its grounds for testing, in 1917, the U. S. military divided American University into two segments, Camp American University and Camp Leach. Camp American University became the birthplace of the United States chemical weapons program, and chemical weapons were tested on the grounds, Camp Leach was home to advanced research, development and testing of modern camouflage techniques. As of 2014, the Army Corps of Engineers is still removing ordnance including mustard gas, during the next ten years, instruction was offered at the graduate level only, in accordance with the original plan of the founders. In the fall of 1925, the College of Liberal Arts was established, since that date, the University has offered both undergraduate and graduate degrees and programs. In 1934, the School of Public Affairs was founded, during World War II, the campus again offered its services to the U. S. government and became home to the U. S. Navy Bomb Disposal School and a WAVE barracks. For AUs role in wartime efforts, the Victory ship SS American Victory was named in honor of the university. The present structure of the university began to emerge in 1949, the Washington College of Law became part of the University in that year, having begun in 1896 as the first coeducational institution for the professional study of law in the District of Columbia. In the early 1960s, the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency operated a tank under the guise of Operation Camelot at American University. The government abandoned the tank after the operation came to public attention. AUs political intertwinement was furthered by President John F. Kennedys Spring 1963 commencement address, from 1965 to 1977, the College of Continuing Education existed as a degree-granting college with responsibility for on- and off-campus adult education programs
28.
The Wall Street Journal
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The Wall Street Journal is an American business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City. The Journal, along with its Asian and European editions, is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company, the newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online. The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation, according to the Alliance for Audited Media, the Journal had a circulation of about 2.4 million copies as of March 2013, compared with USA Todays 1.7 million. The newspaper has won 39 Pulitzer Prizes through 2015 and derives its name from Wall Street in the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8,1889, by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, the Journal also publishes the luxury news and lifestyle magazine WSJ. They were later aggregated in a daily summary called the Customers Afternoon Letter. In 1896, The Dow Jones Industrial Average was officially launched and it was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1899, the Journals Review & Outlook column, which still today, appeared for the first time. Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US$130,000 in 1902, circulation was then around 7,000, Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting—a novelty in the early days of business journalism. In 1921, Barrons, Americas premier financial weekly, was founded, Barron died in 1928, a year before Black Tuesday, the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States. Barrons descendants, the Bancroft family, would continue to control the company until 2007, the Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, under Kilgore, in 1947, that the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize, for William Henry Grimess editorials. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies, later, the name was changed to Dow Jones Local Media Group. In 2007 News Corp. acquired Dow Jones, a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008. A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online, was launched in 1996, in 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journals print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements. In 2007, it was believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web. Since then, online subscribership has fallen, due in part to rising subscription costs, in May 2008, an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually
29.
New York Post
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New York Post is an American daily newspaper, primarily distributed in New York City and its surrounding area. It is the 13th-oldest and seventh-most-widely circulated newspaper in the United States, established in 1801 by federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, it became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post. The modern version of the paper is published in tabloid format, in 1976, Rupert Murdoch bought Post for US$30.5 million. Since 1993, Post has been owned by News Corporation and its successor, News Corp and its editorial offices are located at 1211 Avenue of the Americas. New York Post, established on November 16,1801 as New-York Evening Post, the Hartford Courant, believed to be the oldest continuously published newspaper, was founded in 1764 as a semi-weekly paper, it did not begin publishing daily until 1836. The New Hampshire Gazette, which has trademarked its claim of being The Nations Oldest Newspaper, was founded in 1756, moreover, since the 1890s it has been published only for weekends. Post was founded by Alexander Hamilton with about US$10,000 from a group of investors in the autumn of 1801 as New-York Evening Post, the meeting at which Hamilton first recruited investors for the new paper took place in the then-country weekend villa that is now Gracie Mansion. Hamilton chose William Coleman as his first editor, the most famous 19th-century New-York Evening Post editor was the poet and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant. So well respected was New-York Evening Post under Bryants editorship, it received praise from the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, in the summer of 1829, Bryant invited William Leggett, the Locofoco Democrat, to write for the paper. There, in addition to literary and drama reviews, Leggett began to write political editorials, leggetts classical liberal philosophy entailed a fierce opposition to central banking, a support for voluntary labor unions, and a dedication to laissez-faire economics. He was a member of the Equal Rights Party, Leggett became a co-owner and editor at Post in 1831, eventually working as sole editor of the newspaper while Bryant traveled in Europe in 1834 through 1835. Another co-owner of the paper was John Bigelow, from 1849 to 1861, he was one of the editors and co-owners of New York Evening Post. In 1881 Henry Villard took control of New-York Evening Post, as well as The Nation, with this acquisition, the paper was managed by the triumvirate of Carl Schurz, Horace White, and Edwin L. Godkin. When Schurz left the paper in 1883, Godkin became editor-in-chief, White became editor-in-chief in 1899, and remained in that role until his retirement in 1903. Villard sold the paper in 1918, after allegations of pro-German sympathies during World War I hurt its circulation. The new owner was Thomas Lamont, a partner in the Wall Street firm of J. P. Morgan & Co. Conservative Cyrus H. K. Curtis—publisher of the Ladies Home Journal—purchased New-York Evening Post in 1924, in 1934, J. David Stern purchased the paper, changed its name to New York Post, and restored its broadsheet size and liberal perspective. In 1939, Dorothy Schiff purchased the paper and her husband, George Backer, was named editor and publisher
30.
