1.
Action figure
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An action figure is a poseable character figurine, made of plastic or other materials, and often based upon characters from a film, comic book, video game, or television program. These action figures are usually marketed toward boys and adult collectors, according to a study in Sweden, action figures with traditional masculine traits primarily target boys. While most commonly marketed as a toy, the action figure has gained wide acceptance as an adult collector item. In such a case, the item may be produced and designed on the assumption it will be solely for display. The term action figure was first coined by Hasbro in 1964, joe figure to boys who would not play with dolls. Joe was initially a military-themed 11. 5-inch figure proposed by marketing and it featured changeable clothes with various uniforms to suit different purposes. In a move that would create global popularity for this type of toy, the Japanese had at least two examples where a Hasbro licensee also issued sublicenses for related products. For example, Palitoy issued a sublicense to Tsukuda, a company in Japan, to manufacture, takara also issued a sublicense to Medicom for the manufacture of action figures. Takara, still under license by Hasbro to make and sell G. I, the Microman line was also novel in its use of interchangeable parts. This laid the foundation for both the action figure size and the transforming robot toy. These toys also featured parts, with emphasis placed on the transformation and combination of the characters. In 1971, Mego began licensing and making American Marvel and DC comic book superhero figures, the widespread success of Kenners Star Wars 3-3/4 toy line made the newer, smaller size the industry standard. Instead of a character with outfits that changed for different applications. Led by Star Wars-themed sales, collectible action figures quickly became a secondary business for movie studios. From 1972 to 1986 there was a line of Big Jim action figures produced by Mattel. The 1980s spawned all sorts of popular action figure lines, many based on cartoon series, some of the most successful to come about were Masters of the Universe, G. I. Joe, Thundercats, The Real Ghostbusters and Super Powers Collection and this led to the Micro Change line of toys, objects that could transform into robots. As the 80s were ending, more and more collectors started to surface, buying up the toys to keep in their packaging for display purposes
2.
DC Comics
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DC Comics, Inc. is an American comic book publisher. It is the unit of DC Entertainment, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. a division of Time Warner, the company has also published non-DC Universe-related material, including Watchmen, V for Vendetta and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo. The initials DC came from the popular series Detective Comics. Random House distributes DC Comics books to the market, while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market. DC Comics and its major, longtime competitor Marvel Comics together shared 70% of the American comic book market in 2016, entrepreneur Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson founded National Allied Publications in autumn 1934. The company debuted with the tabloid-sized New Fun, The Big Comic Magazine #1 with a date of February 1935. That title evolved into Adventure Comics, which continued through issue #503 in 1983, in 2009 DC revived Adventure Comics with its original numbering. In 1935, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the creators of Superman, created Doctor Occult. Wheeler-Nicholsons third and final title, Detective Comics, advertised with a cover illustration dated December 1936, the themed anthology series would become a sensation with the introduction of Batman in issue #27. By then, however, Wheeler-Nicholson had gone, Detective Comics, Inc. was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Jack S. Liebowitz, Donenfelds accountant, listed as owners. Major Wheeler-Nicholson remained for a year, but cash-flow problems continued, shortly afterward, Detective Comics, Inc. purchased the remains of National Allied, also known as Nicholson Publishing, at a bankruptcy auction. Detective Comics, Inc. soon launched a fourth title, Action Comics, Action Comics #1, the first comic book to feature the new character archetype—soon known as superheroes—proved a sales hit. The company quickly introduced such popular characters as the Sandman and Batman. That year, Gaines let Liebowitz buy him out, and kept only Picture Stories from the Bible as the foundation of his own new company, at that point, Liebowitz promptly orchestrated the merger of All-American and Detective Comics into National Comics. Next he took charge of organizing National Comics, Independent News, National Periodical Publications became publicly traded on the stock market in 1961. The company began to move aggressively against what it saw as copyright-violating imitations from other companies, such as Fox Comics Wonder Man and this extended to DC suing Fawcett Comics over Captain Marvel, at the time comics top-selling character. Despite the fact that parallels between Captain Marvel and Superman seemed more tenuous, the courts ruled that substantial and deliberate copying of copyrighted material had occurred, faced with declining sales and the prospect of bankruptcy if it lost, Fawcett capitulated in 1955 and ceased comics publication
3.
Superhero
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A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine. Fiction centered on characters, especially in American comic books since the 1930s, is known as superhero fiction. By most definitions, characters do not require actual supernatural or superhuman powers or phenomena to be deemed superheroes, some superheroes use their powers to counter daily crime while also combating threats against humanity from supervillains, who are their criminal counterparts. Often at least one of these supervillains will be the superheros archenemy, some long-running superheroes such as Iron Man, Captain America, Superman, Wonder Woman, Batman, and Spider-Man have a rogues gallery of many villains. The word superhero dates to at least 1917, antecedents of the archetype include such folkloric heroes as Robin Hood, who adventured in distinctive clothing. The 1903 play The Scarlet Pimpernel and its spinoffs popularized the idea of a masked avenger, during the 1940s there were many superheroes, and only a few of these were female. The Flash, Green Lantern and Blue Beetle debuted in this era, most of the other female costumed crime-fighters during this era lacked superpowers. The most iconic comic book superheroine, who debuted during the Golden Age, is Wonder Woman, inspired by the Amazons of Greek mythology, she was created by psychologist William Moulton Marston, with help and inspiration from his wife Elizabeth and their mutual lover Olive Byrne. Wonder Womans first appearance was in All Star Comics #8, published by All-American Publications, in 1952, Osamu Tezukas manga Tetsuwan Atom was published. The series focused upon a robot boy built by a scientist to replace his deceased son, the 1950s saw the Silver Age of Comics. During this era DC introduced the likes of Batwoman in 1956, Supergirl, Miss Arrowette,1958 saw the debut of superhero Moonlight Mask on Japanese television. In 1963, Astro Boy was adapted into a highly influential anime television series, Phantom Agents in 1964 focused on ninjas working for the Japanese government and would be the foundation for Sentai-type series. Another important event was the debut of Mazinger Z by Go Nagai, Go Nagai also wrote the manga Cutey Honey in 1973, although the Magical Girl genre already existed, Nagais manga introduced Transformation sequences that would become a staple of Magical Girl media. The dark Skull Man manga would later get a television adaptation, the protagonist was redesigned resemble a grasshopper, becoming the renowned first masked hero of the Kamen Rider series. Kamen Rider is a motorcycle riding hero in an insect-like costume, both major publishers began introducing new superheroines with a more distinct feminist theme as part of their origin stories or character development. Examples include Big Barda, Power Girl, and the Huntress by DC comics, and from Marvel, the second Black Widow, Shanna the She-Devil, and The Cat. In 1975 Shotaro Ishinomoris Himitsu Sentai Gorenger debuted on what is now TV Asahi, it brought the concepts of multi-colored teams, in 1978, Toei adapted Spider-Man into a live-action series. In subsequent decades, popular characters like Dazzler, She-Hulk, Elektra, Catwoman, Witchblade, Spider-Girl, Batgirl, volume 4 of the X-Men comic book series featured an all-female team as part of the Marvel NOW. branding initiative in 2013
4.
Supervillain
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A supervillain is a variant of the villainous stock character archetype commonly found in American comic books, sometimes possessing superhuman abilities. A supervillain is the antithesis of a superhero, Supervillains are often used as foils to present a daunting challenge to a superhero. Other traits may include megalomania and possession of considerable resources to further their aims, many supervillains share some typical characteristics of real world dictators, gangsters, and terrorists, with aspirations of world domination or universal leadership. Some notable examples of female supervillains are Catwoman, Mystique, Harley Quinn, Talia al Ghul, Supervillains are sometimes members of supervillain groups, such as the Sinister Six, the Suicide Squad, the Brotherhood of Mutants, the Injustice League, and the Masters of Evil. The dictionary definition of supervillain at Wiktionary Media related to Supervillains at Wikimedia Commons
5.
Mattel
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Mattel, Inc. is an American multinational toy manufacturing company founded in 1945 with headquarters in El Segundo, California. In 2014, it ranked #403 on the Fortune 500 list, in the early 1980s, Mattel produced video game systems, under both its own brands and under license from Nintendo. The company has presence in 40 countries and territories and sells products in more than 150 nations, the company operates through three business segments, North America, international, and American Girl. It is the worlds largest toy maker in terms of revenue, on January 17,2017 Mattel named Google executive Margaret Margo Georgiadis as its next CEO. The companys name is a portmanteau of those of Harold Matt Matson and Elliot Handler, Mattel Creations was founded in 1945 by Harold Matt Matson and Elliot Handler. The company initially sold picture frames, then dollhouse furniture, Matson soon sold his share to Handler due to poor health, and Handlers wife Ruth took over Matsons role. In 1947, the company had its first hit toy, a ukulele called Uke-A-Doodle, the company was incorporated the next year in California. Mattel became the first year-round sponsor of the Mickey Mouse Club TV series in 1955, the Barbie doll was introduced in 1959, becoming the companys best selling toy ever. In 1960, Mattel introduced Chatty Cathy, a doll that revolutionized the toy industry. The company went public in 1960 and was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1963, Mattel also acquired a number of companies during the 1960s. In 1965, the built on its success with the Chatty Cathy doll to introduce the See n Say talking toy which spawned a line of products. Hot Wheels was first released to the market in 1968, in May 1970, Mattel formed a joint venture film production company, Radnitz/Mattel Productions, with producer Robert B. The Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus was purchased by the Mattel company in 1971 for $40 million from the Feld family, who were retained as management. Mattel had placed the circus corporation up for sale despite its profit contributions to Mattel by December 1973 as Mattel showed a $29.9 million loss in 1972. An investigation in 1974 concluded false and misleading financial reports had been issued, arthur S. Spear, a Mattel vice president was selected to run the company in 1975 and led it back to profitability in 1977. Ruth Handler sold back her stock in 1980, the Mattel Electronics line was started in 1977 with an all-electronic handheld game. The success of the led to the expansion of the line with game console then the line becoming its own corporation in 1982. Mattel Electronics forced Mattel to take a $394 million loss in 1983, in 1979, through Feld Productions, Mattel purchased the Holiday on Ice and Ice Follies for $12 million
6.
