1.
Meatball
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A meatball is ground or minced meat rolled into a small ball, sometimes along with other ingredients, such as bread crumbs, minced onion, eggs, butter, and seasoning. Meatballs are cooked by frying, baking, steaming, or braising in sauce, there are many types of meatballs using different types of meats and spices. The term is extended to meatless versions based on vegetables or fish. The Chinese recipe Four Joy Meatballs is derived from Shandong cuisine and its history can date back to Qin dynasty. Early recipes included in some of the earliest known Arabic cookbooks, generally concern seasoned lamb rolled into orange-sized balls and glazed with egg yolk and this method was taken to the West and is referred to as gilding. Many regional variations exist, notable among them the unusually large Azerbaijani kufteh Tabrizi, the ancient Roman cookbook Apicius included many meatball-type recipes. Various recipes of meatballs can be found worldwide across Europe to Asia, from the Balkans to India, there is a large variety of meatballs in the kofta family. Albanian fried meatballs include feta cheese, armenian stewed meatballs/meatball and vegetable stew is a classic dish often poured over rice for consumption. In Austria, fried meatballs are called Fleischlaibchen or Fleischlaberl, in Belgium, meatballs are called ballekes or bouletten in Flanders and are usually made of a mixture of beef and pork with bread crumbs and sliced onions. Many other variations exist, including different kinds of meat and chopped vegetables, in Bosnian, meatballs are called ćufte and are typically made from ground beef and served with mashed potatoes. In Bulgaria, meatballs are called kyufte and are made from ground beef or pork. They can be fried or grilled and often contain diced onions. They are a popular dish. In Croatia, meatballs are called polpete in the Dalmatian region or ćufte in the continental part and they are typically made with ground beef or a mixture of pork and beef and served with mashed potatoes or rice, often with tomato based sauce. Danish meatballs are known as frikadeller and are typically fried and they are usually made out of ground pork, veal, onions, eggs, salt, and pepper, these are formed into balls and flattened somewhat, so they are pan ready. However, the Danish cusine also includes other versions, such as Boller i Karry, in Estonia, meatballs are called lihapallid and are similar to those of Finnish or Swedish cuisine. In Finnish cuisine, meatballs are called lihapullat and they are seasoned with white pepper and salt. Meatballs are traditionally served with gravy, boiled potatoes, lingonberry jam, in Alsace, France, meatballs are known as Fleischkiechele
2.
Sauce
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In cooking, a sauce is liquid, cream, or semi-solid food served on or used in preparing other foods. Sauces are not normally consumed by themselves, they add flavor, moisture, Sauce is a French word taken from the Latin salsa, meaning salted. Possibly the oldest recorded European sauce is garum, the sauce used by the Ancient Greeks, while doubanjiang. Sauces need a liquid component, but some sauces may contain more components than liquid. Sauces are an element in cuisines all over the world. Sauces may be used for sweet or savory dishes and they may be prepared and served cold, like mayonnaise, prepared cold but served lukewarm like pesto, cooked and served warm like bechamel or cooked and served cold like apple sauce. Sauces may be prepared by the cook, especially in restaurants. Sauces for salad are called salad dressing, Sauce made by deglazing a pan are called pan sauces. A cook who specializes in making sauces is called a saucier, sauces used in traditional Japanese cuisine are usually based on shōyu, miso or dashi. Ponzu, citrus-flavored soy sauce, and yakitori no tare, sweetened soy sauce, are examples of shoyu-based sauces. Miso-based sauces include gomamiso, miso with ground sesame, and amamiso, in modern Japanese cuisine, the word sauce often refers to Worcestershire sauce, introduced in the 19th century and modified to suit Japanese tastes. Tonkatsu, okonomiyaki, and yakisoba sauces are based on this sauce, Japanese horseradish or wasabi sauce is used on sushi and sashimi or mixed with soy sauce to make wasabi-joyu. Some sauces in Chinese cuisine are soy sauce, doubanjiang, hoisin sauce, sweet sauce, chili sauces, oyster sauce. Korean cuisine uses sauces such as doenjang, gochujang, samjang, aekjeot, southeast Asian cuisines, such as Thai and Vietnamese cuisine, often use fish sauce, made from fermented fish. Indian cuisines use sauces such as tomato-based curry sauces, tamarind sauce, coconut milk-/paste-based sauces, there are substantial regional variations in Indian cuisine, but many sauces use a seasoned mix of onion, ginger and garlic paste as the base of various gravies and sauces. Various cooking oils, ghee and/or cream are also ingredients in Indian sauces. Filipino cuisine typically uses toyomansi as well as different varieties of suka, patis, bagoong and banana ketchup, indonesian cuisine uses typical sauces such as kecap manis, bumbu kacang and tauco, while popular hot and spicy sauces are sambal, dabu-dabu and rica-rica. In traditional British cuisine, gravy is a used on roast dinner
3.
Mashed potato
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Mashed potato or mashed potatoes, is a dish prepared by mashing boiled potatoes. Recipes started appearing in 1747 with an entry in The Art of Cookery by Hannah Glasse, dehydrated and frozen mashed potatoes are available in many supermarkets. The use of types of potato is recommended, although waxy potatoes are sometimes used for a different texture. Butter, vegetable oil, milk and/or cream are added to improve flavor and texture, and the potatoes are seasoned with salt, pepper. One French variation adds egg yolk for pommes duchesse or Duchess potatoes, piped through a tube into wavy ribbons and rosettes, brushed with butter. Pomme purée uses considerably more butter than normal mashed potato - up to two parts potato for one part butter, in low-calorie or non-dairy variations, milk, cream and butter may be replaced by soup stock or broth. Aloo Bharta, an Indian sub-continent variation, uses chopped onions, mustard, chili pepper, coriander leaves, mashed potato can be served as a side dish, and is often served with sausages in the British Isles, where they are known as bangers and mash. Mashed potato can be an ingredient of other dishes, including shepherds and cottage pie, pierogi, colcannon, dumplings, potato croquettes. In the United Kingdom, cold mashed potato is mixed with fresh eggs and this dish is thought to have originated in Cornwall and is a popular breakfast item. When instead combined with meat and other vegetables, the fried dish is known as bubble. A potato masher is a utensil which can be used to prepare the potatoes, the ultimate chip and perfect mash -- Heston Blumenthal recipes
4.
Pickling
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Pickling is the process of preserving or expanding the lifespan of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar. The resulting food is called a pickle, or, to prevent ambiguity, the pickling procedure will typically affect the foods texture and flavor. In East Asia, vinaigrette is used as a pickling medium. Foods that are pickled include meats, fruits, eggs, another distinguishing characteristic is a pH of 4.6 or lower, which is sufficient to kill most bacteria. Pickling can preserve perishable foods for months, antimicrobial herbs and spices, such as mustard seed, garlic, cinnamon or cloves, are often added. If the food contains sufficient moisture, a pickling brine may be produced simply by adding dry salt, for example, German sauerkraut and Korean kimchi are produced by salting the vegetables to draw out excess water. Natural fermentation at room temperature, by lactic acid bacteria, produces the required acidity, other pickles are made by placing vegetables in vinegar. Unlike the canning process, pickling does not require that the food be completely sterile before it is sealed, the acidity or salinity of the solution, the temperature of fermentation, and the exclusion of oxygen determine which microorganisms dominate, and determine the flavor of the end product. When both salt concentration and temperature are low, Leuconostoc mesenteroides dominates, producing a mix of acids, alcohol, at higher temperatures Lactobacillus plantarum dominates, which produces primarily lactic acid. Many pickles start with Leuconostoc, and change to Lactobacillus with higher acidity, pickling began 4000 years ago using cucumbers native to India. This was used as a way to food for out-of-season use and for long journeys. Salt pork and salt beef were common staples for sailors before the days of steam engines, although the process was invented to preserve foods, pickles are also made and eaten because people enjoy the resulting flavors. Pickling may also improve the value of food by introducing B vitamins produced by bacteria. The term pickle is derived from the Dutch word pekel, meaning brine, in the U. S. and Canada, and sometimes Australia and New Zealand, the word pickle alone almost always refers to a pickled cucumber, except when it is used figuratively. It may also refer to types of pickles such as pickled onion, pickled cauliflower. In the UK, pickle, as in a cheese and pickle sandwich, may refer to Ploughmans pickle. South Asia has a variety of pickles, which are mainly made from varieties of mango, lemon, lime, goongura, tamarind and Indian gooseberry. Vegetables such as brinjal, carrots, cauliflower, tomato, bitter gourd, green tamarind, ginger, garlic, onion and these fruits and vegetables are generally mixed with ingredients like salt, spices, and vegetable oils and are set to mature in a moistureless medium
5.
Cucumber
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Cucumber is a widely cultivated plant in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. It is a vine that bears cucumiform fruits that are used as vegetables. There are three varieties of cucumber, slicing, pickling, and seedless. Within these varieties, several cultivars have been created, in North America, the term wild cucumber refers to plants in the genera Echinocystis and Marah, but these are not closely related. The cucumber is originally from South Asia, but now grows on most continents, many different types of cucumber are traded on the global market. The cucumber is a vine that roots in the ground and grows up trellises or other supporting frames, wrapping around supports with thin. The plant may also root in a medium and will sprawl along the ground if it does not have supports. The vine has large leaves form a canopy over the fruits. The fruit of cultivars of cucumber is roughly cylindrical, but elongated with tapered ends. Botanically speaking, the cucumber is classified as a pepo, a type of berry with a hard outer rind. Much like tomato and squash, it is perceived, prepared. Cucumber fruits are more than 90% water. A few cultivars of cucumber are parthenocarpic, the blossoms creating seedless fruit without pollination, pollination for these cultivars degrades the quality. In the United States, these are grown in greenhouses. In Europe, they are outdoors in some regions. Most cucumber cultivars, however, are seeded and require pollination, thousands of hives of honey bees are annually carried to cucumber fields just before bloom for this purpose. Cucumbers may also be pollinated by bumblebees and several other bee species, most cucumbers that require pollination are self-incompatible, so pollen from a different plant is required to form seeds and fruit. Some self-compatible cultivars exist that are related to the Lemon cultivar, symptoms of inadequate pollination include fruit abortion and misshapen fruit
6.