International Business Times
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The International Business Times is an online news publication, that publishes seven national editions and four languages. The publication, sometimes called IBTimes or IBT, offers news, opinion, IBT is one of the worlds largest online news sources, IBTs 2014 media kit claims that its online properties receive 40 million unique visitors each month. Its 2013 revenues were around $21 million, IBTimes was launched in 2005, it is owned by IBT Media, and was founded by Etienne Uzac and Johnathan Davis. Its headquarters are in a former Newsweek office in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, founder Etienne Uzac, a native of France, came up with the idea for the global business news site while a student at the London School of Economics. He found that the strongest business newspapers had a focus on the U. S and Europe, Uzac recruited Johnathan Davis to join him in the enterprise. In late 2005, Uzac and Davis moved to New York to launch the site, with Uzac primarily focused on business strategy, on August 4,2013, IBT Media, the owner of IBTimes, announced its purchase of Newsweek and newsweek. com from IAC/InterActiveCorp. The purchase did not include The Daily Beast, peter S. Goodman, previously the executive business editor and global news editor of The Huffington Post, became the editor in 2014. From March to July 2016, IBT laid off an estimated 30 percent of its editorial staff and this period marked a new era for the company as it expanded into branded content and events with its sister publication Newsweek. At the same time, Dev Pragad who had started the EMEA business in 2009 was promoted from managing director of Europe to global CEO of Newsweek and this was followed in January 2017 by the appointment of Alan Press in the “newly-created, strategic role of President”. In late 2011, Google allegedly moved the outlets articles down in search results in response to search engine optimization activity. An internal IBT memo allegedly advised IBT journalists on how to re-work a story already done. Some people have been just re-posting the exact same story, with a new headline, similarly, employees told The Guardian in 2014 that that at times they seemed to operate more as content farms demanding high-volume output than a source of quality journalism. At least two journalists were threatened with firing unless traffic to their articles increased sharply. In 2016, IBT hired John Crowley, the Wall Street Journals Europe, Middle East and Africa digital editor, according to The Guardian, “Crowley said his focus would be on helping the site break exclusives, in-depth storytelling and new forms of digital journalism. He said IBT was putting together a UK business desk and hiring an audience team. ”Crowley stated We are not a service or so-called paper of record. But I have a vision of where I want to take a site, weve got to have a USP. make ourselves distinctive in journalistic terms. The standard of content on IBTimes. co. uk has notably improved in recent years with reputable papers such as The Times quoting exclusive content from the publication, sports and entertainment coverage often gets pick up in the British press and on the BBC. In early 2017, International Business Times UK joined a partnership along with the likes of Bloomberg, Channel 4, Media Matters also criticized IBT for publishing an article with the headline Is Climate Change Real
31.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
32.
WGN-TV
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WGN-TV, virtual channel 9, is an independent television station located in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the television property of the Tribune Broadcasting subsidiary of Tribune Media. WGN-TV is also a pioneering superstation, and formerly programmed an alternate feed for cable and satellite throughout the United States. However, WGN-TV regained national availability as the Chicago area feed was included as part of the offerings of Channel Masters LinearTV service. WGNs longtime slogan, Chicagos Very Own, was the basis for an image campaign of the 1980s and 1990s. WGN Television began test broadcasts in February 1948 and began programming on April 5 with a two-hour special, WGN-TV Salute to Chicago. It was founded by the Chicago Tribune – whose slogan Worlds Greatest Newspaper was the basis for the letters used by the television station. WGN-TV originally held dual primary affiliations with CBS and the DuMont Television Network, for its first 13 years on the air, WGN-TV had operated from the Tribune Tower at 435 North Michigan Avenue in downtown Chicago. S. Supreme Court order forced Paramount Pictures to divest its chain of movie theaters – for $6, following a two-month cancellation clause, all of the CBS programs that WGN-TV had been airing were moved to the rechristened WBBM-TV, leaving channel 9 exclusively with DuMont. WGN-TV soon became one of DuMonts strongest affiliates, as well as a production center for that network. WGN-TV had also telecast performances of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, beginning in 1953, the station lost the DuMont affiliation when the network ceased operations on August 6,1956, at that point, WGN-TV became an independent station. For much of its existence, WGN-TV produced a number of its own programs at its studios. During the late 1950s, the station was affiliated with the NTA Film Network. In 1957, WGN-TV became one of the first television stations in the Chicago market to broadcast live programming in color, WGN-TV served as the Chicago affiliate of the United Network for its one month of existence in 1967, airing The Las Vegas Show. From 1974 to 1982, Phil Donahues syndicated daytime talk show Donahue originated from the WGN-TV studios, in 1975, the agriculture program U. S. Farm Report debuted in syndication, also originating from WGN-TVs studios.7 FM. WGN-TV began to be distributed across the United States through cable television in October 1978, after Tulsa, as WGN-TV gained national exposure, the station became vulnerable in the Chicago area and underestimated the ability of UHF competitor WFLD to acquire top-rated syndicated programs. As a result, WFLD edged ahead of WGN-TV in the ratings by the end of 1979, WGN-TV continued with its programming format, competing with WFLD and another UHF independent station, WSNS-TV
33.
Associated Press
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The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America. As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television, the photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries and it also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, as part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essentials. Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters, some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time, documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851, initially known as the New York Associated Press, the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press, which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, when the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity, the cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and, the Middle East. He introduced the telegraph typewriter or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914, in 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States, in 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations, it created its own radio network in 1974
34.
