1.
Copenhagen
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Copenhagen, Danish, København, Latin, Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. Copenhagen has an population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants, the city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road, originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a centre of power with its institutions, defences. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century and this included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing, since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark, Copenhagens economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö. With a number of connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs, the annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world, the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train network connects central Copenhagen to its outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries, the name of the city reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name derives, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning merchants harbour, the literal English translation would be Chapmans haven. The English name for the city was adapted from its Low German name, the abbreviations Kbh. or Kbhvn are often used in Danish for København, and kbh. for københavnsk. The chemical element hafnium is named for Copenhagen, where it was discovered, the bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen named it in 1954. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, the remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen
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Superflex
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Superflex is a Danish artists group founded in 1993 by Jakob Fenger, Rasmus Nielsen and Bjørnstjerne Christiansen. Superflex describe their projects as Tools, as proposals that invite people to participate in, often the projects are assisted by experts who bring in their special interest, these tools can then be further used and modified by their users. Often their projects are related to economic forces, democratic production conditions, Superflex has gained international recognition for their projects. They contributed to the exhibition Rethink Kakotopia shown at the Nikolaj Centre of Contemporary Art in Copenhagen 2009, burning Car Flooded McDonalds The Financial Crisis Modern Times Forever An Artist with 6 Legs Editor, Pernille Albrethsen. 336 pages, ISBN 978-87-88944-97-6 Published by Kunsthal Charlottenborg 2014 Superflex The Corrupt Show Editor,224 pages, Format,225 x 265 mm, Publication date, October 2013. ISBN 978-91-87543-02-9 Tools Editor Babara Steiner in cooperation with Superdesign, Published by Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König 2003. ISBN 3-88375-612-1 Self-organisation/Counter-economic Strategies Edited by Will Bradley, Mika Hannula, Cristina Ricupero, while the red square designates the modern, urban life with café, music and sports, the black market is the classic square with fountain and benches. The green park is a park for picnics, sports and walking the dog, the people living in the vicinity of the park are of more than 50 nationalities. These objects were chosen from a country of the national origin or from somewhere else encountered through traveling. The objects were produced in a 1,1 copy or bought, five groups traveled to Palestine, Spain, Thailand, Texas and Jamaica in order to acquire five objects. The objects have been installed throughout the park, the park has more than 100 objects from than 50 countries. Commissioned by the City of Copenhagen and Realdania, the concept for Superkilen was developed by Superflex in collaboration with architectural firms Bjarke Ingels Group, Power Toilets is a permanent public art work erected on a beach in the recreation area Park van Luna in Heerhugowaard, The Netherlands. Typical for the 1950s corporate style the design includes marble, big mirrors, stainless steel, yellow tiles, grey anthracite mosaic floor tiles. Power Toilets was designed in collaboration with Nezu Aymo architects, contractors, Bouwbedrijf Gerrits and Sinnige b. v. and Sculpfiction. Statens kunstfonds 3 årige arbejdslegat, Denmark 2000, the Great Indoors Award, Frame Magazine 2011. AIA - American Institute of Architects -2013 Institute Honor Awards for Regional and Urban Design, ARCHITECT MAGAZINE - Design Review 2013 Citation - Category, Play,2013. IEDC - International Economic Development Council Promotional awards,2012, mvdR Prize - Mies van der Rohe Prize 2013 - Finalist. Carl Nielsen and Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen Award 2014, Superflex Free Beer Guaraná Power Copyshop Supergas Eating in Public Fallen Fruit Stealing Free Beer
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Bjarke Ingels Group
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The office is currently involved in a large number of projects throughout Europe, North America, Asia and the Middle East. As of 2016, the office has over 400 employees from 25 countries, bjarke Ingels and Julien De Smedt established PLOT in Copenhagen in January 2001, as a focus for their architectural practice. Ingels established BIG in late 2005 after he and De Smedt closed down PLOT and this drew acclaim for its first completed commission, the Mountain, a residential project in Copenhagen which had been started by PLOT. In 2010, they opened a office in New York City. In 2015, BIG added four new partners, Beat Schenk and Daniel Sundlin in New York and Brian Yang, in May 2016, BIG partnered with Hyperloop One, Deutsche Bahn, and SYSTRA to develop a test of the high-speed, low friction Hyperloop concept. Launched in 2014, the division is part R&D lab, part incubator for BIG design concepts that can be spun off into independent products or companies. The lab was founded to build the steam-ring generator for the Amager Bakke - the Copenhagen power plant with a ski slope on its roof - which will puff every time it emits a tonne of carbon dioxide. The first are scheduled to be built in Gothenburg, Sweden in 2016, other projects include Fingerprint Façade, Window Garden, and a gigantic Tesla coil for the Battersea Power Station in London. C. C
4.
