1.
Kronoberg County
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Kronoberg County is a county or län in southern Sweden. It borders the counties of Skåne, Halland, Jönköping, Kalmar and its capital is the city Växjö. For history, geography and culture, see Småland Geographically, Kronoberg County is situated in the part of the province of Småland. It received its present borders in 1687 when Jönköping County was separated, the seat of residence for the Governor or landshövding is Växjö. The Governor is the head of the County Administrative Board or länsstyrelsen, the County Administrative Board is a Government Agency headed by a Governor. The current Governor is Kristina Alsér who took over the office from Lars-Åke Lagrell, the County Council of Kronoberg or Landstinget Kronoberg. Alvesta Lessebo Ljungby Markaryd Tingsryd Uppvidinge Växjö Älmhult Note that all the municipalities have names after their seats except Uppvidinge, the five most populous localities of Kronoberg County in 2010, Kronoberg was formally granted its arms in 1944. However, use of the arms was already an established practice and it is a variation of the arms of Småland. Blazon, Or, a lion rampant Gules langued and armed Azure holding in front paws a Crossbow of the second bowed and stringed Sable with a bolt Argent, standing on a tripple Mount Vert. Kronoberg County Administrative Board Kronoberg County Council Kronoberg Regional Association of Local Authorities The Natural Fishing Fishing in South Eastern Sweden -- tourism page
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Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
3.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
4.
Cinematographer
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The study and practice of this field is referred to as cinematography. The cinematographer selects the camera, film stock, lens, filters, in the infancy of motion pictures, the cinematographer was usually also the director and the person physically handling the camera. As the art form and technology evolved, a separation between director and camera operator began to emerge, with the advent of artificial lighting and faster film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area. Cinematography was key during the silent movie era, with no sound apart from music and no dialogue, the films depended on lighting, acting. Similar trade associations have been established in other countries too, there are a number of national associations of cinematographers which represent members and which are dedicated to the advancement of cinematography. S. C. Defines cinematography as, A creative and interpretive process that culminates in the authorship of a work of art rather than the simple recording of a physical event. Cinematography is not a subcategory of photography
5.
Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
6.
Ingmar Bergman
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Ernst Ingmar Bergman was a Swedish director, writer, and producer who worked in film, television, theatre and radio. He directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television and he also directed over 170 plays. From 1953 he forged a creative partnership with his full-time cinematographer Sven Nykvist. Among his company of actors were Harriet and Bibi Andersson, Liv Ullmann, Gunnar Björnstrand, Erland Josephson, Ingrid Thulin, most of his films were set in Sweden, and numerous films from Through a Glass Darkly onward were filmed on the island of Fårö. His work often dealt with death, illness, faith, betrayal, bleakness and insanity. Ingmar Bergman was born in Uppsala, Sweden, the son of Erik Bergman, a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden, and Karin and he grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion. His father was a parish minister with strict ideas of parenting. Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions, such as wetting the bed, there was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels, saints, dragons, prophets, devils, humans. Although raised in a devout Lutheran household, Bergman later stated that he lost his faith at age eight and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962. His interest in theatre and film began early, At the age of nine, he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern, a possession that altered the course of his life. Within a year, he had created, by playing with this toy and he fashioned his own scenery, marionettes, and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts. Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager and his school years were unhappy, and he remembered them unfavorably in later years. Bergman wrote in a response that he had disliked the emphasis on homework. In 1934, aged 16, he was sent to Germany to spend the vacation with family friends. He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler, Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic. The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful, Bergman did two five-month stretches of mandatory military service. In 1937 he entered Stockholm University College to study art and literature and he spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict. At the same time, a romantic involvement led to a break with his father lasted for years
7.
Cries and Whispers
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Cries and Whispers is a 1972 Swedish film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Harriet Andersson, Kari Sylwan, Ingrid Thulin and Liv Ullmann. Cries and Whispers marked a return to traditional Bergman themes such as faith, the psyche. Unlike his previous films, it uses saturated colour, especially crimson, after several unsuccessful experimental films, Cries and Whispers was a critical and commercial success. It received five Academy Award nominations including one for Best Picture and it was for the colour and light scheme that the cinematographer and long-time Bergman collaborator Sven Nykvist was awarded the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. Cries and Whispers takes place in a mansion in the 19th century, filled with red carpets. It depicts the final days of Agnes, who is near death due to cancer and her sisters Maria and Karin have returned to the family home to be with her. However the two women remain distant and awkward, struggling to comfort their sister while dealing with the shock, the deeply religious maid Anna, whose own daughter died at an early age, is the only person in the house able to comfort the dying woman. At length Agnes dies and during her wake the priest declares Agnes faith was stronger than his own. In a dream-like sequence that follows Agnes seemingly returns to life for a moment and asks her sisters one last time for the love. For a moment Karin, Maria and Agnes grow closer to each other, once again only Anna is able to embrace and comfort Agnes. The film is characterized by flashbacks that visit the characters lives and their memories, the last flashback, from the deceased Agnes point of view, is narrated via her diary and shows her sisters descending upon the house clad in white, like angels. The last words are Agnes whispering, Come what may, this is happiness, I cannot wish for anything better. Now, for a few minutes, I can experience perfection, and I feel profoundly grateful to my life, which gives me so much. Bergman then decided to shoot the film in Swedish and not in English, and to finance Cries and Whispers through his own production company, Cinematograph. Although he used personal savings of 750,000 SEK and loans of 200,000 SEK, he also had to ask the Swedish Film Institute for support with the 1.5 million SEK budget, to some criticism. To save costs, the actresses and Nykvist gave their salary as a loan and were nominally co-producers. In his book Images, Bergman wrote, Today I feel that in Persona—and later in Cries, and that in these two instances when working in total freedom, I touched wordless secrets that only the cinema can discover. In an essay with the DVD, the critic Peter Cowie also quotes the director, All of my films can be thought of in terms of black and white, except Cries and Whispers
8.
Fanny and Alexander
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Fanny and Alexander is a Swedish drama film which was released to cinemas in Sweden on 17 December 1982, written and directed by Ingmar Bergman. The plot focuses on two siblings and their family in Uppsala, Sweden in the 1900s. The TV version has since released as a complete film. The 312-minute cut, at five hours and 12 minutes, is one of the longest cinematic films in history, Fanny and Alexander is frequently listed among Bergmans greatest works. The story is set during 1907–09, in the Swedish town of Uppsala where Alexander, his sister Fanny and their well-to-do family, the siblings parents are both involved in theater and are happily married until their father, Oscar, suddenly dies from a stroke. Shortly thereafter, their mother, Emilie, marries Edvard Vergérus, the bishop and a widower. The relationship between the bishop and Alexander is especially cold, as Alexander invents stories, for which Edvard punishes him severely, Edvard immediately confines the children to their bedroom. Meanwhile, the rest of the Ekdahl family has begun to worry about their condition, when Emilie secretly visits her former mother-in-law, Helena, to explain what has happened, their friend Isak Jacobi, helps smuggle the children from the house. They live temporarily with Isak and his nephews in their store, Emilie, now in the later stages of her pregnancy, refuses to restore the children to the home. Emilie allows Edvard to drink a large dosage of her bromide sedative and she explains to him, as he shows signs that the medication is working, that she intends to flee the home as he sleeps. He claims that he will follow her family from city to city and ruin their lives, after Emilie gets away, Edvards dying aunt knocks over a gas lamp, setting her bedclothes, nightgown and hair on fire. She runs through the house in flames to seek Edvards help, despite the sedative, he is able to get her off him, but dies shortly thereafter. Alexander had fantasized about his stepfathers death while living with Isak, isaks mysterious nephew, Ismael Retzinsky, explains that fantasy can become true as he dreams it. Alexander encounters the ghost of the bishop who knocks him to the floor, Emilie, having inherited the theatre, hands Helena a copy of August Strindbergs play A Dream Play to read, and tells her that they should perform it together onstage. Initially scoffing at the idea and declaring Strindberg a misogynist, Helena takes to the idea, Bergman intended the film to be his last feature, although he wrote several screenplays afterward and directed a number of TV specials. This most personal of his films was to some extent based on his and his sister Margaretas unhappy childhood under their extremely strict father Erik Bergman. The film simultaneously documents many of Bergmans earlier star actors and an array of prominent Swedish film. Bertil Guve, who gave an acclaimed performance as the boy Alexander, did not choose to pursue acting
9.
The Unbearable Lightness of Being (film)
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The Unbearable Lightness of Being is a 1988 American film adaptation of the novel of the same name by Milan Kundera, published in 1984. It portrays the moral, political, and psycho-sexual consequences for three bohemian friends, a surgeon, and two artists with whom he has a sexual relationship. Charismatic Czech brain surgeon Tomas, a successful lothario in Communist Czechoslovakia, is pursuing an affair with Sabina. One day, Dr Tomas makes a long distance call to a spa town for a specialized surgery, there, he meets dissatisfied waitress Tereza, who desires intellectual stimulation. She tracks him down in Prague and cohabits with him, complicating Tomass extra-domestic sexual affairs, Tomas asks Sabina to help Tereza find work as a photographer. Tereza is fascinated and jealous as she grasps that Sabina and Tomas are lovers, nevertheless, Tomas marries Tereza, in a simple ceremony with both perpetually laughing, followed by her double standard distress about Tomas promiscuity. Although she considers leaving Tomas, she becomes attached to Tomas when Soviet Army tanks invade Czechoslovakia. Amidst the confusion, Tereza photographs demonstrations against the Soviet forces and victims, facing the stultifying reality that replaced the Prague Spring, Tomas, Sabina and Tereza flee Czechoslovakia for Switzerland, first Sabina, then the hesitant Tomas and Tereza. In Geneva, Sabina meets Franz, a university professor. After some time, he decides to abandon his wife and family for her, after hearing the declaration, Sabina abandons Franz, feeling he would emotionally weigh her down. Meanwhile, Tereza and Tomas attempt to adapt to Switzerland, whose people Tereza finds inhospitable, when she discovers that Tomas continues womanizing, she leaves him and returns to Czechoslovakia. Upset by her leaving, Tomas follows Tereza to Czechoslovakia, where his passport is confiscated, trapping him in-country, nevertheless, the régime demands his signature to a letter repudiating the article, claiming that Tomas article fueled the anti-communist sentiment. Tomas refuses and is presumably black-listed from practising medicine, as a waitress, Tereza meets an engineer who propositions her. Aware of Tomass infidelity, she encounters a one-time and passionless sexual liaison with the engineer, remorseful, she fears the engineer might have been a secret agent for the régime, who might denounce her and Tomas. She contemplates suicide at a bank, by chance Tomas is passing by. Stressed by insubstantial city life, Tereza convinces Tomas to leave Prague for the country, in the village, they live an idyllic life, far from the political intrigues of Prague. In contrast, Sabina has gone to the US, where she continues with the bohemian style of life. Later, Sabina is shocked by the telling of the fate of Tereza
10.