National Football Conference
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The National Football Conference is one of the two conferences of the National Football League, the highest professional level of American football in the United States. This conference and its counterpart, the American Football Conference, currently contain 16 teams each, a series of league expansions and division realignments have occurred since the merger, thus making the current total 16 clubs per each conference. Since the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, the Dallas Cowboys lead the NFC with the most conference titles, the current NFC title holders are the Atlanta Falcons. Since 2002, the NFC has 16 teams that organized into four divisions each with four teams, East, North, South, two of these games are assigned on the basis of a particular teams final divisional standing from the previous season. The remaining 8 games are split between the roster of two other NFL divisions and this assignment shifts each year and will follow a standard cycle. Using the 2012 regular season schedule as an example, each team in the NFC West plays against every team in the AFC East and NFC North. In this way, non-divisional competition will be mostly among common opponents – the exception being the two games assigned based on the teams prior-season divisional standing, at the end of each season, the top six teams in the conference proceeds into the playoff. These teams consist of the four winners and the top two wild card teams. The NFC playoffs culminate in the NFC Championship Game with the receiving the George Halas Trophy. The NFC Champion then plays the AFC Champion in the Super Bowl, both the AFC and NFC were created after the NFL merged with the American Football League in 1970. When the AFL began play in 1960 with eight teams, the NFL consisted of 13 clubs, by 1969, the AFL had expanded to ten teams and NFL to 16 clubs. However, team owners could not agree to a plan on how to align the clubs in the NFC. When the Seattle Seahawks and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers joined the league in 1976, they were placed in the NFC and AFC, respectively. The Seahawks returned to the NFC as a result of the 2002 realignment, the Carolina Panthers joined the NFC in 1995. Parity is generally greater among NFC teams than AFC teams, the only NFC team that has never made a Super Bowl appearance is the Detroit Lions. Since the 2002 realignment, the time that an NFC team made back-to-back Super Bowl appearances was the Seattle Seahawks in 2013 and 2014. Since 1970, only two teams have relocated, in 1988, the St. Louis Cardinals moved to Phoenix, Arizona, while the Los Angeles Rams moved to St. Louis in 1995, and back to Los Angeles again in 2016. The original NFC logo, in use from 1970–2009, depicted a blue N with three stars across it, the three stars represented the three divisions that were used from 1970–2001
35.
NFC Championship Game
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The National Football Conference Championship Game is one of the two semi-final playoff games of the National Football League, the largest professional American football league in the United States. The game is played on the penultimate Sunday in January and determines the champion of the National Football Conference, the winner then advances to face the winner of the American Football Conference Championship Game in the Super Bowl. The game was established as part of the 1970 merger between the NFL and the American Football League, with the merged league realigning into two conferences. Since 1984, each winner of the NFC Championship Game has also received the George Halas Trophy, named after the founder and longtime owner of the NFLs Chicago Bears, George Halas. The first NFC Championship Game was played following the 1970 regular season after the merger between the NFL and the American Football League. The game is considered the successor to the original NFL Championship, every NFC team has played in an NFC Championship at least once. The Seattle Seahawks, who have members in both the AFC and the NFC, hold the distinction of appearing in both conference title games. Only the Detroit Lions have yet to win an NFC Championship Game, at the end of each regular season, a series of playoff games involving the top six teams in the NFC are conducted. In the current NFL playoff structure, this consists of the four division champions, the two teams remaining following the Wild Card round and the divisional round play in the NFC Championship game. Initially, the site of the game was determined on a rotating basis, since the 1975–76 season, the site of the NFC Championship has been based on playoff seeding based on the regular season won-loss record, with the highest surviving seed hosting the game. A wild card team can only host the game if both participants are wild cards, in case the fifth seed would host the sixth seed. Such an instance has never occurred in the NFL, the original design consisted of a wooden base with a sculpted NFC logo in the front and a sculpture of various football players in the back. The trophies are now a new, silver design with the outline of a hollow football positioned on a base to more closely resemble the Vince Lombardi Trophy. Numbers in parentheses in the winning team column are NFC Championships won by that team, bold indicates team won Super Bowl that year. Numbers in parentheses in the city and stadium column is the amount of times that area and stadium has hosted a NFC Championship. ^ a, Overtime ^ b, The Seahawks were members of the NFC in 1976 and then members of the AFC from 1977–2001, including their only appearance in the AFC Championship Game, they hold a combined 3–1 record between both Conference Championship Games
36.
American Football Conference
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The American Football Conference is one of the two conferences of the National Football League, the highest professional level of American football in the United States. This conference and its counterpart, the National Football Conference, currently contain 16 teams each, a series of league expansions and division realignments have occurred since the merger, thus making the current total 16 clubs per each conference. Since the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, the New England Patriots have won nine AFC titles, the most of any team in the conference, since 2002, the AFC has 16 teams, organized into four divisions each with four teams, East, North, South and West. Two of these games are assigned on the basis of a teams final divisional standing from the previous season. The remaining 8 games are split between the roster of two other NFL divisions and this assignment shifts each year and will follow a standard cycle. Using the 2012 regular season schedule as an example, each team in the AFC West plays against every team in the AFC North and NFC South. In this way, non-divisional competition will be mostly among common opponents – the exception being the two games assigned based on the teams prior-season divisional standing, at the end of each season, the top six teams in the conference proceeds into the playoff. These teams consist of the four winners and the top two wild card teams. The AFC playoffs culminate in the AFC Championship Game with the receiving the Lamar Hunt Trophy. The AFC Champion then plays the NFC Champion in the Super Bowl, both the AFC and the NFC were created after the NFL merged with the American Football League in 1970. The AFL began play in 1960 with eight teams, and added two expansion clubs before the merger. In order to equalize the number of teams in each conference, since the merger, five expansion teams have joined the AFC and two have left, thus making the current total 16. When the Seattle Seahawks and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers joined the league in 1976 and this arrangement lasted for one season only before the two teams switched conferences. The Seahawks eventually returned to the NFC as a result of the 2002 realignment, the expansion Jacksonville Jaguars joined the AFC in 1995. There have been five teams that have relocated at least once, in 1984, the Baltimore Colts relocated to Indianapolis in 1984. In California, the Oakland Raiders relocated to Los Angeles in 1982, the Houston Oilers moved to Tennessee in 1997, where they were renamed the Tennessee Oilers. The team would change its name again, two later, to the Tennessee Titans. The NFL would again expand in 2002, adding the Houston Texans to the AFC, by contrast, the NFC has sent 12 different teams during that same time frame
37.