Lingonberry jam
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Lingonberry jam is a staple food in Scandinavian cuisine. Lingonberries are known as mountain cranberries or partridge berries in North America from Alaska to Labrador, because lingonberries are plentiful in the forested areas of the Swedish inland, they are widely collected for jam. It has always been popular with traditional dishes such as kroppkakor, pitepalt, potato cake, kåldolmar, mustamakkara. The jam is often used on mashed potatoes and the traditional oatmeal porridge, sometimes together with cinnamon, and, perhaps. Fine lingonberry jam is prepared only with berries, sugar and, optionally, cheaper varieties are diluted with apples and/or pectin. The finest lingonberry jam is prepared fresh by just mixing berries and sugar, without boiling, before the use of refined sugar became common in Sweden, lingonberry jam was prepared with lingonberries as the only ingredient. Because of the acid, which is found in high amounts in lingonberries. Danish cuisine Estonian cuisine Finnish cuisine Norwegian cuisine Swedish cuisine
7.
Culture of Sweden
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Swedish society and its culture is concerned with the welfare and well-being of others, both within and outside Sweden. Swedes have a tradition of informal coffee-break get-togethers known as Fika, the 25 historical provinces of Sweden, which early in their histories had poor intercommunication, each have a distinct culture. The provinces long ago lost their importance as administrative and political regions, but are seen as cultural ones. Each province has a history, each with its own robust nature. Some of them constituted separated parts of Sweden with their own laws, other regions have been independent, or a part of another country, such as, etc. They have different indigenous dialects of North Germanic, and some have ethnic minorities, singing is popular in Sweden, and of its 9 million inhabitants,600,000 belong to various choirs. Three of the worlds leading songwriters, Jörgen Elofsson, Daniel Liljeroth and Max Martin, in popular music, the group ABBA became the essence of Swedish music during the 1970s and early 1980s. Later Roxette emerged, mostly performing songs in the late 1980s. This band was successful in the USA. Europe, Ace of Base and The Cardigans are Swedish pop groups that have been popular internationally, pop promo director Jonas Åkerlund is from Sweden. He is perhaps best known for The Prodigys Smack My Bitch Up, indie pop/rock is very big in Sweden. Gothenburg especially has spawned a number of prominent bands and artists, thanks to labels such as Sincerely Yours, Service. In contrast with its pop music scene, Sweden also boasts one of the most prolific death metal scenes in the world. Gothenburg is famed in the scene for the death metal sound. Melodic death metal is quite a broad genre with many variations, still, many bands are influenced by genres as broad as Swedish folk music, alternative music, electronica, gothic music, progressive music and even neo-classical music. However, there are a lot of bands and artists who dominate the national music scene, such as Kent, Håkan Hellström. Traditional Swedish national costumes are worn on special occasions, such as Midsummer. Many such costumes are darkly colored, sverigedräkten, a version mainly in blue and yellow, has been the established National Costume since 2004 and is thus worn by royalty on some official occasions
8.
History of Sweden
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During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that later included what is today Finland. During the early Middle Ages, the Swedish state also expanded to control Norrland and Finland, Modern Sweden started out of the Kalmar Union formed in 1397 and by the unification of the country by King Gustav Vasa in the 16th century. Vasa fought for an independent Sweden and broke with the papacy, in the 17th century Sweden expanded its territories to form the Swedish empire. Most of these territories had to be given up during the 18th century. During the 17th century, after winning wars against Denmark, Russia, Swedens role in the Thirty Years War determined the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. The Russians won a war against Sweden in 1709, capturing much of the Swedish army, Sweden joined in the Enlightenment culture of the day in the arts, architecture, science and learning. Between 1570 and 1800 Sweden experienced two periods of urban expansion, Finland was lost to Russia in a war in 1808–1809. In the early 19th century Finland and the territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost. After its last war in 1814, Sweden entered into a union with Norway which lasted until 1905. Since 1814, Sweden has been at peace, adopting a foreign policy in peacetime. Sweden was neutral in World War I, post-war prosperity provided the foundations for the social welfare policies characteristic of modern Sweden. Sweden created a model of social democracy. Sweden remained neutral during World War II, avoiding the fate of occupied Norway, Sweden was one of the first non-participants of World War II to join the United Nations. Apart from this, the tried to stay out of alliances and remain officially neutral during the entire Cold War. The social democratic party held government for 44 years, the 1976 parliamentary elections brought a liberal/right-wing coalition to power. During the Cold War, Sweden was suspicious of the superpowers, with the end of the Cold War, that suspicion has lessened somewhat, although Sweden still chooses to remain nonaligned. The earliest images can, however, be found in the province of Jämtland and they depict wild animals such as elk, reindeer, bears and seals. The period 2300–500 BC was the most intensive carving period, with carvings of agriculture, warfare, ships, domesticated animals, also, petroglyphs with themes have been found in Bohuslän, these are dated from 800–500 BC
9.
Swedes
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Swedes are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland, with a substantial diaspora in other countries, the English term Swede has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of Middle Dutch or Middle Low German origin. The term is believed to have derived from the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *se. The word must have meant ones own, the same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Swabia. Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in AD98, in Germania 44,45 he mentions the Swedes as a powerful tribe with ships that had a prow in both ends. Which kings ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza and these two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe. The Suehans, he says, has very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe, the Icelander Snorri Sturluson wrote of the 6th-century Swedish king Adils that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market, then Jordanes names the Suetidi which is considered to be the Latin form of Svitjod. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men - together with the Dani, later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height. Originating in semi-legendary Scandza, a Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD and they reaching Scythia on the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in the Crimea until the late 18th century, the Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the 8th and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and it is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids, the Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are also believed to be the fathers of Kievan Rus. The Arabic traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as following, I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys, each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort, the adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones
10.
Languages of Sweden
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Swedish is the official language of Sweden and is spoken by the vast majority of the 10 million inhabitants of the country. It is a North Germanic language and quite similar to its sister Scandinavian languages, Danish, for most of its history, Sweden was a larger country than today. At its height in 1658, the Swedish Empire comprised the territories of what is Finland and Estonia as well as parts of Russia, Latvia, Germany, Denmark, hence, Swedens linguistic landscape has historically been very different from that of today. Swedish evolved from Old Norse around the 14th and 15th century, and historically, since the 20th century Standard Swedish prevails throughout the country. The Scandinavian languages constitute a continuum and some of the traditional Swedish dialects could equally be described as Danish or Norwegian. Finnish was the majority language of Swedens eastern parts, though it was used almost exclusively as a spoken language and these areas were also home of a significant Swedish-speaking minority. Finnish became a minority language in the west as well since many Finnish speakers migrated there, estonian was the language of the majority in Swedish Estonia but the province, like Finland hosted a Swedish-speaking minority and also a more significant minority of Germans. In medieval Sweden, the Low German language had an important role as a commercial language. As such, the Low German language influenced Swedish and other languages in the region considerably, in medieval Stockholm, half of the population were Low German speakers. Livonia was also inhabited by Latvians, Estonians and Livonians, in Swedish Ingria, apart from Swedish also Finnish, Ingrian and Votian were spoken. Latin as the language of the Catholic Church was introduced in Sweden with the Christianisation, as in most of Europe, Latin remained the lingua franca and scholarly language of the educated communities for centuries in Sweden. For instance, Carl Linnaeus most famous work Systema Naturae, published in 1735, was written in Latin, during the 18th century, French was the second language of Europes upper classes and Sweden was no exception. The Swedish aristocracy often spoke French among themselves and code-switching between French and Swedish was common, the Swedish King Gustav III was a true Francophile and French was the common language at his court. Gradually Sweden lost its overseas possessions and obtained its current borders in 1809, as a consequence, Sweden became a rather homogeneous country with the exceptions of the indigenous Sami-people and the Finnish-speaking Tornedalians in the northernmost parts of the country. During the 19th century Sweden became more industrialised, resulting in important demographic changes, the population duplicated and people moved from the countryside to towns and cities. As a consequence, of this and factors such as generalised education and mass media, a large number of Swedes also decided to emigrate, especially to the United States. There, the Swedes came in contact with the English language, since then, as in the rest of Europe and much of the world, English has grown as an important foreign language in Sweden, especially since the allied victory in World War II. During the second half of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century and it is unclear to what degree these communities will hold on to their languages and to what degree they will assimilate
11.
Norse mythology
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The cosmos in Norse mythology consists of Nine Worlds that flank a central cosmological tree, Yggdrasil. Units of time and elements of the cosmology are personified as deities or beings, various forms of a creation myth are recounted, where the world is created from the flesh of the primordial being Ymir, and the first two humans are Ask and Embla. These worlds are foretold to be reborn after the events of Ragnarök, there the surviving gods will meet, and the land will be fertile and green, and two humans will repopulate the world. Norse mythology has been the subject of scholarly discourse since the 17th century, by way of comparative mythology and historical linguistics, scholars have identified elements of Germanic mythology reaching as far back as Proto-Indo-European mythology. In the modern period, the Romanticist Viking revival re-awoke an interest in the subject matter, the myths have further been revived in a religious context among adherents of Germanic Neopaganism. The majority of these Old Norse texts were created in Iceland and this occurred primarily in the 13th century. The Prose Edda was composed as a manual for producing skaldic poetry—traditional Old Norse poetry composed by skalds. Originally composed and transmitted orally, skaldic poetry utilizes alliterative verse, kennings, the Prose Edda presents numerous examples of works by various skalds from before and after the Christianization process and also frequently refers back to the poems found in the Poetic Edda. The Poetic Edda consists almost entirely of poems, with some prose narrative added, in comparison to skaldic poetry, Eddic poetry is relatively unadorned. Numerous further texts, such as the sagas, provide further information, the saga corpus consists of thousands of tales recorded in Old Norse ranging from Icelandic family histories to Migration period tales mentioning historic figures such as Attila the Hun. By way of historical linguistics and comparative mythology, comparisons to other attested branches of Germanic mythology may also lend insight, wider comparisons to the mythology of other Indo-European peoples by scholars has resulted in the potential reconstruction of far earlier myths. Of the mythical tales and poems that are presumed to have existed during the Middle Ages, Viking Age, Migration Period, numerous gods are mentioned in the source texts. In the mythology, Thor lays waste to numerous jötnar who are foes to the gods or humanity, the god Odin is also frequently mentioned in surviving texts. One-eyed, wolf and raven-flanked, and spear in hand, Odin pursues knowledge throughout the worlds, Odin has a strong association with death, Odin is portrayed as the ruler of Valhalla, where valkyries carry half of those slain in battle. Odins wife is the powerful goddess Frigg who can see the future but tells no one, and together they have a beloved son, Baldr. After a series of dreams had by Baldr of his death, his death is engineered by Loki, and Baldr thereafter resides in Hel. Odin must share half of his share of the dead with a powerful goddess and she is beautiful, sensual, wears a feathered cloak, and practices seiðr. She rides to battle to choose among the slain, and brings her chosen to her afterlife field Fólkvangr, Freyja weeps for her missing husband Óðr, and seeks after him in far away lands
12.