He-Man
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He-Man is the principal character of a series of comic books and several animated television series, characterized by his superhuman strength. In most variations, he is the ego of Prince Adam. He-Man and his friends attempt to defend the realm of Eternia, in 1976, Mattels CEO Ray Wagner declined a deal to produce a toyline of action figures based on the characters from the George Lucas film Star Wars, due to the $750,000 license required upfront. Toy designer Mark Taylor explained that the design of He-Man in a series of sketches while working for Mattel was inspired by Cro-Magnon men. Furthermore, his design of Beast Man was rejected by Mattel for looking too much like Chewbacca. In the race to design the next hit action figure, Roger Sweet realized that simplicity was the key to success, the only way I was going to have a chance to sell this was to make three 3D models - big ones. I glued a Big Jim figure into an action pose. I then had plaster casts made and these three prototypes, which I presented in late 1980, brought He-Man into existence. I simply explained that this was a figure that could be taken anywhere and dropped into any context because he had a generic name. During the 1980s, rumors claimed that Conan the Barbarian was a source of inspiration for the He-Man character, according to this rumor, Mattel had a licensing agreement to make the Conan action figures associated with the 1982 film of the same name starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. Apparently, such an idea had to be modified in order to avoid objections from parents concerned that a toyline for children was promoting a film containing nudity, Sweet refuted the rumor, saying that he conceptualized and developed the He-Man/Masters of the Universe franchise in late 1980. The toyline existed prior to the movie, beginning production in 1981, from the lawsuit of CPI vs. Mattel, In 1980, CPI, through its agent, Conan Licensing Company, began negotiations with Mattel regarding the possible licensing to Mattel of certain toy rights in CONAN. During this time, Mattel received a quantity of material on the CONAN character. It was also agreed that, after the termination of the License Agreement, in January 1982, Mattel requested that the License Agreement be terminated. In February 1983, Mattel introduced He-Man, a character as part of its new Masters of the Universe toy line of action figures. Since that time, Mattel has also featured He-Man and the other Masters of the Universe characters in, inter alia, a series, comic books. Thereafter, CPI commenced this action asserting that these figures are copies of CONAN, were created under the License, Mattel won the lawsuit against Conan Properties, retaining the rights over He-Man and the Masters of the Universe. Out of the three concepts, the version was chosen to be the basis of the toyline
7.
Kenner Star Wars action figures
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The Kenner toy company produced a line of Star Wars action figures based on characters in the original Star Wars movie trilogy. Over 100 unique action figures were produced and sold from 1978 to 1985, the license for Star Wars action figures was offered in 1976 to the Mego Corporation, which was the leading company in action figures in the 1970s. Mego refused the offer and the license was picked up by Kenner. Although the original Star Wars film had been released in May 1977, Kenner was unprepared for the response to the film. The box also contains a display stand, some stickers. By the time the figures were offered for direct sale in shops. The four figures that were first brought out in the Sears Cantina set were released for sale with a further four figures later in 1978. Demand for the figures and accessories was such that Kenner continued to have difficulty fulfilling demand. Shortages of the toys in the lead up to Christmas 1978 led some to claim that Kenner was deliberately manipulating the market, sales of Kenners Star Wars range in 1978 reached 40 million units, accounting for a revenue of $100 million. This figure was intended to feature a backpack with a firing missile. Similar mail in promotions were offered through to 1984. Sales in 1979 again topped $100 million, Kenner continued to introduce waves of action figures from the sequels and in 1984, the year following the release of the movie Return of the Jedi, the range totaled 79 unique character designs. In 1985, the range was renamed Power of the Force in which a further 15 figures were released. Two further ranges of Star Wars action figures were released, based on the animated series, Star Wars, Droids and Star Wars. The Droids range comprised 12 figures and the Ewoks line comprised six figures, by mid-1985, the demand for Star Wars merchandise had slowed and Kenner discontinued production of its action figures. Kenners Star Wars action figures were produced along with vehicles and playsets based on the Star Wars movies, the majority of figures were packaged individually attached to cardbacks in a plastic blister. Variations exist for most of the different figures and these can range from major resculpts and differences in accessories supplied with the figures, to differences in paint detailing, for instance in hair color, or differences in sculpting materials. Some variations command higher prices in the market due to relative scarcity
8.
Superman
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Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, high school living in Cleveland, Ohio. They sold Superman to Detective Comics, the future DC Comics, Superman debuted in Action Comics #1 and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, newspaper strips, television programs, films, and video games. With this success, Superman helped to create the superhero archetype, the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Man of Steel, the Man of Tomorrow, and The Last Son of Krypton. Discovered and adopted by a Kansas farm couple, the child is raised as Clark Kent, very early on he started to display various superhuman abilities, which, upon reaching maturity, he resolved to use for the benefit of humanity through a secret Superman identity. Superman resides and operates in the fictional American city of Metropolis, as Clark Kent, he is a journalist for the Daily Planet, a Metropolis newspaper. Supermans love interest is generally Lois Lane, and his archenemy is supervillain Lex Luthor and he is typically a member of the Justice League and close ally of Batman and Wonder Woman. Like other characters in the DC Universe, several versions of Superman have been depicted over the years. Supermans appearance is distinctive and iconic, he wears a blue costume with a red-and-yellow emblem on the chest, consisting of the letter S in a shield shape. This shield is used in media to symbolize the character. Superman is widely considered an American cultural icon and he has fascinated scholars, with cultural theorists, commentators, and critics alike exploring the characters impact and role in the United States and worldwide. The characters ownership has often been the subject of dispute, with Siegel, the character has been adapted extensively and portrayed in other forms of media as well, including films, television series, and video games. Several actors have portrayed Superman in motion pictures and TV series including Kirk Alyn, George Reeves, Christopher Reeve, Dean Cain, Tom Welling, Brandon Routh, Henry Cavill, Siegels fanzine did not sell well. Siegel and Shuster shifted to making comic strips, which they self-published in a book they called Popular Comics, the pair dreamed of becoming professional authors and believed that syndicated newspaper strips offered more lucrative and stable work than pulp magazines. The art quality standards were lower, making them more accessible to the inexperienced Shuster. In early 1933 or in 1934, Siegel developed a new character, also named Superman, but now a heroic character and this first prototype of Superman had no fantastic abilities and wore casual clothing. Siegel and Shuster often compared this version to Slam Bradley, a character they created in 1936. Siegel shared his idea with Shuster and they decided to turn it into a comic strip, the first publisher they solicited was Humor Publishing in Chicago, after having read one of their comic books, Detective Dan
9.
Batman
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Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, originally named the Bat-Man, the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader, the Dark Knight, and the Worlds Greatest Detective. Batmans secret identity is Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, after witnessing the murder of his parents Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne as a child, he swore vengeance against criminals, an oath tempered by a sense of justice. Wayne trains himself physically and intellectually and crafts a bat-inspired persona to fight crime, Batman operates in the fictional Gotham City, with assistance from various supporting characters, including his butler Alfred, police commissioner Gordon, and vigilante allies such as Robin. A large assortment of villains make up Batmans rogues gallery, including his archenemy, Batman became popular soon after his introduction in 1939 and gained his own comic book title, Batman, the following year. As the decades went on, differing interpretations of the character emerged, the late 1960s Batman television series used a camp aesthetic, which continued to be associated with the character for years after the show ended. Various creators worked to return the character to his dark roots, the success of Warner Bros. live-action Batman feature films have helped maintain the publics interest in the character. The character has also intrigued psychiatrists, with trying to understand the characters psyche. In 2015, FanSided ranked Batman as number one on their list of 50 Greatest Super Heroes In Comic Book History. Kevin Conroy, Bruce Greenwood, Peter Weller, Anthony Ruivivar, Jason OMara, Batman has been portrayed in both film and television by Lewis Wilson, Robert Lowery, Adam West, Michael Keaton, Val Kilmer, George Clooney, Christian Bale, and Ben Affleck. In early 1939, the success of Superman in Action Comics prompted editors at National Comics Publications to request more superheroes for its titles, in response, Bob Kane created the Bat-Man. Collaborator Bill Finger recalled that Kane had an idea for a character called Batman, I went over to Kanes, and he had drawn a character who looked very much like Superman with kind of. Reddish tights, I believe, with boots, with a small domino mask, swinging on a rope. He had two wings that were sticking out, looking like bat wings. And under it was a big sign, the bat-wing-like cape was suggested by Bob Kane, inspired by Leonardo Da Vincis sketch of an ornithopter flying device as a child. Finger suggested giving the character a cowl instead of a domino mask, a cape instead of wings. Finger said he devised the name Bruce Wayne for the secret identity, Bruce Waynes first name came from Robert Bruce. Wayne, being a playboy, was a man of gentry, I searched for a name that would suggest colonialism
10.
Wonder Woman
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Wonder Woman is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character is said to be a member of the Justice League, demigoddess. In her homeland, she is Princess Diana of Themyscira, and outside of her homeland, Wonder Woman was created by the American psychologist and writer William Moulton Marston, and artist Harry G. Peter. He and his wife Elizabeths cohabitant, Olive Byrne, is credited as being Marstons inspiration for the characters appearance, Marston drew a great deal of inspiration from early feminists. The character first appeared in All Star Comics #8 in December 1941 and first cover-dated on Sensation Comics #1, the Wonder Woman title has been published by DC Comics almost continuously except for a brief hiatus in 1986. Wonder Womans origin story relates that she was sculpted from clay by her mother Queen Hippolyta and given life by Athena and her Amazonian-training helped to develop a wide range of extraordinary skills in strategy, hunting, and combat. Many stories depicted Wonder Woman rescuing herself from bondage, which defeated the damsels in distress trope that were common in comics during the 1940s, Wonder Woman has also regularly appeared in comic books featuring the superhero teams Justice Society and Justice League. Attempts to return Wonder Woman to television have included a pilot for NBC in 2011. Gal Gadot portrayed Wonder Woman in the 2016 film Batman v Superman, Dawn of Justice, Gadot will also star in the characters first solo live-action film Wonder Woman, set to be released on June 2,2017. Two months later she was dropped from her role as a UN Ambassador following a petition, in an October 25,1940, interview with the Family Circle magazine, William Moulton Marston discussed the unfulfilled potential of the comic book medium. Marston introduced the idea to Gaines, given the go-ahead, Marston developed Wonder Woman, whom he believed to be a model of that eras unconventional, liberated woman. Marston also drew inspiration from the bracelets worn by Olive Byrne, Wonder Woman debuted in All Star Comics #8, scripted by Marston. Marston was the creator of an apparatus, which was crucial to the development of the polygraph. Marstons experience with polygraphs convinced him that women were more honest in situations different than men, Marston designed Wonder Woman to be an allegory for the ideal love leader, the kind of women who should run society. Wonder Woman is psychological propaganda for the new type of woman who should, I believe, rule the world, Marston wrote. In a 1943 issue of The American Scholar, Marston wrote, Not even girls want to be girls so long as our feminine archetype lacks force, strength, Not wanting to be girls, they dont want to be tender, submissive, peace-loving as good women are. Womens strong qualities have become despised because of their weakness, the obvious remedy is to create a feminine character with all the strength of Superman plus all the allure of a good and beautiful woman. Marston went on record by describing bondage and submission as a respectable and noble practice and this weakness served to subvert the damsel in distress trope, since Wonder Woman inevitably rescues herself
11.
