1.
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
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Carl XVI Gustaf is the King of Sweden. He ascended the throne upon the death of his grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf on 15 September 1973 and he is the youngest child and only son of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The Kings heir apparent, upon passage on 1 January 1980 of a new law establishing absolute primogeniture, is Crown Princess Victoria, Carl Gustaf was born on 30 April 1946 at 10,20 in Haga Palace in Solna, Stockholm County. He was the youngest of five children and the son of Swedens Prince Gustaf Adolf. He was christened at the Royal Chapel on 7 June 1946 by the Archbishop of Uppsala and he was baptized in Charles XIs baptismal font, which stood on Gustav IIIs carpet and he lay in Charles XIs cradle with Oscar IIs crown beside him. The same christening gown in white linen batiste which the prince carried had been worn by his father in 1906, Prince Carl Gustaf was also given the title of the Duke of Jämtland. His father, Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, was killed in a crash on 26 January 1947. His fathers death had left the prince second in line for the throne, behind his grandfather. When his great-grandfather Gustaf V died in 1950, the prince became the heir apparent of Sweden. Carl Gustaf was seven years old before he was told about his fathers death, after graduating from high school, Carl Gustaf completed two and a half years of education in the Royal Swedish Army, the Royal Swedish Navy, and the Royal Swedish Air Force. He received his commission as an officer in all three services in 1968, and he rose to the rank of captain and lieutenant. He has also completed his studies in history, sociology, political science, tax law. In addition, he studied the affairs of the Riksdag, Government. On 15 September 1973, Carl Gustaf became King of Sweden upon the death of his grandfather, on September 19, he took the required regal assurance during an extraordinary meeting of the cabinet. Afterwards, he appeared before the parliament, diplomatic corps, court, both the cabinet meeting and ceremony at the Hall were broadcast live on television. Following the ceremonies, he appeared on the balcony to acknowledge gathered crowds, at the cabinet meeting, the King declared that his name would be Carl XVI Gustaf and that his title would be King of Sweden. He adopted, For Sweden – With the times as his personal motto, when Carl Gustaf ascended the throne, plans were already in place to replace the 1809 Instrument of Government which gave the King extensive involvement with government. Though the King was a near-autocrat on paper, the Riksdags authority grew steadily into the early 20th century, in 1914, Gustaf V made a speech which resulted in what is known as the Courtyard Crisis wherein he was accused of interfering with politics
2.
Queen Silvia of Sweden
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Queen Silvia of Sweden is the spouse of King Carl XVI Gustaf and mother of the heir apparent to the throne, Crown Princess Victoria. In 2011, Silvia became the longest serving queen of Sweden, Silvia Renate Sommerlath was born in Heidelberg, Germany, on 23 December 1943, the only daughter of the late Alice and Walther Sommerlath. Her father was German and her mother was Brazilian and she has two older brothers, Ralf and Walther Sommerlath. They and their families were guests at the 2010 wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling and her third brother, Jörg Sommerlath, died in 2006. The Mother-Child House Jörg Sommerlath in Berlin, operated by Queen Silvias World Childhood Foundation, is named after him, the family returned to West Germany in 1957. She briefly worked as a flight attendant, a trained interpreter, Swedish is actually her sixth language. She speaks her native German, her mothers language of Portuguese, as well as French, Spanish and she has some fluency in Swedish Sign Language, a national sign language used by the deaf community in Sweden. During the 1972 Summer Olympics, Silvia Sommerlath met Crown Prince Carl Gustaf, in a later interview, the King explained how it just clicked when they met. After the death of King Gustaf VI Adolf on 15 September 1973 and he and Silvia announced their engagement on 12 March 1976 and were married three months later, on 19 June in Stockholm Cathedral in Stockholm. It was the first marriage of a reigning Swedish monarch since 1797, If he had married Silvia during the reign of his grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf, he would have lost his position as heir-apparent to the Swedish throne. This was due to the inflexibility of his grandfather, who believed that royalty must marry royalty and this was also the reason why Carl Gustafs uncle, Prince Bertil, did not marry until after Gustaf VI Adolfs death. The King and Queen of Sweden have three children and five grandchildren, Crown Princess Victoria, Duchess of Västergötland. She is married to Daniel Westling, and they have a daughter and he is married to Sofia Hellqvist, and they have a son, Prince Alexander, Duke of Södermanland Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland. As the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet noted in 1994, on the occasion of the Queens 50th birthday and you could put it that way. Even if Silvias arrival was like kicking someone lying down, or hitting a guy with glasses. The guy with glasses was mostly to be found with the Social Democrats, a few lines in the party manifesto, ever more vague over the years. It has always been there, but nobody has ever done anything to implement it, as she told the Swedish news agency TT, If a person is hurt too much, the natural reaction is to withdraw. That is a pity, because I really think our children are natural and open toward other people
3.