Lutheranism
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Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian. Luthers efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched the Protestant Reformation in the German-speaking territories of the Holy Roman Empire. Lutheranism advocates a doctrine of justification by grace alone through faith alone on the basis of Scripture alone and this is in contrast to the belief of the Catholic Church, defined at the Council of Trent, concerning authority coming from both the Scriptures and Tradition. In addition, Lutheranism accepts the teachings of the first seven ecumenical councils of the undivided Christian Church, unlike Calvinism, Lutherans retain many of the liturgical practices and sacramental teachings of the pre-Reformation Church, with a particular emphasis on the Eucharist, or Lords Supper. Lutheran theology differs from Reformed theology in Christology, the purpose of Gods Law, the grace, the concept of perseverance of the saints. Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest denominations of Protestantism, with approximately 80 million adherents, it constitutes the third most common Protestant denomination after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. The Lutheran World Federation, the largest communion of Lutheran churches, Other Lutheran organizations include the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as independent churches. The name Lutheran originated as a term used against Luther by German Scholastic theologian Dr. Johann Maier von Eck during the Leipzig Debate in July 1519. Eck and other Catholics followed the practice of naming a heresy after its leader. Martin Luther always disliked the term Lutheran, preferring the term Evangelical, which was derived from euangelion, the followers of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other theologians linked to the Reformed tradition also began to use that term. To distinguish the two groups, others began to refer to the two groups as Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed. As time passed by, the word Evangelical was dropped, Lutherans themselves began to use the term Lutheran in the middle of the 16th century, in order to distinguish themselves from other groups such as the Philippists and Calvinists. In 1597, theologians in Wittenberg defined the title Lutheran as referring to the true church, Lutheranism has its roots in the work of Martin Luther, who sought to reform the Western Church to what he considered a more biblical foundation. Lutheranism spread through all of Scandinavia during the 16th century, as the monarch of Denmark–Norway, through Baltic-German and Swedish rule, Lutheranism also spread into Estonia and Latvia. Since 1520, regular Lutheran services have been held in Copenhagen, under the reign of Frederick I, Denmark-Norway remained officially Catholic. Although Frederick initially pledged to persecute Lutherans, he adopted a policy of protecting Lutheran preachers and reformers. During Fredericks reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads in Denmark, at an open meeting in Copenhagen attended by the king in 1536, the people shouted, We will stand by the holy Gospel, and do not want such bishops anymore. Fredericks son Christian was openly Lutheran, which prevented his election to the throne upon his fathers death, however, following his victory in the civil war that followed, in 1537 he became Christian III and advanced the Reformation in Denmark-Norway
11.
Missionary
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A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize and/or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development. The word mission originates from 1598 when the Jesuits sent members abroad, derived from the Latin missionem, meaning act of sending or mittere, meaning to send. The word was used in light of its usage, in the Latin translation of the Bible. The term is most commonly used for Christian missions, but can be used for any creed or ideology, a Christian missionary can be defined as one who is to witness across cultures. The Lausanne Congress of 1974, defined the term, related to Christian mission as, Missionaries can be found in many countries around the world. Jesus instructed the apostles to make disciples of all nations and this verse is referred to by Christian missionaries as the Great Commission and inspires missionary work. The New Testament-era missionary outreach of the Christian church from the time of St Paul expanded throughout the Roman Empire and beyond to Persia, in 596, Pope Gregory the Great sent the Gregorian Mission into England. In their turn, Christians from Ireland and from Britain became prominent in converting the inhabitants of central Europe, about the same time, missionaries such as Francis Xavier as well as other Jesuits, Augustinians, Franciscans, and Dominicans started moving into Asia and the Far East. The Portuguese sent missions into Africa and these are some of the most well-known missions in history. While some missions accompanied imperialism and oppression, others were relatively peaceful, contemporary Christian missionaries argue that working for justice forms a constitutive part of preaching the Gospel, and observe the principles of inculturation in their missionary work. Over time, the Vatican gradually established a church structure in the mission areas, often starting with special jurisdictions known as apostolic prefectures. The two 9th-century saints Cyril and Methodius had extensive success in central Europe. The Byzantines expanded their work in Ukraine after a mass baptism in Kiev in 988. The Serbian Orthodox Church had its origins in the conversion by Byzantine missionaries of the Serb tribes when they arrived in the Balkans in the 7th century, Orthodox missionaries also worked successfully among the Estonians from the 10th to the 12th centuries, founding the Estonian Orthodox Church. The Russian St. Nicholas of Japan took Eastern Orthodoxy to Japan in the 19th century, the Russian Orthodox Church also sent missionaries to Alaska beginning in the 18th century, including Saint Herman of Alaska, to minister to the Native Americans. Quaker publishers of truth visited Boston and other mid-17th century colonies, the Danish government began the first organized Protestant mission work through its College of Missions, established in 1714. This funded and directed Lutheran missionaries such as Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg in Tranquebar, India and he also got to know a slave from the Danish colony in the West Indies. Within thirty years, Moravian missionaries had become active on every continent, and they are famous for their selfless work, living as slaves among the slaves and together with the Native Americans, the Delaware and Cherokee Indian tribes
12.
Belgian Congo
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The Belgian Congo was a Belgian colony in Central Africa between 1908 and 1960 in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century, King Leopold II of the Belgians persuaded the government to support colonial expansion around the then-largely unexplored Congo Basin. Their ambivalence resulted in Leopolds creating a colony on his own account, with support from a number of Western countries, Leopold achieved international recognition for a personal colony, the Congo Free State, in 1885. Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the trinity of state, missionary. The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of capital flowed into the Congo, the country was split into nesting, hierarchically organised administrative subdivisions, and run uniformly according to a set native policy. This was in contrast to the British and the French, who favoured the system of indirect rule whereby traditional leaders were retained in positions of authority under colonial oversight. The Congo had a degree of racial segregation. The large numbers of immigrants who moved to the Congo after the end of World War II came from across the social spectrum. During the 1940s and 1950s, the Congo had extensive urbanisation, one of the results was the development of a new middle class of Europeanised African évolués in the cities. By the 1950s the Congo had a labour force twice as large as that in any other African colony. This ended with the seizure of power by Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, until the later part of the 19th century, few Europeans had ventured into the Congo basin. The rainforest, swamps and accompanying malaria and other diseases, such as sleeping sickness. After Henry Morton Stanley had explored the region in a journey that ended in 1878, Leopold courted the explorer, Leopold II had been keen to acquire a colony for Belgium even before he ascended to the throne in 1865. The Belgian civil government showed little interest in its monarchs dreams of empire-building, ambitious and stubborn, Leopold decided to pursue the matter on his own account. European rivalry in Central Africa led to tensions, in particular with regard to the largely unclaimed Congo River basin. In November 1884 Otto von Bismarck convened a 14-nation conference to find a resolution to the Congo crisis. The rules recognised the Congo basin as a free-trade zone, but Leopold II emerged triumphant from the Berlin Conference and his single-shareholder philanthropic organization received a large share of territory to be organized as the Congo Free State. The Congo Free State operated as a corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II through a non-governmental organization, the state included the entire area of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo and existed from 1885 to 1908, when the government of Belgium annexed the area
13.
High jump
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The high jump is a track and field event in which competitors must jump unaided over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights without dislodging it. In its modern most practised format, a bar is placed between two standards with a mat for landing. In the modern era, athletes run towards the bar and use the Fosbury Flop method of jumping, leaping head first with their back to the bar, performed since ancient times, competitors have introduced increasingly more effective techniques to arrive at the current form. The discipline is, alongside the pole vault, one of two vertical clearance events to feature on the Olympic athletics programme and it is contested at the World Championships in Athletics and IAAF World Indoor Championships, and is a common occurrence at track and field meetings. The high jump was among the first events deemed acceptable for women, Javier Sotomayor is the current mens record holder with a jump of 2.45 m set in 1993 – the longest standing record in the history of the mens high jump. Stefka Kostadinova has held the world record at 2.09 m since 1987. The rules for the jump are set internationally by the International Association of Athletics Federations. Jumpers must take off on one foot, a jump is considered a failure if the bar is dislodged by the action of the jumper whilst jumping or the jumper touches the ground or breaks the plane of the near edge of the bar before clearance. The technique one uses for the jump must be almost flawless in order to have a chance of clearing a high bar, competitors may begin jumping at any height announced by the chief judge, or may pass, at their own discretion. Three consecutive missed jumps, at any height or combination of heights, the victory goes to the jumper who clears the greatest height during the final. If two or more tie for first place, the tie-breakers are, 1) The fewest misses at the height at which the tie occurred. If the event remains tied for first place, the jumpers have a jump-off, the bar is then alternately lowered and raised until only one jumper succeeds at a given height. The first recorded high jump event took place in Scotland in the 19th century, early jumpers used either an elaborate straight-on approach or a scissors technique. In the later years, the bar was approached diagonally, around the turn of the 20th century, techniques began to modernise, starting with the Irish-American Michael Sweeneys Eastern cut-off. By taking off like the scissors, but extending his back and flattening out over the bar, Sweeney achieved a more economic clearance, another American, George Horine, developed an even more efficient technique, the Western roll. In this style, the bar again is approached on a diagonal, Horine increased the world standard to 2.01 m in 1912. His technique was predominant through the Berlin Olympics of 1936, in which the event was won by Cornelius Johnson at 2.03 m, American and Soviet jumpers held the playing field for the next four decades, and they pioneered the evolution of the straddle technique. Straddle jumpers took off as in the Western roll, but rotated their torso around the bar, straddle-jumper Charles Dumas was the first to clear 7 feet, in 1956, and American John Thomas pushed the world mark to 2.23 m in 1960
14.