Landscape architecture
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Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in the landscape. A practitioner in the profession of architecture is called a landscape architect. The most valuable contribution can be made at the first stage of a project to generate ideas with technical understanding and creative flair for the design, organization, and use of spaces. The landscape architect can conceive the concept and prepare the master plan, from which detailed design drawings. They can also review proposals to authorize and supervise contracts for the construction work, other skills include preparing design impact assessments, conducting environmental assessments and audits, and serving as an expert witness at inquiries on land use issues. e. They often work in forestry, nature conservation and agriculture, Landscape scientists have specialist skills such as soil science, hydrology, geomorphology or botany that they relate to the practical problems of landscape work. Their projects can range from surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas for planning or management purposes. They may also report on the impact of development or the importance of species in a given area. Landscape planners are concerned with planning for the location, scenic, ecological and recreational aspects of urban. Some may also apply an additional specialism such as landscape archaeology or law to the process of landscape planning, green roof designers design extensive and intensive roof gardens for storm water management, evapo-transpirative cooling, sustainable architecture, aesthetics, and habitat creation. An example is the work by André Le Nôtre at Vaux-le-Vicomte for King Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles. The first person to write of making a landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712, the term landscape architecture was invented by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828, and John Claudius Loudon was instrumental in the adoption of the term landscape architecture by the modern profession. He took up the term from Meason and gave it publicity in his Encyclopedias and in his 1840 book on the Landscape Gardening, the practice of landscape architecture spread from the Old to the New World. IFLA was founded at Cambridge, England, in 1948 with Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe as its first president, representing 15 countries from Europe, later, in 1978, IFLAs Headquarters were established in Versailles. Through the 19th century, urban planning became a focal point, the combination of the tradition of landscape gardening and the emerging field of urban planning offered Landscape Architecture an opportunity to serve these needs. In the second half of the century, Frederick Law Olmsted completed a series of parks which continue to have an influence on the practices of Landscape Architecture today. Among these were Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York, jens Jensen designed sophisticated and naturalistic urban and regional parks for Chicago, Illinois, and private estates for the Ford family including Fair Lane and Gaukler Point
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Copenhagen Municipality
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Their combined population stands at 763,908. The Municipality of Copenhagen is the most populous in the country with a population of 602,481 inhabitants, the municipal seat of government is the Copenhagen City Hall. The Lord Mayor of Copenhagen is Frank Jensen, since 2010, the relationship between Copenhagen Municipality and the wider city of Copenhagen is one of an administrative unit within a significantly larger city, cf. the City of London or the City of Brussels. In the Middle Ages, Copenhagen was defined as the area enclosed within the city walls, the city centre lies in the area originally defined by the old ramparts, which are still referred to as the Fortification Ring and kept as a partial green band around it. In 1856 the ramparts were pulled down allowing for growth and expansion, in 1901 the city expanded to include Amager and Valby, while Frederiksberg became an enclave within the municipality. The Finger Plan in the half of the 20th century led to expansion outside of the municipal boundary. Copenhagen Municipality was one of the three last Danish municipalities not belonging to a county, the others being Frederiksberg Municipality and Bornholm, on 1 January 2007, the municipality lost its county privileges and became part of Region Hovedstaden. Copenhagen Municipality is a division covering the central city and certain additional areas. It encloses Frederiksberg Municipality and stretches east to the waterfront, neighboring municipalities are Gentofte, Gladsaxe and Herlev to the north, Rødovre and Hvidovre to the west, and Tårnby to the south. The City Hall Square is the old centre of the city, from which an old shopping street leads northeast to Kongens Nytorv, christiansborg Palace, which houses the Danish parliament, is located on the islet of Slotsholmen. The municipality is divided into ten administrative, statistical and tax districts, the suffix -bro in the names Østerbro, Nørrebro, Vesterbro and Amagerbro should not be confused with the Danish word for bridge, which is also bro. The term is thought to be an abbreviation or short form of the Danish word brolagt meaning paved, the two figures for 1 February 1901 are before and after the municipality annexed some nearby parishes. The apparent decline since the mid-1900s are due to the figures not including the suburban and urban areas - notably Frederiksberg - outside Copenhagen municipality, Copenhagen Municipality is distinct from the wider Copenhagen urban area. The seat of Copenhagens municipal council is the Copenhagen City Hall, the council is chaired by the Lord Mayor—currently Frank Jensen—who oversees the civic duties of the fifty-five representatives of the council. The council usually meets every week at 17,30 on a Thursday. All members of the council are elected every four years, in the municipal elections in November 2013, the Social Democrats remained in first place with 27. 8% of the vote, while the Red-Green Alliance was in second place with 19. 5%. The Social Democrats have claimed the office of mayor for the past 110 years and it has six political committees and a finance committee. The annual budget for the city is proposed in August and finalized in October, the accounting firm Deloitte is responsible for auditing the City of Copenhagens accounts
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Realdania
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Realdania is a private association in Denmark which supports philanthropic projects in the realms of architecture and planning. Realdania is often called a private charitable foundation, but Realdanias legal structure is that of an association operating as a business. Only owners of real estate in Denmark can become members of Realdania, Realdanias closed structure has provoked criticism, and the associations funds has been called stray billions since they are controlled by a small network of people. Its activity is concentrated on supporting projects in architecture and the environment and is focused on three areas, cities, buildings and architectural heritage. Realkredit Danmark was owned and controlled by its members, and this structure was kept in Realdania, at the end of 2011 Realdanias endowment stood at EUR2.1 billion. Realdania Development and Change Architecture of Denmark List of wealthiest charitable foundations Jørgen Nue Møller, penge til Huse - Fra kreditforening til filantropisk virksomhed
7.
American Institute of Architects
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The American Institute of Architects is a professional organization for architects in the United States. The AIA also works with members of the design and construction team to help coordinate the building industry. The AIA is currently headed by Robert Ivy, FAIA as EVP/Chief Executive Officer and Thomas V. Vonier, wells, with Richard Upjohn serving as the first president. They met on February 23,1857 and decided to invite 16 other prominent architects to join them, including Alexander Jackson Davis, Thomas U. Prior to their establishment of the AIA, anyone could claim to be an architect and they drafted a constitution and bylaws by March 10,1857, under the name New York Society of Architects. Walter, of Philadelphia, later suggested the name be changed to American Institute of Architects, the members signed the new constitution on April 15,1857, having filed a certificate of incorporation two days earlier. As of 2008, AIA has more than 300 chapters, the AIA is headquartered at 1735 New York Avenue, NW in Washington, D. C. A design competition was held in the mid-1960s to select an architect for a new AIA headquarters in Washington, mitchell/Giurgola won the design competition but failed to get approval of the design concept from the United States Commission of Fine Arts. The firm resigned the commission and helped select The Architects Collaborative to redesign the building, the design, led by TAC principals Norman Fletcher and Howard Elkus, was ultimately approved in 1970 and completed in 1973. More than 90,000 licensed architects and associated professionals are members, AIA members adhere to a code of ethics and professional conduct intended to assure clients, the public, and colleagues of an architects dedication to the highest standards in professional practice. There are five levels of membership in the AIA, Architect members are licensed to practice architecture in the United States, international associate members hold an architecture license or the equivalent from a licensing authority outside the United States. Emeritus members have been AIA members for 15 successive years and are at least 65 years of age or are incapacitated, allied membership is a partnership with the AIA and the American Architectural Foundation. The AIA’s most prestigious honor is the designation of a member as a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects and this membership is awarded to members who have made contributions of national significance to the profession. Slightly more than 2,600, or 2% of all members, have elevated to the AIA College of Fellows. Foreign architects of prominence may be elected to the College as Honorary Fellows of the AIA, the AIA is governed by a Board of Directors and has a staff of over 200 full-time employees. Although the AIA functions as an organization, at its heart are some 300 local. The components are spread throughout the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, Japan, by speaking with a united voice, AIA architects influence government practices that affect the practice of the profession and the quality of American life. The AIA monitors legislative and regulatory actions and uses the power of its membership to participate in decisionmaking by federal, state
8.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
9.