Swedish cuisine
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Swedish cuisine is the traditional food of the people of Sweden. Due to Swedens large North–South expanse, there are differences between the cuisine of North and South Sweden. Many traditional dishes employ simple, contrasting flavours, such as the dish of meatballs and brown cream sauce with tart. Swedes have traditionally been open to foreign influences, ranging from French cuisine during the 17th and 18th century, to the sushi. Swedish cuisine could be described as centered around cultured dairy products, crisp and soft breads, berries and stone fruits, beef, chicken, lamb, pork, potatoes are often served as a side dish, often boiled. Swedish cuisine has a variety of breads of different shapes and sizes, made of rye, wheat, oat, white, dark, sourdough, and whole grain. There are many sweetened bread types and some use spices, many meat dishes, especially meatballs, are served with lingonberry jam. Fruit soups with high viscosity, like rose hip soup and blueberry soup served hot or cold, are typical of Swedish cuisine, butter and margarine are the primary fat sources, although olive oil is becoming more popular. Swedens pastry tradition features a variety of yeast buns, cookies, biscuits and cakes, many of them are in a very sugary style, the importance of fish has governed Swedish population and trade patterns far back in history. For preservation, fish were salted and cured, salt became a major trade item at the dawn of the Scandinavian middle ages, which began circa 1000 AD. Cabbage preserved as sauerkraut and various kinds of preserved berries, apples, lingonberry jam, still a favourite, may be the most traditional and typical Swedish way to add freshness to sometimes rather heavy food, such as steaks and stews. Swedens long winters explain the lack of vegetables in many traditional recipes. A lack of distinct spices made every-day food rather bland by todays standards, although a number of local herbs and this tradition is still present in today’s Swedish dishes, which are still rather sparingly spiced. Both before and after this period, some new Germanic dishes were also brought in by immigrants, such as related to the Hanseatic League, settling in Stockholm, Visby. Swedish traders and aristocrats naturally also picked up some food traditions in foreign countries, Swedish husmanskost denotes traditional Swedish dishes with local ingredients, the classical every-day Swedish cuisine. The word husmanskost stems from husman, meaning house owner, beside berries, apples are the most used traditional fruit, eaten fresh or served as apple pie, apple sauce, or apple cake. Time-consuming cooking methods such as redningar and långkok are commonly employed, many of the dishes would be considered comfort food for the nostalgic value. Dishes akin to Swedish husmanskost and food traditions are also in other Scandinavian countries
13.
Religion in Sweden
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Lutheran Christianity is officially the largest religion in Sweden, with 6.2 million Swedish citizens being members of the Church of Sweden. The high membership figure is mainly due to the fact that until 1996 all newborn children with at least one parent being a member of the church were made members. Other Christian Churches include the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, islam is the second largest religion in Sweden, practiced by 5% of the population. The rest of the population are irreligious or members of other religious groups. Sweden was Christianized from Norse paganism during a period, not final until the 1130s. Since the 16th century, Sweden has been predominantly Lutheran, from the Protestant Reformation in the 1530s until 2000, the Lutheran Church of Sweden was the state church. As of 2015,63. 3% of Swedish citizens are members of the Church of Sweden, compared to over 95% in 1970, atheism and agnosticism are widespread in Swedish society. In a Eurobarometer Poll in 2010, just 18% of Swedish citizens responded that they there is a god. In a 2009 Gallup poll, 17% answered yes to the question Is religion an important part of daily life. A survey found that only 15% of Church of Sweden members actually believe in Jesus, while another 15% identified as atheists, less than 4% of the Church of Sweden membership attends public worship during an average week, about 2% are regular attendees. Some scholars consider the nation to be a place where religion is regarded with “benign indifference”. The history of the Jews in Sweden can be traced back to the 17th century, because of immigration in the latter part of the 20th century, there is today a sizeable minority of Muslims and Roman Catholics. Before the 11th century, most Swedes adhered to Norse paganism, worshipping Æsir gods, the shape and location of this temple is sparsely documented, but it is referenced in the Norse sagas and Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum, and is also described by Adam of Bremen. It was probably destroyed by King Ingold I in 1087 during the last known battle between the pagans and the Christians, the oldest evidence of Christian burial sites in Sweden are dated to the 6th century, but they are very few in number. The earliest documented campaign to Christianize the territory that form today is the country of Sweden was made by the monk Ansgar. Making his first visit to Birka in 828-829, he was granted permission to build a church, in 831, he returned home and became Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, with responsibility for Christianity in the north. Around 850, he back to Birka, where the original congregation had been shattered. Ansgar tried to reestablish it, but it lasted a few years
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Buddhism in Sweden
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Buddhism is a relatively small religion in Sweden. Most of the practicing Buddhists have various Asian heritage, a Buddhist Temple was planned for Fredrika, a small town in the north part of Sweden. This Thai-style temple would be the biggest Buddhist temple in Europe when finished, there is a Thai pavilion in Jämtland, a region in central Sweden. A 500s AD Kashmir Indian made Buddha statue made of bronze was found at Helgö in Sweden dating from the Viking era, Buddhism Today - Sweden, A growing interest in Buddhism
15.
Church of Sweden
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The Church of Sweden is the largest Christian church in Sweden. A member of the Porvoo Communion, the Church professes the Lutheran branch of Christianity and it is composed of thirteen dioceses, divided into parishes. It is a national church which, working with a democratic organisation and through the ministry of the church. The Primate of the Church of Sweden is the Archbishop of Uppsala — currently Antje Jackelén, today, the Church of Sweden is an Evangelical Lutheran church. 6.2 million people are members of the Church of Sweden and it is liturgically and theologically high church, having retained priests, vestments, and the Mass during the Swedish Reformation. In common with other Evangelical Lutheran churches, the Church of Sweden maintains the historical episcopate, the Church of Sweden is known for its liberal position in theological issues, particularly the question of homosexuality. When Bishop Eva Brunne was consecrated as Bishop of Stockholm in 2009, despite a significant yearly loss of members, its membership of 6,225,091 people accounts for 63. 2% of the Swedish population. Until 2000 it held the position of state church, the high membership numbers are because until 1996 all newborn children were made members, unless their parents had actively cancelled their membership. Approximately 2% of the members regularly attend Sunday services. According to a Gallup poll conducted in 2009, 17% of the Swedish population considered religion as an important part of their daily life, King Gustav I Vasa instigated the Church of Sweden in 1536 during his reign as King of Sweden. This act separated the church from the Roman Catholic Church and its canon law, in 1571, the Swedish Church Ordinance became the first Swedish church order following the Reformation. The Church of Sweden became Lutheran at the Uppsala Synod in 1593 when it adopted the Augsburg Confession to which most Lutherans adhere, at this synod, it was decided that the church would retain the three original Christian creeds, the Apostles, the Athanasian, and the Nicene. In 1686, the Riksdag of the Estates adopted the Book of Concord, although certain parts, labelled Confessio fidei, were considered binding. Confessio dei included the three aforementioned Creeds, the Augsburg Confession and two Uppsala Synod decisions from 1572 and 1593, during the 20th century the Church of Sweden oriented itself strongly towards liberal Christianity and human rights. In 1957, the assembly rejected a proposal for ordination of women. Since 1960, women have been ordained as priests, and since 1994, a proposal to perform same-sex weddings was approved on October 22,2009 by 176 of 249 voting members of the Church of Sweden Synod. The Christian church in Scandinavia was originally governed by the archdiocese of Bremen, in 1104 an archbishop for all Scandinavia was installed in Lund. Uppsala was made Swedens archdiocese in 1164, and remains so today, the papal diplomat William of Modena attended a church meeting in Skänninge in March 1248, where the ties to the Catholic Church were strengthened
16.