Green Lantern
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Green Lantern is the name of a number of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. They fight evil with the aid of rings that grant them a variety of extraordinary powers, the first Green Lantern character, Alan Scott, was created in 1940 during the initial popularity of superheroes. Alan Scott usually fought common criminals in New York City with the aid of his magic ring, the publication of this character ceased in 1949 during a general decline in the popularity of superhero comics, but the character saw a limited revival in later decades. Additional members of this agency, all of whom call themselves Green Lanterns, were introduced over time, prominent Green Lanterns who also have had starring roles in the books include Guy Gardner, John Stewart, Kyle Rayner, Simon Baz and Jessica Cruz. The Green Lanterns are among DC Comics longer lasting sets of characters and they have been adapted to television, video games, and motion pictures. Martin Nodell created the first Green Lantern and he first appeared in the Golden Age of comic books in All-American Comics #16, published by All-American Publications, one of three companies that would eventually merge to form DC Comics. This Green Lanterns real name was Alan Scott, an engineer who, after a railway crash, came into possession of a magic lantern which spoke to him. From this, he crafted a ring which gave him a wide variety of powers. The limitations of the ring were that it had to be charged every 24 hours by touching it to the lantern for a time, and that it could not directly affect objects made of wood. Alan Scott fought mostly ordinary human villains, but he did have a few paranormal ones such as the immortal Vandal Savage, most stories took place in New York. As a popular character in the 1940s, the Green Lantern featured both in books such as All-American Comics and Comic Cavalcade, as well as his own book. He also appeared in All Star Comics as a member of the team known as the Justice Society of America. After World War II the popularity of superheroes in general declined, the Green Lantern comic book was cancelled with issue #38, and All Star Comics #57 was the characters last Golden Age appearance. When superheroes came back in fashion in later decades, Alan Scott was revived, initially, he made guest appearances in other superheroes books, but eventually got regular roles in books featuring the Justice Society. He never got another solo series, between 1995 and 2003, DC Comics changed Alan Scotts superhero codename to Sentinel in order to distinguish him from the newer and more popular science fiction Green Lanterns. In 2011, the Alan Scott character was revamped and his costume was redesigned and the source of his powers was changed to that of the mystical power of nature. In 1959, Julius Schwartz reinvented the Green Lantern character as a science fiction hero named Hal Jordan, Hal Jordans powers were more or less the same as Alan Scotts, but otherwise this character was completely different and unrelated to the Green Lantern of the 1940s. He had a new name, a costume, and a rewritten origin story
12.
Teen Titans
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The Teen Titans, also known as the New Teen Titans and the Titans, are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, often in an eponymous monthly series. As the groups name suggests, its members are teenage superheroes, Bob Haney, the creator and long-time writer of the Teen Titans series, considers the earlier issue to be the first appearance of the Teen Titans. The first Teen Titans series ran 43 bi-monthly issues, ending in early 1973, the group appeared sporadically in reprints via The Brave and the Bold and DC Super-Stars over the next three years, which revived interest in the group. New stories began when the title was renewed in late 1976. Ten issues later, the title was cancelled again during what become known as The DC Implosion. The four founding members were joined by Green Arrows sidekick, Speedy, Aquagirl, Bumblebee, the first Hawk and Dove, and three heroes who did not wear costumes, Mal Duncan, Lilith, and Gnarrk. Original members Robin, Wonder Girl and Kid Flash were joined by new characters Cyborg, Starfire and Raven, as well as the former Doom Patrol member Beast Boy, the group had several encounters with the original Titans of Greek mythology, particularly Hyperion. The series was re-titled Tales of the Teen Titans with issue #41, a second volume was launched in August 1984, by which time Robin had assumed the identity Nightwing and Kid Flash had been replaced by Jericho. Pérez left in 1985 to headline the DC Comics 50th Anniversary limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths, Tales of the Teen Titans was canceled in July 1988 after #91. The New Teen Titans Volume 2 was retitled The New Titans in December 1988 and was canceled in February 1996 after 130 issues. The series was relaunched as Teen Titans in October 1996, with all-new members under Atom and this series ended in September 1998 after 24 issues. By 2006, the team included only the members and some new additions. A concurrent series titled Titans debuted in April 2008 featuring some of the original and 1980s members, such as Nightwing, Troia, Flash, Tempest, Arsenal, Starfire, Cyborg, Beast Boy and Raven. This was originally depicted as the first incarnation of the Titans, until the 2016 Titans Hunt and DC Rebirth storylines re-established the groups founding members. A Teen Titans animated television series ran on Cartoon Network in the based on the 1980s team. The series spawned two book titles, Teen Titans Go. and Tiny Titans. The series returned as a series of mini-shorts on the DC Nation block on Cartoon Network, there was also a spinoff of the series named Teen Titans Go. based on the comics. Robin, Kid Flash and Aqualad teamed up to defeat a villain known as Mister Twister in The Brave
13.
Lois Lane
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Lois Lane is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, she first appeared in Action Comics #1, Lois is a reporter for the Metropolis newspaper, the Daily Planet, an award-winning journalist and the primary love interest of Superman. Her physical appearance was based on Joanne Carter, a model hired by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. For her character, Siegel was inspired by actress Glenda Farrell, Siegel took her name from actress Lola Lane. She was also influenced by the real-life journalist Nellie Bly, depictions of the character have varied spanning the comics and other media adaptations. The original Golden Age version of Lois Lane, as well as versions of her from the 1970s onwards, portrays Lois as a tough-as-nails journalist and intellectually equal to Superman. During the Silver Age of Comics, she was the star of Supermans Girl Friend, Lois Lane, beginning in 2015, she stars as the protagonist in the young adult novel series, Lois Lane, by writer Gwenda Bond. Lois is among the female comic book characters. She has appeared in various Superman media adaptations, Actress Noel Neill first portrayed Lois Lane in the 1940s Superman film series and late reprise her role in the 1950s television series Adventures of Superman. Margot Kidder played the character in four Superman films in the 1970s and 80s, Teri Hatcher portrayed her in the 1990s television series Lois & Clark, The New Adventures of Superman and Erica Durance in the 00s series, Smallville. In the 2006 film Superman Returns, she was played by Kate Bosworth, the character was most recently portrayed by actress Amy Adams in the films Man of Steel and Batman v Superman, Dawn of Justice. Lois Lane was one of the first female comic book characters introduced in the superhero comics, Lois is the daughter of Ella and Sam Lane. In earlier comics, her parents were farmers in a town called Pittsdale and she has one younger sibling, her sister Lucy Lane. Lois is a journalist for the Daily Planet, one of the best investigative reporters, in some stories, she has been shown obtaining superpowers and becoming a superhero. Some of her superhero identities are Superwoman and Red Tornado of Earth 2, aspects of Lois personality have varied over the years, depending on the comic book writers handling of the character and American social attitudes toward women at the time. In most incarnations, Lois has been depicted as a smart, determined, strong-willed and her physical appearance has varied over the years, depending either on contemporary fashion, or media adaptations. Traditionally in the comics, the character has shown with black hair, however, from the late 1980s through the 90s. In other media, shes been shown with blonde hair on the television series Smallville
14.
Mego Corporation
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The Mego Corporation was a toy company founded in 1954. Originally known as a purveyor of dime store toys, in 1971 the company shifted direction and became famous for producing licensed action figures, celebrity dolls, for a time in the 1970s, their line of 8-inch-scale action figures with interchangeable bodies became the industry standard. Mego was founded in 1954 by D. David Abrams and Madeline Abrams, the company thrived in the 1950s and early 1960s as an importer of dime store toys until the rising cost of newspaper advertising forced Mego to change its business model. In 1971, the Abrams son Martin, a recent business graduate, was named company president. Under Martin Abrams direction, the company shifted its production to action figures with interchangeable bodies, generic bodies could be mass-produced and different figures created by interposing different heads and costumes on them. In 1972 Mego secured the licenses to create toys for both National Periodical Publications and Marvel Comics, the popularity of this line of 8 figures — dubbed The Worlds Greatest Super Heroes — created the standard action figure scale for the 1970s. Mego began to purchase the rights of motion pictures, television programs, and comic books, eventually producing action figure lines for Planet of the Apes, Star Trek. Mego also obtained licenses from Edgar Rice Burroughs for his creations, the Planet of the Apes and Star Trek figures proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises. During this period, Mego was known for the parties the company threw at the annual New York American International Toy Fair. In 1975, Mego launched its Wizard of Oz film dolls with a gala whose special guests were every surviving member of the main cast. Megos party at the Waldorf-Astoria with Sonny and Cher introducing their dolls drew a thousand people, both dolls were formally unveiled on The Mike Douglas Show. The Cher doll was the doll in 1976, helping to make Mego the sixth-ranked American toy manufacturer. In 1976, Martin Abrams hashed out a deal with the Japanese toy manufacturer Takara to bring their popular lucite 3 fully articulated Microman figures to the United States under the name Micronauts. This decision seemed of little consequence to Mego at first, because the Micronauts figures initially sold well, on the other hand, the Star Wars film was extremely popular and competitor Kenner Products sold substantial numbers of Star Wars action figures. Although these lines of Mego figures were of higher quality than Kenners 12 Star Wars figures. The widespread success of Kenners Star Wars 3-3/4 toy line made the newer, smaller size the industry standard. In the late 1970s, Mego was earning about $100 million in sales, in the fiscal years 1980 and 1981, Mego reported combined losses of $40 million. In fiscal year 1982, the reported losses of between $18 and $20 million
15.
New Gods
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The New Gods are a fictional race appearing in the eponymous comic book series published by DC Comics, as well as selected other DC titles. Created and designed by Jack Kirby, they first appeared in February 1971 in New Gods #1, the New Gods are natives of the twin planets of New Genesis and Apokolips. The two planets were part of the same world, a planet called Urgrund, but it was split apart millennia ago after the death of the Old Gods during Ragnarök. The characters associated with the New Gods are often referred to as Jack Kirbys Fourth World. Kirby began the Fourth World in Supermans Pal Jimmy Olsen #133, the New Gods first appeared in New Gods #1 and Forever People #1. Another Fourth World title Mister Miracle was launched in April 1971, various New Gods, notably Darkseid, went on to interact with other denizens of the DC Universe. Kirbys production assistant of the time, Mark Evanier, remarked that, Folks forget, there was no intention that these characters would go on forever. After Jacks books started getting good sales figures, DC demanded that we keep going and use guest stars like Deadman. So Kirby had this novel he was stuck in the middle of – he could never get to the last chapter. You can spot the issues where Jack kind of gave up trying to advance the story of Darkseid, if those books had been intended from the start to run indefinitely, they would have been done very differently. New Gods #1 marks the first appearance of Orion, Highfather, the opening sequence references the Old Gods and the New Gods. In a Young Gods of Supertown back-up story in Forever People #5, Issue #7, The Pact, sought to explain the backstory of the New Gods. Eleven issues were published before cancellation by the publisher, simultaneously published during this time were the Forever People and Mister Miracle series, also written and drawn by Kirby. Comics historian Les Daniels observed in 1995 that Kirbys mix of slang and myth, science fiction and the Bible, made for a heady brew, in 1976, the New Gods were featured in the last issue of 1st Issue Special. The issue featured a new, more mainstream superhero costume for Orion, which he would wear for the few years. That same year, Jenette Kahn became DCs new publisher and decided to revive the Fourth World lineup in 1977. The New Gods series relaunched in July 1977, and with 1st Issue Special still a recent publication. Although the title remained The New Gods in the indicia and retained its numbering, launching with #12
16.