European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture
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The Prize was created in 1987 as equal partnerships between the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Fundació Mies van der Rohe. The award is open to all the works completed in Europe within the period before the granting of the Prize. These works are submitted by independent experts, the national architecture associations, the five finalist works are visited by the Jury who chooses a Prize Winner and an Emerging Architect Winner. As of 2016, a new category, the Young Talent Architecture Award, highlights the final projects of recently graduated architects, landscape architects. List of architecture prizes YTAA website Fundació Mies van der Rohe website Creative Europe website
10.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
11.
Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen
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Copenhagen is a green city well endowed with open spaces. It has an extensive and well-distributed system of parks that act as venues for an array of events. As a supplement to the parks, there are a number of congenial public gardens. It is official policy in Copenhagen that all citizens by 2015 must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes. Kings Garden, the garden of Rosenborg Castle, is the oldest and most visited park in Copenhagen and its landscaping was commenced by Christian IV in 1606. Every year it more than 2.5 million visitors. It also serves as a garden with a permanent display of sculptures as well as temporary exhibits during summer. Just north of Kings Garden a series of make up a green strand running right through the centre of the city. Fælledparken in the part of the city is, at 58 hectares. Another popular park is the Frederiksberg Gardens, which is a 32-hectare romantic landscape park and it houses a large colony of very tame grey herons along with other waterfowl. The park also offers views of the elephants and the elephant house, designed by the world-famous British architect Norman Foster, some of Copenhagens newer parks draw from their position by the water. Amager Beach Park was founded in 1934, but in 2005 a 2. 4-kilometre-long artificial island was added, separated from the beach by a lagoon crossed by three bridges. It is official policy in Copenhagen that all citizens by 2015 must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes. In line with policy, several new parks are under development in areas poor in green spaces. One of those recently completed is Superkilen, a park for the ethnic inhabitants of the Nørrebro district of Copenhagen. Besides the regular parks, a number of open to the general public serve as important green spaces in central Copenhagen. Now open to the public during daytime, characteristic of Copenhagen is that a number of cemeteries double as parks, though only for the more quiet activities such as sunbathing, reading and meditation. Assistens Cemetery, the place of Hans Christian Andersen among others, is an important green space for the district of Inner Nørrebro
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Amaliehaven
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Amaliehaven is a small park located between Amalienborg Palace and the waterfront in the Frederiksstaden neighbourhood of central Copenhagen, Denmark. A relatively new park, it was established in 1983 as a gift from the A. P. Møller, the park is now part of the so-called Frederiksgade axis, the shorter but more distinctive of the two axes on which Frederiksstaden is centred. Amaliehaven is located on a site where there used to be an established in 1802 by a wealthy ship-owner named Lars Larsen. The shipyard and its large lumberyard were situated right beside Amalienborg Palace, in 1898 the Thingvalla Line was acquired by DFDS, another Danish based shipping company, and the Scandinavian-American passenger service was operated under the name Scandinavian America Line. The park is the result of a donation from the A. P. Møller, construction started in 1981 and it was inaugurated in 1983. The garden was designed by the Belgian landscape architect Jean Delogne, amaliehaven is a rectangular park built to a stringent, symmetrical design centred on a large fountain to respect and accentuate the Frederiksgade axis which unifies the entire area. On both sides of the fountain, the gardens continue on two levels, with shrubs and walls enclosing it from the waterfront on one side and the street on the other. The garden abounds with different varieties of plants and fragrant flowers whose colours, japanese cherry trees, blooming in April, plays a particularly distinctive role among the parks vegetation. Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen
13.
Christianshavns Vold
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Christianshavns Vold is a former rampart which was part of the bastioned fortification ring which used to surround Copenhagen, Denmark. Running along the full perimeter of Christianshavn and Holmen, it used to form a protective barrier towards the island of Amager. It consists of earthworks with 12 bastions and in front of it ran a moat, Stadsgraven, on the other side of Stadsgraven. On Amager, was a system of outworks called Christianshavns Enveloppe of which only the northern half survives. Along with Kastellet on the side of the harbour, it is the only intact part of the fortification system. Today Christianshavns Vold serves as an important greenspace for Christianshavns inhabitants, the southern half of the rampart is a municipal park whereas the northern portion is part of Freetown Christiania, a self-built, semi-autonomous community which has existed since the early 1970s. Part of Christiania is located on the far side of Stadsgraven, the town was laid out with low earthworks facing Amager. The rampart was constructed with four and a half bastions and a city gate, known as Amagerport, through which all traffic to, in the 1670s, when Vestervold was extended to reach the sea, Christiansvold was moved and extended to match the new course of Vestervold. Only the two northernmost bastions, today known as Løvens Bastion and Elefantens Bastion, remained on their original location, the new Christianshavns Vold had 5 very large bastions. Around the entire complex was a moat with a protecting counterscarp, from 1682-92 Christianshavns Vold was again extended this time in northwards, to guard the entrance to the harbour and protect the new base for the Royal Fleet at what was to become known as Nyholm. The extension included 7 new bastions, named for members of the Royal family, the last extension of Christianshavns Vold was constructed as late as 1878-82, when a rampart was constructed along the eastside of the newly reclaimed Refshaleø. Kalvebod Bastion takes its name after Kalveboderne, the waters which were located to the south of Copenhagen in what is now its Southern Docklands. Magasinbygningen, the larger of the two, is a two-storey, L-shaped storage building from 1800, the other one is a small forge from 1757. Both are today owned by Karberghus, a privately owned property which mainly invests in historic properties, the bastion contains a gunpowder magazine from c.1675 which was formerly used as a storage space by Copenhagen Municipalitys park authority. It now serves as club house for Qajaq København, a kayak cluv, the bastion has for centuries also housed various industrial enterprises. A large defunct chimney is left at the site, panterens Bastion contains a former military training facility for shooting with hand guns. The buildings, a complex of red brick buildings, has now converted into apartments. Am unnamed footbridge connects the bastion to Amager Boulevard on the side of Stadsgraven
14.