Focus puller
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A focus puller, or 1st assistant camera, is a member of a film crew’s camera department whose primary responsibility is to maintain image sharpness on whatever subject or action is being filmed. Pulling focus or rack focusing refers to the act of changing the focus distance setting in correspondence to a moving subject’s physical distance from the focal plane. Additionally, the focus puller may shift focus from one subject to another within the frame, a good focus puller will have an intimate knowledge of cinematographic and optical theory. Depending on the parameters of a shot, there is often very little room for error. One must also consider that an actor may not be able to duplicate his or her best performance in a subsequent take, because of these factors, some production personnel consider the focus puller to have the most difficult job on set. And for configuring the camera and its accessories in multiple ways for different setups, 1st ACs arrive on set or in the studio before the director, director of photography and camera operator, and ensure that the camera and all required lenses are prepared for the days shoot. During shooting, the 1st AC is also responsible for moving the camera to each setup as directed by the Director of Photography, on larger budget productions, the camera is usually mounted on a dolly for most of the day, which is operated by the Dolly Grip. At the end of each shooting day, 1st ACs clean the equipment, if there is a problem with the rushes, the focus puller communicates with the film lab to fix any faults with the camera or film stock. Sharp focus is fundamental to reproducing a realistic, appealing image, when done correctly, good pulling goes mostly unnoticed by the audience. The shooting of a scene begins with a blocking rehearsal. During the rehearsal, the 2nd AC lays tape marks on the floor at all points an actor pauses movement. The actors then leave set to go through hair and makeup, and stand-ins come in to take their places at various positions for the purposes of lighting, framing. These distances are recorded in a series of grease pencil/pen marks on the barrel of the lens. Using the stand-ins or 2nd AC, marks are checked through the viewfinder and/or the onboard monitor for accuracy, marks may be repositioned in order to provide specific framing desired, and the 1st AC must be aware of this and re-measure/re-set his marks accordingly. When the actors return to set, there is usually a rehearsal for camera in which the focus puller and operator will practice the shot and make sure everything has been set up properly. In cases where an obstruction prevents the focus puller from seeing all his marks, traditionally, the focus puller used only his marks and his own well-developed sense of distance estimation to achieve good results. Over the last decade, the use of digital cameras. Professional 1st ACs have many tricks for pulling focus in difficult situations or when accurate measurement is impossible and these reference measurements can be used to quickly establish rough distances between the camera and the subject in chaotic shooting circumstances
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Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
16.
Cinema of Sweden
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Swedish cinema is known for including many acclaimed movies, during the 20th century the industry was the most prominent of Scandinavia. This is largely due to the popularity and prominence of directors Victor Sjöström and Ingmar Bergman, Swedish filmmaking rose to international prominence when Svenska Biografteatern moved from Kristianstad to Lidingö in 1911. Sjöströms most respected films often made use of the Swedish landscape and developed moving studies of character. Stiller fostered the early popularity of Greta Garbo, particularly through the Gösta Berlings saga, in the mid-twenties both of these directors and Garbo moved to the United States to work for MGM, bringing Swedish influence to Hollywood. The departure left a vacuum in Swedish cinema, which went into a financial crisis. Both directors later returned to Sweden, but Stiller died soon after his return while Sjöström returned to work for most of the remainder of his career. Some provincial comedies emerged, created for the local market, during World War II Swedish cinema gained artistically, mainly due to the directors Gustaf Molander, Alf Sjöberg, Hasse Ekman, Anders Henrikson and Hampe Faustman. Cinema had to perform the task of defence during the war. The most famous and influential Swedish filmmaker, Ingmar Bergman, rose to prominence in the fifties and he began making films in the mid-forties, and in 1955, he made Smiles of a Summer Night, which brought him international attention. A year later, he one of his most famous films. In the 1960s, Bergman won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for two years, with The Virgin Spring in 1960 and Through a Glass Darkly in 1961. He won the award again in 1983, for the early twentieth-century family drama Fanny, the film lost to The Sting, and oddly enough, it was not nominated in the Foreign Language Film category. It also gave Bergman the first of three nominations for Best Director, Ingmar Bergman also won no less than four Golden Globe Awards for Best Foreign Language Film. Working closely with Bergman, cinematographer Sven Nykvist can be said to have had a impact on the visual aspect of Swedish cinema. Twice the recipient of the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, for Cries and Whispers and Fanny and Alexander and he also directed The Ox, nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1992. After some cutting, it was released in 1964, sjöman went on to cause even wider controversy, depicting sexual intercourse in his 1967 film I Am Curious. In the United States the film was considered pornography and seized by the customs, most probably, it was also instrumental in establishing a view of Swedish cinema – and perhaps even Swedes in general – as having a liberal attitude towards sexuality. Another Swedish postwar filmmaker of note is Bo Widerberg and his 1963 film Ravens End and The Man on the Roof are widely regarded as Swedish film classics
17.
Sawdust and Tinsel
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Sawdust and Tinsel is a 1953 Swedish drama film directed by Ingmar Bergman. An aging circus ringmaster visits his wife to see his young sons. Meanwhile, his jealous young lover has an affair with an actor, in 2012 it was voted one of the 25 best Swedish films of all time. The film was shown as part of an Ingmar Bergman Retrospective at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival in 2011, Sawdust and Tinsel at the Internet Movie Database Sawdust and Tinsel at the Swedish Film Institute Database Sawdust and Tinsel at Rotten Tomatoes Sawdust and Tinsel at AllMovie
18.
Through a Glass Darkly (film)
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Through a Glass Darkly is a 1961 Swedish drama film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman, and starring Harriet Andersson, Gunnar Björnstrand, Max von Sydow and Lars Passgård. Bergman structured the film as a play, drawing on his personal experiences. The film was his first of several shot on Fårö, through a Glass Darkly was released to positive reviews, including for Anderssons performance, and won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. It is followed by Bergmans thematically related 1963 films Winter Light, Karins husband Martin tells her father, David, that Karins disease is almost incurable. Meanwhile, Minus, Karins 17-year-old brother, tells Karin that he wishes he could have a conversation with his father. David is a novelist suffering writers block who has just returned from a long trip abroad. He announces he will again in a month, though he promised he would stay. The others perform a play for him that Minus has written, David, while feigning approval of the play, takes offense since the play can be interpreted as an attack on his character. That night, after rejecting Martin’s erotic overtures, Karin wakes up and she faints after an episode in which she hears voices behind the peeling wallpaper. She then enters Davids room and looks through his desk and finds his diary, the following morning, David and Martin, while fishing, confront each other over Karin. Martin accuses David of sacrificing his daughter for his art and of being a self-absorbed, callous, cowardly, David is evasive but admits that much of what Martin says is true. David says that he tried to kill himself by driving over a cliff but was saved by a faulty transmission. He says that after that, he discovered that he loves Karin, Minus and Martin, meanwhile, Karin tells Minus about her episodes, and that she is waiting for God to appear behind the wallpaper in the attic. Minus is somewhat sexually frustrated, and Karin teases him, even more so after she discovers that he hides a mens magazine, later, on the beach, when Karin sees that a storm is coming, she runs into a wrecked ship and huddles in fear. Minus goes to her and she seduces her brother, Minus tells the other men about the incident in the ship and Martin calls for an ambulance. Karin asks to speak with her father alone and she confesses her misconduct toward Martin and Minus, saying that a voice told her to act that way and also to search Davids desk. She tells David she would like to remain at the hospital, because she cannot go back, while they are packing to go to the hospital, she runs to the attic where Martin and David observe her actions. She says that God is about to walk out of the closet door and she becomes fixated on a crack in the wall out of which emerges a spider
19.
The Virgin Spring
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The Virgin Spring is a 1960 Swedish film directed by Ingmar Bergman. Set in medieval Sweden, it is a rape and revenge tale about a fathers merciless response to the rape, the story was adapted by screenwriter Ulla Isaksson from a 13th-century Swedish ballad, Töres döttrar i Wänge. The film contains a number of themes that question morals, vengeance, the film won for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 1961 Academy Awards and other honours. It was also the basis for the 1972 exploitation horror film The Last House on the Left, in medieval Sweden, prosperous Christian Per Töre sends his daughter, Karin, to take candles to the church. Karin is accompanied by her pregnant servant Ingeri, who worships the Norse deity Odin. Along their way through the forest on horseback, Ingeri becomes frightened when they come to a stream-side mill, Ingeri encounters a one-eyed man at the stream-side mill. When Ingeri asks about his name he enigmatically responds he has none in these days, the man tells Ingeri that he can see and hear things others can not. When the man makes sexual advances towards her and promises her power, meanwhile, Karin meets three herdsmen, two men and a boy, and invites them to eat her lunch with her. Eventually, the two men rape and murder Karin while Ingeri watches, hidden, from a distance. The two older men then leave the scene with Karins clothing, the younger boy is left with the body and to watch the goats, but he takes the situation poorly and quickly becomes sick with guilt. The herders then, unknowingly, seek shelter at the home of the murdered girl and her parents discover that the goat herders murdered their daughter when the goat herders offer to sell Karins clothes to her mother. After they fall asleep, the locks the trio in the chamber. Ingeri returns to the farm and breaks down in front of Töre and she tells him about the rape and confesses that she secretly wished for Karins death out of jealousy. In a rage, Töre stabs one of the herders to death with a knife before killing the other two with his bare hands. That same day, the set out to find their daughters body with the help of Ingeri. Töre vows that, although he cannot understand why God would allow such a thing to happen, as her parents lift her head from the ground, a spring begins to flow from where she was lying. Ingeri then begins to wash herself with the water and Karins parents clean their daughters muddied face, a variety of themes explored in the film include Christianity, Paganism, Norse mythology, feelings of guilt, vengeance, the questioning of religious faith and sexual innocence. Much of the religious themes centre on conflict between paganism and Christianity, recalling the misery Sweden experienced as the two struggled for predominance
20.