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden
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Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland, is the eldest child and heir apparent of King Carl XVI Gustaf. If she ascends to the throne as expected, she will be Swedens fourth queen regnant and the first since 1720. Victoria was born on 14 July 1977 at 21,45 CET at the Karolinska University Hospital in Solna, Stockholm County, Sweden and she is a member of the Royal House of Bernadotte. Born as a Princess of Sweden, she was designated Crown Princess in 1979 ahead of her younger brother and her place as first in the line of succession formally went into effect on 1 January 1980 with the parliamentary change to the Act of Succession that introduced absolute primogeniture. Her given names honour various relatives and she was christened at The Royal Palace Church on 27 September 1977. Her godparents were Crown Prince Harald of Norway, her uncle, Ralf Sommerlath, Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands. The Crown Princess was confirmed in the summer of 1992 at Räpplinge church on the island of Öland. Victoria studied for a year at the Université Catholique de lOuest at Angers in France, from 1998 to 2000, Victoria resided in the United States, where she studied various subjects at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. In May 1999, she was an intern at the Swedish Embassy in Washington, Victoria completed a study program at the Government Offices in 2001. In 2003, Victorias education continued with visits to Swedish businesses, in 2006, Victoria enrolled in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs Diplomat Program, running from September 2006 to June 2007. The program is a program for young future diplomats and gives an insight to the ministrys work, Swedish foreign and security policies. In June 2009, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University and she speaks Swedish, English, French and German. She was made Crown Princess and heir apparent on 1 January 1980 by the 1979 change to the Act of Succession of 1810 and this constitutional reform meant that the throne would be inherited by the monarchs eldest child without regard to gender. King Carl XVI Gustaf objected to the reform after it occurred because he favoured tradition, when she became heir, she also was made titular Duchess of Västergötland, one of the historical provinces of Sweden. Prior to this change, the heir apparent to the throne was her younger brother. He is now fourth in line to the throne, behind the Crown Princesss daughter and she is one of only three female heirs apparent in the world – the other two being her goddaughter Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange, and Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant. Victorias declaration of majority took place in the Hall of State at the Royal Palace of Stockholm on 14 July 1995, as of the day she turned 18, she became eligible to act as Head of State when the King is not in country. Victoria made her first public speech on this occasion, located on the dais in the background was the same silver throne on which her father was seated at his enthronement, in actual use from 1650 and up until this ceremony
4.
Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland
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Princess Leonore of Sweden, Duchess of Gotland, is the elder child of Princess Madeleine and Christopher ONeill. She is seventh in the line of succession to the Swedish throne, at the time of her birth she was fifth in line. Leonore was born at 22,41 Eastern Time on 20 February 2014 at New Yorks Weill Cornell Medical Center, a 21-gun salute was fired in Stockholm to celebrate her birth. Prior to her birth it was announced that any children of Princess Madeleine would be styled Royal Highness. However, in order to be eligible to ascend, Leonore must be brought up as a member of the Church of Sweden and her name and titles were revealed when her grandfather, King Carl XVI Gustaf, met with the cabinet on 26 February 2014. Her first name was chosen by her parents as one that they both liked very much after considering a large number of other names. It has been used previously by four Swedish queens, but then only in full as Eleonora and her middle names honour her great-grandaunt Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland, and her paternal grandmother. Leonore was registered with the surname Bernadotte in the Swedish registry, a Te Deum thanksgiving service was held in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Palace on 2 March 2014 to celebrate her birth. She was christened in the familys antique christening gown which was first worn by Prince Gustaf Adolf when he was christened in 1906 and her name and date of christening was added in embroidery to the gown. Leonore met Pope Francis on 27 April 2015 in Vatican City with her parents, Leonore attended the wedding of her maternal uncle on 13 June 2015 wearing an heirloom dress previously worn by her maternal great-great-grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf. On 21 February 2016, Leonore accompanied her mother at a tea party for 12 children with illnesses from the My Big Day Foundation hosted at Stockholm Palace. On 3 June 2016, Leonore visited her duchy, Gotland, accompanied by her parents to visit a horse which was given to Leonore at the time of her christening named Heidi, Leonore is styled as, Her Royal Highness Princess Leonore of Sweden, Duchess of Gotland. Sweden, Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, Princess Leonores coat of arms is based on the greater coat of arms of Sweden. In the centre, on an inescutcheon, is the arms of the House of Bernadotte. Surrounding the shield is the ribbon of the Order of the Seraphim, Royal Court of Sweden- Princess Leonore Media related to Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland at Wikimedia Commons
5.