University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden
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The University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden, usually referred to simply as Copenhagen Botanical Garden, is a botanical garden located in the centre of Copenhagen, Denmark. It covers an area of 10 hectares and is noted for its extensive complex of historical glasshouses dating from 1874. The garden is part of the Natural History Museum of Denmark and it serves both research, educational and recreational purposes. The botanical garden was first established in 1600 but it was moved twice before it was given its current location in 1870. It was probably founded to secure a collection of Danish medicinal plants after the Reformation had seen many convents, the first garden, known as Hortus Medicus, was created on 2 August 1600 by royal charter on a piece of land donated by the king, Christian IV. It was located in Skidenstræde and a residence for one of the professors of the university was built at the site. It rested upon the professor in residence to maintain the garden, the smaller western section, covering just under half a hectare, was equipped with a greenhouse while the eastern section remained largely unplanted. The garden was opened to the public in 1763, in 1770 part of Oeders Garden was put at the disposal of the Universitys botanical garden. The preceding year Christian VII had donated 2,500 thaler to the University and this had created the economical foundation for an enlargement but since there was no space for it at its original address, the off-site solution was ultimately opted for. Oeder became the Botanical Gardens first director, oeder was fired in 1771 in connection with the Johann Friedrich Struensee affair. Plans for this garden received royal approval on 22 July 1778 and it was to have two directors, one appointed by the University and the other by the King. The first University appointment to this post was Christian Friis Rottbøll, who had managed the garden since Oeders retirement. At the same event, a professor was employed at the garden. The first to hold this chair was Martin Vahl, who played a part in moving the plants from Oeders Garden to Charlottenborg Garden. In 1817, the model with a double directorship was abandoned when Jens Wilken Hornemann was made the director of the garden. At this stage the garden encompassed approximately 1.6 hectares in a low, waterlogged area that was bounded by Charlottenborg, Nyhavn, the Mint and Bremerholm. A main building was erected along the Nyhavn cabal, housing both a museum, a library and residences for the director and a botanical gardener. There were also facilities for the storage of sensitive plants during winter, the gardens first greenhouse, Guiones Koldhus, was erected in 1784
15.
Rosenborg Castle Gardens
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Rosenborg Castle Gardens is the oldest and most visited park in central Copenhagen, Denmark. The park also plays host to art exhibitions and other events such as concerts throughout the summer. A drawing by Otto Heider from 1649, the oldest dated garden plan from Denmark, the garden contained a pavilion, statues, a fountain and various other features. Its plants included mulberries, wine, apples, pears, later in the century, as fashions changed, the garden was redesigned. A garden plan from 1669 show a garden maze, a feature of the Baroque garden. It had a system of paths which led to a central space with an octagonal summerhouse in its centre. The 12-hectare park is bounded by the streets Gothersgade, Øster Voldgade, Sølvgade and Kronprinsessegade, Rosenborg Castle is located in the north-western section of the park and is surrounded by a moat on three sides. The two main entrance are the Kings Gate at the corner of Gothersgade and Kronprinsessegade, and the Queens Gate at the corner of Øster Voldgade and Sølvgade, there are also four other entrances to the park. The tree-lined avenues were planted as part of Kriegers Baroque garden, special sections include the PerennialsGarden in front of the wall along Sølvgade and the Rose Garden. Rosenborg Barracks is located on the corner of Gothersgade and Øster Voldgade and was originally a pavilion, in 1709 they were built together to form one large orangery complex and in 1743 it was redesigned into the Baroque style by Johan Cornelius Krieger. From 1885 to 1886 it was converted for use by the Royal Life Guard by Engineer Officer Ernst Peymann, in 1985 they moved to new premises at Høvelte between Allerød and Birkerød and since Rosenborg Barracks has only housed guards on duty at Copenhagen. The Commandants House is located just left of the entrance to Rosenborg Castle. It was built from 1760 to 1763 to designs by Jacob Fortling, today the building plays host to special exhibitions. The building is used as an exhibition space. It was built in 1688 and extended with a story in 1777. The gateway affords access to the park, the Gartners House is attached to Slotsforvalterboligen. It was built around the same time The Hercules Pavilion stands at the end of Kavalergangen and it is flanked by two smaller niches with statues of Orpheus and Eurydice. The three statues were made by the Italian sculptor Giovanni Baratta and acquired by Frederik IV during his visit to Italy, along Kronprinsessegade and parts of Gothersgade, the park is enclosed by a wrought-iron grill incorporating 16 small pavilions, which opens to the street side
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Royal Library Garden, Copenhagen
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It has a reputation for being one of the most tranquil spots in the city centre. The garden has a water basin with a water feature in the middle, blooming flower beds. It is accessible from the courtyard at Christiansborgs show grounds, the Library Garden is located on top of the former site of Christian IVs old Naval Harbour. The harbour was flanked by a housing the Tøjhus Museum—and a supply depot. Later the Navy was moved to Holmens Kanal and the old harbour was filled in 1867, the garden was designed in 1920 by landscape gardener Jens Peder Andersen and Christiansborgs architect Thorvald Jørgensen. The garden has a pool at its centre. In the middle of it stands an eight-metre-high copper sculpture which spouts out cascades of water on the hour, a 1918 bronze statue of Søren Kierkegaard by sculptor Louis Hasselriis is located in the middle of the gardens. Kierkegaard appears absorbed in his own thoughts with his gaze directed towards a point on the side of the wall where his fiancée. The wide variety of flowers in the change with the seasons. Visitors can enjoy the view from rows of benches in the shade of the trees or from out in the sun along the wall between the gardens and the yard to the Danish National Archives. Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen
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Tivoli Gardens
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Tivoli Gardens is a famous amusement park and pleasure garden in Copenhagen, Denmark. The park opened on 15 August 1843 and is the second-oldest operating amusement park in the world, after Dyrehavsbakken in nearby Klampenborg, also in Denmark. The amusement park was first called Tivoli & Vauxhall, Tivoli alluding to the Jardin de Tivoli in Paris and it is also mentioned in various books, like Number the Stars by Lois Lowry. Tivolis founder, Georg Carstensen, obtained a charter to create Tivoli by telling King Christian VIII that when the people are amusing themselves. The monarch granted Carstensen use of roughly 15 acres of the glacis outside Vesterport for an annual rent. Therefore, until the 1850s, Tivoli was outside the city, after dark, colored lamps illuminated the gardens. On certain evenings, specially designed fireworks could be reflected in Tivolis lake. Composer Hans Christian Lumbye was Tivolis musical director from 1843 to 1872, Lumbye was inspired by Viennese waltz composers like the Strauss family, and became known as the Strauss of the North. Many of his compositions are inspired by the gardens, including Salute to the Ticket Holders of Tivoli, Carnival Joys. The Tivoli Symphony Orchestra still performs many of his works, in 1874, Chinese style Pantomimeteatret took the place of an older smaller theatre. The audience stands in the open, the stage being inside the building, the theatres curtain is a mechanical peacocks tail. From the very beginning, the theatre was the home of Italian pantomimes, the absence of spoken dialogue is an advantage, as Tivoli is now an international tourist attraction. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Tivoli also hosted human exhibitions, in 1943, Nazi sympathisers burnt many of Tivolis buildings, including the concert hall, to the ground. Temporary buildings were constructed in their place and the park was back in operation after a few weeks, Tivoli is always evolving without abandoning its original charm or traditions. It will continue to grow as long as there is left in the world. In Swedish, tivoli has become synonymous with any amusement park, the park is best known for its wooden roller coaster, Rutschebanen, or as some people call it, Bjergbanen, built in 1914. It is one of worlds oldest wooden coasters that is still operating today. An operator controls the ride by braking down the hills so it wont gain too much speed and it is an ACE Coaster Classic
18.