Darkseid
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Darkseid is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer-artist Jack Kirby, the made a cameo appearance in Supermans Pal Jimmy Olsen #134 before making his full first appearance in Forever People #1. Darkseid is the ruler of the planet Apokolips, and his ultimate goal is to conquer the universe. As one of the most powerful beings in the DC Universe, the became a staple Superman villain. Darkseid was ranked number 6 on IGNs top 100 comic book villains of all time, Jack Kirby debuted at DC Comics with Supermans Pal Jimmy Olsen #133 and immediately began establishing characters that would lay the foundation for his newly conceived Fourth World epic. The chief antagonist would be the Darkseid villain who had a cameo in Supermans Pal, according to writer Mark Evanier, Jack Kirby modelled Darkseids face on actor Jack Palance. Kirby modelled Darkseids character on that of Adolf Hitler and the world of Apokolips on Nazi Germany, like Hitler, Darkseid is a jackboot-wearing megalomaniac and warmonger who, in fascist style, sees every citizen as an extension of the state and himself. His society is highly militant, with children being indoctrinated from an age to be warlike. The son of King Yuga Khan and Queen Heggra, Prince Uxas, second in line to the throne of Apokolips, plotted to seize power over the planet. Following Sulis death, Darkseids heart grew even colder, and he ordered Desaad to poison Heggra, Darkseid had briefly been forced by his mother to marry Tigra, with whom he also had a son. After murdering his mother, Darkseid ordered Tigra to eliminate their son, Orion, the destructive war with the rival planet, New Genesis, was stopped only with a diplomatic exchange of the sons of Highfather and Darkseid. Darkseids second born son was surrendered to Highfather, while Darkseid received Scott Free and this eventually turned out to be a setback for Darkseid, with his biological son growing up to value and defend the ideals of New Genesis in opposition to his father. The prophecy foretold that Darkseid would meet his defeat at the hands of his son in a cataclysmic battle in the fiery Armaghetto of Apokolips. Refusing to aid Darkseid in his mad quest, the Amazons battled his parademon troops, Wonder Woman was able to gain her revenge against Darkseid for killing so many of her sisters by placing a portion of her own soul into Darkseid. This supposedly weakened the power as he lost a portion of his dark edge. Darkseids goal was to all free will from the universe. To this end, he sought to unravel the mysterious Anti-Life Equation and he had a special interest in Earth, as he believed humans possess collectively within their minds most, if not all, fragments of the Anti-Life Equation. Darkseid intended to probe the minds of every human in order to piece together the Equation and this has caused him to clash with many superheroes of the DC Universe, most notably the Kryptonian Superman
17.
Jack Kirby
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Jack Kirby, born Jacob Kurtzberg, was an American comic book artist, writer, and editor, widely regarded as one of the mediums major innovators and one of its most prolific and influential creators. Kirby grew up in New York City, and learned to draw cartoon figures by tracing characters from comic strips and he entered the nascent comics industry in the 1930s, drawing various comics features under different pen names, including Jack Curtiss, before ultimately settling on Jack Kirby. In 1940, he and writer-editor Joe Simon created the highly successful superhero character Captain America for Timely Comics, during the 1940s, Kirby, generally teamed with Simon, created numerous characters for that company and for National Comics Publications, later to become DC Comics. After serving in World War II, Kirby produced work for a number of publishers, including DC, Harvey Comics, at Crestwood Publications he and Simon created the genre of romance comics and later founded their own short-lived comic company, Mainline Publications. Ultimately, Kirby found himself at Timelys 1950s iteration, Atlas Comics, there, in the 1960s, Kirby and writer-editor Stan Lee co-created many of the companys major characters, including the Fantastic Four, the X-Men, and the Hulk. The Lee-Kirby titles garnered high sales and critical acclaim, but in 1970, feeling he had been treated unfairly, at DC, Kirby created his Fourth World saga, which spanned several comics titles. While these series proved unsuccessful and were canceled, the Fourth Worlds New Gods have continued as a significant part of the DC Universe. Kirby returned to Marvel briefly in the mid-to-late 1970s, then ventured into television animation, Kirby was married to Rosalind Roz Goldstein in 1942. They had four children, and remained married until his death from heart failure in 1994, the Jack Kirby Awards and Jack Kirby Hall of Fame were named in his honor. Jack Kirby was born Jacob Kurtzberg on August 28,1917, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City and his parents, Rose and Benjamin Kurtzberg, were Austrian Jewish immigrants, and his father earned a living as a garment factory worker. In his youth, Kirby desired to escape his neighborhood and he liked to draw, and sought out places he could learn more about art. He was rejected by the Educational Alliance because he drew too fast with charcoal and he later found an outlet for his skills by drawing cartoons for the newspaper of the Boys Brotherhood Republic, a miniature city on East 3rd Street where street kids ran their own government. At age 14, Kirby enrolled at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, I wasnt the kind of student that Pratt was looking for. They wanted people who would work on something forever, I didnt want to work on any project forever. I intended to get things done, Kirby joined the Lincoln Newspaper Syndicate in 1936, working there on newspaper comic strips and on single-panel advice cartoons such as Your Health Comes First. He remained until late 1939, when he began working for the animation company Fleischer Studios as an inbetweener on Popeye cartoons. I went from Lincoln to Fleischer, he recalled, from Fleischer I had to get out in a hurry because I couldnt take that kind of thing, describing it as a factory in a sense, like my fathers factory. Around that time, the American comic book industry was booming, Kirby began writing and drawing for the comic-book packager Eisner & Iger, one of a handful of firms creating comics on demand for publishers
18.
Dick Giordano
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Dick Giordano, an only child, was born in New York City on July 20,1932, in the borough of Manhattan to Josephine and Graziano Jack Giordano. He attended the School of Industrial Art, Giordanos artwork from Charltons Strange Suspense Stories was used as inspiration for artist Roy Lichtensteins 1965/1966 Brushstroke series, including Brushstroke, Big Painting No. 6, Little Big Painting and Yellow and Green Brushstrokes, by the mid-1960s a Charlton veteran, Giordano rose to executive editor, succeeding Pat Masulli, by 1965. Many of these included new talent Giordano brought on board, including Jim Aparo, Dennis ONeil. Giordano was given several title such as Teen Titans, Aquaman and Young Love and he launched the horror comics series The Witching Hour in March 1969. and the Western series All-Star Western vol.2 in September 1970. He continued to freelance for DC as a penciler and inker, as an artist, Giordano was best known as an inker. His inking was particularly associated with the pencils of Neal Adams, for their run in the early 1970s on the titles Batman, several comics artists began their careers at Continuity and many were mentored by Giordano during their time there. He had a run as penciler of the Wonder Woman series which included a two-issue story in issues #202–203 written by science-fiction author Samuel R. Delany. Giordano inked the large-format, first DC/Marvel intercompany crossover, Superman vs. the Amazing Spider-Man, Giordano inked Adams on the one-shot Superman vs. Muhammad Ali in 1978. In 1980, DC publisher Jenette Kahn brought Giordano back to DC, initially the editor of the Batman titles, Giordano was named the companys new managing editor in 1981, and promoted to vice president/executive editor in 1983, a position he held until 1993. DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz observed in 2010 that Giordano held the respect of talent as one of their own, Giordano provided art for several anniversary issues of key DC titles. He and television writer Alan Brennert crafted the story To Kill a Legend in Detective Comics #500 and this was followed by Frank Millers Batman, The Dark Knight Returns and Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons Watchmen in 1986. From 1983 to 1987, Giordano wrote a column published in DC titles called Meanwhile. Which much like Marvels Bullpen Bulletins featured news and information about the company, unlike Bullpen Bulletins, which was characterized by an ironic, over-hyped tone, Giordanos columns. Were written in a sober, absolutely friendly voice, like a friend of your fathers you particularly liked. Column with the words, Thank you and good afternoon. Giordano inked six issues of The Sandman in 1991-1993, beginning in 1987, Giordano was in the middle of an industry-wide debate about the comics industry, ratings systems, and creators rights. Veteran writers Mike Friedrich, Steven Grant, and Roger Slifer all cited Giordano in particular for his stance on behalf of DC
19.
Carmine Infantino
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Carmine Michael Infantino was an American comic book artist and editor who was a major force in the Silver Age of Comic Books. Alongside Len Wein, he created Christopher Chance, the iteration of Human Target. He was inducted into comics Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 2000, Carmine Infantino was born via midwife in his familys apartment in Brooklyn, New York City. Carmine Infantinos mother, Angela Rosa DellaBadia, emigrated from Calitri, Infantino attended Public Schools 75 and 85 in Brooklyn before going on to the School of Industrial Art in Manhattan. As Infantino recalled, I used to go around as a youngster into companies, go in, one day I went to this place on 23rd Street, this old broken-down warehouse, and I met Harry Chesler. Now, I was told he was a guy and he used people. But he was sweet to me. You come up here, Ill give you a dollar a day, just study art, learn and that was damn nice of him, I thought. He did that for me for a whole summer, with Frank Giacoia penciling, Infantino inked the feature Jack Frost in USA Comics #3, from Timely Comics, the forerunner of Marvel Comics. He wrote in his autobiography that. Frank Giacoia and I were in constant contact, one day in 40 we decided to go up to Timely Comics. to see if we could get some work. They gave us a script called Jack Frost and that became our first published work. Frank did the pencils and I did the inking, Joe Simon was the editor and he offered us both a staff job. Frank quit school and took the job, I wanted desperately to quit school and I told my father that it was a great opportunity. Things were very bad, he was desperate for money, if youre that good, the job will be there later. I cant love the man enough for that, so Frank took the job and I didnt. I was 15 or 16 and I just kept making my rounds in the early 40s, Infantinos first published work for DC was The Black Canary, a six-page Johnny Thunder story in Flash Comics #86 that introduced the superheroine the Black Canary. Infantinos long association with the Flash mythos began with The Secret City a story in All-Flash #31 and he additionally became a regular artist of the Golden Age Green Lantern and the Justice Society of America. During the 1950s, Infantino freelanced for Joe Simon and Jack Kirbys company, Prize Comics, back at DC, during a lull in the popularity of superheroes, Infantino drew Westerns, mysteries, science fiction comics
20.
Hanna-Barbera
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Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc. was an American animation studio that dominated American television animation for over three decades in the mid 20th century. In late 1966, it was sold to Taft Broadcasting and spent two decades as its subsidiary and it is officially considered the very first major animation studio to successfully produce cartoons exclusively for television. For their achievements, Hanna and Barbera together won seven Academy Awards, eight Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the pair was also inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1993. Hanna-Barberas fortunes declined in the mid-1980s when the profitability of Saturday morning cartoons was eclipsed by weekday afternoon syndication, in late 1991, the animation studio was purchased from Taft by Turner Broadcasting System, who used much of its back catalog to program its new channel, Cartoon Network. After Turner purchased the company, Hanna and Barbera continued to serve as creative consultants, Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996 and the studio became a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Animation, into which Hanna-Barbera was absorbed after Hanna died in 2001, Cartoon Network Studios continued the projects for the channels output. Barbera went on to work for Warner Bros, Animation until his death in 2006. As of 2017, the studio exists as a unit used to market properties and productions associated with the Hanna-Barbera library. Melrose, New Mexico native William Hanna and New York City-born of Italian heritage Joseph Barbera first met while working at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1939. Their first directorial production and collaboration was the Academy Award-nominated Puss Gets the Boot, Hanna and Barbera served as directors of the shorts for over 20 years, with Barbera in charge of the stories and pre-production and Hanna in charge of supervising the animation. Hanna also provided the screams, yelps and yells for Tom Cat, in addition to the series being nominated for twelve more Oscars, seven of the cartoons won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject between 1943 and 1953. The trophies were awarded to their producer Fred Quimby, who was not involved in the development of the shorts. In addition to their work on the cartoons, the two men moonlighted on outside projects, including the title sequences and commercials for the CBS sitcom I Love Lucy. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer decided in early 1957 to close its cartoon studio, as it felt it had acquired a reasonable backlog of shorts for re-release, Hanna and Barbera, contemplating their future while completing the final Tom and Jerry cartoons, began producing animated TV commercials. During their last year at MGM, they developed a concept for an animated TV program about a dog, a coin toss determined that Hanna would have precedence in the naming the new studio. Harry Cohn, president and head of Columbia Pictures, took an 18 percent ownership in Hanna and Barberas new company, H-B Enterprises, Screen Gems became the new studios distributor and its licensing agent, handling merchandizing of the characters from the animated programs. Sidney and several Screen Gems alumni became members of the board of directors. H-B Enterprises was one of the first American cartoon studios to produce cartoons specifically for TV broadcast
21.