AFC Championship Game
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The AFC Championship Game is one of the two semi-final playoff games of the National Football League, the largest professional American football league in the United States. The game is played on the penultimate Sunday in January and determines the champion of the American Football Conference, the winner then advances to face the winner of the National Football Conference Championship Game in the Super Bowl. The game was established as part of the 1970 merger between the NFL and the American Football League, with the merged league realigning into two conferences. Since 1984, each winner of the AFC Championship Game has also received the Lamar Hunt Trophy, named after the founder of the AFL and longtime leader of the Kansas City Chiefs, Lamar Hunt. The first AFC Championship Game was played following the 1970 regular season after the merger between the NFL and the American Football League. The game is considered the successor to the former AFL Championship, every AFC team except the Houston Texans has played in an AFC Championship Game at least once. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most appearances in the AFC Championship Game at 16, with 11 of those games being in Pittsburgh, at the end of each regular season, a series of playoff games involving the top six teams in the AFC are conducted. In the current NFL playoff structure, this consists of the four division champions, the two teams remaining following the Wild Card round and the divisional round play in the AFC Championship game. Initially, the site of the game was determined on a rotating basis, since the 1975–76 season, the site of the AFC Championship has been based on playoff seeding based on the regular season won-loss record, with the highest surviving seed hosting the game. A wild card team can only host the game if both participants are wild cards, in case the fifth seed would host the sixth seed. Such an instance has never occurred in the NFL, beginning with 1984–85 season, the winner of the AFC Championship Game has received the Lamar Hunt Trophy, named after the founder of the AFL. The original design consisted of a base with a sculpted AFC logo in the front. Numbers in parentheses in the table are AFC Championships, bold indicates team won Super Bowl that year. ^ b, The Seahawks were members of the NFC in 1976 and then members of the AFC from 1977 to 2001, including their appearances in the NFC Championship Game, they hold a combined 3–1 record between both Conference Championship Games. ^ c, The Buccaneers were members of the AFC in 1976 before moving to the NFC in 1977, ^ e, Includes appearances as the Baltimore Colts, where they went 1–1 in AFC Championship Games. Since moving to Indianapolis in 1984, the Colts are 2–3 in AFC Championship Games ^ f, Includes appearances as the Houston Oilers, since moving to Tennessee in 1997, they are 1–1 in AFC Championship Games. Los Angeles Raiders Largest margin of victory –48 points**, January 20,1991 – Buffalo Bills vs
38.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
39.
Super Bowl I
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The National Football League champion Green Bay Packers defeated the American Football League champion Kansas City Chiefs by the score of 35–10. Coming into this game, considerable animosity remained between the AFL and NFL, thus the teams representing the two rival leagues felt pressure to win. The Chiefs posted an 11–2–1 record during the 1966 AFL season, the Packers finished the 1966 NFL season at 12–2, and defeated the Dallas Cowboys, 34–27, in the 1966 NFL Championship Game. Still, many writers and fans believed any team in the older NFL was vastly superior to any club in the upstart AFL. The first half of Super Bowl I was competitive, as the Chiefs out-gained the Packers in total yards, 181–164, early in the third quarter, Green Bay safety Willie Wood intercepted a pass and returned it 50 yards to the five-yard line. The turnover sparked the Packers to score 21 unanswered points in the second half, Green Bay quarterback Bart Starr, who completed 16 of 23 passes for 250 yards and two touchdowns, with 1 interception, was named MVP. When the NFL began its 40th season in 1960, it had a new and unwanted rival, but unlike the NFLs prior rivals, the AFL survived and prospered, in part by signing NFL rejects who turned out to be highly talented players the older league had badly misjudged. Soon the NFL and AFL found themselves locked in a bidding war for the top free agents and prospects coming out of college. Originally, there was an agreement between the two not to raid each other by signing players who were already under contract with a team from an opposing league. This policy broke down in early 1966 when the NFLs New York Giants signed Pete Gogolak, the AFL owners considered this an act of war and immediately struck back, signing several contracted NFL players, including eight of their top quarterbacks. Eventually the NFL had enough and started negotiations with the AFL in an attempt to resolve the issue, as a result of the negotiations, the leagues signed a merger agreement on June 9,1966. Among the details, both agreed to share a common draft in order to end the bidding war for the top college players. Los Angeles was not awarded the first AFL-NFL World Championship Game until December 1,1966 six weeks prior to the kickoff, likewise, the Green Bay Packers played the Kansas City Chiefs, with the Packers winning 35–10. The Chiefs entered the game after recording an 11–2–1 mark during the regular season, in the AFL Championship Game, they beat the Buffalo Bills, 31–7. Kansas Citys high-powered offense led the AFL in points scored and total rushing yards and their trio of running backs, Mike Garrett, Bert Coan, and Curtis McClinton all ranked among the top-ten rushers in the AFL. Quarterback Len Dawson was the passer in the AFL, completing 159 of 284 of his passes for 2,527 yards and 26 touchdowns. Wide receiver Otis Taylor provided the team with a deep threat by recording 58 receptions for 1,297 yards. The Chiefs also had a defense, with All-AFL players Jerry Mays
40.