Amager Strandpark
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Amager Strandpark is a seaside public park in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is located on the island of Amager and includes an artificial island, from the beach, the Middelgrunden wind farm can be seen on the horizon. The park was founded in 1934 and in 2005 a 2 km-long artificial island was added, the island is separated from the original beach by a lagoon which is crossed by three bridges. The northern section has a beach environment with winding paths, broad sandy beaches. The southern section offers a so-called city beach with a broad promenade, there is also a small marina and parking facilities at the southern end. The lagoon has low-water areas for children as well as a 1,000 m swimming course, the area is used for, runners, swimmers and kayakers, among many others. From a small headland, it is possible to go diving, there is also an area for outdoor fitness training. A grassy area at the end of the park, known as femøren, is often used for open-air rock concerts in summer. There are also many Danish skaters, who skate there, the American pro skater Torey Pudwill also has a picture-ad, where he kick-flips down double set stairs at Bunker 2. Øresund is a strait which allows rather fast temperature rises. Possible bathing season is between mid-May and mid-September, however, to reach fairly good bathing temperatures in the afternoons, air temperature needs to be above 25 °C for about a week in May, while just a few days of heat is enough in August. During longer heat waves, water temperatures rise above 22 °C during the period of late June until early September. The water quality is very good. All local outlets to Øresund has been cleaned and disinfected since the 1970s. Water salinity is highly dependent on the current, with northbound current salinity may drop down a bit below 10 PSU, but with southbound current salinity rises to above 25 PCU, not so far from the northern Atlantic salinity of 30–33 PCU. The park is served by three stations, Øresund station to the north, Femøren station to the south. All stations are on the M2 line of the Copenhagen Metro and it is also easily reached on bicycle in about 15 minutes from the city centre. Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen Copenhagen Harbour Baths Bellevue Beach Official website
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Havneparken
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Havneparken is a public park located directly on the waterfront in the district of Islands Brygge in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It is one of the most lively and popular places along the Copenhagen harbourfront, the park is also the location of the Islands Brygge Cultural Centre and the Islands Brygge Harbour Bath. The first plans to transform the area into a park was conceived by local grassroots in 1978, in 1983-84, an area of 1 hectare, located just south of Langebro, was put at the disposal of Islands Brygge Local Council. In 1995, the park was extended with an additional 2,8 hectares of waterfront, in 2002 a temporary harbour bath was constructed and the following year, it was replaced by a larger and permanent harbour bath. Islands Brygge Cultural Centre is a community centre, located in the middle of the Harbour Park. It was built in 2000 as a replacement for a cultural centre that was demolished as part of the redevelopment of the northernmost part of the Islands Brygge neighbourhood. The centre has a restaurant and arranges a multitude of cultural activities, islandsbrygge Harbour Bath is a public swimming facility, located in the water off the northern part of the park. Built to the design of architects Julien de Smedt and Bjarke Ingels in 2003, it has a total of 5 pools, there are two pools dedicated to children, two 50 metre pools for swimming and a diving pool with three and five metre springboards. Pinen is a bandstand, constructed by resting a hull turned upside-down on two columns, the ship is a former Limfjord ferry, Pinen, built in 1954. It operated between the island Mors and the Salling Peninsula until 1978, when the Sallingsund Bridge was constructed, Pinen was torn down 2011 after 15 years of neglected repair. In the redevelopment of the area, a number of existing industrial structures was preserved and incorporated into the design of the park. This was done to commemorate the history of the site and to create a sense of place, havneparken is one of the most popular places in Copenhagen to enjoy good weather and the quayside serves as an esplanade popular with strollers. Apart from swimming at the bath, the park also contains facilities for a number of other sports. These include facilities for skateboarding and streetbasket as well as beach volleyball, the park also has a playground. The park is home to many open-air concerts, either performed at the bandstand or a variety of other locations. Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen
20.
Kastrup Strandpark
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Kastrup Strandpark is a waterfront park on the east coast of Amager in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is situated between the larger Amager Strandpark to the north and the National Aquarium Denmark and the Scanport development to the south, the park was established on reclaimed land in connection with the construction of the new Kastrup Marina. The project was designed by Friis & Moltke in collaboration with the landscape architect Erik Mygind, Kastrup Sea Bath was built in 204–05 to a design by White Architects. It consists of the building on the water, a new beach and a service building with lavatories. In 2009 it received a medal from the olympic committee in the swimming venues category. Two sculptures are found in the park, an unnamed sculpture by Søren Georg Jensen was donated by Louisiana Museum of Modern Art in 1981. Jørgen Haugen Sørensens granite sculpture Kolossen is a donation from the Ny Carlsberg Foundation and it is 7.2 metres tall and weights 69 tons
21.