History of the Jews in Sweden
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The history of the Jews in Sweden probably began with arrivals from the Hanseatic League in medieval times, but there are no records. In the Elizabethan era, it was common for European royalty to have Jewish doctors at court, King Charles XII spent five years with an encampment in the Turkish town of Bender and accumulated a large number of debts there for his entourage. Jewish and Muslim creditors followed him to Sweden, and the Swedish law was altered so that they could hold religious services, in case Jews were found in any Swedish community, they were to be notified to leave within fourteen days. Through court patronage Jewish merchants were occasionally appointed royal purveyors, during his bellicose reign, King Charles XII usually had one or more wealthy Jews with him in the field as the paymaster of his army. In 1718, Jews obtained permission to settle in the kingdom without need to abjure their religion, on his return a large number of Muslim and Jewish creditors arrived in Sweden and the Swedish law was altered to allow them to hold religious services and circumcise their sons. As a consequence the concession of 1718 was renewed and supplemented by royal edicts of 1727,1746, and 1748, but permission was restricted to settlement in smaller cities and rural communities. One of the most prominent Jews in Sweden at this time was the convert Lovisa Augusti, to these was added the town of Landskrona, as a Jew had established there a factory for the manufacture of sails and naval uniforms. They were not permitted to trade in markets elsewhere or to own property, Jews were ineligible for government positions and election to Parliament. They were forbidden from converting Lutherans to the Jewish religion, if the certificates were unsatisfactory, the authorities were at liberty to expel the holder, but in case he was admitted he was directed to Stockholm, Gothenburg, or Norrköping. Rabbis were exempt, and according to previous ordinances, poor Jews were to be deported from the country, the Jews were allowed to establish synagogues in the above-mentioned three cities, and to keep rabbis and other clerical officials. Intermarriages between Jews and Christians were forbidden, the Jews, however, had the right to appoint guardians of minors, and a rabbinical court had jurisdiction in inheritance cases. A Jew convicted of perjury became liable to expulsion from the country, the ordinance of 1782 contained a separate clause referring to particularly wealthy Jews, or such as are proficient in some trade almost, or quite, unknown in the country. Such persons could, through the Department of Commerce, petition the king for privileges, jacob Marcus in Norrköping was granted such privileges and built that citys first synagogue, which opened in 1796. Anger grew at the gap in wealth between Jews and others, such anger reached a height in 1838, on September 21 of the same year the government was compelled to revoke the new ordinance. During the following years the book-market was deluged by brochures for, the friends of the Jews tried to show that the petitioners were actuated by religious intolerance, but their adversaries openly declared the question to be one not of religion, but of race. In 1852, Amalia Assur became the first female dentist in Sweden, during the latter half of the 19th century the few remaining disabilities of the Jews were removed. Under the law of October 26,1860, they were granted the right to acquire real estate in rural communities, whereas they had previously been permitted to own property in the cities only. On January 20,1863, another ordinance removed the prohibition against intermarriages between Jews and Christians, which were declared to be legal provided they had been attended by due ceremonies
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Islam in Sweden
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Among Muslim residents of Sweden, as of 2014,110,000 are registered as member of, or regularly served by, a Muslim faith community. Out of the roughly 500,000 Swedish residents with roots in countries and areas dominated by Muslims, others are cultural Muslims, apostates or converts to other religions. Other sources set the figure at around 6% of the total Swedish population, the first registered Muslim groups in Sweden were Finnish Tatars who emigrated from Finland and Estonia in the 1940s. Islam began to have a presence in Sweden with immigration from the Middle East beginning in the 1970s. Most Muslims in Sweden are either immigrants or descendants of immigrants, the majority are from the Middle East, in particular Iraq and Iran. However,5 out of 6 Iranians in Sweden consider themselves secular rather than Muslim and are in opposition to the Islamic Republic regime in their ancestral home. Most Iranians and Iraqis fled as refugees to Sweden during the Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988, the second-largest Muslim group consists of immigrants or refugees from former Yugoslavia, most of them are Bosniaks, who number 12,000. There is also a community of Somalis, who numbered 40,165 in 2011. Sweden has a number of mosques providing the Muslim communities in Sweden places of worship, the first mosque in Sweden was the Nasir Mosque, built in 1976. It was followed by the Malmö Mosque,1984, and later, more mosques were built during the 2000s, including the Stockholm Mosque, the Umeå Mosque and the Fittja Mosque, among others. The governments of Saudi Arabia and Libya have financially supported the constructions of some of the largest Mosques in Sweden, as of the year 2000, an estimated 300,000 to 350,000 people of Muslim background lived in Sweden, or 3. Regardless of personal religious convictions. ), of whom about 100,000 were second-generation immigrants, in Sweden registration by personal belief is not common and is normally against the law, thus only figures of practising Muslims belonging to an Islamic community can be reported. In 2009, the Muslim Council of Sweden reported 106,327 registered members, in 2007 a documentary film, Aching Heart was released, documenting Muslim Swedes. Pew Research Center estimates the number of Muslims in Sweden at 451,000 for the year 2010 and they project this to increase to 993,000 by the year 2030. Although there are no statistics of Muslims in Sweden, estimates count 200, 000—250,000 people of Muslim background in 2000. Swedish estimates are rather 350,000, including nominal Muslims, sander re-stated in 2004 that we do not think it unreasonable to put the figure of religious Muslims in Sweden at the time of writing at close to 150,000. Professor Mohammad Fazlhashemi at Umeå University estimates a good 100,000, about 25,000 are regarded as devout Muslims, visiting Friday prayers and practising daily prayers. Muslims in Sweden most often originate from Iraq, Iran, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo and they are followed by Muslim refugees from Syria and Somalia, two very rapidly growing groups
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Swedish art
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Swedish art refers to the visual arts produced in Sweden or by Swedish artists. Sweden has existed as country for over 1,000 years and it has, especially since about 1100, been strongly influenced by wider trends in European art. After World War II, the influence of the United States strengthened substantially, due to generous art subsidies, contemporary Swedish art has a big production per capita. The Reformation greatly disrupted Swedish artistic traditions, and left the body of painters and sculptors without large markets. The political success of the Vasa dynasty led to a revival, expressed in the Gustavan style. Among famous Swedish artists are Johan Tobias Sergel, Carl Milles, Anders Zorn, Carl Larsson, when the ice age ended, the Scandinavian peninsula was populated from the south by hunters and gatherers. Art surviving from that period are Stone Age expressions and is simple, only the truly persistent art forms have survived the ravages of time, petroglyphs, are such an expression. The earliest rock carvings in the form of symbols, characters and images are carved in rock outcrops and they began to be produced about 7000 BC. Sweden has one of the largest concentrations of petroglyphs with a center in Tanum Municipality in Bohuslän province. During the Bronze Age, a spiral ornamentation was produced in the style that existed in Denmark, from about 400 AD, the development of the Nordic animal ornamentation, an unusually rich and imaginative style that reached its peak during the 7th century with the so-called Vendel style. Animal ornamentation experienced a renewed flourishing of the rune stones, Rune stones - some of which are quite illustrative and are therefore called “image blocks” - were added between about 200 AD and 1130 with a flourishing between the period 980-1100. As an art form, the stone is specific to the Nordic culture. Sweden leads the way with the highest amount of stones with a total of 2,800 inscriptions. Approximately 85% of all the blocks have been in Sweden. The stones were originally painted and combined text with ornamentation and stylized characters and they can be divided into seven different styles. Some of the first known image-makers in Sweden were, in fact, Sweden, especially the south of the country, also participated in Viking Age art, along with the rest of Scandinavia. With the advent of Christianity came a new iconography, originally established in the churches, particularly in the form of altar screens, crucifixes, according to the Swedish History Museum, no other country has such a rich and comprehensive collection of medieval liturgical art. Creativity was shown in Romanesque art products fabrics and gold works, from the 13th century, Gotland was a center for sculptors, such as the anonymous Master Majestatis
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Swedish literature
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Swedish literature refers to literature written in the Swedish language or by writers from Sweden. The first literary text from Sweden is the Rök Runestone, carved during the Viking Age circa 800 AD, with the conversion of the land to Christianity around 1100 AD, Sweden entered the Middle Ages, during which monastic writers preferred to use Latin. Therefore, there are only a few texts in the Old Swedish from that period, Swedish literature only flourished when the Swedish language was standardized in the 16th century, a standardization largely due to the full translation of the Bible into Swedish in 1541. This translation is the so-called Gustav Vasa Bible, with improved education and the freedom brought by secularisation, the 17th century saw several notable authors develop the Swedish language further. In Sweden, the period starting in 1880 is known as realism because the writing had a focus on social realism. In the late 19th and early 20th century, other writers included Ola Hansson. In the 1900s, one of the earliest novelists was Hjalmar Söderberg, the early 20th century continued to produce notable authors, such as Selma Lagerlöf and Pär Lagerkvist. In the 1960s, Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö collaborated to produce a series of internationally acclaimed detective novels, the most successful writer of detective novels is Henning Mankell, whose works have been translated into 37 languages. In the spy genre, the most successful writer is Jan Guillou. In recent decades, a handful of Swedish writers have established themselves internationally, such as the detective novelist Henning Mankell, also well-known outside of Sweden is the childrens book writer Astrid Lindgren, author of works such as Pippi Longstocking and Emil of Maple Hills. Most runestones had a practical, rather than a literary, purpose and are mainly of interest to historians. Several runic inscriptions are also nonsensical by nature, being used for magical or incantatory purposes, the most notable literary exception is the Rök Runestone from circa 800 AD. It contains the longest known inscription, and encompasses several different passages from sagas and legends, part of it is written in alliterative verse, or fornyrdislag. It is generally regarded as the beginning of Swedish literature, the Christianization of Sweden was one of the main events in the countrys history, and it naturally had an equally profound impact on literature. The Gök runestone is a case in point of how the older literature dissolved and it uses the same imagery as the Ramsund carving, but a Christian cross has been added and the images are combined in a way that completely distorts the internal logic of events. Whatever the reason may have been, the Gök stone illustrates how the pagan heroic mythos was going towards its dissolution, Literature now looked to foreign texts to provide models. By 1200, Christianity was firmly established and a Medieval European culture appeared in Sweden, only a selected few mastered the written language, but little was written down. Complete manuscripts are found from the early 14th century, written in Latin
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Media of Sweden