Close-up
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A close-up or closeup in filmmaking, television production, still photography and the comic strip medium is a type of shot, which tightly frames a person or an object. Close-ups are one of the shots used regularly with medium shots. Close-ups display the most detail, but they do not include the broader scene, moving in to a close-up or away from a close-up is a common type of zooming. Most early filmmakers—such as Thomas Edison, Auguste and Louis Lumière and Georges Méliès—tended not to use close-ups and preferred to frame their subjects in long shots, film historians disagree as to which filmmaker first used a close-up. In 1901, James Williamson, also working in Hove, made perhaps the most extreme close-up of all in The Big Swallow, when his character approaches the camera and appears to swallow it. D. W. Griffith, who pioneered screen cinematographic techniques, for example, one of Griffiths short films, The Lonedale Operator, makes significant use of a close-up of a wrench that a character pretends is a gun. Lillian Gish remarked on Griffiths pioneering use of the close-up, The people in the front office got very upset and they came down and said, The public doesn’t pay for the head or the arms or the shoulders of the actor. Let’s give them their money’s worth. ’ Griffith stood very close to them and said, ‘Can you see my feet. ’ When they said no, he replied, I am using what the eyes can see. Close-ups are used in ways and for many reasons. They are often employed as cutaways from a distant shot to show detail, such as characters emotions. Close cuts to characters faces are used far more often in television than in movies, for a director to deliberately avoid close-ups may create in the audience an emotional distance from the subject matter. Close-ups are used for distinguishing main characters, major characters are often given a close-up when they are introduced as a way of indicating their importance. Leading characters will have multiple close-ups, there is a long-standing stereotype of insecure actors desiring a close-up at every opportunity and counting the number of close-ups they received. Close-up shots do not show the subject in the context of its surroundings. If overused, they may leave viewers uncertain as to what they are seeing, Close-ups are rarely done with wide-angle lenses, because perspective causes objects in the center of the picture to be unnaturally enlarged. Certain times, different directors will use wide-angle lenses, because they can convey the message of confusion, there are various degrees of close-up depending on how tight the shot is. The terminology varies between countries and even different companies, but in general these are, Medium Close Up, usually covers the subjects head and shoulders. Close Up, A certain feature, such as someones head, extreme Close Up, The shot is so tight that only a detail of the subject, such as someones eyes, can be seen
21.
Persona (1966 film)
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Persona is a 1966 Swedish psychological drama film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann. Persona’s story revolves around a nurse named Alma and her patient, a well-known stage actress named Elisabet Vogler. The two move to a cottage, where Alma cares for and talks to Elisabet about intimate secrets, Bergman wrote the film with Ullmann and Andersson in mind for the lead parts, and some idea of exploring their identities, and shot the film in Stockholm and Fårö. Often categorized as a horror, Persona deals with themes of duality, insanity. In its release, the film was subject to cuts because of its subject matter. It won the award for Best Film at the 4th Guldbagge Awards and was Swedens entry for consideration for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Many critics consider it one of the greatest films ever made, the film has influenced many later directors, such as Robert Altman and David Lynch. One of these women is possibly Alma, a nurse who is assigned by a doctor to see a patient. Elisabet is an actress who has suddenly fallen silent and still, although the doctors have determined it is not a result of physical illness or hysteria. While at the hospital, Alma reads Elisabet a letter from her husband and she also becomes distressed seeing TV footage of monk Thích Quảng Đứcs self-immolation in the Vietnam War. The doctor decides Elisabet will recover better in a cottage by the sea, while at the cottage, Alma talks to Elisabet, remarking no one has ever really listened to her before. She speaks about her first affair and her fiancé, Karl-Henrik, one night, she relates how, while in a relationship with Karl-Henrik, she was sunbathing in the nude with a woman she had just met named Katarina, when two young boys came along. Katarina initiated an orgy in which Alma became pregnant, and she had an abortion, Alma drives to town to deliver their letters, but sees Elisabets is unsealed. She reads it, and finds Elisabet has written she is studying Alma and has told of Almas orgy, furious, Alma accuses Elisabet of using her, though she does not know for what purpose. In a resulting brawl, Alma attempts to scald Elisabet with boiling water, but stops when Elisabet cries for her to not to, Alma tells her she knows she is a terrible person, and when Elisabet runs off, Alma chases after her and begs for her forgiveness. Elisabet also sees the Stroop Report photograph of Jews arrested in the Warsaw Ghetto, one night, Alma hears a man outside calling for Elisabet, and finds it is the husband, Mr. Vogler. Mr. Vogler addresses Alma as Elisabet, despite her telling him he is mistaken, Alma meets with Elisabet again, feeling a need to talk about why Elisabet tore the photo of her son. Alma reveals much of Elisabets story, that she wanted the only thing she did not have, to be a mother, Elisabet came to regret the decision, and attempted self-induced abortion, but gave birth to a boy she hates
22.
Mai Zetterling
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Mai Elisabeth Zetterling was a Swedish actress and film director. Zetterling was born in Västerås, Västmanland, Sweden to a working-class family and she started her career as an actress at the age of 17 at Dramaten, the Swedish national theater, appearing in war-era films. Zetterling appeared in film and television productions spanning six decades from the 1940s to the 1990s and her breakthrough came in the 1944 film Torment written by Ingmar Bergman, in which she played a controversial role as a tormented shopgirl. Shortly afterwards she moved to England and gained instant success there with her role in Basil Deardens Frieda playing opposite David Farrar. Having gained a reputation as a sex symbol in dramas and thrillers, she was effective in comedies. She began directing in the early 1960s, starting with political documentaries and a film called The War Game, which was nominated for a BAFTA award. Her first feature film Älskande par, based on the novels of Agnes von Krusenstjerna, was banned at the Cannes Film Festival for its sexual explicitness, kenneth Tynan of The Observer later called it one of the most ambitious debuts since Citizen Kane. It was not the film she made that would stir up controversy for its frank sexuality. When critics reviewing her debut feature said that Mai Zetterling directs like a man, in her autobiography, All Those Tomorrows, published in 1985, Zetterling details love affairs with actor Herbert Lom and later Tyrone Power, with whom she lived from 1956 until early 1958. She was married to Norwegian actor Tutte Lemkow from 1944 to 1953, Lemkow and Zetterling had a daughter, Etienne and a son, Louis, who is professor of environmental sociology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. From 1958 to 1976 she was married to British author David Hughes and she died in London, from cancer on 17 March 1994, at the age of 68, a year after her final role on television. Recently released documents at the National Archives in London show that she, however, the UK never had a system along the lines of the American Hollywood Blacklist. A partial filmography as director, The War Game Älskande par – banned at the Cannes Film Festival, nattlek, Night Games) – banned at the Venice Film Festival. Doctor Glas Flickorna – a feminist rumination on Aristophanes classical antiwar play Lysistrata, with Bibi Andersson, Harriet Andersson, månen är en grön ost Love – segments Love From the Market Place, The Black Cat in the Black Mouse Socks, and Julia
23.
Richard Fleischer
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Richard O. Fleischer was an American film director. Fleischer was born in Brooklyn, the son of Essie and animator/producer Max Fleischer, after graduating from Brown University, he went to Yale School of Drama, where he met his future wife, Mary Dickson. His film career began in 1942 at the RKO studio, directing shorts, documentaries, and compilations of forgotten silent features, Fleischer moved to Los Angeles and was assigned his first feature, Child of Divorce, a vehicle for Sharyn Moffett. It was successful so Fleischer was assigned to another Moffett vehicle, Banjo, RKO agreed to loan him out to Stanley Kramer and Carl Foreman, who had admired Child of Divorce, to make So This Is New York for the Kramer Company at Columbia. Back at RKO Fleischer made a based on a story by Foreman. His other early films were taut film noir such as Bodyguard, Follow Me Quietly, Armored Car Robbery. Fleischer says he tried to graduate to A pictures during this time. When Norman Krasna and Jerry Wald set up at RKO, they asked Fleischer to see if he could make an out of any of the film shot for Its All True. Another project that did not come to fruition was a film starring Al Jolson, rKOs owner, Howard Hughes, was impressed by The Narrow Margin and hired Fleischer to re-shoot portions of His Kind of Woman. Hughes was pleased with the results and agreed to loan out Fleischer to Stanley Kramer to make The Happy Time, Fleischer was put under contract to the Kramer Company. The Happy Time was successful and Fleischer was meant to follow it with another for Kramer and Foreman, however the film was never made because the partnership between Foreman and Kramer ended. He accepted an offer from MGM to make Arena, a story starring Gig Young. In 1954, he was chosen by Walt Disney to direct 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea starring Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Paul Lukas and he was able to accept an offer to direct a thriller for Buddy Adler at 20th Century Fox, Violent Saturday. This was successful and Fox signed Fleischer to a term contract. He would work for that studio for the fifteen years. Fleischers first film under his new contract with Fox was The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing and he then made Bandido, a Western with Robert Mitchum. Kirk Douglas hired Fleischer to make The Vikings, which was big hit. Back at Fox, Fleischer made Compulsion, a drama with Orson Welles for producer Richard D. Zanuck
24.
The Last Run
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The Last Run is a 1971 action film shot in Málaga and elsewhere in Spain directed by Richard Fleischer, starring George C. Scott, Tony Musante, Trish Van Devere, and Colleen Dewhurst, Harry Garmes is an aging American career criminal who was once a driver for Chicago’s organized crime rings. He is living in self-imposed exile in Albufeira, a village in southern Portugal. Unexpectedly, Harry receives a job, his first in nine years, to drive an escaped killer Paul Rickard and he accepts the job, despite premonitions that it will end badly for him. In the course of the trip, Harry and his passengers are pursued by both the police and Harry’s former mobster cronies, upon returning to Portugal, Harry gets shot on the beach in Albufeira, moments away from escaping. However, Huston and Scott, who worked together on the 1966 film The Bible. Huston walked off the production and he was replaced by Richard Fleischer. Scott also had fights with French actress Tina Aumont, who was originally cast as the killer’s girlfriend and she also quit the film and was replaced by Trish Van Devere, an American actress. Scott and Van Devere fell in love during the production, however, Scott was married at the time to Colleen Dewhurst, who was also in the film. Dewhurst and Scott divorced after the production concluded, and the actor married Van Devere, the Last Run was poorly received by the major critics, and most of them lamented the replacement of Huston with Fleischer. Toni Mastroianni, reviewing the film for the Cleveland Press, faulted Scott’s performance as the main stumbling block, the role is right for him and maybe he should play a real Hemingway part instead of an imitation one. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer promoted the film with the tag line, In the tradition of Hemingway, however, the film was not a commercial success. As of 2011, it has available on DVD as a Warner Brothers Archive release. List of American films of 1971 The Last Run at the Internet Movie Database The Last Run at the TCM Movie Database The Last Run at AllMovie
25.