Bispebjerg
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Bispebjerg, more commonly referred to as Nordvest, is one of the 10 official districts of Copenhagen, Denmark. Located on the border of the municipality, it covers an area of 5.39 km². More specifically, Bispebjerg refers to a neighbourhood within the district. Bispebjerg covers an area of 5.39 km² and has a population of 40,033, the name Bispebjerg is known from 1681 as Biszebierg. A windmill was built in the area in 1808, Bispebjerg was together with the rest of Brønshøj merged with Copenhagen in 1901. Bispebjerg Cemetery opened in 1903 and Bispebjerg Hospital was built between 1908 and 1913, the district was generally built over with a combination of residential neighbourhoods and industry in the 1920s and 1930s. Bispebjerg station Bispebjerg Hospital City of Copenhagen’s statistical office Map of so-called ghetto areas in central Copenhagen
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Bispebjerg Cemetery
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Bispebjerg Cemetery, established in 1903 on the moderately graded north slope of Bispebjerg Hill, is the youngest of five municipal cemeteries in Copenhagen, Denmark. The main entrance to the cemetery is located in front of the monumental Grundtvigs Church from, a tall poplar avenue extends from the main entrance towards Utterslev Mose in the west. The old chapel has been converted into a centre for dance and is now known as Dansekapellet, Bispebjerg Cemetery was established in 1903 to release the pressure on Copenhagens other cemeteries. The plan was designed by Edvard Glæsel, the architect Andreas Clemmensen had designed most of the buildings in the cemetery. Clemmensen also designed the East Chapel which was extended by Tyge Hvass in 1930, the old crematory was designed by Holger Jacobsen as the result of an architectural competition. The building was completed in 1907 with inspiration from Roman architecture, and later extended in 1915-16 and 1932-34. The building has now converted into a venue for modern dance. Holger Jacobsen has also designed a cluster of buildings in the corner of the cemetery. They date from 1916 and were used for purposes and personnel. Tyge Hvass added a building in 1935 and was also responsible for a larger extension of Jacobsens buildings I1945. A new crematory was inaugurated on 14 January 2003, the building was designed by Friis & Moltke. The old communal burial site features a monument by Holger Jacobsen, the new communal burial site features a sculpture by Knud Nellemose. The Swedish section was established in 1927 and moved to the current location in Section 5 in 1957 and it was designed by Sven-Ingvar Andersson. Other special sections are dedicated to Swedish, Russian, Catholic, there is also a columbarium with a special room dedicated to Buddhist urns. In the southwestern corner of the cemetery is a dedicated to Danish soldiers, police officers. The complex was designed by city architect Poul Holsøe and features a monument created by the sculptor Povl Søndergaard, another monument commemorates the resistance fighters who died at two incidents on 29 August 1943 and 19 September 1944. It was designed by Povl Søndergaard in 1947, the area also features a group of graves of British soldiers with traditional British headstones and a Cross of Sacrifice. Many of the interred were members of British aircraft that were shot down over Zealand
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Utterslev Mose
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It is surrounded by the neighbourhoods Brønshøj, Tingbjerg, Utterslev, Søborg and Emdrup. It is known for its bird life and has a dense network of walking and cycling trails. Utterslev Mose was originally one big, shallow-watered lake which formed at the end of the last Ice Age and it was used in Copenhagens water supply from the 16th century until 1849. It has also used for peat harvesting. Utterslev Mose was formally part of the West Wall a defensive line around Copenhagen that was part of the fortifications of Copenhagen, the west wall was closed in 1920 and turned into a recreational area. Utterslev Mose was converted into a park between 1939 and 1943. Lakes were dug out, canals established and a number of reed islands created to provide nesting grounds for wild birds, the park was protected in 2000. Utterslev Mose has an area of 200 hectares of which 97 hectares are covered by water, a circuit of the three lakes Vestmosen, Midtmosen and Østmosen as well as Højmosen in the northeastern corner is about nine kilometres long. Utterslev Mose has a population of wild birds. Utterslev Utteslev Mose - Copenhagen Municipality Website
24.
Frederiksberg Gardens
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Frederiksberg Gardens is one of the largest and most attractive greenspaces in Copenhagen, Denmark. Together with the adjacent Søndermarken it forms an area of 64 hectares at the western edge of Inner Copenhagen. It is a landscape garden designed in the English style. Frederiksberg Gardens was established by King Frederik IV in connection with the construction of Frederiksberg Palace as his new summer retreat on high grounds atop Valby Hill. Work on the began in the last half of the 1690s with inspiration from Italy and France which Frederick. He commissioned the eminent Swedish architect Nicodemus Tessin to draw a proposal and the plan was subsequently made by Hans Heinrich Scheel. The plan involved a parterre with a system of cascades on the sloping terrain in front of the new palace. It was fed by a complicated but inefficient system of pumps which never came to work properly. In the end, Johan Cornelius Krieger, who was at the time working on an extension and adaption of Fredensborg Palace. Unusually of the time, he gave up the parterre completely, in the 1790s, as fashion changed, the park was adapted into an English landscape garden. P. Petersen created a new plan in 1795. He created a typical English-style landscape garden with winding lawns, lakes, canals and spinneys as well as grottos, temples, pavilions, the final result may well have been based on Johan Ludwig Mansas book on English-style gardening written in 1798. Frederik VI was particularly fond of the garden, from 1804, he sailed the canals in a gondola. Not until 1865 did access to the park become unrestricted, in line with what was the case elsewhere in the city, smørrebrødsplænen, on the corner of Toskildevej and Pile Allé, where K. B. s tennis halls are today, became a popular picnic destination. Frederiksberg Gardens is an English-style Romantic landscape garden with winding paths, canals, lakes, small islands, a large variety of plants and birds can be seen, including mute swans, greylag geese, mallards, grey herons, and Canada geese. Typically of the landscape garden, the park houses two follies, waterfalls, grottos and other garden features. The gate was designed by Lauritz de Thurah who had become general master builder after Eigtveds death, the vases at the top of the two sandstone pillars were executed by the sculptor Johann Friedrich Hännel. The gate opens to a path which passes between two long, yellow buildings with white details and they are the two surviving wings of the Princes House
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Royal Danish Horticultural Society's Garden