Super Bowl II
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The second AFL-NFL World Championship Game in professional football, known retrospectively as Super Bowl II, was played on January 14,1968, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. The National Football League s defending champion Green Bay Packers defeated the American Football League champion Oakland Raiders by the score of 33–14. Coming into this game, like during the first Super Bowl, many sports writers, the Packers, the defending champions, posted a 9–4–1 record during the 1967 NFL season before defeating the Dallas Cowboys, 21–17, in the 1967 NFL Championship Game. The Raiders finished the 1967 AFL season at 13–1, and defeated the Houston Oilers, 40–7, as expected, Green Bay dominated Oakland throughout most of Super Bowl II. The Raiders could only score two touchdown passes from quarterback Daryle Lamonica, meanwhile, Packers kicker Don Chandler made four field goals, including three in the first half, while defensive back Herb Adderley had a 60-yard interception return for a touchdown. Green Bay quarterback Bart Starr was named the MVP for the time for his 13 of 24 passes for 202 yards. The game was awarded to Miami on May 25,1967, at the owners, the Packers advanced to their second straight AFL-NFL World Championship Game, but had a much more difficult time than in the previous season. Both of their running backs from the previous year, future Pro Football Hall of Famers Paul Hornung. Fullbacks Chuck Mercein and Ben Wilson, who were signed as free agents after being discarded by other teams, were also used to help compensate for the loss of Hornung. The Packers still had the superb blocking of linemen Jerry Kramer, Fred Thurston, on special teams, Williams returned 18 kickoffs for 749 yards and an NFL record 4 touchdowns, giving him a whopping 41.1 yards per return average. But overall the team ranked just 9th out of 16 NFL teams in scoring with 332 points, the Packers defense, however, allowed only 209 points, the 3rd best in the NFL. Even this figure was misleading, since Green Bay had yielded only 131 points in the first 11 games, the lowest total in professional football. Three members of Green Bays secondary, the strongest aspect of their defense, were named to the Pro Bowl, defensive backs Willie Wood, Herb Adderley, the Packers also had a superb defensive line led by Henry Jordan and Willie Davis. Behind them, the Packers linebacking core was led by Ray Nitschke, the Packers won the NFLs Central Division with a 9–4–1 regular season record, clinching the division in the 11th week of the season. During the last three weeks, the Packers gave up an total of 78 points, after having yielded only about a dozen points per game in their first 11 contests. In the playoffs, Green Bay returned to its dominant form, blowing away their first playoff opponent, the Los Angeles Rams, in the Western Conference Championship Game, 28–7. Green Bay would then come from behind to defeat the Dallas Cowboys in the NFL championship game for the year in a row, in one of the most famous games in NFL lore. The Raiders, led by head coach John Rauch, had stormed to the top of the AFL with a 13–1 regular season record and they had led all AFL and NFL teams in scoring with 468 points
41.
Super Bowl III
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Super Bowl III was the third AFL–NFL Championship Game in professional American football, and the first to officially bear the name Super Bowl. The game, played on January 12,1969, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, the heavy underdog American Football League champion New York Jets defeated the National Football League champion Baltimore Colts by a score of 16–7. This was the first Super Bowl victory for the AFL, before the start of the game, most sports writers and fans believed that AFL teams were less talented than NFL clubs, and expected the Colts to defeat the Jets by a wide margin. Baltimore posted a 13–1 record during the 1968 NFL season before defeating the Cleveland Browns, 34–0, the Jets finished the 1968 AFL season at 11–3, and defeated the Oakland Raiders, 27–23, in the 1968 AFL Championship Game. Undaunted, Jets quarterback Joe Namath made a three days before the Super Bowl at the Miami Touchdown Club and brashly guaranteed a victory. His team backed up his words by controlling most of the game, building a 16–0 lead by the quarter off of a touchdown run by Matt Snell. Colts quarterback Earl Morrall threw three interceptions before being replaced by Johnny Unitas, who then led Baltimore to its only touchdown during the last few minutes of the game, with the victory, the Jets remain the only winning Super Bowl team to only score one touchdown. This was the first Super Bowl to feature famous celebrities during its ceremonies instead of just college bands, after the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, the Colts were one of three teams that moved to the newly formed American Football Conference, the same conference as the Jets. This thus remains the only Super Bowl contested by teams now in the same Conference, the game was awarded to Miami on May 14,1968 at the owners meetings held in Atlanta. The National Football League had dominated professional football from its origins after World War I, rival leagues had crumbled or merged with it, and when the American Football League began to play in 1960, it was the fourth to hold that similar name to challenge the older NFL. The junior league proved successful enough, in fact, to make offers to players. As the two leagues had an number of teams, realignment was advocated by some owners, but was opposed. Eventually, three NFL teams agreed to move over to join the original AFL franchises of 1960 in what became the American Football Conference, despite the ongoing merger, it was a commonly held view that the NFL was a far superior league. The Baltimore Colts had won the 1958 and 1959 NFL championships under Coach Weeb Ewbank, in the following years, however, the Colts failed to make the playoffs, and the Colts dismissed Ewbank after a 7–7 record in 1962. He was soon hired by New Yorks new AFL franchise, which had just changed its name from the Titans to the Jets. In Ewbanks place, Baltimore hired a young head coach, Don Shula. A. won the championship as it had better net points in the two games the teams played. The Colts finished 11–1–2, out of the playoffs, the NFL champion, in both cases the Green Bay Packers, had easily won the first two Super Bowls over the AFL winner, establishing for a while then the superiority of the older NFL circuit
42.