Princess Birgitta of Sweden
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Princess Birgitta of Sweden, Princess of Hohenzollern, is an elder sister of King Carl XVI Gustaf. Born at Haga Palace in Stockholm, she is the child of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her sisters are Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler, Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld and she is a first cousin of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark Birgitta is the widow of Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern. On a visit in 1959 to friends and relatives in Germany, on 15 December 1960, her engagement to Prince Johann Georg Carl Leopold Eitel-Friedrich Meinrad Maria Hubertus Michael of Hohenzollern, was announced. The civil ceremony took place at the Royal Palace of Stockholm on 25 May 1961, Birgitta converted to Roman Catholicism when she married the Hohenzollern prince. Prince Johann Georg and Princess Birgitta separated in 1990, although they remained legally married and she lives on the island of Majorca in Spain, while her husband lived in Munich. In their honour a ball was organised for the two princesses at the Renaissance Blackstone Hotel in Chicago by Mayor Richard Daley and she has her own golf competition in Majorca, the Princess Birgitta Trophy, at her home golf course. She participates in the celebrations of the Swedish Lucia every year, Princess Birgittas marriage produced three children and six grandchildren, HSH Prince Carl Christian of Hohenzollern, married in 1999 to Nicole Helene Neschitsch. She remarried Eckbert von Bohlen und Halbach, grandson of Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, the couple had a son, who died a few days later, and then adopted a daughter, Prince Lennart Carl Christian of Hohenzollern Vivianne von Hohenzollern. 19 January 1937 –25 May 1961, Her Royal Highness Princess Birgitta of Sweden,25 May 1961 – present, Her Royal Highness Princess Birgitta of Sweden and Hohenzollern
6.
Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler
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Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler, is a Swedish princess, the eldest sister of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and also first cousin of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. Although the eldest child, as a female, she was never heir to the according to the Swedish constitution current at the time. She was educated privately at the Haga Palace and then at the Stockholm dressmaking school, in the 1950s Margaretha had a relationship with Robin Douglas-Home, a Scottish aristocrat and the nephew of the future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Alec Douglas-Home. He came to visit her in Sweden, but they never married and she met her future husband, the businessman John Ambler, ten years her elder, at a dinner party in the United Kingdom in 1963 and their engagement was announced on 28 February 1964. They were married on 30 June 1964, in Gärdslösa Church, the Princess wore a wedding gown from the Stockholm couture school, Märtaskolan, where she had previously been a student, and a traditional wedding crown from Öland. The couple settled at Chippinghurst Manor in Oxfordshire, as a result of her unequal marriage, she lost her style of Royal Highness and the King gave her the courtesy title of Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler. Under the Swedish constitution of that time, she, as a woman, Margaretha and her husband separated in 1994, but never divorced. Margaretha and Amblers marriage produced three children, Sibylla Louise Ambler, named after her grandmother, Princess Sibylla. She married Baron Henning von Dincklage and they have two children, of whom Madeleine Charlotte Margaretha von Dincklage is the goddaughter of Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden and was a bridesmaid at her wedding. Charles Edward Ambler, he married Helen Jane Ross, james Patrick Ambler, he married Ursula Mary Shipley. During their visit, the three Scandinavian princesses toured Disneyland and Hollywood and also visited Paramount Pictures in Los Angeles where they met Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis, and Elvis Presley. Margaretha lives near Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, in the UK and she also used to open the annual Swedish Church Christmas Bazaar in London
7.
Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson
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Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson, LoK av KMO is the youngest of four older sisters of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. She does business as Christina Magnuson, Princess Christina was born at Haga Palace outside Stockholm as the fourth child of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. She is the granddaughter of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden and she was Chairman of the Swedish Red Cross for 9 years. She met her husband, Tord Magnuson, at a lunch in Stockholm in 1961. Her engagement to Magnuson was announced on 1 February 1974, the couple married on 15 June 1974 in the Palace Church of the Royal Palace of Stockholm. Under the Swedish constitution at that time, they, as women, the couple have three sons, Carl Gustaf Victor, an economist, Tord Oscar Frederik, an eyewear designer, and Victor Edmund Lennart. In October 2016, it was announced that Magnuson has been diagnosed with chronic leukemia, olav Portugal, Grand Cross of the Order of Christ 3 August 1943 –15 June 1974 Her Royal Highness Princess Christina of Sweden. International Red Cross and Red Crescent, Recipient of the Henry Dunant Medal
8.
Marianne Bernadotte
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Marianne Bernadotte, Countess of Wisborg, is a Swedish actress and philanthropist who in 1961 married Sigvard Bernadotte, a former Prince of Sweden. She has been noted for her work supporting causes such as dyslexia, physical disabilities, Bernadotte studied at The Royal Dramatic Theatre Acting School Dramatens elevskola 1945-1948. After finishing her education, she was an actress as Marianne Lindberg at The Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm for eleven years, in 1983 Marianne Bernadotte received a degree in the History of Art at the University of Stockholm. Her academic papers included work on the glass artist and sculptor Edvin Öhrström, Marianne Bernadotte has also been an international representative for Sotheby’s auction house. In July 2014 she had good reviews after hosting the radio show Sommar on her 90th birthday. As founder of The Sigvard & Marianne Bernadotte Research Foundation for Children’s Eye Care, Bernadotte is Honorary Chairman of The Swedish Dylexia Foundation and Honorary President of The International Rodin Remediation Academy. On her initiative, The Sigvard and Marianne Bernadotte Research Foundation was set up in 1989 for juvenile eye care, in 1998, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Medicine by that institute. She also has an Honorary Doctorate from the Bologna University Institute of Psychology in recognition of her contribution to research in 2006. Bernadotte’s involvement in arts charities is exemplified by the Marianne and Sigvard Bernadotte Arts Fund that she created in 1982 to mark Sigvard Bernadotte’s seventy-fifth birthday, the Arts Fund awards scholarships each year to young scholars in music, theatre, design, and art. The scholarships provide young artists with the opportunity to develop their talents at a stage in their careers. Bernadotte is the daughter of Helge Lindberg and his wife Thyra Dahlman and her first marriage was to Gabriel Tchang, the son of a Chinese Ambassador in Stockholm. They had three children, Robert Gabriel Tchang and she married, secondly, on 30 July 1961 in Stockholm, the former Swedish prince Sigvard Bernadotte, the second son of King Gustaf VI Adolf and his first wife, Princess Margaret of Connaught. On 2 July 1951, Sigvard, for himself, his wife and his marital descendants, counts and Countesses of Wisborg are considered to be part of the Swedish unintroduced nobility. Swedish hotelier Bicky Chakraborty is married to her sister and she was a guest at the 2010 wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling. Bernadotte Foundation for Childrens Eye Care | Retinopathy of Prematurity, kronprinsessan Victoria hedrar sin gammelfaster Marianne Bernadotte | Webfinanser - nyheter aktier it lyx bil nöje spel mobil räntor taxeringskalender
9.
Swedish language
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Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken natively by more than 9 million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish, along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It is currently the largest of the North Germanic languages by number of speakers, Standard Swedish, spoken by most Swedes, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties descended from the rural dialects still exist. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages, V2, Swedish morphology is similar to English, that is, words have comparatively few inflections. There are two genders, no cases, and a distinction between plural and singular. Older analyses posit the cases nominative and genitive and there are remains of distinct accusative and dative forms as well. Adjectives are compared as in English, and are inflected according to gender, number. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes, complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles, the prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless velar fricative, a highly variable consonant phoneme. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages, by many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, the dialects of Old East Norse that were spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish. The dialects are described as runic because the body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, from 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é. This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain, there was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr dead
10.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
11.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
12.