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The media of Sweden has a long tradition going back to the 1776 law enacting freedom of the press. The press is subsidized by the government and is owned by many actors, Public service media is financed by a special fee levied on all who own a television or radio receiver. Swedish media has mechanisms for self-regulation, such as the Swedish Press Council, the Swedish press is subsidized by the government through press support. Support also exists in form in the shape of partial tax-exceptions. The Swedish Press is self-regulated through the Public Press Ombudsman, or Allmänhetens Pressombudsman, one example of this is that Swedish media follow a principle of not disclosing the identities of suspected criminals. There was some controversy when Dagens Nyheter on 27 September 2003 published the name and picture of Mijailo Mijailović, freedom of the press in Sweden dates back to 1766 when it was enshrined in a law enacted by the Riksdag of the Estates. It is today a part of the Constitution of Sweden, the Swedish newspaper with the widest circulation is the evening newspaper Aftonbladet, controlled by the Norwegian media conglomerate Schibsted and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation. Its competitor, Expressen, is controlled by Bonnier AB and has sister editions in Gothenburg, Bonnier AB also controls the major national morning newspaper, Dagens Nyheter. Its Stockholm competitor Svenska Dagbladet is owned by Schibsted, göteborgs-Posten is the major regional newspaper in Gothenburg and the west of Sweden, while another Bonnier-owned newspaper, Sydsvenska Dagbladet, dominates in Malmö and the south. Bonnier AB also owns Swedens major business newspaper, Dagens Industri, in recent years, Swedish state broadcaster, Sverigesradio. Has been offering a selection of news through its website in English. Through its subsidiary Bonnier Tidskrifter AB, Bonnier AB also controls many of Swedens most popular magazines, such as Amelia, Allt om Mat, Teknikens Värld, other major magazine publishers in Sweden are Allers förlag, the Danish-controlled Egmont and the French Hachette Filipacchi Médias. Sweden also has many organizations which almost all produce membership magazines with a wide readership. The biggest ones, with readership figures above 300000, include Vår bostad, PRO-pensionären, Television trials from the Royal Institute of Technology started in 1954. The broadcasts were made by the public broadcaster Sveriges Radio, when a second channel, TV2, started in 1969 it was broadcast by the same company, but the two channels were supposed to compete against each other. Since SR was split into four different companies in the late 70s, SVT and its two channels dominated television for a long time. In 1987 the first commercial channel, TV3 was started, broadcasting from London via satellite, in the early 1990s, TV4 became the first commercial channel to be allowed to join the national terrestrial broadcasting network, run by Teracom. Sweden was an early adopter of digital television, officially launching it in April 1999
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Television in Sweden
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Television in Sweden began in Sweden in 1954 with the first test transmissions, prior to the opening of the first station, Radiotjänst, two years later. A second channel was launched in 1969, commercial television arrived in the 1980s through cable television and in 1992, the countrys first terrestrial commercial channel was launched. The shutdown of the PAL analogue service in Sweden started on September 19,2005, typically, non-Swedish content maintains the original language soundtrack while subtitled into Swedish. This includes foreign interviews embedded into news and magazine programmes as well as SVTs Finnish news bulletin, conversely, interview responses given in Swedish aired on Finnish or Sami news bulletins are subtitled into the main language of that respective bulletin. Non-Swedish programming intended for children is, however, usually dubbed into Swedish, regardless of intended audience, some shows receive a Swedish title, which is used in programme schedules. Many of the channels targeting Sweden are not actually broadcasting from Sweden and this is done to avoid the Swedish Broadcasting Law which restricts advertising heavily. The first trial broadcasts in Sweden were launched on October 29,1954. The official launch of television in Sweden took place on September 4,1956 when the Radiotjänst Television service was launched on the high power Nacka transmitter. The service was funded by a fee with no advertising and was operated by Radiotjänst. Daily broadcasts started in 1957 and Radiotjänst was renamed as Sveriges Radio, the first television news programme in Sweden, Aktuellt, was broadcast on 2 September 1958 and continues to this day on SVT2. A second channel was discussed throughout the 1960s and it was eventually decided that a second channel would launch and that it would have the same business model as the first channel. TV2, as the new channel was called, launched on 5 December 1969, both channels were operated by Sverige Radio and funded by licence fees. Colour broadcasts had started in the 1960s, but launched officially in April 1970, trial broadcasts for regional television began in 1970 with regional news programmes in Scania. Further regional news services were introduced with the Stockholm capital region the last to receive its own service in 1987. Sveriges Radio was reorganised and split into new companies in 1979, one of which, Sveriges Television. Cable television started becoming common in the 1980s, at this time, the cable companies also started relaying international satellite channels. The first Swedish-language satellite channel was TV3 which started in December 1987, two other early satellite channels were Nordic Channel, which started in 1989 and TV4, which was launched in 1990. The arrival of satellite channels fueled a debate on allowing advertising on terrestrial services
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Cinema of Sweden
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Swedish cinema is known for including many acclaimed movies, during the 20th century the industry was the most prominent of Scandinavia. This is largely due to the popularity and prominence of directors Victor Sjöström and Ingmar Bergman, Swedish filmmaking rose to international prominence when Svenska Biografteatern moved from Kristianstad to Lidingö in 1911. Sjöströms most respected films often made use of the Swedish landscape and developed moving studies of character. Stiller fostered the early popularity of Greta Garbo, particularly through the Gösta Berlings saga, in the mid-twenties both of these directors and Garbo moved to the United States to work for MGM, bringing Swedish influence to Hollywood. The departure left a vacuum in Swedish cinema, which went into a financial crisis. Both directors later returned to Sweden, but Stiller died soon after his return while Sjöström returned to work for most of the remainder of his career. Some provincial comedies emerged, created for the local market, during World War II Swedish cinema gained artistically, mainly due to the directors Gustaf Molander, Alf Sjöberg, Hasse Ekman, Anders Henrikson and Hampe Faustman. Cinema had to perform the task of defence during the war. The most famous and influential Swedish filmmaker, Ingmar Bergman, rose to prominence in the fifties and he began making films in the mid-forties, and in 1955, he made Smiles of a Summer Night, which brought him international attention. A year later, he one of his most famous films. In the 1960s, Bergman won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for two years, with The Virgin Spring in 1960 and Through a Glass Darkly in 1961. He won the award again in 1983, for the early twentieth-century family drama Fanny, the film lost to The Sting, and oddly enough, it was not nominated in the Foreign Language Film category. It also gave Bergman the first of three nominations for Best Director, Ingmar Bergman also won no less than four Golden Globe Awards for Best Foreign Language Film. Working closely with Bergman, cinematographer Sven Nykvist can be said to have had a impact on the visual aspect of Swedish cinema. Twice the recipient of the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, for Cries and Whispers and Fanny and Alexander and he also directed The Ox, nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1992. After some cutting, it was released in 1964, sjöman went on to cause even wider controversy, depicting sexual intercourse in his 1967 film I Am Curious. In the United States the film was considered pornography and seized by the customs, most probably, it was also instrumental in establishing a view of Swedish cinema – and perhaps even Swedes in general – as having a liberal attitude towards sexuality. Another Swedish postwar filmmaker of note is Bo Widerberg and his 1963 film Ravens End and The Man on the Roof are widely regarded as Swedish film classics
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Flag of Sweden
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The flag of Sweden is the national flag of the Kingdom of Sweden. It consists of a yellow or gold Nordic Cross on a field of blue, the Nordic Cross design traditionally represents Christianity. Blue and yellow have been used as Swedish colors at least since King Magnus IIIs royal coat of arms of 1275, the dimensions of the Swedish flag are 5,2,9 horizontally and 4,2,4 vertically. The dimensions of the Swedish flag with a triple-tail are 5,2,5,8 horizontally and 4,2,4 vertically. The colors of the flag are officially established through the Natural Color System to be NCS 0580-Y10R for the shade of yellow, the square-cut Swedish state flag is identical to the civil ensign. The Swedish law does not regulate the design of the Swedish pennant, the triple-tailed flag is used as a military ensign. Its overall ratio, including the tails, is 1,2, the flag is also used as the Swedish naval jack. The jacks are smaller than the ensigns, but they have the same proportions, the Swedish swallow-tailed flag was originally the Kings personal emblem, or the emblem representing a command conferred by the King. It was at first two-pointed, but by the mid-17th century, the flag is also flown by the defence ministry, while civil ministries fly square flags. The King personally decides about the use of the royal flag. According to early modern legend, the 12th-century King Eric IX saw a cross in the sky as he landed in Finland during the First Swedish Crusade in 1157. Seeing this as a sign from God he adopted the cross against a blue background as his banner. It has been suggested that the Swedish origin legend is chosen to counter a parallel origin story for the Danish flag, according to this theory, the Swedish flag was created during the reign of King Charles VIII, who also introduced the coat of arms of Sweden in 1442. The national coat of arms is a combination of King Alberts coat of arms of 1364 and King Magnus IIIs coat of arms of 1275, and is blue divided quarterly by a golden cross pattée. The exact age of the Swedish flag is not known, but the oldest recorded pictures of a cloth with a yellow cross date from the early 16th century. The first legal description of the flag was made in a warrant of April 19,1562 as yellow in a cross fashioned on blue. As stipulated in a warrant of 1569, the yellow cross was always to be borne on Swedish battle standards. Prior to this, a similar flag appeared in the coat of arms of King John IIIs duchy, the same coat of arms is still used by the province
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Coat of arms of Sweden
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The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden has a lesser and a greater version. This includes any mark or text referring to the Swedish State which thus can give the commercial mark a sign of official endorsement and this includes municipal coats of arms which are registered. Any representation consisting of three crowns ordered two above one are considered to be the coat of arms, and its usage is therefore restricted by law 1970,498. The greater coat of arms is blazoned in Swedish law as follows, A shield azure, quartered by a cross Or with outbent arms, in the first and fourth fields three open crowns Or, placed two above one. In the second and third fields three sinisterbendwise streams argent, a lion crowned with an open crown Or armed gules, the inescutcheon is party per pale the arms for the House of Vasa, and the House of Bernadotte. The main shield is crowned by a crown and surrounded by the insignia of the Order of the Seraphim. Supported by two lions regardant, crowned and with forked tails Or armed gules, standing on a compartment Or, all surrounded by ermine mantling, crowned with a royal crown and tied up with tasseladorned strings Or. The greater arms may also be displayed only with the crowned escutcheon, while the arms have undergone significant changes over the years, such as changing the inescutcheon with the ruling dynasty, they are based on arms created by King Karl Knutsson in 1448. The escutcheon used in the greater blazon has in total five elements,4 quarterings on the main escutcheon, however, Bernadotte never used any stars in the arms of Pontecorvo contrary to the illustration below. The Big Dipper, or as it is called in Swedish, Karlavagnen, the arms are supported by two lions with forked tails, facing away from the shield and crowned with Royal Crowns. For centuries, the lion has been an important element in Swedish heraldry, the shield may be surmounted by the Collar of the Order of Seraphim, the foremost order in Sweden, and the highest honour the Swedish state can bestow on an individual. Blazon, The greater state arms consist of a shield azure, quartered by a cross or with outbent arms. In the first and fourth fields three coronets or, placed two above one, in the second and third fields three sinisterbendwise streams argent, a lion crowned with an open crown or with armaments gules. The inescutcheon is party per pale the arms for the House of Vasa, the main shield is crowned by a royal crown and surrounded by the insignia of the Order of the Seraphim. Supported by two lions regardant or crowned, with parted tails and armaments gules, standing on a postament, all surrounded by hermine mantling crowned with a royal crown and tied up with tasseled strings or. The lesser coat of arms is used by the Government of Sweden. As such it may be joined by insignias symbolising the activity of government agencies. It is, for instance, embroidered on all Swedish police uniforms, blazon, Azure, with three coronets Or, ordered two above one