Super Bowl IV
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Super Bowl IV, the fourth AFL-NFL World Championship Game in professional American football, was played on January 11,1970, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. The American Football League champion Kansas City Chiefs defeated the National Football League champion Minnesota Vikings by the score of 23–7 and this victory by the AFL squared the Super Bowl series with the NFL at two games apiece. This was also the final AFL-NFL World Championship Game before the two merged into one after the season.5 to 13-point favorites. Minnesota posted a 12–2 record during the 1969 NFL season before defeating the Cleveland Browns, 27–7, in the 1969 NFL Championship Game. The Chiefs, who appeared in the first Super Bowl, finished the 1969 AFL season at 11–3. Under wet conditions, the Chiefs defense dominated Super Bowl IV by limiting the Minnesota offense to only 67 rushing yards, Kansas Citys Len Dawson became the fourth consecutive winning quarterback to be named Super Bowl MVP. He completed 12 of 17 passes for 142 yards and one touchdown, Dawson also recorded three rushing attempts for 11 yards. Super Bowl IV is also notable for NFL Films miking up the Chiefs Hank Stram during the game, the game was awarded to New Orleans on March 19,1969 at the owners meetings held in Palm Springs, California. The Minnesota Vikings, led by head coach Bud Grant, entered the game with an NFL best 12–2 regular season record, leading the league in total points scored. They had scored 50 or greater points in three different games and they lost their first and last games of the season, but in between had 12 straight victories, the longest single-season winning streak in 35 years. The secondary was led by defensive backs Bobby Bryant, Earsell Mackbee, on offense, quarterback Joe Kapp was known for his superb leadership and his running ability, both throwing on the run and running for extra yards. And when Kapp did take off and run, instead of sliding when he was about to be tackled like most quarterbacks, he lowered his shoulder and this style of play earned him the nickname Indestructible. In the NFL Championship Game against the Cleveland Browns, he collided with linebacker Jim Houston while running for a first down, and Houston had to be helped off the field after the play ended. Also, Kapp was known for being an extremely unselfish leader, running back Dave Osborn was the teams top rusher with 643 yards and seven touchdowns. He also caught 22 passes for 236 yards and another touchdown, in the passing game, Pro Bowl wide receiver Gene Washington averaged 21.1 yards per catch by recording 821 yards and nine touchdowns from 39 receptions. Wide receiver John Henderson caught 34 passes for 553 yards and 5 touchdowns, the Vikings offensive line was anchored by Pro Bowlers Grady Alderman and Mick Tingelhoff. By winning the 1969 NFL Championship, the Vikings became the last possessors of the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, meanwhile, it seemed that the Chiefs, led by head coach Hank Stram, and especially quarterback Len Dawson, were jinxed throughout the year. In the second game of the season, Dawson suffered a knee injury that kept him from playing the next six games
43.
Super Bowl V
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The Colts defeated the Cowboys by the score of 16–13. The game was played on January 17,1971, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida and this was the first Super Bowl played after the completion of the AFL–NFL merger. As per the agreement, all 26 AFL and NFL teams were divided into two conferences with 13 teams in each of them. Along with the Colts, the Cleveland Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers agreed to join the 10 AFL teams to form the AFC, the remaining 13 NFL teams formed the NFC. This explains why the Colts represented the NFL in Super Bowl III, meanwhile, the Cowboys were making their first Super Bowl appearance after posting a 10–4 regular season record. The game is called the Blunder Bowl or the Stupor Bowl because it was filled with poor play, a missed PAT, penalties, turnovers. The two teams committed a Super Bowl record 11 combined turnovers in the game, and the Colts seven turnovers are currently the most ever committed by a team in a Super Bowl. Dallas also set a Super Bowl record with 10 penalties, costing them 133 yards and it was finally settled with nine seconds left when Colts rookie kicker Jim OBrien kicked a 32-yard field goal with 5 seconds left in the game. In order to win the game, Baltimore had to overcome a 13–6 deficit after three quarters, and losing their starting quarterback Johnny Unitas in the second quarter. It is the only Super Bowl in which the Most Valuable Player Award was given to a member of the team, Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley. Howley was the first non-quarterback to win the MVP award, along this theme, Colts defensive end Bubba Smith would later refuse to wear his Super Bowl V ring because of the sloppy play. The NFL awarded hosting rights for Super Bowl V to the city of Miami on March 17,1970, the Colts were an unspectacular but well-balanced veteran team, led by 37-year-old quarterback Johnny Unitas. Unitas had regained his spot on the team in 1969 upon recovering from an injury that led him to miss the majority of the 1968 season. Unitas played inconsistently during the 1970 regular season, he threw for 2,213 yards, Unitas also had injury problems, causing him to miss two regular season games and thus giving Earl Morrall more significant playing time. Morrall put up better statistics than Unitas, but head coach Don McCafferty decided to start Unitas for the playoffs, in the backfield, running back Norm Bulaich was the teams top rusher with 426 yards and 3 touchdowns, while also catching 11 passes for another 123 yards. The Colts main strength was their defense, Pro Bowl defensive tackle Bubba Smith anchored the line. Behind him, the Colts had two outstanding linebackers, Pro Bowler Mike Curtis, who recorded 5 interceptions, and Ted Hendricks. In the secondary, Pro Bowl safety Jerry Logan recorded 6 interceptions for 92 return yards and 2 touchdowns, Don Klosterman, formerly with San Diego, Kansas City and Houston in the AFL, became the Colts General Manager in 1970
44.