House of Bernadotte
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The House of Bernadotte, the current royal house of Sweden, has reigned since 1818. Between 1818 and 1905, it was also the house of Norway. Its founder, Charles XIV John of Sweden, was adopted by Charles XIII of Sweden, following the conclusion of Finnish War in 1809, Sweden lost possession of Finland, which had constituted roughly the eastern half of the Swedish realm for centuries. Resentment towards King Gustav IV Adolf precipitated an abrupt coup détat, Gustav Adolf was deposed and his uncle Charles XIII was elected King in his place. However, Charles XIII was 61 years old and prematurely senile and he was also childless, one child had been stillborn and another died after less than a week. It was apparent almost as soon as Charles XIII ascended the throne that the Swedish branch of the House of Holstein-Gottorp would die with him. In 1810 the Riksdag of the Estates, the Swedish parliament, elected a Danish prince, Prince Christian August of Augustenborg and he took the name Charles August, but died later that same year. At this time, Emperor Napoleon I of France controlled much of continental Europe, the Riksdag decided to choose a king of whom Napoleon would approve. On 21 August 1810, the Riksdag elected Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, a Marshal of France, the coat of arms of the House of Bernadotte dimidiates the coat of arms of the House of Vasa and the coat of arms of Bernadotte as the Prince of Pontecorvo. It is visible as an inescutcheon in the Greater Coat of Arms of the Realm, Bernadotte, born in the town of Pau, in the province of Béarn, France, had risen to the rank of general during the French Revolution. In 1798, he married Désirée Clary, whose sister was married to Joseph, in 1804, Napoleon promoted Bernadotte to a Marshal of France. Napoleon also granted him the title Prince of Pontecorvo, as the Crown Prince of Sweden, he assumed the name Charles John and acted as regent for the remainder of Charles XIIIs reign. In 1813, he broke with Napoleon and led Sweden into the anti-Napoleon alliance, when Norway was awarded to Sweden by the Treaty of Kiel, Norway resisted and declared independence, triggering a brief war between Sweden and Norway. The war ended when Bernadotte persuaded Norway to enter into a union with Sweden. Instead of being merely a Swedish province, Norway remained an independent kingdom, though sharing a common monarch, Bernadotte reigned as Charles XIV John of Sweden and Charles III John of Norway from 5 February 1818 until his death on 8 March 1844. The House of Bernadotte reigned in both countries until the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905, Prince Carl of Denmark was then elected as King Haakon VII of Norway. Carl was a grandson of King Charles XV of Sweden and a great-great-grandson of Charles XIV, King Charles Johns first known paternal ancestor was Joandou du Poey, who was a shepherd. He married Germaine de Bernadotte in 1615 in the southern French city of Pau, through her the couple owned a building there called de Bernadotte
13.
Monarchy of Sweden
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The Monarchy of Sweden concerns the monarchical head of state of Sweden, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The Kingdom of Sweden has been a monarchy since time immemorial, Sweden in the present day is a representative democracy in a parliamentary system based on popular sovereignty, as defined in the current Instrument of Government. The monarch and the members of the Royal Family undertake a variety of official, unofficial and other duties within Sweden. Carl XVI Gustaf became King on 15 September 1973 on the death of his grandfather, Sweden has been a kingdom since prehistoric times. Originally, the Swedish king had combined powers limited to that of a war chief, a judge, the Royal Court of Sweden, however, does count Olofs father as Swedens first king. The king was elected from a favored dynasty at the Stones of Mora. The ceremonial stones were destroyed around 1515 and that dynasty formed a pre-Kalmar Union Sweden into a strong state, and finally king Magnus IV even ruled Norway and Scania. Following the Black Death, the union was weakened, and Scania was reunited with Denmark. In 1397, after the Black Death and domestic power struggles, Queen Margaret I of Denmark united Sweden, Denmark, continual tension within each country and the union led to open conflict between the Swedes and the Danes in the 15th century. The unions final disintegration in the early 16th century led to prolonged rivalry between Denmark-Norway and Sweden for centuries to come. Catholic bishops had supported the King of Denmark, Christian II, Gustav Vasa was elected King of Sweden by the Estates of the Realm, assembled in Strängnäs on 6 June 1523. Inspired by the teachings of Martin Luther, Gustav I used the Protestant Reformation to curb the power of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1527 he persuaded the Estates of the Realm, assembled in the city of Västerås, to church lands. At the same time, he broke with the papacy and established a state church. Legally Sweden has only been a monarchy since 1544 when the Riksdag of the Estates, through Västerås arvförening. Crown tax revenues increased, but more importantly the new system was perceived as fairer, a war with Lübeck in 1535 resulted in the expulsion of the Hanseatic traders, who previously had had a monopoly on foreign trade. With its own burghers in charge, Swedens economic strength grew rapidly, Sweden now built the first modern army in Europe, supported by a sophisticated tax system and an efficient bureaucracy. At the death of King Gustav I in 1560, he was succeeded by his oldest son Eric XIV and his reign was marked by Swedens entrance into the Livonian War and the Northern Seven Years War
14.