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It is situated on Frederiksberg Runddel, just left of the main entrance to Frederiksberg Gardens. The Royal Danish Horticultural Societys first garden was located further down Frederiksberg Allë, in 1882 it moved to its current location, on land which used to be part of Frederiksberg Palaces nursery and vegetable garden. The former palace gardens had just opened to the public after a century as the domain of the Danish royal family. Over the years, different areas have gradually restored and redesigned by some of the leading Danish landscape architects of their day. From 2001 to 2010 Jane Schul was director and principal architect of the garden and he has designed a section dedicated to different grasses, a water garden and a perennials garden. Brøndsalen is from 1885 and was built around a well where members of the local bourgeoisie came to water with supposed healing properties before taking a stroll in the gardens. The water was thought to be good for health as well as for the digestion and this activity took place from 5 to 9 pm and afterwards the building was at the disposal of the Society. The building was designed by Peter Christian Bønecke and he had previously designed J. C. Paradehuset is one of the oldest greenhouses in the Copenhagen and traces its history back to the time when the area was part of the palace gardens. When the Horticultural Society took over the site in 1882, one of the palaces old wineries was converted into a paradehus, a place for the exhibition of its many fine greenhouse plants. The building was modelled on the conservatories at Rosenborg Castles vegetable gardens, with a glass facade and roof facing south. Later the roof under the side has been replaced and the entrance re-constructed. In 2008 the chefs Jakob Mielcke Hansen and Jan Hurtigkarl opened the experimental gourmet restaurant Mielcke & Hurtigkarl in a listed 19th century building inside the gardens, the designers Henrik Vibskov, Margrethe Odgaard and others has created the avantgardistic interior design. Contrary to the trend in Danish gourmet cuisine, the restaurant is known for its innovative use of exotic ingredients from around the world. It offers an eight course avant garde menu and a four course menu and has received acclaim from Danish food critics. The restaurant has also hosted events with music and free food in the gardens. The garden is open to all day seven days a week. The Well Hall still plays host to a line of activities, including a popular, annual Christmas market
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Assistens Cemetery (Copenhagen)
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Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen, Denmark, is the burial site of a large number of Danish notables as well as an important greenspace in the Nørrebro district. Among the latter are the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Niels Bohr and a number of American jazz musicians who settled in Copenhagen during the 1950s and 1960s, including Ben Webster and Kenny Drew. The cemetery is one of five run by Copenhagen Municipality, the cemeteries are Vestre Cemetery, Brønshøj Cemetery, Sundby Cemetery. In Medieval times intramural interment was the rule although outdoor graveyards gradually became more common, in 1666 the Naval Holmens Cemetery was moved from its original location at Church of Holmen to a site outside the Eastern City Gate as the first burial facility to be located outside the city. An outbreak of plague in 1711 which killed an estimated 23,000 citizens put the burial sites under so much pressure that up to five coffins were sometimes buried on top of each other. After some negotiations it was decided to place it outside the Northern City Gate, the new cemetery was inaugurated on 6 November 1760. It was enclosed by a built by Philip de Lange. Originally the cemetery was intended as a ground for paupers. Simon, der dort Gräber ist, gesprochen habe and he was soon followed by other leading figures from the elite and the cemetery soon developed into the most mondain burial ground of the city. Around that time, excursions to the cemetery with picnic baskets and it is certainly one of the most beautiful graveyards in Europe. The excursions sometimes evolved into rowdy gatherings and legislation was passed to prevent this, a commission established in 1805 issued instructions which prohibited the consumption of food or drink as well as music or any other kind of cheerful behaviour in the cemetery. The gravediggers, who lived on the premises, were to enforce these restrictions, legislation from 1813 prohibited them to sell alcohol to visitors to the cemetery. Despite all these efforts, the peace and quiet was a long time in coming. For particularly grand funerals, crowds of spectators would gather, to reduce numbers of visitors, there was talk of introducing admission fees, but this was never carried out. The oldest part is Section A and features the graves of Søren Kierkegaard, Section D is dedicated to religious minorities, containing Roman Catholic and Reformed graves as well as Russian graves. Section E is the section which served under Church of Our Lady. Apart from the permanent exhibition, the museum contains an exhibition space for special exhibitions, a picture workshop for children and young people
27.
Jewish Northern Cemetery (Copenhagen)
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The Jewish Northern Cemetery in Nørrebro was formerly the principal Jewish cemetery in Copenhagen, Denmark. It has an area of 13,500 square metres and contains some 5,500 burials, the Jewish congregation in Copenhagen purchased a 900 square metre site outside the city for use as a burial site in the early 1690s. The oldest burial in the cemetery is from 1694, further acquisitions of land had brought the cemetery up to its current size by 1854 but it was still passed out of use when a new Jewish cemetery opened in connection with the new Vestre Cemetery. The brick wall which surrounds the cemetery on three sides, along Møllegade, Guldbergsgade and Birkegade, was built in 1873 to a design by Vilhelm Tvede. The cemetery was listed in 1983
28.
Churchillparken
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Churchillparken is a public park in Copenhagen, Denmark, occupying a tract of land between Kastellet, a 17th-century fortress, and the street Esplanaden. St. Albans Church, the Anglican church in Copenhagen, access to Kastellet through its main entrance, The Kings Gate, is also reached through the park. The grounds were part of the esplanade which surrounded Kastellet. In the 1880s, after Kastellet had lost its role in the defence of the city. After World War II the site was chosen as the home of the Museum of Danish Resistance which was completed in 1957. Over the next few years, several war memorials were erected in the area which finally, in 1965, the namesake of the park, Winston Churchill, is commemorated with a bust designed by Oscar Nemon from 1955. Another bust, designed by Svend Lindhard and placed outside the Resistance Museum, commemorates Major Anders Lassen, the only Dane to have received the Victoria Cross for his efforts in World War II. Lindhard is also the artist behind a Memorial to fallen Danish soldiers in the Allied Forces, which stands on Sjællands Ravelin and it depicts a soldier in English uniform. The park also features a statue of a valkyrie, a female figure in Norse mythology who chooses who will die and battle and brings her chosen to Valhalla. It was designed by Stephan Sinding and executed in Paris in 1908 but is based on a sketch from 1872. A smaller version in painted wood, metal and coloured stone was exhibited in 1901 and another version from 1910, in bronze, parks and open spaces in Copenhagen
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Garnisons Cemetery
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Garnisons Cemetery is a cemetery in Copenhagen, Denmark. Later the cemetery was opened to civilian burials as well, Garnisons Cemetery is an independent cemetery, managed by the parochial church council, placed under the armys highest authority. Burials began the year but the site, former marshland, was rather unsuitable for the purpose since ground water levels made it hard to bury the bodies in sufficiently deep grounds. In 1671 some improvements were made when the site was enclosed by pallisades and ditches, during the first decades, the cemetery remained relatively little used. In 1706 Garnisons Church was built on Sankt Annæ Plads and in 1723 the Soldiers Cemetery received its current name, in 1711 Copenhagen was struck by an outbreak of plague which killed an estimated 23,000 citizens. From 1720 Garnisons Cemetery was officially opened to civilian burials, the cemetery was neglected and gradually fell into despair. In 1812 it was renovated and from then on began to more prominent citizens. One of the characteristics of the cemetery, are the many old graves, still owned by families. The cemetery contains one Commonwealth war grave of World War II, danish-born British Army Brigadier Percy Hansen, a Victoria Cross recipient, is also buried here
30.