Super Bowl VI
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The Cowboys defeated the Dolphins by the score of 24–3, to win their first Super Bowl. The game was played on January 16,1972, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, despite the southerly location, it was unseasonably cold at the time, with the kickoff air temperature of 39 °F making this the coldest Super Bowl ever played. They posted an 11–3 record during the 1971 regular season defeating the Minnesota Vikings. The Cowboys dominated Super Bowl VI, setting Super Bowl records for the most rushing yards, the most first downs, and they remain the only team ever to prevent their opponent from scoring a touchdown in the Super Bowl. The game was close in the first half, with the Cowboys only leading 10–3 at halftime, but Dallas opened the third quarter with a 71-yard, 8-play touchdown drive, and then Dallas linebacker Chuck Howleys 41-yard interception return in the fourth quarter set up another score. Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach, who completed 12 out of 18 passes for 119 yards, threw 2 touchdown passes and this was the last Super Bowl to be blacked out in the TV market in which the game was played. Under the NFLs unconditional blackout rules at the time, the Super Bowl could not be broadcast locally even if the team did not advance to the Super Bowl. The following year, the changed their rules to allow games to be broadcast in the local market if sold out 72 hours in advance. It was the last Super Bowl played with hashmarks at 40 feet apart, the year, they were brought in to 18 1⁄2 feet. The NFL awarded Super Bowl VI to New Orleans on March 23,1971 at the meetings held in Palm Beach. The Cowboys entered the season still having the reputation of not being able to win the big games, the Super Bowl V loss added more fuel to that widely held view. As in the season, Dallas had a quarterback controversy as Staubach. The Cowboys were 4–3 at the midpoint, including a 24–14 loss to the New Orleans Saints at Tulane Stadium. But after head coach Tom Landry settled on Staubach, the Cowboys won their last seven regular season games to finish with an 11–3 record. Staubach finished the season as the NFLs top rated passer by throwing for 1,882 yards,15 touchdowns. He was also a terrific rusher, gaining 343 yards and 2 touchdowns on 41 carries. Dallas also had a trio of running backs, Walt Garrison, Duane Thomas, and Calvin Hill. Garrison led the team in receptions during the season, wide Receivers Bob Hayes and Lance Alworth also provided a deep threat, catching a combined total of 69 passes for 1,327 yards and 10 touchdowns
45.
Super Bowl VII
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The Dolphins defeated the Redskins by the score of 14–7, and became the first and still the only team in NFL history to complete a perfect undefeated season. They also remain the only Super Bowl team to be out in the second half. The game was played on January 14,1973, at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, at kickoff the temperature was 84 °F, making the game the warmest Super Bowl ever. This was the Dolphins second Super Bowl appearance after losing Super Bowl VI and they posted an undefeated 14–0 regular season record before defeating the Cleveland Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers in the playoffs. The Redskins were making their first Super Bowl appearance after posting an 11–3 regular season record and playoff victories over the Green Bay Packers, despite being undefeated, the Dolphins were actually one point underdogs, largely based on the weakness of their regular season schedule. Super Bowl VII was largely dominated by the Dolphins, and remains the lowest-scoring Super Bowl to date with a total of only 21 points, the only drama was during the final minutes of the game, in what was later known as Garos Gaffe. This game also remains as the longest period in a Super Bowl for one team to be shut out, Dolphins safety Jake Scott was named Most Valuable Player. He recorded two interceptions for 63 return yards, including a 55-yard return from the end zone during the 4th quarter, Scott became the second defensive player in Super Bowl history to earn a Super Bowl MVP. The NFL awarded Super Bowl VII to Los Angeles on March 21,1972, the Dolphins went undefeated during the season, despite losing their starting quarterback. In the fifth game of the season, starter Bob Griese suffered a fractured right leg. In his place, 38-year-old Earl Morrall, a 17-year veteran, led Miami to victory in their nine remaining regular season games, and was the 1972 NFL Comeback Player of the Year. Morrall had previously played for Dolphins head coach Don Shula when they were both with the Baltimore Colts, where Morrall backed up quarterback Johnny Unitas and started in Super Bowl III. But Miami also had the core group of young players who helped the team advance to the previous years Super Bowl VI. The Dolphins still had a running attack, spearheaded by running backs Larry Csonka, Jim Kiick. Csonka led the team with 1,117 yards and six touchdowns, Kiick contributed 521 yards and five touchdowns, and also caught 21 passes for 147 yards and another touchdown. Morris, a runner, rushed for 1,000 yards, caught 15 passes for 168 yards, added another 334 yards returning kickoffs. Overall, Miami set a record with 2,960 total rushing yards during the regular season, Miami led the NFL in points scored. Receiver Paul Warfield once again provided the run-based Dolphins with a deep threat option, catching 29 passes for 606 yards
46.
Super Bowl VIII
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The game was played on January 13,1974 at Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas. This was the first time the Super Bowl site was not that of an NFL franchise and this was also the first Super Bowl not to be held in either the Los Angeles, Miami or New Orleans areas. It was also the last Super Bowl, and penultimate game overall to feature goal posts at the front of the end zone and this was the Dolphins third consecutive Super Bowl appearance. They posted a 12–2 record during the season, then defeated the Cincinnati Bengals. Super Bowl VIII was largely dominated by the Dolphins, who scored 24 unanswered points during the first three quarters, including two touchdowns on their first two drives. The Dolphins Larry Csonka became the first running back to be named Super Bowl MVP, the NFL awarded Super Bowl VIII to Houston on March 21,1972 at the owners meetings held in Honolulu. Although the Dolphins were unable to match their 17–0 perfect season of 1972, many sports writers, the Dolphins winning streak ended in Week 2 with a 12–7 loss to the Raiders in Berkeley, California. Just like the two seasons, Miamis offense relied primarily on its rushing attack. Fullback Larry Csonka recorded his third consecutive 1, 000-rushing-yard season, while running back Mercury Morris rushed for 954 yards, running back Jim Kiick was also a key contributor, rushing for 257 yards and catching 27 passes for 208 yards. He became the first quarterback to start three Super Bowls and is joined by Jim Kelly as the only quarterbacks to start at least three consecutive Super Bowls, wide receiver Paul Warfield remained the main deep threat on the team, catching 29 passes for 514 yards and 11 touchdowns. The offensive line was strong, once led by center Jim Langer. Griese, Csonka, Warfield, Langer, Nick Buoniconti and Little would all eventually be elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, Miamis No Name Defense continued to dominate their opponents. Future Hall of Fame linebacker Nick Buoniconti recovered three fumbles and returned one for a touchdown, safety Dick Anderson led the team with eight interceptions, which he returned for 163 yards and two touchdowns. And safety Jake Scott, the previous seasons Super Bowl MVP, had four interceptions and 71 return yards, matheson could either rush the passer or drop back into coverage. The Vikings also finished the season with a 12–2 record. The Vikings other loss was a 27-0 shutout in Week 12 to the eventual AFC Central Division Champion Cincinnati Bengals, minnesotas offense was led by 13-year veteran quarterback Fran Tarkenton. During the regular season, Tarkenton completed 61.7 percent of his passes for 2,113 yards,15 touchdowns and he also rushed for 202 yards and another touchdown. The teams primary deep threat was Pro Bowl wide receiver John Gilliam, who caught 42 passes for 907 yards, an average of 21.6 yards per catch, and scored eight touchdowns
47.