Royal family
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A royal family is the immediate family of a king or queen regnant, and sometimes his or her extended family. However, in common parlance members of any family which reigns by hereditary right are often referred to as royalty or royals and it is also customary in some circles to refer to the extended relations of a deposed monarch and his or her descendants as a royal family. A dynasty is referred to as the House of. As of July 2013, there are 26 active sovereign monarchies in the world who rule or reign over 43 countries in all, in some cases, royal family membership may extend to great grandchildren and more distant descendants of a monarch. In certain monarchies where voluntary abdication is the norm, such as the Netherlands, there is often a distinction between persons of the blood royal and those that marry into the royal family. In certain instances, such as in Canada, the family is defined by who holds the styles Majesty. Under most systems, only persons in the first category are dynasts and this is not always observed, some monarchies have operated by the principle of jure uxoris. In addition, certain relatives of the monarch possess special privileges and are subject to certain statutes, conventions, the precise functions of a royal family vary depending on whether the polity in question is an absolute monarchy, a constitutional monarchy, or somewhere in between. The specific composition of royal families varies from country to country, as do the titles and royal, the composition of the royal family may be regulated by statute enacted by the legislature, the sovereigns prerogative and common law tradition, or a private house law. Public statutes, constitutional provisions, or conventions may also regulate the marriages, names, the members of a royal family may or may not have a surname or dynastic name. Some countries have abolished royalty altogether, as in post-revolutionary France, whilst mediatization occurred in other countries such as France, Italy and Russia, only the certain houses within the former Holy Roman Empire are collectively called the Mediatized Houses
15.
Anno Domini
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The terms anno Domini and before Christ are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The term anno Domini is Medieval Latin and means in the year of the Lord, There is no year zero in this scheme, so the year AD1 immediately follows the year 1 BC. This dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor, the Gregorian calendar is the most widely used calendar in the world today. Traditionally, English followed Latin usage by placing the AD abbreviation before the year number, however, BC is placed after the year number, which also preserves syntactic order. The abbreviation is widely used after the number of a century or millennium. Because BC is the English abbreviation for Before Christ, it is sometimes concluded that AD means After Death. However, this would mean that the approximate 33 years commonly associated with the life of Jesus would not be included in either of the BC, astronomical year numbering and ISO8601 avoid words or abbreviations related to Christianity, but use the same numbers for AD years. The Anno Domini dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus to enumerate the years in his Easter table. His system was to replace the Diocletian era that had used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians. The last year of the old table, Diocletian 247, was followed by the first year of his table. Thus Dionysius implied that Jesus Incarnation occurred 525 years earlier, without stating the year during which his birth or conception occurred. Blackburn & Holford-Strevens briefly present arguments for 2 BC,1 BC, There were inaccuracies in the list of consuls There were confused summations of emperors regnal years It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesuss birth. It is convenient to initiate a calendar not from the day of an event. For example, the Islamic calendar begins not from the date of the Hegira, at the time, it was believed by some that the Resurrection and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus. The old Anno Mundi calendar theoretically commenced with the creation of the based on information in the Old Testament. It was believed that, based on the Anno Mundi calendar, Anno Mundi 6000 was thus equated with the resurrection and the end of the world but this date had already passed in the time of Dionysius. The Anglo-Saxon historian the Venerable Bede, who was familiar with the work of Dionysius Exiguus, used Anno Domini dating in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731. e. On the continent of Europe, Anno Domini was introduced as the era of choice of the Carolingian Renaissance by the English cleric and scholar Alcuin in the late eighth century
16.