Louis Malle
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Louis Marie Malle was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. He was later nominated multiple times for Academy Awards later in his career, Malle is also one of the few directors to have won the Golden Lion multiple times. Malle worked in both French cinema and Hollywood, and he produced both French and English language films, Malle was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries, Nord, France, the son of Francoise and Pierre Malle. He initially studied political science at Sciences Po before turning to studies at IDHEC instead. He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped before making his first feature, a taut thriller featuring an original score by Miles Davis, Ascenseur pour léchafaud made an international film star of Jeanne Moreau, at the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Française. Malles The Lovers, which also starred Moreau, caused controversy due to its sexual content. In Jacobellis v. Ohio, an owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity. The decision was reversed by the higher court, which found that the film was not obscene. Malle is sometimes associated with the nouvelle vague movement, the second film earned Malle his first Academy Award nominations for Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced. In 1968 Malle visited India and made a documentary series LInde fantôme, Reflexions sur un voyage and a documentary film Calcutta. Malle later claimed his documentary on India was his favorite film, Malle later moved to the United States and continued to direct there. His later films include Pretty Baby, Atlantic City, My Dinner with Andre, Crackers, Alamo Bay, Damage and Vanya on 42nd Street in English, Au revoir les enfants and Milou en Mai in French. Just as his films such as The Lovers helped popularize French films in the United States. Towards the end of his life, Malle was interviewed extensively for The Times by cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter, in 1993, the interviews were included in Camber Porters book Through Parisian Eyes, Reflections On Contemporary French Arts And Culture. Malle was married to Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1965 to 1967 and he had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc Malle with German actress Gila von Weitershausen and a daughter, filmmaker Justine Malle, with Canadian actress Alexandra Stewart. He married actress Candice Bergen in 1980 and they had one child, a daughter, Chloe Francoise Malle, on 8 November 1985. He died from lymphoma at their home in Beverly Hills, California, at 63 on Thanksgiving Day 23 November 1995
26.
Black Moon (1975 film)
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Black Moon is a 1975 French-West German avant-garde film directed by Louis Malle and starring Cathryn Harrison, Joe Dallesandro, Therese Giehse, and Alexandra Stewart. Shown at the 1975 New York Film Festival, it was distributed in the United States by 20th Century Fox, despite the films location in France the films dialogue is in English. The surreal mise en scene centers on Lily, a teenager who witnesses a war between the sexes and finds herself involved in numerous dream-like situations at a country estate. An underlying subtext offers a commentary on the Womens Movement of the 1970s, the film is dedicated to Therese Giehse, who plays the character of The Old Lady, who died shortly after the end of the film. Malle himself has said about this film, Opaque, sometimes clumsy, I see it as a strange voyage to the limits of the medium, or maybe my own limits. The world is embroiled in a war between men and women, and, to escape it, Lily flees to an estate on which a number of surreal and unusual events take place. Naked children round up pigs and sheep, on the estate are three adults, a man, Brother Lily, his sister, Sister Lily, and The Old Lady. Brother Lily tends to the upkeep of the grounds and does not speak, Sister Lily helps on the estate with the rounding up of sheep and feeding the children. The Old Lady is a demanding bedridden woman who communicates with a large rat, when she is hungry, she seeks milk and is breastfed by Sister Lily, and later by Lily. Brother Lily kills a hawk with a sword after it flies into the house and this angers Sister Lily, and they fight. Lily pursues a unicorn around the estate and it later turns up in the Old Ladys room, and Lily prepares to breastfeed it. Black Moon certainly comes very much from the place where I live, theres something very ancient, maybe archaic, about it, also something. hostile. Malle also said that the film was influenced by his admiration for Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland, Malle hired Sven Nykvist, Ingmar Bergmans cinematographer, to shoot the film, and wanted there to be no scenes in which there was direct sunlight. They shot indoor scenes on sunny days until the light was right for the exterior shots, at the time of its release, Black Moon received mixed reviews and vanished into obscurity. It has since screened at theatrical revivals and aired on the television channel Turner Classic Movies. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 50% positive rating based on ten reviews with a rating of 5. 4/10. Vincent Canby of The New York Times thought positively of the film, calling it baffling and beautiful and he also said, Black Moon is a poetic vision made to look so absolutely literal one doesnt question the validity of the images. Conversely, Roger Ebert thought negatively of the film as he recalled in an article of his, just made a movie that was an extended
27.
Pretty Baby (1978 film)
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Pretty Baby is a 1978 American historical drama film directed by Louis Malle, and starring Brooke Shields, Keith Carradine, and Susan Sarandon. The screenplay was written by Polly Platt, the plot focuses on a 12-year-old prostitute in the red-light district of New Orleans at the turn of the 20th century. The title of the film is inspired by the Tony Jackson song, Pretty Baby, although the film was mostly praised by critics, it caused significant controversy due to its depiction of child prostitution and the nude scenes of Brooke Shields, who was 12 years old. Hattie has given birth to a boy and has a 12-year-old daughter, Violet. When photographer Ernest J. Bellocq comes with his camera, Hattie and he asks to be allowed to take photographs of the women. Madame Nell agrees only after he offers to pay, Bellocq becomes a fixture in the brothel, photographing the prostitutes, mostly Hattie. His activities fascinate Violet, though she believes he is falling in love with her mother, Violet is a restless child, frustrated by the long, precise process Bellocq must go through to pose and take pictures. Nell decides that Violet is old enough for her virginity to be auctioned off, after a bidding war among regulars, Violet is bought by an apparently quiet customer. This first sexual experience is unpleasant, Hattie, meanwhile, aspires to escape prostitution. She marries a customer and leaves for St. Louis without her daughter, Hattie promises to return for Violet, once she’s settled and has broken the news to the new spouse. Violet runs away from the brothel after being punished for some hijinks and she appears on Bellocq’s doorstep and asks him if he will sleep with her and take care of her. He initially says no, but then the two become lovers, in some ways, their relationship resembles one between a parent and child, with Bellocq standing in for Violets absent mother. Bellocq even buys Violet a doll, telling her that every child should have a doll, Bellocq is entranced by Violet’s beauty, youth, and photogenic face. She is frustrated by Bellocq’s devotion to his photography, as much as he is frustrated by her lack of maturity, Violet eventually returns to Nell’s after quarreling with Bellocq, but social reform groups are forcing the brothels of Storyville to close. Bellocq arrives to wed Violet, ostensibly to protect her from the larger world, two weeks after the wedding, Hattie and her husband arrive from St. Louis to collect Violet, claiming that her marriage is illegal without their consent. Bellocq does not want to let Violet go, Violet asks if he will go with her and her family. Upon hearing that she does in fact want to go with them, he lets her leave him, realizing that schooling. ABC Records released a soundtrack of the films score, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Original Music Score in the Adaptation Score category
28.
Roman Polanski
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Rajmund Roman Thierry Polański is a French-Polish film director, producer, writer, and actor. Born in Paris, his Polish-Jewish parents moved the back to Poland in 1937. Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany a few later, in 1939. Polanskis first feature-length film, Knife in the Water, made in Poland, was nominated for a United States Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He has since received five more Oscar nominations, along with two BAFTAs, four Césars, a Golden Globe Award and the Palme dOr of the Cannes Film Festival in France, in the United Kingdom he directed three films, beginning with Repulsion. In 1968 he moved to the United States and cemented his status by directing the horror film Rosemarys Baby. A turning point in his life took place in 1969, when his pregnant wife, Sharon Tate, following her death, Polanski returned to Europe and eventually continued directing. He made Macbeth in England and back in Hollywood, Chinatown, in 1977, Polanski was arrested and charged with the rape of a 13-year-old model during a photo session. He subsequently pled guilty to the charge of statutory rape and he was released from prison after serving 42 days, and as part of an apparent plea bargain, was to be put on probation. When he learned that the judge changed his mind and planned to reject the plea bargain, in Europe, Polanski continued to make films, including Tess, starring aspiring actress, Nastassja Kinski. It won Frances César Awards for Best Picture and Best Director and he later produced and directed The Pianist, starring Adrien Brody, in a World War II true story drama about a Jewish-Polish musician. The film won three Academy Awards including Best Director, along with numerous international awards and he also directed Oliver Twist, a story which parallels his own life as a young boy attempting to triumph over adversity. Polanski was born in Paris, the son of Bula and Ryszard Polański, a painter and manufacturer of sculptures and his mother had a daughter, Annette, by her previous husband. Annette managed to survive Auschwitz, where her mother died, Polańskis father was Jewish and originally from Poland, Polańskis mother, born in Russia, had been raised Roman Catholic and was of half-Jewish ancestry. Polański, influenced by his education in the Peoples Republic of Poland, said Im an atheist in an interview about his film, Rosemarys Baby. The Polański family moved back to the Polish city of Kraków in 1936, Kraków was soon occupied by the German forces, and Nazi racial purity laws made the Polańskis targets of persecution, forcing them into the Kraków Ghetto, along with thousands of the citys Jews. Around the age of six, he attended school for only a few weeks, until all the Jewish children were abruptly expelled. That initiative was followed by requiring all Jewish children over the age of twelve to wear white armbands with a blue Star of David imprinted for visual identification
29.