Super Friends
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Super Friends is an American animated television series about a team of superheroes, which ran from 1973 to 1986 on ABC as part of its Saturday morning cartoon lineup. It was produced by Hanna-Barbera and was based on the Justice League of America, the name of the program have been variously represented at different points in its broadcast history. There were a total of 109 episodes and two episodes of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, with Batman and Robin appearing in The Dynamic Scooby-Doo Affair. Typically, at the end of story, a peaceful. Beginning with Challenge of the Super Friends, several of the heroes arch-villains from the books began to feature prominently in comic-style stories. Throughout the series, plots often wrapped themselves up neatly in the minutes of an episode in the fashion of the typical comic books. Nevertheless, team members referred to themselves as the Justice League on the show. The violence common in comics was toned down for a younger audience. As a DC Comics-based show, the Super Friends franchise was owned by DCs parent company Warner Bros. who later put the series into syndication and this merger also led to Warner Bros. taking control of Hanna-Barbera and all of its other assets as well. Super Friends first aired on ABC on September 8,1973, featuring well-known DC characters Superman, Batman and Robin, Wonder Woman, and Aquaman. Each episode began with the responding to an emergency detected by the massive TroubAlert computer in the Hall of Justice. Colonel Wilcox, a U. S. Army official, was a character who would act as a government liaison with the Super Friends during emergencies. Colonel Wilcox was voiced by John Stephenson, conflicts were usually resolved with the antagonists persuaded to adapt more reasonable methods to achieve their aims. Natural disasters triggered by human activity were often shown, and environmental themes featured strongly in the program, three other DC Comics superheroes were featured as guest stars during this season, the Flash, Plastic Man, and Green Arrow. This first run of Super Friends, consisting of 16 one-hour episodes which were several times. At this point, the series was cancelled, however, interest in superheroes among ABCs prime-time viewers caused the network to revive Super Friends. The original 16 episodes of the series were rebroadcast as a replacement, running from February 7,1976. These episodes were edited into half-hour versions, at the same time DC Comics published a Super Friends comic, which used Wendy and Marvin from issue #1 to #6
22.
Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show
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Super Friends, The Legendary Super Powers Show is an American animated television series about a team of superheroes which ran from 1984 to 1985 on ABC. It was produced by Hanna-Barbera and is based on the Justice League, Super Friends, The Legendary Super Powers Show was the first Super Friends series in a new format since 1979s The Worlds Greatest Super Friends. Continuing the previous three years policy of producing short stories, this format was two stories per half-hour, so all the separate stories were ten minutes long each. Furthermore, the Wonder Twins were largely supplanted as audience identification figures by Firestorm, unlike previous series, Super Friends, The Legendary Super Powers Show was produced to tie-in with the Super Powers Collection toyline produced by Kenner, hence the name change. The general story, as detailed in the mini-comics that accompanied the figures, was that the heroes of Earth had teamed up to fight Darkseid. Thirteen heroes made up the Super Friends, the same is true for The Flash. This was the first time Wonder Woman was animated with the =w= symbol on her instead of the eagle design. Lynda Carter was unable to reprise this role for animation because she was busy with her career, commercials for Maybelline cosmetics. The series was noteworthy for using Adam West as the voice of Batman. West replaced Olan Soule and would continue through the subsequent Galactic Guardians series, Darkseid – Outside of the comic books for the first time, Darkseid was still attempting to conquer Earth, but also had a secondary goal, of making Wonder Woman his bride. Darkseid brought a degree of seriousness to a show that had largely lacked it, kalibak – His appearance was not as brutish as in later TV incarnations, more like the original Jack Kirby design for the character. He was almost always depicted as boastful, dull-witted and ineffectual against the heroes, desaad Brainiac – The mechanical version of Brainiac appeared in the episodes The Wrath of Brainiac and The Village of Lost Souls. In The Wrath of Brainiac, Brainiac reveals that he shed his earlier appearance when he worked alongside Darkseid, Mirror Master – Mirror Master appeared in an episode entitled Reflections in Crime. Interestingly enough, the Flash doesnt appear in this episode, in the episode, Mirror Master sets about trapping the Super Friends in this particular episode inside mirrors called the sixth dimension. The Super Friends managed to escape and trap Mirror Master in a House of Mirrors, Lex Luthor – He appeared in the opening and the episodes No Honor Among Super Thieves, Case of the Shrinking Super Friends and The Mask of Mystery. Mister Mxyzptlk – In this series, Mxyzptlks name is pronounced as Miks-ill-plik and he takes to tormenting all the members of the team, even when Superman is absent. The Robber Baron and Sleeves Dollmaker For this series, Lex Luthor and Brainiac were completely revamped to resemble their comic book counterparts. J. J. and DC Comics, Inc. Warner Home Video released The Complete Series of Super Friends, The Legendary Super Powers Show on DVD on August 7,2007. com
23.
The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians
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The Super Powers Team, Galactic Guardians is an American animated television series about a team of superheroes which ran from 1985 to 1986. It was produced by Hanna-Barbera and is based on the Justice League, in the fall of 1985, the final version of Hanna-Barberas Super Friends premiered. The Super Friends were once again headquartered at the Hall of Justice in Metropolis, amidst those changes, another change in the series was the absence of a narrator in every episode. In the original series from 1973, Ted Knight was the programs narrator, william Woodson became the narrator beginning with 1977s All-New Super Friends Hour. Woodson would remain the voice of the series through the episode of 1984s Super Friends. Starting with this incarnation, there was no narration for the majority of the episodes, there is a very brief voice-over by Woodson at the start of the episode, The Bizarro Super Powers Team, telling us about Bizarro World, but isnt heard afterward. The animation was also improved most notably Superman and Batman who looked more like their DC Comics versions, the story lines in many of the 1985 episodes were also a bit more dramatic compared to previous installments. The only episodes that featured the old Super Friends style and charm were The Bizarro Super Powers Team, except where noted as a short, each episode was 30 minutes long. The show lasted one season on ABC, marking the end of Hanna-Barberas 12-year run of the Super Friends. In the episode titled The Fear, Batmans origin is told for the first time outside of the actual comics, in a flashback, it shows Thomas and Martha Wayne being confronted by an unidentified mugger, just after watching a Robin Hood movie with their small son Bruce. When Thomas ends up trying to fight the mugger, Bruce quotes No Dad, hes got a. the episode was written by Alan Burnett, later a story editor on Batman, The Animated Series. This was also an appearance of Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson outside their Batman. This series also marked the first ever appearance of Cyborg in an television series. He becomes fast friends with teammate Firestorm and he is an affiliate of the Justice League of America under Superman. The Flash appeared only in The Death of Superman episode, el Dorado, even if he was not part of the official roster, also made a cameo in The Death of Superman, and never used his powers or even spoke any lines. This was the first time Wonder Womans red boots were animated with white stripes since the cancellation of Lynda Carters live action series on CBS six years earlier. Darkseid—Following on from the season, Darkseid still had two goals, conquer Earth, and marry Wonder Woman, despite his power, the Super Powers Team managed to best him time. He was voiced by Frank Welker, using the deep, growling voice he used for Dr. Claw in Inspector Gadget
24.
The New Adventures of Superman (TV series)
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The New Adventures of Superman is a series of six-minute animated Superman adventures produced by Filmation that were broadcast on CBS from September 10,1966, to September 5,1970. Were also borrowed from both the comics and the original Superman radio series, for this series, Collyer returned to the same vocal technique he had perfected on the radio show to play the Man Of Steel. While in the identity of Clark Kent, Collyer would keep his voice lighter while projecting a sense of weakness, but whenever the mild-mannered reporter would change into his true identity of Superman, Collyers voice would deepen dramatically into a heroic baritone. Alexander departed after the first season and was replaced by Julie Bennett in later seasons, the theme music for the show was composed by John Marion Gart. As a result, the series was cancelled, and future cartoons would not allow for such comic book violence. Superman subsequently appeared in ABCs long-running animated series Super Friends, produced by Hanna-Barbera, the series premiered on September 10,1966 as a 30-minute program titled The New Adventures of Superman, featuring two Superman segments with one The Adventures of Superboy short in between. Thirty-six Superman segments were produced that season, The Force Phantom - An alien ship uses a creature to attack Earth. The Mermen of Emor - Scuba divers are captured for sport by malevolent fish beings led by Triton, the Prehistoric Pterodactyls - Two giant flying monsters are freed from frozen suspension. * Merlins Magic Marbles - Lex Luthor uses a temporal communicator to discover magic powers, the Threat of the Thrutans – An alien space probe trapped in Earth orbit uses force to try to return to its home galaxy. The Wicked Warlock - A male witch called the Warlock must seize a rare gem that contains powerful magic, the Chimp Who Made It Big - The fusion of two irradiated pieces of space debris fatefully changes a chimpanzee named Toto on board a space craft. When the capsule containing the space craft lands on Earth, the ends up turning into Titano. Despite Titano causing destruction, Superman must convince the military not to fire as he thinks he can revert Titano to Toto. * The Deadly Icebergs - Saboteurs have rigged gigantic icebergs with explosives to rob a luxury liner, the Robot of Riga - Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen are kidnapped by alien hunters whose zoo is protected by a giant robot. The Invisible Raiders - The Sorcerer, a malevolent wizard, uses hirelings using an invisibility field to commit crimes, the Neolithic Nightmare - Jimmy Olsen falls into an underground pocket populated by malevolent creatures. The Return of Brainiac - An alien computer named Brainiac has been capturing different kinds of animals by shrinking them, Brainiac is taking the tiny animals to his dying homeworld on his spaceship a la Noahs Ark. When he also must find a man and woman for repopulation, Brainiac ends up shrinking and capturing Superman, * The Magnetic Monster - A magnetic device that melts metal objects is used by alien beings on Earth. The Iron Eater - A shape-shifting alien creature that emerged from a fallen meteorite who devours metal structures raises havoc, Lois is caught, tied to a pillar and gagged, and Rucas activates an Inca Statue to crush her. The Fire Phantom - A living flame from Earths core appears, the Deadly Dish - Lex Luthor traps Lois, Jimmy, and Perry White so he can lure Superman into range of a Kryptonite transmitter
25.