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Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
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Reindeer
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This includes both sedentary and migratory populations. While overall widespread and numerous, some of its subspecies are rare, for this reason, it is considered to be vulnerable by the IUCN. Reindeer vary considerably in colour and size, both sexes can grow antlers annually, although the proportion of females that grow antlers varies greatly between population and season. Antlers are typically larger on males, hunting of wild reindeer and herding of semi-domesticated reindeer are important to several Arctic and Subarctic peoples. In traditional festive legend, Santa Clauss reindeer pull a sleigh through the sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas Eve. The name Rangifer, which Carl Linnaeus chose for the genus, was used by Albertus Magnus in his De animalibus. This word may go back to a Saami word raingo, for the origin of the word tarandus, which Linnaeus chose as the specific epithet, he made reference to Ulisse Aldrovandis Quadrupedum omnium bisulcorum historia fol. However, Aldrovandi – and before him Konrad Gesner – thought that rangifer, in any case, the tarandos name goes back to Aristotle and Theophrastus – see In history below. Because of its importance to many cultures, Rangifer tarandus and some of its subspecies have names in many languages, the name rein is of Norse origin. The Finnish name poro may also stem from the same, the word deer was originally broader in meaning, but became more specific over time. In Middle English, der meant a wild animal of any kind. Cognates of Old English dēor in other dead Germanic languages have the sense of animal, such as Old High German tior, Old Norse djúr or dýr, Gothic dius, Old Saxon dier. The name caribou comes, through French, from Mikmaq qalipu, meaning snow shoveler, in Inuktitut, spoken in eastern Arctic North America, the caribou is known by the name tuktu. In the western North American Arctic, the used by the Iñupiat is tuttu. Across the range of a species, individuals may display considerable morphological, genetic, COSEWIC developed Designated Unit attribution to add to classifications already in use. The species taxonomic name Rangifer tarandus was defined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, the subspecies taxonomic name, Rangifer tarandus caribou was defined by Gmelin in 1788. Based on Banfields often-cited A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer, R. t. caboti, R. t. osborni and R. t. terraenovae were considered invalid and included in R. t. caribou. Some recent authorities have considered them all valid, even suggesting that they are quite distinct and he affirms that true woodland caribou is very rare, in very great difficulties and requires the most urgent of attention
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Game (hunting)
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Game or quarry is any animal hunted for sport or for food. The type and range of animals hunted for food varies in different parts of the world, in some countries, game is classified, including legal classification with respect to licences required, as either small game or large game. Game or quarry is any animal hunted for sport or for food, the term game arises in medieval hunting terminology by the late 13th century and is particular to English, from the generic meaning of Old English gamen joy, amusement, sport, merriment. Small game includes animals, such as rabbits, pheasants. Large game includes animals like deer and bear, big game is a term sometimes used interchangeably with large game although in other contexts it refers to large, typically African, mammals which are hunted mainly for trophies in safaris. The type and range of animals hunted for food varies in different parts of the world and this is influenced by climate, animal diversity, local taste and locally accepted views about what can or cannot be legitimately hunted. Sometimes a distinction is made between varieties and species of a particular animal, such as wild turkey and domestic turkey. Fish caught for sport are referred to as game fish, the flesh of the animal, when butchered for consumption is often described as having a gamey flavour. This difference in taste can be attributed to the diet of the animal. In some countries, game is classified, including legal classification with respect to licences required, a single small game licence may cover all small game species and be subject to yearly bag limits. Large game are often subject to individual licensing where a licence is required for each individual animal taken. In some parts of Africa, wild animals hunted for their meat are called bushmeat, see article for more detailed information on how this operates within the economy. In Africa, animals hunted for their pelts or ivory are sometimes referred to as the big game, also see the legal definition of game in Swaziland. South Africa has 62 species of gamebirds, including guineafowl, francolin, partridge, quail, sandgrouse, duck, geese, snipe, bustard, of the remaining 41 species,24 have shown an increase in numbers and distribution range in the last 25 years or so. The status of 14 species appears unchanged, with insufficient information being available for the three species. S. and Canada, deer are the most commonly hunted big game. Other game species include, In the PRC there is a special category called ye wei. In the UK game is defined in law by the Game Act 1831 and it is illegal to shoot game on Sundays or at night. Other that are hunted for food in the UK are specified under the Wildlife, the ban is generally considered voluntary on private lands, and few birds live away from RSPB or Forestry Commission land allegedly
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Sami people
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The Sami people are an indigenous Finno-Ugric people inhabiting the Arctic area of Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of far northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. The Sami are the indigenous people of Scandinavia recognized and protected under the international conventions of indigenous peoples. Sami ancestral lands are not well-defined and their traditional languages are the Sami languages and are classified as a branch of the Uralic language family. Traditionally, the Sami have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including fishing, fur trapping. Their best-known means of livelihood is semi-nomadic reindeer herding, currently about 10% of the Sami are connected to reindeer herding, providing them with meat, fur, and transportation. 2,800 Sami people are involved in herding on a full-time basis. For traditional, environmental, cultural, and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved only for Sami people in regions of the Nordic countries. The Sámi are often known in other languages by the exonyms Lap, Lapp, some Sami regard these as pejorative terms, while others do not. Finn was the originally used by Norse speakers to refer to the Sami, as attested in the Icelandic Eddas. As Old Norse gradually developed into the separate Scandinavian languages, Swedes apparently took to using Finn exclusively to refer to inhabitants of Finland, Finnish immigrants to Northern Norway in the 18th and 19th centuries were referred to as Kvens to distinguish them from the Sami Finns. Ethnic Finns are a group from Sami. In fact, Saxo never explicitly connects the Sami with the two Laplands, there is another suggestion that it originally meant wilds. In Finland and Sweden, Lapp is common in names, such as Lappi, Lappeenranta and Lapinlahti in Finland. As already mentioned, Finn is an element in Norwegian place names. In the North Sámi language, láhppon olmmoš means a person who is lost, Sámi refer to themselves as Sámit or Sápmelaš, the word Sámi being inflected into various grammatical forms. It has been proposed that Sámi, Häme, and perhaps Suomi are of the origin and ultimately borrowed from the Baltic word *žēmē. The Baltic word is cognate with Slavic земля, which means land. The Sámi institutions—notably the parliaments, radio and TV stations, theatres, etc. —all use the term Sámi, including when addressing outsiders in Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, or English
29.
Sushi
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Sushi is the Japanese preparation and serving of cooked vinegared rice combined with varied ingredients, chiefly seafood, vegetables, meat, and occasionally tropical fruits. Styles of sushi and its presentation vary widely, but the key ingredient in all cases is the rice, sushi can be prepared with either brown or white rice. It is often prepared with raw seafood, but some varieties of sushi use cooked ingredients. Sushi is often served with pickled ginger, wasabi, and soy sauce, daikon radish is popular as a garnish. Sushi is often confused with sashimi, a related Japanese dish consisting of sliced raw meat or fish. Sashimi is served as slices, unlike sushi, which as served as rolls, sushi originates in a Southeast Asian dish, known today as nare-zushi - salted fish, stored in fermented rice for possibly months at a time. The lacto-fermentation of the rice prevented the fish from spoiling, the rice would be discarded for consumption and this early type of sushi became an important source of protein for its Japanese consumers. The term sushi comes from a grammatical form no longer used in other contexts, and literally means sour-tasting. Narezushi is still made in Japan to this day, contemporary sushi generally bears only a vague resemblance to its predecessor. Funazushi, a strongly-flavoured and odoured narezushi made near Lake Biwa in Japan, vinegar began to be added to the preparation of narezushi in the Muromachi period for the sake of enhancing both taste and preservation. In addition to increasing the rices sourness, the significantly increased the dishs longevity, causing the fermentation process to be shortened. The primitive sushi would be furthered developed in Osaka, where over several centuries it became oshi-zushi, in this preparation and this practice reached Edo by the 18th century. It was in Edo that contemporary sushi was created by Hanaya Yohei at the end of period. Hanayas version was a precursor to fast food, by avoiding all fermentation, the dish could be prepared therefore very quickly, portion sizes shrank to roughly a third of the previous norm to further accommodate this principle. However, there is a mention of sushi in James Hepburns Japanese-English dictionary from 1873. The common ingredient in all types of sushi is vinegared sushi rice, fillings, toppings, condiments, and preparation vary widely. Note that due to rendaku consonant mutation, sushi is spelled with a z instead of an s whenever a prefix is attached, chirashizushi serves the rice in a bowl and tops it with a variety of raw fish and vegetable garnishes. It is commonly eaten because it is filling, fast and easy to make and it is eaten annually on Hinamatsuri in March
30.
Latte
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A latte is a coffee drink made with espresso and steamed milk. The term as used in English is a form of the Italian caffè latte, caffelatte or caffellatte. In northern Europe and Scandinavia the term café au lait has traditionally used for the combination of espresso. Variants include replacing the coffee with another drink base such as chai, mate, matcha or turmeric. Coffee and milk have been part of European cuisine since the 17th century, caffè latte, Milchkaffee, café au lait and café con leche are domestic terms of traditional ways of drinking coffee, usually as part of breakfast in the home. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term caffè latte was first used in English in 1867 by William Dean Howells in his essay Italian Journeys. Kenneth David maintains that. breakfast drinks of this kind have existed in Europe for generations, the Austrian-Hungarian empire had its own terminology for the coffees being served in coffee houses, while in German homes it was still called Milchkaffee. The Italians used the term caffè latte domestically, but it is not known from cafés like Florian in Venice or any other houses or places where coffee was served publicly. Even when the Italian espresso bar culture bloomed in the years after WW2 both in Italy, and in cities like Vienna and London, espresso and cappuccino are the terms, in Italian latte means milk—so ordering a latte in Italy will get the customer a glass of milk. In northern Europe and Scandinavia, a trend started in the early 1980s as café au lait became popular again, prepared with espresso. Caffè latte started replacing this term around 1996–97, but both names exist side by side, more often more similar than different in preparation. Coffee menus worldwide use a number of spelling variations for words to indicate coffee and milk, often using incorrect accents or a combination of French and Italian terms. Italian is caffellatte, contracted from caffè latte, while French is café au lait, Spanish is café con leche, variants such as café latte, café latté and café lattè are commonly seen in English. In Italy, caffè latte is almost always prepared at home, the coffee is brewed with a stovetop Moka pot and poured into a cup containing heated milk. In the US, a latte is often heavily sweetened, with 3% or even more sugar, the drink is related to a cappuccino, the difference being that a cappuccino consists of espresso and steamed milk with a 20 millimetres thick layer of milk foam. A variant found in Australia and New Zealand similar to the latte is the flat white, in the United States this beverage is sometimes referred to as a wet cappuccino. In the United States, a latte is usually espresso. Unlike a hot latte, it does not usually contain steamed milk or foam, iced lattes almost always have sugar or flavoring syrups added, and are sometimes served blended with the ice
31.