The Tenant
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The Tenant is a 1976 psychological horror film directed by Roman Polanski, starring Polanski, Isabelle Adjani, Melvyn Douglas, and Shelley Winters. It is based upon the 1964 novel Le locataire chimérique by Roland Topor, the film is also known under the French title Le Locataire. It is the last film in Polanskis Apartment Trilogy, following Repulsion and it was entered into the 1976 Cannes Film Festival. The film had a total of 534,637 admissions in France and he visits Choule in the hospital but finds her entirely in bandages and unable to talk. Whilst still at Choules bedside, Trelkovsky meets Simones friend, Stella, Stella begins talking to Simone, who becomes aware of her visitors. Initially showing some signs of agitation upon seeing them, Choule soon lets out a disturbing cry and it isnt clear which of the two has caused this reaction. Apparently unaware that Choule is now dead, Trelkovsky tries to comfort Stella but dares not say that he never knew Simone and they leave together and go out for a drink and a movie, where they fondle each other. Outside the theatre they part ways, Trelkovsky attempts to adapt to his situation, but is increasingly disturbed by the apartment and the other tenants. He frequently sees his neighbors standing motionless in the toilet room and he receives a visit and a letter from one Georges Badar, who secretly loves Simone and has believed her to be alive and well. Trelkovsky updates and comforts the man and spends the night out with him, gradually he changes his breakfast habits to those of Simone, and shifts from Gauloises to Marlboro cigarettes. Trelkovsky becomes severely agitated and enraged when his apartment is robbed, while his neighbors and he buys a wig and womans shoes and goes on to dress up and sit still in his apartment in the dead of night. He suspects that Zy and neighbors are trying to change him into the last tenant, Simone. He becomes hostile and paranoid in his environment and his mental state progressively deteriorates. He has visions of his neighbors playing football with a head, sees himself staring out of his own window. At night he is hit by a couple driving a car. The suicide attempt, in fact, wakes up his neighbors, the end of the movie is enigmatic. Trelkovsky is bandaged up in the fashion as Simone Choule in the same hospital bed. Trelkovsky then lets out the same disturbing cry that Simone had screamed, the film adaptation was originally to have been made by British director Jack Clayton, who was attached to the project around seven years before Polanski made it
30.
Jan Troell
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Jan Gustaf Troell is a Swedish film director. Usually, Troell writes his own scripts and serves as his own director of photography and his realistic films, with a lyrical photography in which nature is prominent, have placed him in the first rank of modern Swedish film directors along with Ingmar Bergman and Bo Widerberg. Troell was born in Limhamn outside Malmö, Sweden, for several years, he worked as an elementary-school teacher but started to make short films in the sixties. In 1965 he co-produced the film 4x4 and it was entered into the 4th Moscow International Film Festival. He became director of photography for Widerberg but soon made a debut with his own first feature, Heres Your Life, about a working class boy in Sweden, the film was based upon an autobiographical novel by Eyvind Johnson. For the film he won the Guldbagge Award for Best Director at the 4th Guldbagge Awards and his next film Who Saw Him Die. won the Golden Bear award at the 18th Berlin International Film Festival. Troells major work in the 1970s became The Emigrants and its sequel The New Land, once again, Troell films were based upon the novels of a Swedish working-class author, in this case Vilhelm Mobergs famous Emigrants suite. As in many of Troells films, Max von Sydow plays one of the major roles, the Emigrants was nominated for several Academy Awards. After a brief and unsuccessful sojourn in Hollywood, which resulted in the films Zandys Bride, starring Gene Hackman and it is a film about S. A. Andrées disastrous Arctic balloon expedition of 1897. The Flight of the Eagle was nominated for the Academy Awards, the release of Il Capitano, A Swedish Requiem became controversial since the film is based upon a true story, the brutal murder of a Swedish family just a few years earlier. Yet, it concentrates on the power game between the murderer and his girlfriend rather than the violence of the crime. He was awarded with the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival and it also won the award for Best Film at the 27th Guldbagge Awards. Troell has also made documentaries, for instance Land of Dreams, dealing with modern societys alienation from nature, despite his age, Troell has remained productive. A biographical film about the Swedish publicist Torgny Segerstedt, the Last Sentence premiered in November 2012 at the Stockholm International Film Festival. At the same festival Troell was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award, Jan Troell at the Internet Movie Database Jan Troell at the Swedish Film Database Jan Troell at AllMovie
31.
Hurricane (1979 film)
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Hurricane is a 1979 romance and adventure film featuring Mia Farrow and Jason Robards, produced by Dino De Laurentiis and Lorenzo Semple, Jr. and directed by Jan Troell. It is loosely based on the 1937 film of the same name, in the 1920s Charlotte, an American painter, arrives from Boston on the island of Alaya to visit her father, U. S. Navy Captain Bruckner, whom she hasnt seen in quite some time. Bruckner is the U. S. Congress-sanctioned governor of the island and he rules with a stern, patrician, and thoroughly patronizing attitude towards the natives. Charlotte is somewhat taken aback by her fathers rigid adherence to the law and she tries to intervene on behalf of Bruckners charge/houseboy Matangi, who plans to get Bruckner to toss out a harsh penalty issued to a native man who stole a boat for love. Bruckner refuses, and severely reprimands Matangi, much to Charlottes dismay, Matangi is soon anointed the high chief of his island, Alava. Matangi isnt as willing to accept the edicts of the U. S. forces. Charlotte wants to stay for a month on the island, chaperoned by Dr. Danielsson and Father Malone, despite Captain Bruckner’s jealousy over his daughter’s attraction to Matangi, he agrees to the stay and sails off for a month. Matangi and Charlotte quickly become lovers, when this is discovered by her father, he has Matangi arrested on a trumped-up charge. Just as tensions are beginning to boil, disaster strikes in the form of a giant hurricane, the film is based on a 1937 film of the same name, directed by John Ford. Filming was entirely on location on the remote South Seas island of Bora Bora, the special effects for the hurricane were done by a team led by Glen Robinson, who also did special effects for the 1937 film. Roman Polanski was originally hired to direct by producer Dino de Laurentiis, when Polanski was sent to prison for a brief period and his future became uncertain, De Laurentiis had to replace him with Jan Troell, as the film was ready and waiting to shoot. Troell felt that this massive budget actually made directing the film a more difficult. I think the money, the less creative freedom youve got. Dino de Laurentiis is a strong producer, and he knew what he wanted. I knew that from the start, but I didnt have a good shooting the film. I wanted to complicate the characters, make more interesting, but when a movie costs so much. Dino had, as his guiding light for that film, the taste of a big audience, sometimes he would touch his nose and say, I like Dino in many ways, but it was difficult making that kind of movie for him. The characters got lost in the special effects, the film was the final score of composer Nino Rota, who died two days before its premiere
32.
Bob Rafelson
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Robert Bob Rafelson is an American film director, writer and producer. He is regarded as one of the founders of the New Hollywood movement in the 1970s, among his best-known films are Five Easy Pieces, The King of Marvin Gardens, and The Postman Always Rings Twice. He was also one of the creators of the pop group and his first wife was the production designer Toby Carr Rafelson. His eldest son is songwriter Peter Rafelson, who co-wrote the hit song Open Your Heart for Madonna, Rafelson was born to a Jewish family in New York City, the son of a hat ribbon manufacturer. His uncle was screenwriter and playwright Samson Raphaelson, the author of The Jazz Singer, Samson took an interest in my work, Rafelson told critic David Thomson. If he liked a picture, then I was his favorite nephew, but if he didnt like it, I was a distant cousin. Rafelson had a brother, Donald, and attended Trinity-Pawling School on scholarship. As a teenager he would run away from home to pursue a more adventurous lifestyle, including riding in a rodeo in Arizona. After studying philosophy at Dartmouth College, Rafelson was drafted into the U. S. Army, in Japan he worked as a disk jockey, translated Japanese films and was an adviser to the Shochiku Film Company as to what films would be financially successful in the United States. So I suppose my own aesthetic evolved from looking at certain kinds of pictures--Bergman and Ozu and John Ford, Rafelson began dating Toby Carr in high school and they later married in the mid-1950s. The couple had two children, Peter Rafelson, born in 1960, and Julie Rafelson, born in 1962, Rafelsons first professional job was as a story editor on the TV series Play of the Week for producer David Susskind in 1959. The series produced televised stage plays from contemporary and classical authors, Rafelsons job required him to read hundreds of plays, select which were to be produced, and write some additional dialogue uncredited. Rafelsons first writing credits were for an episode of the TV series The Witness in 1960, wasserman told him to come back when he learned that film was a collaborative process. While working on the TV series The Wackiest Ship in the Army for Screen Gems in 1965 and they became fast friends and created the company Raybert Productions together that year. Raybert would later become BBS Productions and produce films as a subsidiary of Columbia Pictures, encouraged by the Beatles film A Hard Days Night and Beatlemania in general, Rafelson and Schneiders first project was a television series about a rock n roll group. However, Rafelson said, I had conceived the show before The Beatles existed, the band that they created was The Monkees and the series ran from 1966 until 1968. The Monkees was immediately a success with audiences and, despite the band being a product, was particularly popular with the youth demographic at the time. Rafelson and Schneider won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series as producers in 1967, Rafelson has said that the whole show was created in effect in the editing room
33.