The Adventures of Batman
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The Adventures of Batman is an animated television series produced by Lou Schiemers Filmation studios. It showcased the 12-minute Batman segments from The Batman/Superman Hour, sometimes broken up by, a re-branded 30-minute version premiered on CBS on September 14,1968 as Batman with Robin the Boy Wonder. This version was repackaged without the Superman and Superboy segments, olan Soule was the voice of Batman and is most likely best remembered for his work on that show, and many others in the Filmation stable. Casey Kasem, notable for his voice over and radio work, was the voice of Robin, Batman and Robin would next appear in a The New Scooby-Doo Movies crossover, various versions of Super Friends and The New Adventures of Batman in 1977. The Batman half of The Batman/Superman Hour consisted of one presented in two 6 1/2 minute segments and one story in a single 6 1/2 minute segment. 34 stories were produced, In 1985, Warner Home Video released five selected episodes of the series on VHS in the Super Powers video collection along with Aquaman, Superboy and these videos were rereleased in 1996 and are out of print. In 1993, in Australia only, Warner Home Video released a 4 volume VHS collection with 4 stories per volume, in 2008, episodes were released as digital downloads on iTunes, and streaming on Amazon Video. On June 3,2014, Warner Home Video released all 34 episodes on DVD in Region 1 in a 2-disc set entitled The Adventures of Batman
26.
The Adventures of Superboy (TV series)
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The Adventures of Superboy is a series of six-minute animated Superboy cartoons produced by Filmation that were broadcast on CBS between 1966 and 1969. The 34 segments appeared as part of three different programs during time, packaged with similar shorts featuring The New Adventures of Superman other DC Comics superheroes. Other characters such as Pa and Ma Kent, foster parents of the Boy of Steel, as a result of the productions budget, the show featured a great amount of stock animation as well as limited movement from the characters. He even wound up being captured and successfully having to fight a gang of small-time crooks—all while in his disguise as Clark Kent—in The Gorilla Gang. Most of the stories were written by DC writers such as Bob Haney and George Kashdan, in 1985, Warner Home Video released eight selected episodes of the series on VHS in the Super Powers video collection along with Aquaman, Batman, and Superman. These videos were rereleased in 1996 and are out of print, the series remains unreleased to DVD. Narrator The series premiered on September 10,1966 as part of a 30-minute program named The New Adventures of Superman, the Spy From Outer Space – Part 1 - Krypto encounters an alien spy who creates disasters on Earth as part of an invasion attempt. The Spy From Outer Space – Part 2 - Superboy must be rescued by Krypto when he follows the spy to his home planet, kryptos Calamitous Capers - A criminal scientist has created a sonic beam transmitter with which he can cause Krypto to turn belligerent. The Man Who Knew Superboys Secret * - A man pretending to be from Krypton sets a trap for Superboy by promising the ability to inject immunity from kryptonite. The Deep Sea Dragon - A dragon whose egg is taken by deep sea divers becomes violent until Superboy sets things right -. Super Clown of Smallville - A sickly billionaire vows to give away his fortune to charity if he can be made to laugh, the Visitor from the Earths Core - When Superboy drills to the Earths core, he finds a glowing black sphere that draws out a crystalloid being. The Beast that went Berzerk - A scientists growth serum makes a pygmy elephant into a giant beast, Superboys Strangest Foe - Two alien children cause havoc on Earth through their innocent play. The Capricious Crony - An undersea volcano releases an impish water being who causes havoc on solid ground, Krypto, Super Seeing-Eye Dog - When a Kryptonian space probe is found, it contains weapons, one of which accidentally blinds Superboy. The Black Knight - Clark Kents young friend Timmy finds a magicians mantle that transports him back in time to the fields of Camelot. Operation Counter Invasion - Superboy must convince three alien warriors that Earth is populated by metahumans, the Jinxed Circus - Superboy must help a circus being sabotaged by the ringmasters former partner. Hurricane Fighters - Superboy must work to stop a violent hurricane, Superboys Super-Dilemma - A scientist tests a kryptonite antidote on Superboy that does not work, but which he accidentally mixed with plant growth serum that causes big problems. A Devil of a Time * - Spotting two criminals during a ball, Clark Kent decides to use his devil costume to masquerade as the real Lucifer. The Revolt of Robotville - Robotville is a city controlled by machine beings
27.
The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure
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The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure is a Filmation animated series that aired on CBS from 1967 to 1968. Premiering on September 9,1967, this 60-minute program included a series of adventures featuring various DC Comics superheroes. Each episode consisted of new segments from the series, The New Adventures of Superman and The Adventures of Superboy, as well as outings for Aquaman. Superman fans generally regard it as the season of The New Adventures. As a part of The New Adventures, it is notable for containing some of the work done by Bud Collyer. It also included a series of guest star cartoons featuring the Atom, the Flash and Kid Flash. The Justice League of America and Teen Titans were also featured in team adventures, many of the shorts were penned and script-edited by DC Comics employees. Mort Weisinger, editor of all Superman comic titles during the 1960s and this use of comic writers on the television series tended to make them a very faithful adaption to the comic book mythos. Even so, there were some elements which were unique to the cartoons, such as characters in the Hawkman, Green Lantern. This series marked the debut of nearly all of its featured characters. Due to the success of the show, Filmation had produced a Metamorpho pilot and planned pilots for Plastic Man and Wonder Woman. A DC Comics cartoon hour was also being developed, with concept drawings featuring Metamorpho, Plastic Man, The Flash, The Blackhawks, the Doom Patrol, BWana Beast and the Metal Men. Plans were cancelled when CBS secured the rights to Batman in the wake of ABCs recent success with the Batman live action television series. Subsequently, in 1968, the series became The Batman/Superman Hour, with new Superman/Superboy, previously-aired Aquaman shorts were repackaged into the 30-minute Aquaman, which also included the existing guest star segments from The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure. The show continued to evolve a narrative format that had started with the original Superman radio show. Thirty-six Aquaman segments were produced, Menace of the Black Manta - Aquaman, the Rampaging Reptile-Men - A hydropower relay station for Atlantis is attacked by maniacal reptile beings. The Return Of Nepto - A Viking sea-tyrant is revived from frozen suspension, the Fiery Invaders - Sun beings attack Earth to dry out its oceans. Sea Raiders - Alien big game land in the ocean
28.
Filmation
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Filmation Associates was a production company that produced animation and live-action programming for television from 1963 to 1989. Located in Reseda, California, the studio was founded in 1962. Filmations founders and principal producers were Lou Scheimer, Hal Sutherland, Lou Scheimer and Filmations main director Hal Sutherland met while working at Larry Harmon Pictures on the made-for-TV Bozo and Popeye cartoons. Eventually Larry Harmon closed the studio, Scheimer and Sutherland went to work at a small company called True Line, one of whose owners was Marcus Lipsky, who then owned Reddi-wip whipped cream. SIB Productions, a Japanese firm with U. S. offices in Chicago, approached them about producing a cartoon called Rod Rocket. The two agreed to take on the work and also took on a project for Family Films, owned by the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, for ten short animated films based on the life of Christ. Paramount Pictures soon purchased SIB Productions, and True Lines staff increased, including the arrival of radio disc jockey Norm Prescott. He had already been working on the animated feature Pinocchio in Outer Space which was produced by Belvision Studios. They eventually left True Line, and Scheimer began working on commercials, including for Gillette and others and he met lawyer Ira Epstein, who had worked for Harmon but left the firm, and now put together the new corporation with Scheimer and Sutherland. It officially became Filmation Associates as of September 1962, so named because We were working on film, both Rod Rocket and the Life of Christ series credited Filmation Associates with Production Design in addition to Scheimer and Sutherland as directors. Norm Prescott brought in Filmations first major project, Journey Back to Oz, begun in 1962, storyboarding, voice recording, and most of the music scoring and animation had been completed when financial challenges caused the project to be put on hold for nearly eight years. In the meantime, during the interim, the new Filmation studio turned their attention to a successful medium. This premiered on September 10,1966, and was followed by several of the other DC super heroes, and then in 1968, both series greatly helped Filmations popularity to increase, into the 1970s, when it really scored big with several of its shows. Four Filmation programs from 1983-1988 were also broadcast on qubo night owl, the Filmation studio was purchased by the TelePrompTer Corporation in 1969. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, through its Group W Productions division, acquired Filmation along with its purchase of TelePrompTers cable, Filmations last production was the feature film Happily Ever After, released to theaters five years later in 1993. Also, at the time of the closing, two new animated TV shows, Bugzburg and Bravo, were beginning production, in 1989, Westinghouse sold Filmation to an investment consortium led by the LOréal cosmetics company, Paravision International. Before that sale was complete, Westinghouse shuttered the film studio on February 3,1989 and this happened a day before a new law went into practice requiring companies to give employees 60 days notice before a mass termination. Since then, the intellectual property assets have changed hands on a number of occasions
29.
VHS
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The Video Home System is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976, from the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders. At that time, the devices were used only in professional environments such as television studios. In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the video industry and changing the economics of the television. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders as having the power to disrupt their business, in the 1980s and 1990s, at the peak of VHSs popularity, there were videotape format wars in the home video industry. Two of the formats, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure, VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began to better quality than analog consumer video tape such as standard. The earliest of these formats, LaserDisc, was not widely adopted, however, after the introduction of the DVD format in 1997, VHSs market share began to decline. By 2008, DVD had replaced VHS as the preferred method of distribution. After several attempts by other companies, the first commercially successful VTR, at a price of US$50,000 in 1956, and US$300 for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japan market. In 1959, JVC developed a video tape recorder. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the companys standard VTR until the mid-1970s, in 1969 JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita Electric in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first format to become a unified standard, U-matic was successful in business and some broadcast applications, but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, Sony started working on Betamax, while Matsushita started working on VX. JVC released the CR-6060 in 1975, based on the U-matic format, Sony and Matsushita also produced U-matic systems of their own. In 1971, JVC engineers Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano put together a team to develop a consumer-based VTR, by the end of 1971 they created an internal diagram titled VHS Development Matrix, which established twelve objectives for JVCs new VTR. These included, The system must be compatible with any television set
30.
Betamax
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Betamax is a consumer-level analog-recording and cassette format of magnetic tape for video. It was developed by Sony and was released in Japan on May 10,1975, the first Betamax introduced in the United States was the LV-1901 console, which included a 19-inch color monitor, and appeared in stores in early November 1975. The cassettes contain 0. 50-inch-wide videotape in a similar to that of the earlier, professional 0. 75-inch-wide. Betamax is obsolete, having lost the videotape format war to VHS, production of Betamax recorders ceased in 2002, new Betamax cassettes were available until March 2016, when Sony stopped making and selling them. Like the rival videotape format VHS, Betamax has no guard band, the suffix -max, from the word maximum, was added to suggest greatness. In 1977, Sony issued the first long-play Betamax VCR, the SL-8200 and this VCR had two recording speeds, normal, and the newer half speed. This provided two hours recording on the L-500 Beta videocassette, the SL-8200 was to compete against the VHS VCRs, which allowed up to 4, and later 6 and 8, hours of recording on one cassette. Sanyo marketed a version as Betacord, which also was casually called Beta, in addition to Sony and Sanyo, Beta-format video recorders were manufactured and sold by Toshiba, Pioneer, Murphy, Aiwa, and NEC. The Zenith Electronics Corporation and WEGA Corporations contracted with Sony to produce VCRs for their product lines, the department stores Sears and Quelle sold Beta-format VCRs under their house brands, as did the RadioShack chain of electronic stores. Betamax and VHS competed in a format war, which saw VHS win in most markets. For the professional and broadcast video industry, Sony derived Betacam from Betamax, released in 1982, Betacam became the most widely used videotape format in ENG, replacing the.75 in wide U-matic tape format. But in the key area of recording, Betacam and Betamax are completely different. Sony also offered a range of industrial Betamax products, a Beta I-only format for industrial and institutional users and these were aimed at the same market as U-Matic equipment, but were cheaper and smaller. The arrival of Betacam reduced the demand for both industrial Beta and U-Matic equipment, Betamax also had a significant part to play in the music recording industry, when Sony introduced its PCM digital recording system as an encoding box/PCM adaptor that connected to a Betamax recorder. The Sony PCM-F1 adaptor was sold with a companion Betamax VCR SL-2000 as a digital audio recording system. Many recording engineers used this system in the 1980s and 1990s to make their first digital master recordings and this feature is discussed in more detail on Peep Search. Sony believed that the M-Load transports used by VHS machines made copying these trick modes impossible, betaSkipScan is now available on miniature M-load formats, but even Sony was unable to fully replicate this on VHS. BetaScan was originally called Videola until the company made the Moviola threatened legal action
31.