Cemetery of Holmen
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Holmens Cemetery is the oldest cemetery still in use in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was first located next to the naval Church of Holmen in the city centre, the cemetery originally served as a burial site for indigent sailors in royal service and their families, complementing the military Garnisons Cemetery, from 1711 located on a neighbouring site. When the anchor forge at Bremerholm was converted into a church by Christian IV in 1619. The grounds had already been in use as a cemetery since 1662 but was inaugurated as the new Holmens Cemetery in 1666, the existing layout of the cemetery was created by sær F. C. Schmidt in 1798. The chapel at Holmens Cemetery was built in 1902 to the design of architect and he favoured the Historicist styles and in Copenhagen he had already designed St. James Church in a Gothic Revival style and St. Mathews Cgurch in a Romanesque Revival style. In his design of the chapel at Holmens Cemetery he relied on traditional Nordic stave churches for inspiration, there is a memorial for naval personnel killed in the Battle of Copenhagen from 1802. It consists of a tumulus topped by an obelisk designed by Johannes Wiedewelt, parks and open spaces in Copenhagen Official web site
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Kastellet, Copenhagen
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Kastellet, located in Copenhagen, Denmark, is one of the best preserved star fortresses in Northern Europe. It is constructed in the form of a pentagram with bastions at its corners, Kastellet was continuous with the ring of bastioned ramparts which used to encircle Copenhagen but of which only the ramparts of Christianshavn remain today. A number of buildings are located within the grounds of Kastellet, the area houses various military activities but it mainly serves as a public park and a historic site. King Christian IV of Denmark initiated Kastellet’s construction in 1626 with the building of an advanced post, at that time the fortifications only reached as far north as present day Nørreport station, and then returned south east to meet the coast at Bremerholm, the Royal Shipyard. However, part of the plan was to expand the area of the fortified city by abandoning the old East Rampart. This plan was not completed until the mid-1640s, shortly after King Frederick III succeeded King Christian IV, after the Swedish siege on Copenhagen the Dutch engineer Henrik Rüse was called in to help rebuild and extend the construction. The fortification was named Citadellet Frederikshavn, but it is known as Kastellet. Kastellet was part of the defense of Copenhagen against England in the Battle of Copenhagen, christen Købke, Danish painter associated with the Golden Age of Danish Painting, grew up in Kastellet and made many paintings of the area. During the German invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940, German troops landing at the nearby harbor captured The Citadel without resistance, Kastellet was renovated 1989–1999 with funds from the A. P. Møller and Wife Chastine McKinney Møllers General Fund. The Citadel has two gates, Kings Gate on the side, facing the city, and Norway Gate on the north side of the edifice. They are built in the Dutch Baroque style, and are on their interior side flanked by guardhouses, the Kings Gate is decorated with garlands and pilasters, and a bust of King Frederik III. The clock and two bells on the facade of the gate come from the Central Guard House at Kongens Nytorv and were installed in 1874 when the central guard moved to the Citadel. In front of the gate stand two so-called caponiers from where it was possible to keep assaulting troops under fire, the Norway Gate used to face open countryside outside the city, and has therefore been built to a more simple design. The caponiers of this gate were demolished in the late 19th century, the five bastions are named as follows, The King’s Bastion, The Queen’s Bastion, The Count’s Bastion, the Princess’s Bastion and the Prince’s Bastion. Smedelinien is a system of outworks, separating the inner and the moat, located to the south. It consisted of four ravelins and three counter guard interconnected by long, low earthworks, on Fyns Ravelin, one of the namesake forges has been preserved and is now used by the park authorities. Another forge was built on Falsters Counter Guard in 1709, rebuilt in 1888, it now serves as residence of military employees. The Commanders House served as the residence of the commander of Kastellet and it was built in 1725 in the Baroque style by architect and master builder Elias Häuser who also designed the first Christiansborg Palace which burned in 1794
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Langelinie
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Langelinie is a pier, promenade and park in central Copenhagen, Denmark, and home of the statue of The Little Mermaid. The area has for centuries been a destination for excursions. Most cruise ships arriving in Copenhagen also berth at Langelinie Pier, for a long time, the stretch was a military area where civilians were not granted unrestricted access. Under a general order from 1819, soldiers were required to throw water in the head and on the breast, eventually a beach promenade and a park for the Bourgeoisie were made but with access only on the payment of a toll to keep the more common people out. Not until an uprising in 1848 did the area become open to everybody. The expansion of the city and the increasing industrialization soon made it clear that the harbour was becoming too small. In a plan from 1862 it was decided to dig out the area to access for the largest ocean-going vessels. A suggestion to make all of Amager into a zone was abolished. The beginning of the work was prompted by Germanys construction of the Kiel Canal that was begun in 1887, in 1894 the work was completed and Copenhagen had got an entirely new harbourfront. Langelinie became now a pier on the side of that harbour basin. The Langelinie Park stretches from Esplanaden in the south to Langelinie Marina, formally, it includes Kastellet although this site is generally referred to under its own name. The park contains numerous monuments, buildings, a marina, statues, among these are the Gefion Fountain, the Ivar Huitfeldt Column and The Little Mermaid. Langelinie Marina was established in the 1890s in connection with the foundation of the Free Port, Copenhagen rowing clubs have for many years had their base at the marina. Today only B&Ws and DFDS are left after ØKs passed their premises to Langelinie Marinas Boat Huild, the Langelinie Pier has a water depth allowing big ocean-going vessels to tie up. The area has a number of statues and memorials and these include a cast bronze sculpture polar bear with cubs and memorials for MS Jutlandia, Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen. The polar bear has some bullet holes at the head and they were made by a German soldier under the Occupation of Denmark