The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981 film)
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The Postman Always Rings Twice is a 1981 American-German film adaptation of the 1934 novel of the same name by James M. Cain. The film was produced by Lorimar in association with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and originally released theatrically in North America by Paramount Pictures and this version, based on a screenplay by David Mamet and directed by Bob Rafelson, starred Jack Nicholson and Jessica Lange. The film was shot in Santa Barbara, California, Frank Chambers a drifter, stops at a rural California diner for a meal and ends up working there. The diner is operated by a young, beautiful woman, Cora Smith, and her older husband, Nick Papadakis. Frank and Cora start to have an affair soon after they meet, Cora is tired of her situation, married to a man she does not love, and working at a diner that she wishes to own and improve. She and Frank scheme to murder Nick to start a new life together without her losing the diner and their first attempt at the murder is a failure, but they eventually succeed. The local prosecutor suspects what has occurred but does not have enough evidence to prove it. As a tactic intended to get Cora and Frank to turn on one another, although they turn against each other, a clever ploy from Coras lawyer, Katz, prevents Coras full confession from coming into the hands of the prosecutor. With the tactic having failed to any new evidence for the prosecution. Months later, Frank has an affair with Madge Gorland while Cora is out of town, when Cora returns, she announces she is pregnant. That night, Katzs assistant, Kennedy, appears at their door, enraged, Frank beats Kennedy up and strong-arms him into giving up the evidence against them. When Frank returns, he finds that Madge has been to see Cora and they eventually patch together their tumultuous relationship and now plan for a future together. However, just as they seem to be prepared for a new life together, Jack Nicholson – Frank Chambers Jessica Lange – Cora Smith/Papadakis John Colicos – Nick Papadakis Michael Lerner – Mr. Katz John P. The film was screened out of competition at the 1981 Cannes Film Festival, upon release, the film was poorly received by many critics, who felt that the remake was wasted. They also believed the ending was weak compared to the original film. They also criticized the fact that the meaning of the title is not explained in the remake, Jack Nicholson later said If you ran a question through this industry about The Postman Always Rings Twice, most people would surmise that it wasn’t successful. I know it made money, because I received overages, so it must’ve grossed about as much as Chinatown, but people are anxious to disqualify it. The film has since received more favorably, it scores an 83% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with 10 positive reviews
34.
Woody Allen
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Heywood Woody Allen is an American actor, writer, director, comedian, playwright, and musician whose career spans more than six decades. He worked as a writer in the 1950s, writing jokes and scripts for television. In the early 1960s, Allen began performing as a stand-up comedian, as a comedian, he developed the persona of an insecure, intellectual, fretful nebbish, which he maintains is quite different from his real-life personality. In 2004, Comedy Central ranked Allen in fourth place on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians and he is often identified as part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmakers of the mid-1960s to late 1970s. Allen often stars in his films, typically in the persona he developed as a standup, some of the best-known of his over 40 films are Annie Hall, Manhattan, and Hannah and Her Sisters. In 2007 he said Stardust Memories, The Purple Rose of Cairo, critic Roger Ebert described Allen as a treasure of the cinema. Allen won four Academy Awards, three for Best Original Screenplay and one for Best Director and he also won nine British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards. His screenplay for Annie Hall was named the funniest screenplay by the Writers Guild of America in its list of the 101 Funniest Screenplays, in 2011, PBS televised the film biography Woody Allen, A Documentary on the American Masters TV series. Allen was born Allan Stewart Konigsberg in Brooklyn, New York and he and his sister, Letty, were raised in Midwood, Brooklyn. He is the son of Nettie, a bookkeeper at her familys delicatessen, and Martin Konigsberg and his family was Jewish, his grandparents immigrated from Russia and Austria, and spoke Yiddish, Hebrew, and German. His parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. His childhood was not particularly happy, his parents did not get along, Allen spoke German quite a bit in his early years. He would later joke that when he was young he was sent to inter-faith summer camps. While attending Hebrew school for eight years, he went to Public School 99 and to Midwood High School, at that time, he lived in an apartment at 968 East 14th Street. Unlike his comic persona, he was interested in baseball than school. He impressed students with his talent at card and magic tricks. To raise money, he wrote jokes for agent David O. Alber, at the age of 17, he legally changed his name to Heywood Allen and later began to call himself Woody Allen. According to Allen, his first published joke read, Woody Allen says he ate at a restaurant that had O. P. S and he was then earning more than both parents combined
35.
Another Woman
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Another Woman is a 1988 American drama film written and directed by Woody Allen. It stars Gena Rowlands as a professor who accidentally overhears the private analysis of a stranger. Another Woman is viewed favorably by modern film critics, Marion Post is a New York philosophy professor past the age of 50 on a leave of absence to write a new book. Due to construction work in their building, she sublets a furnished flat downtown to have peace and her work there is interrupted by voices from a neighboring office in the building where a therapist conducts his analysis. She quickly realizes that she is privy to the sessions of another woman who is disturbed by a growing feeling that her life is false. Her words strike a chord in Marion, who begins to question herself in the same way and she also realizes that her marriage to her second husband, Ken, is unfulfilling and that she missed her one chance at love with his best friend Larry. She finally manages to meet the woman in therapy as she contemplates a Klimt painting called Hope, by the end of the film, Marion resolves to change her life for the better. This film has many of Allens signature features, particularly the New York City stamp of the film, only a few scenes are shot outside the city and it also uses classical music- Gymnopedie No. It also focuses primarily on upper middle class intellectuals, as all of Allens 1980s films do. Another Woman received modest praise from critics and holds a 65% positive Fresh rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph described the film as one of shortest, least funny, and very best films. Variety praised the film as brave, in many ways fascinating, vincent Canby of The New York Times was more critical of the film, however, remarking, Everyone speaks slightly stilted, epistolary dialogue. The rounded sentences sound as if theyd been written in a French influenced by Flaubert and he added, Mr. Allen is becoming an immensely sophisticated director, but this screenplay is in need of a merciless literary editor. Its full of an earnest teen-age writers superfluous words, in addition to flashbacks, modern reception is often more favorable. Another Woman at the Internet Movie Database
36.
Crimes and Misdemeanors
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In several publications, Crimes and Misdemeanors has been ranked as one of Allens greatest films. The story follows two characters, Judah Rosenthal, a successful ophthalmologist, and Clifford Stern, a small-time documentary filmmaker. Judah, a family man, is having an affair with flight attendant Dolores Paley. After it becomes clear to her that Judah will not end his marriage, Dolores, scorned, doloress letter to Miriam is intercepted and destroyed by Judah, but she sustains the pressure on him with threats of revelation. She is also aware of some questionable financial deals Judah has made and he confides in a patient, Ben, a rabbi who is rapidly losing his eyesight. Ben advises openness and honesty between Judah and his wife, but Judah does not wish to imperil his marriage, desperate, Judah turns to his brother, Jack, who hires a hitman to kill Dolores. Before her corpse is discovered, Judah retrieves letters and other items from her apartment in order to cover his tracks, stricken with guilt, Judah turns to the religious teachings he had rejected, believing for the first time that a just God is watching him and passing judgment. Cliff, meanwhile, has been hired by his pompous brother-in-law, Lester, while filming and mocking the subject, Cliff falls in love with Lesters associate producer, Halley Reed. Despondent over his marriage to Lesters sister Wendy, he woos Halley, showing her footage from his ongoing documentary about Prof. Louis Levy. He makes sure Halley is aware that he is shooting Lesters documentary merely for the money so he can finish his more meaningful project with Levy, Cliffs dislike for Lester becomes evident during the first screening of the film. It juxtaposes footage of Lester with clownish poses of Benito Mussolini addressing a throng of supporters from a balcony and it also shows Lester yelling at his employees and clumsily making a pass at an attractive young actress. Cliff learns that Professor Levy, whom he had been profiling on the strength of his celebration of life, has committed suicide, leaving a curt note, Ive gone out the window. When Halley visits to him, he makes a pass at her. Hearing that Lester sent Halley white roses round the clock, for days while they were in London and his last romantic gesture to Halley had been a love letter which, he admits with humor, he had mostly plagiarized from James Joyce. In the final scene, Judah and Cliff meet by happenstance at the wedding of the daughter of rabbi Ben, who is Cliffs brother-in-law and Judahs patient. Once deeply anguished by the murder he arranged, Judah has worked through his guilt and is enjoying life once more and he draws Cliff into a supposedly hypothetical discussion that draws upon his moral quandary. Judah says that time, any crisis will pass, but Cliff morosely claims instead that one is forever fated to bear ones burdens for crimes. Judah cheerfully leaves the party with his wife, and Cliff is left sitting alone
37.
Richard Attenborough
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Richard Samuel Attenborough, Baron Attenborough, Kt, CBE was an English actor, filmmaker, entrepreneur, and politician. He was the President of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, as a film director and producer, Attenborough won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1983. He also won four BAFTA Awards and four Golden Globe Awards, as an actor, he is perhaps best known for his roles in Brighton Rock, The Great Escape,10 Rillington Place, Miracle on 34th Street and Jurassic Park. He was the brother of David Attenborough, a naturalist and broadcaster, and John Attenborough. He was married to actress Sheila Sim from 1945 until his death, Attenborough was educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys in Leicester and studied at RADA. The sisters moved to the United States in the 1950s and lived with an uncle, during the Second World War, Attenborough served in the Royal Air Force. After initial pilot training he was seconded to the newly formed R. A. F, Film Unit at Pinewood Studios, under the command of Flight Lieutenant John Boulting where he appeared with Edward G. Robinson in the propaganda film Journey Together. Attenboroughs acting career started on stage and he appeared in shows at Leicesters Little Theatre, Dover Street, prior to his going to RADA, in 1949, exhibitors voted him the sixth most popular British actor at the box office. Early in his career, Attenborough starred in the West End production of Agatha Christies The Mousetrap. Both he and his wife were among the original cast members of the production and it was his first appearance in a major Hollywood film blockbuster and his most successful film thus far. His portrayal of the serial killer John Christie in 10 Rillington Place garnered excellent reviews, in 1977, he played the ruthless General Outram, again to great acclaim, in the Indian director Satyajit Rays period piece The Chess Players. He starred in the remake of Miracle on 34th Street as Kris Kringle and he made his only appearance in a film adaptation of Shakespeare when he played the English ambassador who announces that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead at the end of Kenneth Branaghs Hamlet. His performance in The Angry Silence earned him his first nomination for a BAFTA, seance On A Wet Afternoon won him his first BAFTA award. His feature film debut was the all-star screen version of the hit musical Oh. What a Lovely War, after which his acting appearances became sporadic as he concentrated more on directing and producing. He later directed two epic films, Young Winston, based on the early life of Winston Churchill, and A Bridge Too Far. He had been attempting to get the project made for 18 years and he directed the screen version of the musical A Chorus Line and the anti-apartheid drama Cry Freedom. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Director for both films and his later films as director and producer include Chaplin starring Robert Downey, Jr. as Charlie Chaplin and Shadowlands, based on the relationship between C. S. Lewis and Joy Gresham
38.