Super Bowl IX
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The game was played on January 12,1975, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, the last pro game at that venue. The Steelers defeated the Vikings by the score of 16–6 to win their first Super Bowl and this game matched two of the NFLs best defenses and two future Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterbacks. Louis Cardinals and the Los Angeles Rams in the playoffs, the first half of Super Bowl IX was a defensive struggle, with the lone score being the first safety in Super Bowl history when Tarkenton was downed in his own end zone. The Steelers then recovered a fumble on the second half kickoff, in total, the Steelers limited the Vikings to Super Bowl record lows of nine first downs,119 total offensive yards,17 rushing yards, and no offensive scores. The Steelers accomplished this despite losing starting linebackers Andy Russell and Jack Lambert, on the other hand, Pittsburgh had 333 yards of total offense. Harris, who ran for a Super Bowl record 158 yards, the NFL awarded Super Bowl IX to New Orleans on April 3,1973 at the owners meetings held in Scottsdale, Arizona. Pittsburgh advanced to their first Super Bowl and were playing for a championship for the first time in team history. But in 1969, Rooney hired Chuck Noll to be the head coach. Noll rebuilt the Steelers through the NFL draft, selecting defensive tackle Joe Greene, in 1970, Noll drafted quarterback Terry Bradshaw and cornerback Mel Blount. In 1971, linebacker Jack Ham, defensive tackle Ernie Holmes, defensive end Dwight White, fullback Franco Harris was drafted in 1972. And in 1974, the Steelers picked linebacker Jack Lambert, center Mike Webster and wide receivers Lynn Swann and John Stallworth, and signed safety Donnie Shell as a free agent. But en route to Super Bowl IX, the Steelers had started the season slowly, as Bradshaw. Gilliam had started for the first four games of the season, although Bradshaw ended up completing only 67 out of 148 passes for 785 yards,7 touchdowns, and 8 interceptions, he helped lead the team to a 10–3–1 regular season record. The Steelers main offensive weapon, however, was running the ball, Harris rushed for 1,006 yards and five touchdowns, while also catching 23 passes for 200 yards and another touchdown. Running backs Rocky Bleier, Preston Pearson, and Steve Davis also made important contributions, gaining a total of 936 yards. But the Steelers main strength during the season was their staunch Steel Curtain defense, which led the league with the fewest total yards allowed and the fewest passing yards allowed. Greene won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award for the time in the previous three seasons, and he and L. C. Greenwood were named to the Pro Bowl. Both of the teams outside linebackers, Ham and Andy Russell, had also selected to play in the Pro Bowl
48.
Super Bowl X
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The Steelers defeated the Cowboys by the score of 21–17 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl. They were the team to win back-to-back Super Bowls. It was also the first Super Bowl in which both participating teams had won a Super Bowl, as the Steelers were the defending champions. The game was played at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, on January 18,1976, both the pre-game and halftime show celebrated the Bicentennial, while players on both teams wore special patches on their jerseys with the Bicentennial logo. Super Bowl X featured a contrast of styles between the Steelers and the Cowboys, which were, at the time, the two most popular teams in the league. Trailing 10–7 in the quarter of Super Bowl X, the Steelers rallied to score 14 unanswered points. Swann, who caught four passes for a Super Bowl record 161 yards and one touchdown, the NFL awarded Super Bowl X to Miami on April 3,1973 at the owners meetings held in Scottsdale, Arizona. The Steelers became the first official #1 seed to reach the Super Bowl, playoff seeds were instituted in 1975. The Steelers finished the season with a league best 12–2 record, dominating opponents with their Steel Curtain defense. Fullback Franco Harris ranked second in the league with 1,246 rushing yards and 10 touchdowns, while also catching 28 passes for 214 yards, halfback Rocky Bleier had 528 rushing yards, and fullback John Frenchy Fuqua added 285 yards and 18 receptions. Still, the Steelers had a passing attack led by quarterback Terry Bradshaw. Bradshaw threw for 2,055 yards,18 touchdowns, and nine interceptions, while rushing for 210 yards, one reason why Bradshaws numbers were much improved from the previous season was the emergence of wide receivers Lynn Swann and John Stallworth. Both saw limited playing time in the season, but became significant contributors. Swann caught a team leading 49 passes for 781 yards and 11 touchdowns, Stallworth only had 20 receptions, but he had an average of 21.2 yards per catch, recording a total of 423 reception yards. Ham and Lambert had the best seasons of their careers, while Blount led the league with 11 interceptions and was named the NFLs Defensive Player of the Year. The Cowboys, considered a Cinderella team entering the Super Bowl, advanced to their third Super Bowl in team history with their rather high-tech offense, quarterback Roger Staubach had a solid season, passing for 2,666 yards and 17 touchdowns, while also rushing for 310 yards. Wide receiver Drew Pearson led the team with 46 receptions for 822 yards and 8 touchdowns, wide receiver Golden Richards and tight end Jean Fugett were also reliable targets in the Cowboys passing game, combining for 59 receptions and 939 receiving yards. Like the Steelers, Dallas was a run-based team, fullback Robert Newhouse was their leading rusher with 930 yards, and also caught 34 passes for 274 yards