Bridget of Sweden
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Outside of Sweden, she was also known as the Princess of Nericia and was the mother of Catherine of Vadstena. She is one of the six saints of Europe, together with Benedict of Nursia, Saints Cyril and Methodius, Catherine of Siena. Through her mother, Ingeborg, Birgitta was related to the Swedish kings of her era and she was born in June 1303. There is no exact recording for which precise date, in 1316, at the age of 14 she married Ulf Gudmarsson of the family of Ulvåsa, Lord of Närke, to whom she bore eight children, four daughters and four sons. Six survived infancy, which was rare at that time and her eldest daughter was Märta Ulfsdotter. Her second daughter is now honored as St. Catherine of Sweden and her youngest daughter was Cecilia Ulvsdotter. Bridget became known for her works of charity, particularly toward Östergötlands unwed mothers, when she was in her early thirties, she was summoned to be principal lady-in-waiting to the new Queen of Sweden, Blanche of Namur. In 1341 she and her went on pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. In 1344, shortly after their return, Ulf died at the Cistercian Alvastra Abbey in Östergötland, after this loss, Birgitta became a member of the Third Order of St. Francis and devoted herself wholly to a life of prayer and caring for the poor and the sick. One distinctive feature of the houses of the Order was that they were double monasteries. They were to live in convents and to give all surplus income to the poor. However, they were allowed to have as many books as they pleased, in 1350, a Jubilee Year, Bridget braved a plague-stricken Europe to make a pilgrimage to Rome accompanied by her daughter, Catherine, and a small party of priests and disciples. This was done partly to obtain from the Pope the authorization of the new Order, save for occasional pilgrimages, including one to Jerusalem in 1373, she remained in Rome until her death on 23 July 1373, urging ecclesiastical reform. Bridget went to every day, and had a constant smiling face. Although she never returned to Sweden, her years in Rome were far from happy, being hounded by debts and she was originally buried at San Lorenzo in Panisperna before her remains were returned to Sweden. She was canonized in the year 1391 by Pope Boniface IX, because of new discussions about her works, the Council of Basel confirmed the orthodoxy of the revelations in 1436. At the age of ten, Bridget had a vision of Jesus hanging upon the cross, when she asked who had treated him like this, he answered, She was so impressed that from that moment the Passion of Christ became the center of her spiritual life. These revelations made Bridget something of a celebrity to some and a figure to others
17.
Royal Court of Sweden
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The Royal Court of Sweden is the official name for the organisation that supports the monarch, and the royal house. The incumbent monarch, King Carl XVI Gustaf, is head of the Royal Court, the Marshal of the Realm is the head of all operations, with all other departments within the Royal Court reporting directly to him. He is accountable to The King for the activities of the entire Royal Court organization, curia regis Royal court Swedish Royal Academies Royal Court of Sweden
18.
Duke
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A duke or duchess can either be a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch. During the Middle Ages the title signified first among the Germanic monarchies, Dukes were the rulers of the provinces and the superiors of the counts in the cities and later, in the feudal monarchies, the highest-ranking peers of the king. During the 19th century many of the smaller German and Italian states were ruled by Dukes or Grand Dukes, but at present, with the exception of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, there are no dukes ruling as monarchs. Duke remains the highest hereditary title in Portugal, Spain, in Sweden, members of the Royal Family are given a personal dukedom at birth. The Pope, as a sovereign, has also, though rarely. In some realms the relative status of duke and prince, as borne by the nobility rather than by members of reigning dynasties, varied—e. g. in Italy. A woman who holds in her own right the title to such duchy or dukedom, Queen Elizabeth II, however, is known by tradition as Duke of Normandy in the Channel Islands and Duke of Lancaster in Lancashire. A duchy is the territory or geopolitical entity ruled by a duke, a dukedom is the title or status of a duke, a rank in the present or past nobility, and is not necessarily attached to a duchy. A few examples exist today, The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a independent state and its head. In Scotland the male heir apparent to the British crown is always the Duke of Rothesay as well, the Channel Islands are two of the three remaining Crown Dependencies, the last vestiges of the lands of the Duchy of Normandy. The Islanders in their loyal toast will say La Reine, notre Duc, however, the Channel Islands, part of the lost Duchy, remained a self-governing possession of the English Crown. While the islands today retain autonomy in government, they owe allegiance to The Queen in her role as Duke of Normandy. During the Middle Ages, after Roman power in Western Europe collapsed, in 1332, Robert of Taranto succeeded his father, Philip. John took the style of Duke of Durazzo, in 1368, Durazzo fell to Karl Thopia, who was recognized by Venice as Prince of Albania. The Visigoths retained the Roman divisions of their kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula and they were the most powerful landowners and, along with the bishops, elected the king, usually from their own midst. They were the commanders and in this capacity often acted independently from the king. The army was structured decimally with the highest unit, the thiufa, the cities were commanded by counts, who were in turn answerable to the dukes, who called up the thiufae when necessary. When the Lombards entered Italy, the Latin chroniclers called their war leaders duces in the old fashion and these leaders eventually became the provincial rulers, each with a recognized seat of government
19.