Videotape
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Videotape is magnetic tape used for storing video and usually sound in addition. Information stored can be in the form of either a signal or digital signal. Videotape is used in video tape recorders or, more commonly, videocassette recorders and camcorders. Videotapes are also used for storing scientific or medical data, such as the produced by an electrocardiogram. Tape is a method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already under the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high quality video recording media such as hard disks. Since then, videotape has been relegated to archival and similar uses. The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosbys production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises, overall the picture quality was still considered inferior to the best kinescope recordings on film. Bing Crosby Enterprises hoped to have a version available in 1954. The BBC experimented from 1952 to 1958 with a high-speed linear videotape system called VERA and it used half-inch tape traveling at 200 inches per second. RCA demonstrated the magnetic recording of both black-and-white and color television programs at its Princeton laboratories on December 1,1953. The high-speed longitudinal tape system, called Simplex, in development since 1951, could record, the color system used half-inch tape to record five tracks, one each for red, blue, green, synchronization, and audio. The black-and-white system used quarter-inch tape with two tracks, one for video and one for audio, both systems ran at 360 inches per second. RCA-owned NBC first used it on The Jonathan Winters Show on October 23,1956 when a song sequence by Dorothy Collins in color was included in the otherwise live television program. BCE demonstrated a color system in February 1955 using a longitudinal recording on half-inch tape. CBS, RCAs competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system, BCE was acquired by 3M Company in 1956. Quad employed a transverse four-head system on a tape. On January 22,1957, the NBC Television game show Truth or Consequences, produced in Hollywood, Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed it from an Ampex black-and-white recorder
32.
Underoos
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Underoos is a brand of underwear primarily for children, produced by the Fruit of the Loom company. In many cases, the garment mimics the distinctive costume of the character, in others it features an image of the character or logo on the undershirt. The product idea was first offered to Hanes, but was rejected, Scott Paper company pursued development, but ultimately decided to not market the product. Fruit of the Loom had been engaged as supplier of the blank underwear, informed of Scott Paper Companys decision to not market this novel product, Fruit of the Loom inquired if they would be permitted to market the product, now fully developed. Weiss agreed, and in 1978 Fruit of the Loom bought Underoos, the product was tested in three markets including the New York Metropolitan area. Retailer and consumer demand was so strong, the product was expanded to national distribution. As of 3rd quarter,2014, Fruit of the Loom has licensed out the Underoos brand name to a manufacturer who is currently making Underoos in adult sizes
33.
Play-Doh
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Play-Doh is a modeling compound used by young children for art and craft projects at home and in school. Composed of flour, water, salt, boric acid, and mineral oil, the product was reworked and marketed to Cincinnati schools in the mid-1950s. Play-Doh was demonstrated at a convention in 1956 and prominent department stores opened retail accounts. Advertisements promoting Play-Doh on influential childrens television shows in 1957 furthered the products sales, since its launch on the toy market in the mid-1950s, Play-Doh has generated a considerable amount of ancillary merchandise such as The Fun Factory. In 2003, the Toy Industry Association named Play-Doh in its Century of Toys List and it was devised at the request of Kroger Grocery, which wanted a product that could clean coal residue from wallpaper. McVickers nephew, Joe McVicker, joined Kutol with the remit to save the company from bankruptcy, Joe McVicker was the brother-in-law of nursery school teacher Kay Zufall, and Zufall had seen a newspaper article about making art projects with the wallpaper cleaning putty. Her students enjoyed it, and she persuaded Bill Rhodenbaugh and Joe McVicker to manufacture it as a child’s toy, Zufall and her husband came up with the name Play-Doh, Joe McVicker and Rhodenbaugh had wanted to call it Rainbow Modeling Compound. Joe McVicker took Play-Doh to a convention for manufacturers of school supplies, and Woodward & Lothrop. In 1956, the McVickers formed the Rainbow Crafts Company to make, also in 1956, a three-pack of 7-ounce cans was added to the product line, and, after in-store demonstrations, Macys of New York and Marshall Fields of Chicago opened retail accounts. In 1957, chemist Dr. Tien Liu reduced Play Dohs salt content, and Play-Doh ads were telecast on Captain Kangaroo, Ding Dong School, in 1958, Play-Dohs sales reached nearly $3 million. In 1964, Play-Doh was exported to Britain, France, in the 1980s, its cardboard can was scuttled for a more cost effective plastic container. By 1965, Rainbow Crafts was issued a patent for Play-Doh, also in 1965, General Mills purchased Rainbow Crafts and all rights to Play-Doh for $3 million, placing the compound with its Kenner Products subsidiary. In 1971, Rainbow Crafts and Kenner Products merged, and, in 1987, in 1991, Hasbro became Play-Dohs owner, and continues to manufacture the product today through its preschool division. In 1996, gold and silver were added to Play-Dohs palette to celebrate its 40th anniversary, Play-Doh packaging was briefly illustrated with children in the mid-1950s, but replaced by an elf mascot which, in 1960, was superseded by Play-Doh Pete, a smock and beret-wearing cartoonish boy. In 2002, Play-Doh Petes beret was replaced with a baseball cap, since 2011, living Play-Doh cans named the Doh-Dohs have been seen in adverts. A petroleum additive gives the compound a smooth feel, and borax prevents mold from developing, many home-made recipes will include salt, flour or corn starch, a vegetable oil and cream of tartar. In 1960, the Play-Doh Fun Factory was invented by Bob Boggild, the Play-Doh Fuzzy Pumper Barber & Beauty Shop of 1977 featured a figurine whose extruded hair could be styled. Making its debut in 1996 for computer-savvy young modelers was an educational software CD-ROM game, Play-Doh Creations, and, in 2003, in 2012, Play-Doh Plus was created
34.
Rubik's Cube
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Rubiks Cube is a 3-D combination puzzle invented in 1974 by Hungarian sculptor and professor of architecture Ernő Rubik. As of January 2009,350 million cubes had been sold making it the worlds top-selling puzzle game. It is widely considered to be the worlds best-selling toy, in a classic Rubiks Cube, each of the six faces is covered by nine stickers, each of one of six solid colours, white, red, blue, orange, green, and yellow. In currently sold models, white is opposite yellow, blue is green, and orange is opposite red. On early cubes, the position of the colours varied from cube to cube, an internal pivot mechanism enables each face to turn independently, thus mixing up the colours. For the puzzle to be solved, each face must be returned to have one colour. Similar puzzles have now produced with various numbers of sides, dimensions. Although the Rubiks Cube reached its height of popularity in the 1980s, it is still widely known. Many speedcubers continue to practice it and other twisty puzzles and compete for the fastest times in various categories, since 2003, The World Cube Association, the Rubiks Cubes international governing body, has organised competitions worldwide and kept the official world records. In March 1970, Larry D. Nichols invented a 2×2×2 Puzzle with Pieces Rotatable in Groups, Nicholss cube was held together with magnets. Patent 3,655,201 on April 11,1972, on April 9,1970, Frank Fox applied to patent his Spherical 3×3×3. He received his UK patent on January 16,1974, in the mid-1970s, Ernő Rubik worked at the Department of Interior Design at the Academy of Applied Arts and Crafts in Budapest. He did not realise that he had created a puzzle until the first time he scrambled his new Cube, Rubik obtained Hungarian patent HU170062 for his Magic Cube in 1975. Rubiks Cube was first called the Magic Cube in Hungary, Ideal wanted at least a recognisable name to trademark, of course, that arrangement put Rubik in the spotlight because the Magic Cube was renamed after its inventor in 1980. The first test batches of the Magic Cube were produced in late 1977, Magic Cube was held together with interlocking plastic pieces that prevented the puzzle being easily pulled apart, unlike the magnets in Nicholss design. With Ernő Rubiks permission, businessman Tibor Laczi took a Cube to Germanys Nuremberg Toy Fair in February 1979 in an attempt to popularise it. It was noticed by Seven Towns founder Tom Kremer and they signed a deal with Ideal Toys in September 1979 to release the Magic Cube worldwide, the puzzle made its international debut at the toy fairs of London, Paris, Nuremberg and New York in January and February 1980. After its international debut, the progress of the Cube towards the toy shop shelves of the West was briefly halted so that it could be manufactured to Western safety, a lighter Cube was produced, and Ideal decided to rename it
35.
Valentine's Day
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Valentines Day, also called Saint Valentines Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine, is an annual holiday celebrated on February 14. According to legend, during his imprisonment, Saint Valentine healed the daughter of his jailer, Asterius, the day first became associated with romantic love within the circle of Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century, when the tradition of courtly love flourished. In 18th-century England, it evolved into an occasion in which expressed their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery. In Europe, Saint Valentines Keys are given to lovers as a romantic symbol, Valentines Day symbols that are used today include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged Cupid. Since the 19th century, handwritten valentines have given way to mass-produced greeting cards, Saint Valentines Day is an official feast day in the Anglican Communion, as well as in the Lutheran Church. Numerous early Christian martyrs were named Valentine, the Valentines honored on February 14 are Valentine of Rome and Valentine of Terni. Valentine of Rome was a priest in Rome who was martyred in 269 and was added to the calendar of saints by Pope Galesius in 496 and was buried on the Via Flaminia. The flower-crowned skull of Saint Valentine is exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, other relics are found at Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland. Valentine of Terni became bishop of Interamna and is said to have been martyred during the persecution under Emperor Aurelian in 273 and he is buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different location from Valentine of Rome. His relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni, oruch states that abstracts of the acts of the two saints were in nearly every church and monastery of Europe. The Catholic Encyclopedia also speaks of a saint named Valentine who was mentioned in early martyrologies under date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa with a number of companions, Saint Valentines head was preserved in the abbey of New Minster, Winchester, and venerated. February 14 is celebrated as St. Valentines Day in various Christian denominations, it has, for example, in addition, the feast day of Saint Valentine is also given in the calendar of saints of the Lutheran Church. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, St. J. C. Cooper, in The Dictionary of Christianity, contemporary records of Saint Valentine were most probably destroyed during this Diocletianic Persecution in the early 4th century. The same events are found in Bedes Martyrology, which was compiled in the 8th century. It states that Saint Valentine was persecuted as a Christian and interrogated by Roman Emperor Claudius II in person, Claudius was impressed by Valentine and had a discussion with him, attempting to get him to convert to Roman paganism in order to save his life. Valentine refused and tried to convert Claudius to Christianity instead, because of this, he was executed. Before his execution, he is reported to have performed a miracle by healing Julia, the jailers daughter and his forty-six member household came to believe in Jesus and were baptized
36.