Chaplin (film)
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Chaplin is a 1992 British-American biographical comedy-drama film about the life of British comedian Charlie Chaplin. It was produced and directed by Richard Attenborough and stars Robert Downey Jr. Marisa Tomei, Dan Aykroyd, Penelope Ann Miller and it also features Geraldine Chaplin in the role of her own paternal grandmother, Hannah Chaplin. The film was adapted by William Boyd, Bryan Forbes and William Goldman from the books My Autobiography by Chaplin and Chaplin, His Life, associate producer Diana Hawkins got a story credit. The original music score was composed by John Barry, Chaplins recollections begin with his childhood of extreme poverty from which he escapes by immersing himself in the world of the London music halls. After his mother Hannah Chaplin has an attack of nerves on stage during a performance, Hannah retires from performing and is eventually committed to an asylum after developing psychosis. In the years that follow, Chaplin and his brother Sydney gain work with variety show producer Fred Karno, where Chaplin becomes a hit with his comedy drunk act. He begins a relationship with his first love Hetty Kelly, the night before he is due to leave for America he proposes to her but she declines, Chaplin promises to return to England for her when he is a success. Chaplin is sent to America by Karno and is given a job by Mack Sennett, while there, he creates his iconic Tramp persona and due to the terrible directorial capabilities of Sennetts wife Mabel, Chaplin is allowed to direct his own movies. Before the year is over, Chaplin directs over 20 movies, after Sydney joins him in America to become his manager, Chaplin decides to break away from Sennett to have complete creative control over his films with the goal of one day owning his own studio. In 1917, Chaplin completes work on The Immigrant which causes concern over the films political subject matter. Years later at a party thrown by Douglas Fairbanks, Chaplin meets. Chaplin eventually becomes wealthy and profitable enough to set up his own studio, Chaplin reveals to Fairbanks that he is to marry Harris as she is pregnant, but later at a party thrown by William Randolph Hearst, the pregnancy is revealed to be a hoax. Chaplin and Mildred separate after the death of their only child. The brothers eventually arrange for their mother to them in America. Chaplin is initially happy to see her but has been away from her for so long that he is unable to cope with her mental illness. In 1921, seeking a break from film-making and his private life and he reunites with Karno and hopes to locate Hetty, but Karno sadly informs him that she died in a flu epidemic shorty after the war. Despite the arrival of sound pictures drawing nearer, Chaplin vows never to make a talkie featuring the Tramp, at an industry party Chaplin causes a minor scandal when he refuses to shake hands with a visiting member of the Nazi party. Fairbanks comments that Chaplin looks a lot like Adolf Hitler, providing Chaplin with inspiration for his movie in their final encounter before Fairbanks death in 1939
39.
Nora Ephron
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Nora Ephron was an American journalist, essayist, playwright, screenwriter, novelist, producer, director, and blogger. Ephron is best known for her comedies and was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Writing, for Silkwood, When Harry Met Sally. She won a BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for When Harry Met Sally and she sometimes wrote with her sister Delia Ephron. Her last film was Julie & Julia and she also co-authored the Drama Desk Award–winning theatrical production Love, Loss, and What I Wore. In 2013, Ephron received a posthumous Tony Award nomination for Best Play for her play Lucky Guy, Ephron was born in New York City to a Jewish family, the eldest of four daughters, and grew up in Beverly Hills. Her parents, Henry Ephron and Phoebe Wolkind Ephron, were both East Coast-born and were noted playwrights and screenwriters, noras younger sisters, Delia and Amy, are also screenwriters. Her sister Hallie Ephron is a journalist, book reviewer, ephrons parents based the ingenue character in the play and film version of Take Her, Shes Mine on the 22-year-old Nora and her letters from college. Both her parents became alcoholics during their declining years, Ephron graduated from Beverly Hills High School in 1958, and from Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts, in 1962 with a degree in political science. Her first marriage, to writer Dan Greenburg, ended in divorce nine years. In 1976, she married journalist Carl Bernstein of Watergate fame, in 1979, Ephron had a toddler son, Jacob, and was pregnant with her second son Max when she discovered Bernsteins affair with their mutual friend, married British politician Margaret Jay. Ephron was inspired by this to write the 1983 novel Heartburn, in the book, Ephron wrote of a husband named Mark, who was capable of having sex with a Venetian blind. She also wrote that the character Thelma looked like a giraffe with big feet, Bernstein threatened to sue over the book and film, but he never did. Ephron was married for more than 20 years to screenwriter Nicholas Pileggi until her death, the couple lived in New York City. Although Jewish by birth, Ephron was not religious and you can never have too much butter – that is my belief. If I have a religion, thats it, she quipped in an NPR interview about her 2009 movie, Julie & Julia and her son, Jacob Bernstein, directed an HBO movie on her life called Everything Is Copy. After graduating from Wellesley College in 1962, Ephron worked briefly as an intern in the White House of President John F. Kennedy and she also applied to be a writer at Newsweek. After she was told they didn’t hire women writers, she accepted a position as a mail girl, after a satire she wrote lampooning the New York Post caught the editors eye, Ephron landed a job at the Post, where she stayed as a reporter for five years. In 1966, she broke the news in the Post that Bob Dylan had married Sara Lownds in a private ceremony three-and-a-half months before, upon becoming a successful writer, she wrote a column on womens issues for Esquire
40.
Sleepless in Seattle
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Sleepless in Seattle is a 1993 American romantic comedy-drama film directed and co-written by Nora Ephron, based on a story by Jeff Arch. It stars Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan, alongside a supporting cast featuring Bill Pullman, Ross Malinger, Rob Reiner, Rosie ODonnell, Gaby Hoffmann, Victor Garber, the film was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $220 million worldwide. Chicago architect Sam Baldwin loses his wife Maggie to cancer and he and his eight-year-old son Jonah start a new life in Seattle, Washington, but Sam continues to grieve. A year and a later, on Christmas Eve 1992. Jonah persuades a reluctant Sam to go on the air to talk about how much he misses Maggie, hundreds of women from around the country who hear the program and are touched by the story write to Sam. One of the listeners is Annie Reed, a Baltimore Sun reporter who is engaged to amiable Walter, after watching the film An Affair to Remember, Annie impulsively writes a letter suggesting that Sam meet her on top of the Empire State Building on Valentines Day. She does not intend to mail it, but her friend and editor Becky does it for her, Sam begins dating a co-worker Victoria, whom Jonah dislikes. Jonah, a fan, reads Annies letter and likes that it mentions the Baltimore Orioles. On the advice of his playmate Jessica, Jonah replies to Annie, while dropping Victoria off at the airport for a flight, Sam sees Annie exiting from her plane and is mesmerized by her, although he has no idea who she is. Annie later secretly watches Sam and Jonah playing on the beach together and he recognizes her from the airport and says Hello, but Annie only responds with another Hello before fleeing. She decides she is being foolish and goes to New York to meet Walter for Valentines Day, with Jessicas help, Jonah flies to New York without his fathers permission and goes to the Empire State Building searching for Annie. Distraught, Sam follows Jonah and finds him on the observation deck, meanwhile, Annie sees the skyscraper from the Rainbow Room where she is dining with Walter and confesses her doubts to him, amicably ending their engagement. She rushes to the Empire State Building just moments after the doors to the elevator close with Sam. In spite of the deck being deserted, Annie discovers a backpack that Jonah left behind. As she pulls out Jonahs teddy bear from the backpack, Sam and Jonah emerge from the elevator, on the advice of the elevator operator, Sam indicates they should go and offers his hand to Annie. The three then enter the elevator together before the door closes, Hanks and Ryan had previously acted together in Joe Versus the Volcano and would later star together in Youve Got Mail. Julia Roberts and Kim Basinger were reportedly offered the role of Annie Reed, the film was originally to have been scored by John Barry, but when given a list of twenty songs he had to put in the film, he quit. As Time Goes By by Jimmy Durante –2,28 A Kiss to Build a Dream On by Louis Armstrong –3,01 Stardust by Nat King Cole –3,15 Makin Whoopee by Dr
41.
What's Eating Gilbert Grape
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Whats Eating Gilbert Grape is a 1993 American drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and starring Johnny Depp, Juliette Lewis, Darlene Cates and Leonardo DiCaprio. The film follows 24-year-old Gilbert, a store clerk caring for his morbidly obese mother. Peter Hedges wrote the screenplay, adapted from his 1991 novel of the same name, the film was well-received, DiCaprio received his first Academy Award nomination for his role. His mother, Bonnie, gave up on life after her husband hanged himself in the basement 14 years earlier and she spends almost all of her time on the couch watching TV and eating. The relationship between the brothers is of both care and protection, as Gilbert continually enforces the nobody touches Arnie policy, a new FoodLand supermarket has opened, threatening the small Lamsons Grocery where Gilbert works. In addition, Gilbert is having an affair with a married woman, the family is looking forward to Arnies 18th birthday. A young woman named Becky and her grandmother are stuck in town when the International Harvester Travelall pulling their trailer breaks down, gilberts unusual life circumstances threaten to get in the way of their budding romance. In order to time with Becky to watch the sunset. He returns home late and finds that Arnie is still in the bath the morning, shivering in the now-cold water. His affair with Betty ends when she leaves town in search of a new life following her husbands death—he drowned in the wading pool after suffering a heart attack. Becky becomes close to both Gilbert and Arnie, while they are distracted during one of their talks, Arnie returns to the water tower he is forever trying to climb. Soon after, Arnie tries to run away yet again from his bath and in his frustration Gilbert finally snaps, guilty and appalled at himself, Gilbert takes his truck and runs out without another word. Arnie also runs out and goes to Beckys, who care of him for the evening before he is picked up by his sisters. He apologizes to his mother for his behavior and promises that he is not ashamed of her and she admits to Gilbert her knowledge of what a burden she has become to the family, and he forgives her. He introduces her to Becky—something he had been reluctant to do earlier, following Arnies 18th birthday party, Bonnie climbs the stairs to her bedroom for the first time since her husbands suicide. Arnie later tries to wake her but discovers she has died, the children, not willing to let their mother become the joke of the town by having her corpse lifted from the house by crane, empty their family home of possessions and set it on fire. The film had a release on December 17,1993. The wide release garnered $2,104,938 on first weekend, total domestic gross for the film was $10,032,765