Dairy product
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Dairy products or milk products are a type of food produced from or containing the milk of mammals, primarily cattle, water buffaloes, goats, sheep, and camels. Dairy products include items such as yogurt, cheese. A facility that produces dairy products is known as a dairy, dairy products are consumed worldwide, with the exception of much of East and Southeast Asia and also some parts of central Africa. Additionally dairy products can contribute significant amounts of cholesterol and saturated fat to the diet which can increase the risk of heart disease, and cause other serious health problems. However, it has shown that there is no connection between dairy consumption and cardiovascular disease, even though dairy tends to be higher in saturated fats. There is no excess cardiovascular risk with dietary calcium intake but calcium supplements are associated with a risk of coronary artery calcification. Drinking milk or other dairy products does not cause mucus production and this widely held belief stems from some people mistaking the thin coat of residue left behind after consuming milk or ice cream for mucus. Rates of dairy consumption vary widely worldwide, high-consumption countries consume more than 150 kg per capita per year, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Costa Rica, Europe, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, North America and Pakistan. Low-consumption countries consume under 30 kg per capita per year, Senegal, most of Central Africa, Some groups avoid dairy products for non-health related reasons, Religious – Some religions restrict or do not allow for the consumption of dairy products. For example, some scholars of Jainism advocate not consuming any dairy products because dairy is perceived to involve violence against cows. Strict Judaism requires that meat and dairy products not be served at the meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together. Ethical – Veganism is the avoidance of all products, including dairy products. The ethical reasons for avoiding dairy include how dairy is produced, how the animals are handled, fermented milk products List of dairy products List of dairy product companies in the United States List of foods Plant milk Britannica, Enclyclopaedia. Rankin, H. F. Imbucase, the Story of the B. C. I. C. of the Ministry of Food, Edinburgh, Edinburgh Press Questions and Answers on dairy products Guide for homemade kefir Template, Mbachilin Arsha Leo
32.
Drupe
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In botany, a drupe is an indehiscent fruit in which an outer fleshy part surrounds a shell of hardened endocarp with a seed inside. These fruits usually develop from a carpel, and mostly from flowers with superior ovaries. Other fleshy fruits may have an enclosure that comes from the seed coat surrounding the seed. The term drupaceous is applied to a fruit which has the structure and texture of a drupe, the boundary between a drupe and a berry is not always clear. Thus some sources describe the fruit of species of the genus Persea, one definition of berry requires the endocarp to be less than 2 mm thick, other fruits with a stony endocarp being drupes. In marginal cases, terms such as drupaceous or drupe-like may be used, the term stone fruit can be a synonym for drupe or, more typically, it can mean just the fruit of the genus Prunus. Freestone refers to a drupe having a stone which can be removed from the flesh with ease, the flesh is not attached to the stone and does not need to be cut to free the stone. Freestone varieties of fruits are preferred for uses that require removal of the stone. Freestone plums are preferred for making homegrown prunes, and freestone sour cherries are preferred for making pies, clingstone refers to a drupe having a stone which cannot easily be removed from the flesh. The flesh is attached strongly to the stone and must be cut to free the stone, clingstone varieties of fruits in the genus Prunus are preferred as table fruit and for jams, because the flesh of clingstone fruits tends to be more tender and juicy throughout. Tryma is a term for such nut-like drupes that are difficult to categorize. Hickory nuts and walnuts in the Juglandaceae family grow within a husk, these fruits are technically drupes or drupaceous nuts. Many drupes, with their sweet, fleshy outer layer, attract the attention of animals as a food, and the plant population benefits from the resulting dispersal of its seeds. The endocarp is sometimes dropped after the part is eaten, but is often swallowed, passing through the digestive tract. This passage through the tract can reduce the thickness of the endocarp. The process is known as scarification, typical drupes include apricots, olives, peaches, plums, cherries, mangoes and amlas. The coconut is also a drupe, but the mesocarp is fibrous or dry, so this type of fruit is classified as a simple dry, unlike other drupes, the coconut seed is unlikely to be dispersed by being swallowed by fauna, due to its large size. It can, however, float extremely long distances across oceans, bramble fruits are aggregates of drupelets
33.
Beef
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Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle. Humans have been eating beef since prehistoric times, Beef is a complete source of protein, and provides many of the essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals that humans need. Beef skeletal muscle meat can be cut into roasts, short ribs or steak, Some cuts are processed, and trimmings, usually mixed with meat from older, leaner cattle, are ground, minced or used in sausages. The blood is used in varieties of blood sausage. Some intestines are cooked and eaten as-is, but are often cleaned and used as natural sausage casings. The bones are used for making beef stock, Beef from steers and heifers is very similar. According to the most recent National Beef Quality Audit, heifer carcasses had slightly more marbling than steer carcasses, depending on economics, the number of heifers kept for breeding varies. The meat from older bulls is usually tougher, so it is used for mince. Beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, accounting for about 25% of meat production worldwide, after pork and poultry at 38% and 30% respectively. According to the data from OECD, the average Uruguayan ate over 42 kg of beef or veal in 2014, cattle are considered sacred in the culture of India and there is prohibition on selling and consumption of beef in much of India. Though India is the largest producer and exporter of meat in the world. In 2015, the worlds largest exporters of beef including the meat, were India, Brazil. Beef production is important to the economies of Uruguay, Canada, Paraguay, Mexico, Argentina, Belarus. The word beef is from the Latin bōs, in contrast to cow which is from Middle English cou, after the Norman Conquest, the French-speaking nobles who ruled England naturally used French words to refer to the meats they were served. Thus, various Anglo-Saxon words were used for the animal by the peasants, Beef is cognate with bovine through the Late Latin bovīnus. People have eaten the flesh of bovines from prehistoric times, some of the earliest known paintings, such as those of Lascaux. People domesticated cattle around 8000 BC to provide access to beef, milk. Most cattle originated in the Old World, with the exception of bison hybrids, examples include the Wagyū from Japan, Ankole-Watusi from Egypt, and longhorn Zebu from the Indian subcontinent
34.
Chicken as food
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Chicken is the most common type of poultry in the world. In developed countries, chickens are usually subject to intensive farming methods, the modern chicken is a descendant of red junglefowl hybrids along with the grey junglefowl first raised thousands of years ago in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. Chicken as a meat has been depicted in Babylonian carvings from around 600 BC, Chicken was one of the most common meats available in the Middle Ages. It was eaten over most of the Eastern hemisphere and a number of different kinds of such as capons, pullets. It was one of the ingredients in the so-called white dish. In the United States in the 1800s, chicken was more expensive than other meats, Chicken consumption in the United States increased during World War II due to a shortage of beef and pork. In Europe, consumption of chicken overtook that of beef and veal in 1996, modern varieties of chicken such as the Cornish Cross, are bred specifically for meat production, with an emphasis placed on the ratio of feed to meat produced by the animal. The most common breeds of chicken consumed in the US are Cornish, chickens raised specifically for food are called broilers. In the United States, broilers are typically butchered at a young age, modern Cornish Cross hybrids, for example, are butchered as early as 8 weeks for fryers and 12 weeks for roasting birds. Capons produce more and fattier meat, for this reason, they are considered a delicacy and were particularly popular in the Middle Ages. Main Breast, These are white meat and are relatively dry, leg, Comprises two segments, The drumstick, this is dark meat and is the lower part of the leg, the thigh, also dark meat, this is the upper part of the leg. Wing, Often served as a meal or bar food. Buffalo wings are a typical example, Comprises three segments, the drumette, shaped like a small drumstick, the middle flat segment, containing two bones, and the tip, sometimes discarded. Other Chicken feet, These contain relatively little meat, and are mainly for the skin. Although considered exotic in Western cuisine, the feet are common fare in other cuisines, especially in the Caribbean, giblets, organs such as the heart, gizzards, and liver may be included inside a butchered chicken or sold separately. Head, Considered a delicacy in China, the head is split down the middle, kidneys, Normally left in when a broiler carcass is processed, they are found in deep pockets on each side of the vertebral column. Neck, This is served in various Asian dishes and it is stuffed to make helzel among Ashkenazi Jews. Oysters, Located on the back, near the thigh, these small, pygostyle and testicles, These are commonly eaten in East Asia and some parts of South East Asia
35.
Lamb and mutton
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Lamb, hogget, and mutton are the meat of domestic sheep at different ages. A sheep in its first year is called a lamb, the meat of a juvenile sheep older than one year is hogget, outside North America this is also a term for the living animal. The meat of a sheep is mutton, a term only used for the meat. The term mutton is almost always used to refer to meat in the Indian subcontinent. Lamb is the most expensive of the three types, and in recent decades sheep meat is increasingly only retailed as lamb, sometimes stretching the accepted distinctions given above. The stronger-tasting mutton is now hard to find in many areas, in Australia, the term prime lamb is often used to refer to lambs raised for meat. The definitions for lamb, hogget and mutton vary considerably between countries, younger lambs are smaller and more tender. Mutton is meat from a sheep over two old, and has less tender flesh. In general, the darker the colour, the older the animal, baby lamb meat will be pale pink, while regular lamb is pinkish-red. Lamb — a young sheep under 12 months of age which does not have any permanent incisor teeth in wear, hogget — A term for a sheep of either sex having no more than two permanent incisors in wear, or its meat. Still common in farming usage, it is now rare as a domestic or retail term for the meat, Much of the lamb sold in the UK is hogget to an Antipodean farmer. Mutton — a female or castrated male sheep having more than two permanent incisors in wear, under United States law, lamb is defined in terms of mutton, The term lamb means meat, other than mutton, produced from sheep. Under current federal regulations, only the lamb is used, Lamb — ovine animals of any age, including ewes and rams The terms mutton. Nevertheless, the use of lamb in the United States may be confusing. Under the previous definition, lamb meant meat, other than mutton, the term mutton is applied to goat meat in most of these countries, and the goat population has been rising. For example, mutton-curry is always made from goat meat and it is estimated that over one-third of the goat population is slaughtered every year and sold as mutton. The flavour and texture of milk-fed lamb when grilled or roasted is generally thought to be finer than that of older lamb, the areas in northern Spain where this can be found include Asturias, Cantabria, Castile and León, and La Rioja. Milk-fed lambs are prized for Easter in Greece, when they are roasted on a spit
36.