View-Master
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It was manufactured and sold by Sawyers. The View-Master system was introduced in 1939, four years after the advent of Kodachrome color film made the use of small high-quality photographic color images practical. Tourist attraction and travel views predominated in View-Masters early lists of available reels, most current View-Master reels are intended for children. Edwin Eugene Mayer worked as a pharmacist at Owl Drug store in downtown Portland and he built up a photo-finishing business there, and bought into Sawyers Photo Finishing Service in 1919 with the help of his father August Mayer, his fiancee Eva McAnulty, and her sister Vi McAnulty. The company relocated to a large building at 181 Ella St. near Morrison Street in Portland. The company was producing photographic postcards and album sets as souvenirs by 1926, Graves handled marketing for the products while Mayer ran the business. Later, photographic greeting cards were added to the Sawyers product line, Sawyers was the nations largest producer of scenic postcards in the 1920s and the future View-Master viewer eventually became an extension of the two-dimensional cards. Mayer and Gruber had both developed devices for viewing images, but Gruber had made up a stereo imaging rig out of two Kodak Bantam Specials mounted together on a tripod. He designed a machine that mounted the tiny pieces of Kodachrome color transparency film into reels made from heavy paper stock, a special viewer was also designed and produced. He had the idea of updating the old-fashioned stereoscope by using the new Kodachrome 16-mm color film, a View-Master reel holds 14 film transparencies in seven pairs, making up the seven stereoscopic images. The components of each pair are viewed simultaneously, one by each eye, according to a 1960 court document, the Gruber-Sawyer partner venture began from that first meeting in 1938. Thereafter, Ed Mayer negotiated with Gruber while production methods and some marketing were developed, after three years, a formal agreement was entered into on February 24,1942 between Gruber and Sawyer partners, doing business as Sawyers. Ed Mayer and people within the Sawyer’s organization were uncertain what to call their new product, the View-Master was introduced at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, marked Patent Applied For. It was intended as an alternative to the postcard, and was originally sold at photography shops, stationery stores. The main subjects of View-Master reels were Carlsbad Caverns and the Grand Canyon, the View-Master was marketed through Ed Mayers photo-finishing, postcard, and greeting card company Sawyers Service, Inc. known eventually as Sawyers, Inc. The partnership led to the sales of View-Master viewers and reels. The patent on the device was issued in 1940, on what came to be called the Model A viewer. Within a very time, the Viewmaster took over the postcard business at Sawyers.00 and Western Photo Supply Co. owning the buildings
37.
Nerf
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Nerf is a toy brand created by Parker Brothers and currently owned by Hasbro. Most of the toys are a variety of foam-based weaponry, but there are several different types of Nerf toys, such as balls for sports like football, basketball, baseball. The most notable of the toys are the guns that shoot ammunition made from Nerf foam. Since many such items were released throughout the 1970s, Nerf products often feature bright neon colors, the slogan, which has been frequently used since advertising in the 1990s, is Its Nerf or Nothin. Annual revenues under the Nerf brand is approximately US$400 million, according to most enthusiasts and the general public, Nerf stands for non-expanding recreational foam. This is supported by the fact that the darts are made from a solid, to produce it, polyester resin reacts with another compound in the presence of CO2 from another reaction. It is this gas that creates open pockets within the polyurethane that, in turn, make the material soft, Parker Brothers originally developed Nerf, beginning with a four-inch polyurethane foam ball. In 1970, the Nerf ball was introduced as the worlds first official indoor ball, marketing slogans promised that one can Throw it indoors, you cant damage lamps or break windows. You cant hurt babies or old people, the ball filled a strong consumer need and by the years end, more than four million Nerf balls had been sold. The four-inch ball was followed by a version called the Super Nerf Ball. Shortly after, in 1972, a game called Nerfoop. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, the Nerf brand served under the subsidiaries OddzOn, in February 2013, Hasbro announced the release of Nerf Rebelle, a sub-line aimed at girls. The first product, the Heartbreaker bow, was released in Fall 2013, books published The Ultimate Nerf Blaster Book. Written by Nathaniel Marunas, the highlights the history of Nerf and provides details on every N-Strike, Dart Tag. The Nerf Sports line is a range of foam balls that resemble real sports balls. They are designed with different color schemes and features, with some of their footballs featuring color schemes, in addition, the tail-fins characteristic of Nerf Sports Vortex sub-line cause the foam footballs of which it is comprised to resemble torpedoes and fly greater distances. Most Nerf blasters have tactical rails that accommodate different attachments, but there are some that attach through special adapters like barrel extensions. The main sub-line of Nerf blasters is N-Strike, which was first launched in 2004, in September 2011, Hasbro introduced a third sub-line of Nerf blasters called Nerf Vortex
38.
Phonograph record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
39.
Burger King
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Burger King is an American global chain of hamburger fast food restaurants. Headquartered in the area of Miami-Dade County, Florida, the company was founded in 1953 as InstaBurger King. After Insta-Burger King ran into difficulties in 1954, its two Miami-based franchisees David Edgerton and James McLamore purchased the company and renamed it Burger King. In late 2010, 3G Capital of Brazil acquired a majority stake in the company, the new owners promptly initiated a restructuring of the company to reverse its fortunes. The 1970s were the Golden Age of the advertising, but beginning in the early-1980s. A series of less successful advertising campaigns created by a procession of advertising agencies continued for the two decades. While highly successful, some of CP+Bs commercials were derided for perceived sexism or cultural insensitivity, Burger Kings menu has expanded from a basic offering of burgers, French fries, sodas, and milkshakes to a larger and more diverse set of products. In 1957, the Whopper became the first major addition to the menu, conversely, BK has introduced many products, which failed to catch hold in the marketplace. Some of these failures in the United States have seen success in foreign markets, from 2002 to 2010, Burger King aggressively targeted the 18–34 male demographic with larger products that often carried correspondingly large amounts of unhealthy fats and trans-fats. This tactic would eventually damage the financial underpinnings, and cast a negative pall on its earnings. As of December 31,2016, Burger King reported it had 15,738 outlets in 100 countries. Of these,47. 5% are in the United States and 99. 5% are privately owned and operated, BK has historically used several variations of franchising to expand its operations. Burger Kings relationship with its franchises has not always been harmonious, occasional spats between the two have caused numerous issues, and in several instances, the companys and its licensees relations have degenerated into precedent-setting court cases. Burger Kings Australian franchise Hungry Jacks is the franchise to operate under a different name, due to a trademark dispute. The predecessor to Burger King was founded in 1953 in Jacksonville, Florida and their production model was based on one of the machines they had acquired, an oven called the Insta-Broiler. This strategy proved to be so successful that later required all of their franchises to use the device. After the company faltered in 1959, it was purchased by its Miami, Florida, franchisees, James McLamore and they initiated a corporate restructuring of the chain, first renaming the company Burger King. They ran the company as an independent entity for eight years, pillsburys management tried several times to restructure Burger King during the late 1970s and the early 1980s
40.
Compact Cassette
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The Compact Cassette or Musicassette, also commonly called cassette tape, audio cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is an analog magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback. It was released by Philips in 1962, having developed in Hasselt. Compact cassettes come in two forms, either already containing content as a cassette, or as a fully recordable blank cassette. Its uses ranged from portable audio to home recording to data storage for early microcomputers, the first cassette player designed for use in car dashes was introduced in 1968. Between the early 1970s and the early 2000s, the cassette was one of the two most common formats for prerecorded music, first alongside the LP record and later the compact disc. Compact Cassettes contain two miniature spools, between which a magnetically coated, polyester-type plastic film is passed and wound and these spools and their attendant parts are held inside a protective plastic shell. This reversal is achieved either by flipping the cassette, or by having the machine itself change the direction of tape movement. In 1935, decades before the introduction of the Compact Cassette, AEG released the first reel-to-reel tape recorder and it was based on the invention of the magnetic tape by Fritz Pfleumer, which used similar technology but with open reels. These instruments were expensive and relatively difficult to use and were therefore used mostly by professionals in radio stations. In 1958, following four years of development, RCA Victor introduced the stereo, quarter-inch, reversible, however, it was a large cassette, and offered few pre-recorded tapes. Despite the multiple versions, it failed, consumer use of tape only took off in the early 1960s, after playback machines reached a comfortable, user-friendly design. This was achieved primarily by the introduction of transistors which replaced the bulky, fragile, reel-to-reel tape then became more suitable to household use, but still remained an esoteric product. The team at Philips was led by Lou Ottens in Hasselt, Philips was competing with Telefunken and Grundig in a race to establish its cassette tape as the worldwide standard, and it wanted support from Japanese electronics manufacturers. However, the Philips Compact Cassette became dominant as a result of Philips decision to license the format free of charge, Philips also released the Norelco Carry-Corder 150 recorder/player in the US in November 1964. By 1966 over 250,000 recorders had been sold in the US alone, by 1968,85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million players. By the end of the 1960s, the business was worth an estimated 150 million dollars. In the early years sound quality was mediocre, but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when it caught up with the quality of 8-track tape, the Compact Cassette went on to become a popular alternative to the 12-inch vinyl LP during the late 1970s. The mass production of blank Compact Cassettes began in 1964 in Hanover, prerecorded music cassettes were launched in Europe in late 1965
41.
Peter Pan Records
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Peter Pan Records was a record label specializing in childrens music. The label was introduced to the public in March 1948, the label was owned by the Synthetic Plastics Company of Newark, New Jersey until the 1970s. The label became one of the largest and most successful childrens specialty record labels in America, Peter Pan enjoyed their greatest success as a childrens label during the 1950s. Many of their most famous releases were issued on 78-RPM 7-inch records, both songs and stories were released. Releases credited a variety of performers, including Dick Edwards with the Peter Pan Chorus and Orchestra, the Caroleer Singers, the label was notable for its series of book-and-record sets, combining an illustrated storybook with a vinyl record that contained music and narration by your Peter Pan Storyteller. Cartoon characters such as Bugs Bunny, Popeye the Sailor Man, The Flintstones, Bozo the Clown, Scooby-Doo and Casper the Friendly Ghost were often subjects, or stars of stories. Also notable was the run of Irwin the Disco Duck albums. Peter Pan Records was spun off into its own entity, Peter Pan Industries, in the early 1990s, while keeping its primary asset alive, Peter Pan Industries branched into music releases not aimed at the childrens market. PPI Entertainment Group changed its name yet again in the year 2006 to Inspired Studios from West Palm Bach, Power Records was a related label, featuring characters licensed from DC Comics and Marvel Comics, and contemporary television series, in stories geared toward older children. The book-and-record sets frequently featured original 20-page comic books along with an extended-play 7 record of the story, playing the record while reading along in the book brought the story to life through music and sound effects. There were also other 7 single releases, besides book-and-record sets, LPs were produced, featuring the recorded stories without illustrations. As of 2010, none of the Power Records material has been re-released for CD or digital media due to copyright issues
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