Pork
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Pork is the culinary name for meat from the domestic pig. It is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 5000 BC, Pork is eaten both freshly cooked and preserved. Curing extends the life of the pork products. Ham, smoked pork, gammon, bacon and sausage are examples of preserved pork, charcuterie is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products, many from pork. Pork is the most popular meat in East and Southeast Asia and it is highly prized in Asian cuisines for its fat content and pleasant texture. Consumption of pork is forbidden by Jewish and Muslim dietary law, the sale of pork is illegal or severely restricted in Israel and in certain Muslim countries, particularly those where sharia law is part of their constitution. The pig is one of the oldest forms of livestock, having been domesticated as early as 5000 BC and it is believed to have been domesticated either in the Near East or in China from the wild boar. The adaptable nature and omnivorous diet of this creature allowed early humans to domesticate it much earlier than other forms of livestock. Pigs were mostly used for food, but people also used their hides for shields and shoes, their bones for tools and weapons, and their bristles for brushes. Charcuterie is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products such as bacon, ham, sausage, terrines, galantines, pâtés, and confit, primarily from pork. Originally intended as a way to preserve meats before the advent of refrigeration, in 15th century France, local guilds regulated tradesmen in the food production industry in each city. The guilds that produced charcuterie were those of the charcutiers, the members of this guild produced a traditional range of cooked or salted and dried meats, which varied, sometimes distinctively, from region to region. The only raw meat the charcutiers were allowed to sell was unrendered lard, the charcutier prepared numerous items, including pâtés, rillettes, sausages, bacon, trotters, and head cheese. Due to the nature of the meat in Western culinary history. The year-round availability of meat and fruits has not diminished the popularity of this combination on Western plates, Pork is the most widely eaten meat in the world, accounting for about 38% of meat production worldwide. Consumption varies widely from place to place, the meat is taboo to eat in the Middle East and most of the Muslim world because of Jewish kosher and Islamic Halal dietary restrictions. But pork is widely consumed in East and Southeast Asia, Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, as the result, large numbers of pork recipes are developed throughout the world. Feijoada for example, the dish of Brazil, is traditionally prepared with pork trimmings, ears, tail
37.
Seafood
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Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans. Seafood prominently includes fish and shellfish, shellfish include various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Historically, sea mammals such as whales and dolphins have been consumed as food, edible sea plants, such as some seaweeds and microalgae, are widely eaten as seafood around the world, especially in Asia. In North America, although not generally in the United Kingdom, for the sake of completeness, this article includes all edible aquatic life. The harvesting of seafood is usually known as fishing or hunting. Seafood is often distinguished from meat, although it is still animal and is excluded in a vegetarian diet. Seafood is an important source of protein in many diets around the world, most of the seafood harvest is consumed by humans, but a significant proportion is used as fish food to farm other fish or rear farm animals. Some seafoods are used as food for other plants, in these ways, seafoods are indirectly used to produce further food for human consumption. Products, such as oil and spirulina tablets are also extracted from seafoods. Some seafood is feed to fish, or used to feed domestic pets, such as cats. The harvesting, processing, and consuming of seafoods are ancient practices with archaeological evidence dating back well into the Paleolithic, isotopic analysis of the skeletal remains of Tianyuan man, a 40, 000-year-old modern human from eastern Asia, has shown that he regularly consumed freshwater fish. Archaeology features such as middens, discarded fish bones and cave paintings show that sea foods were important for survival. During this period, most people lived a lifestyle and were, of necessity. However, where there are examples of permanent settlements such as those at Lepenski Vir. The ancient river Nile was full of fish, fresh and dried fish were a food for much of the population. The Egyptians had implements and methods for fishing and these are illustrated in scenes, drawings. Some representations hint at fishing being pursued as a pastime, fishing scenes are rarely represented in ancient Greek culture, a reflection of the low social status of fishing. However, Oppian of Corycus, a Greek author wrote a treatise on sea fishing
38.
Potato
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The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum. The word potato may refer either to the plant itself or to the edible tuber, in the Andes, where the species is indigenous, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species. Potatoes were introduced to Europe in the half of the 16th century by the Spanish. It is the worlds fourth-largest food crop, following maize, wheat, the green leaves and green skins of tubers exposed to the light are toxic. Wild potato species can be throughout the Americas from the United States to southern Chile. Following centuries of breeding, there are now over a thousand different types of potatoes. However, the importance of the potato is variable and changing rapidly. As of 2007 China led the world in production, and nearly a third of the worlds potatoes were harvested in China. The English word potato comes from Spanish patata, the Spanish Royal Academy says the Spanish word is a compound of the Taíno batata and the Quechua papa. The 16th-century English herbalist John Gerard used the terms bastard potatoes and Virginia potatoes for this species, potatoes are occasionally referred to as Irish potatoes or white potatoes in the United States, to distinguish them from sweet potatoes. The name spud for a small potato comes from the digging of soil prior to the planting of potatoes, the word spud traces back to the 16th century. It subsequently transferred over to a variety of digging tools, around 1845, the name transferred to the tuber itself. It was Mario Peis 1949 The Story of Language that can be blamed for the false origin. Pei writes, the potato, for its part, was in disrepute some centuries ago, some Englishmen who did not fancy potatoes formed a Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet. The initials of the words in this title gave rise to spud. Like most other pre-20th century acronymic origins, this is false, Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about 60 cm high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. They bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow stamens, in general, the tubers of varieties with white flowers have white skins, while those of varieties with colored flowers tend to have pinkish skins. Potatoes are mostly cross-pollinated by insects such as bumblebees, which carry pollen from other potato plants, tubers form in response to decreasing day length, although this tendency has been minimized in commercial varieties
39.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
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Lingonberries are picked in the wild and used to accompany a variety of dishes in Northern Baltoscandia. Commercial cultivation is undertaken in the U. S, Vaccinium vitis-idaea is most commonly known in English as lingonberry or cowberry. The name lingonberry originates from the Swedish name lingon for the species, the genus name Vaccinium is a classical Latin name for a plant, possibly the bilberry or hyacinth, and may be derived from the Latin bacca, berry. The specific name is derived from Latin vitis and idaea, the form of idaeus. There are at least 25 other common English names of Vaccinium vitis-idaea worldwide, including, slender and brittle roots grow from the underground stems. The stems are rounded in cross-section and grow from 10 to 40 cm in height, leaves grow alternately and are oval, 5–30 mm long, with a slightly wavy margin, and sometimes with a notched tip. The flowers are bell-shaped, white to pink, 3–8 mm long. The fruit is a red berry 6–10 mm across, with an acidic taste, Vaccinium vitis-idaea keeps its leaves all winter even in the coldest years, unusual for a broad-leaved plant, though in its natural habitat it is usually protected from severe cold by snow cover. It is extremely hardy, tolerating temperatures as low as −40 °C or lower and it prefers some shade and constantly moist, acidic soil. Nutrient-poor soils are tolerated but not alkaline soils, there are two regional varieties or subspecies of V. vitis-idaea, one in Eurasia and one in North America, differing in leaf size, V. vitis-idaea var. vitis-idaea L. — syn. V. vitis-idaea subsp. V. vitis-idaea var. minus Lodd. — syn. V. vitis-idaea subsp, lingonberry has been commercially cultivated in the Netherlands and other countries since the 1960s. Empress Elizabeth ordered lingonberry to be planted all over Peterhof in 1745, in cultivation in the United Kingdom, the Koralle Group has gained the Royal Horticultural Societys Award of Garden Merit. The berries collected in the wild are a fruit in northern, central and eastern Europe, notably in Nordic countries. In some areas, they can legally be picked on both public and private lands in accordance with the freedom to roam. The berries are quite tart, so they are cooked and sweetened before eating in the form of lingonberry jam, compote, juice. The raw fruits are frequently simply mashed with sugar, which preserves most of their nutrients. This mix can be stored at room temperature in closed but not necessarily sealed containers, fruit served this way or as compote often accompany game and liver dishes. In Sweden and Norway, reindeer and elk steak is served with gravy
40.
Rose hip soup
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Rose hip soup, is a soup made of rose hips and is a popular delicacy in Sweden. It is served as a beverage or as a dessert with milk, tiny almond biscuits are a very common addition when it is eaten as a dessert. Some also eat it for breakfast, but the types of soup for that purpose are generally a little simpler, meaning, lower in fruit content, in this case, a few people like to add broken up crisp bread instead. Nypon or rose hips are the fruit of wild roses, Rosa canina. The hips form after the petals have fallen off. They are picked when ripe and red and after the first frost in the fall, nyponsoppa is typically made with dried rose hips, water, potato flour, and sugar. The rose hips are boiled until they are soft and then blended with a mixer, the mixture is then run through a sieve and thickened with potato flour. Rose hips are rich in vitamin C, which however is destroyed by heat at 60 degrees celsius, List of desserts List of soups Swedish fruit soup
41.
European blueberry
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Bilberries are any of several primarily Eurasian species of low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium, bearing edible, nearly black berries. The species most often referred to is Vaccinium myrtillus L. the name appears to have Scandinavian origin, possibly as early as 1577, with similarity to the Danish word bølle for whortleberry, then adding berry. Bilberry is also known in English by other names including blaeberry /ˈbleɪbɛri/ in Scotland, whortleberry /ˈhwɜːrtəlbɛri/ in southern England, in other European languages, its name translates as blueberry, possibly causing confusion with the related plants more usually known as blueberry of the same genus, Vaccinium. Bilberry is native to Europe including the British Isles, while the blueberry is native to North America, bilberries are distinct from blueberries, but closely related to them. Bilberries have a smooth, circular outline at the end opposite their point of attachment, whereas blueberries retain persistent sepals there, leaving a rough, bilberries include several closely related species of the Vaccinium genus, including, Vaccinium myrtillus L. Vaccinium uliginosum L. Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. Vaccinium deliciosum Piper Vaccinium membranaceum Vaccinium ovalifolium, bilberries are found in acidic, nutrient-poor soils throughout the temperate and subarctic regions of the world. They are closely related to North American wild and cultivated blueberries and huckleberries in the genus Vaccinium, one characteristic of bilberries is that they produce single or paired berries on the bush instead of clusters, as the blueberry does. Bilberries are dark in color, and usually appear black with a slight shade of purple. Bilberries are difficult to grow and have small fruits, and are seldom cultivated. Bilberries can be picked by a berry-picking rake like lingonberries, but are susceptible to damage. Bilberries are softer and juicier than blueberries, making difficult to transport. Because of these factors, the bilberry is only available fresh on markets, frozen bilberries however are available all year round in most of Europe. In Scandinavia, bilberries are collected in forests and they are eaten fresh or made into jams and dishes. The most famous one is bilberry pie, in Iceland, bilberries grow predominantly in Westfjords and the surrounding area. In most of the country, the closely related bláber occupy the same habitat, both species are commonly found growing with dwarf birch and crowberries. Wild growth is vast compared to the population of Iceland and wildharvesting is legal, as a consequence, it is a popular activity in August when the berry season peaks. A popular use for bilberries is to eat them with skyr, in Ireland, the fruit is known as fraughan, from the Irish fraochán, and is traditionally gathered on the last Sunday in July, known as Fraughan Sunday. Bilberries were also collected at Lughnasadh in August, the first traditional harvest festival of the year, the crop of bilberries was said to indicate how well the rest of the crops would fare in their harvests later in the year
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