Gustav III of Sweden
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Gustav III was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. Gustav was an opponent of what he saw as the abuse of political privileges seized by the nobility since the death of King Charles XII. Nonetheless, his leadership in the Battle of Svensksund averted a complete military defeat. The much-praised Freedom of the Press Act of 1766 was severely curtailed, however, by amendments in 1774 and 1792, effectively extinguishing independent media. Gustavs immense powers were placed in the hands of a regency under his brother Prince Carl and Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm until his son, the Gustavian autocracy thus survived until 1809, when his son was ousted in another coup detat, which definitively established parliament as the dominant political power. A patron of the arts and benefactor of arts and literature, Gustav founded the Swedish Academy, in 1772 he founded the Royal Order of Vasa to acknowledge and reward those Swedes who had contributed to advances in the fields of agriculture, mining and commerce. In 1782, Gustav III was the first formally neutral head of state in the world to recognize the United States during its war for independence from Great Britain. Nonetheless, he perhaps owed most of what shaped him during his education to the poet. State interference with his education as a child caused significant political disruptions within the royal family. Even his most hostile teachers were amazed by his combination of natural gifts, on the whole, Gustav cannot be said to have been well educated, but he read widely, there was scarcely a French author of his day with whose works he was not intimately acquainted. His enthusiasm for the ideas of the French enlightenment was as sincere as that of his mother, if more critical. Gustav married Princess Sophia Magdalena, daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark, by proxy in Christiansborg Palace, Copenhagen, on 1 October 1766 and in person in Stockholm on 4 November 1766. The match was not a one, owing partly to an incompatibility of temperament. The marriage produced two children, Crown Prince Gustav Adolf, and Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland, for the consummation of the marriage, the king and queen requested actual physical instruction by Count Adolf Munck, reportedly because of anatomical problems of both spouses. There were also rumors that the queen was pregnant by Munck. Gustavs mother supported rumors that he was not the father of his first son and it was rumored at the time that Gustav was homosexual, a possibility asserted by some writers. The close personal relationships which he formed two of his courtiers, Count Axel von Fersen and Baron Gustav Armfelt, were alluded to in that regard. His sister-in-law Charlotte implied as much in her famous diary, professor Erik Lönnroth of the Swedish Academy, who described the assistance provided by Munck, has concluded that there is no factual basis for the assumption that Gustav III was homosexual
20.
Instrument of Government (1772)
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King Gustav III also cherished other Enlightenment ideas and repealed torture, liberated agricultural trade, diminished the use of death penalty etc. The somewhat later Freedom of the Press Act of 1774, a part of the constitutional law, the earlier first Freedom of the Press Act of 1766 was repealed by the Constitution in 1772. In 1789 it was amended in a more autocratic direction by the Union. Leading members of the Caps party who sat in the Privy Council were arrested, as they were locked up in the Privy Council Room and released shortly after the adoption of the constitution. Largely the content of the Constitution was the following, The King governed the civil service and Parliaments were assembled only at the Kings will when the King had to raise taxes, an offensive war also had to be approved by Parliament and also new taxation. The Privy Councils justice department, functioned as a fairly independent Supreme Court, the King however had to listen to the advice of the Privy Council in cases concerning treaties about peace, armistice and alliances with foreign powers and visits to other countries. In these cases the Council also could veto the King, if all members of the Council shared this view unanimously. In the Grand Duchy of Finland, created in 1809 from the third of Sweden as part of the Russian Empire. In Sweden, the loss of Finland resulted in both a new dynasty and a rewriting of the constitution, resulting in a new Instrument of Government. Gustav III Constitution of Sweden Constitution of Finland Diet of Porvoo Grand Duchy of Finland Russification of Finland Corsican Constitution Walhalla-orden Text of the Constitution
21.
Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland
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Prince Bertil of Sweden, Duke of Halland, was a Swedish royal prince and the third son of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden and his first wife, Princess Margaret of Connaught. He was the uncle of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, a maternal uncle of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and Queen Anne-Marie of Greece through his sister. Bertil was born 28 February 1912 at Stockholm, as the fourth of five born to Princess Margaret of Connaught. His siblings included, Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Vasterbotten, Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland and Princess Ingrid and Prince Carl Johan, Duke of Dalarna. Prince Bertil was granted a very old dukedom, one that was bestowed in the Middle Ages on various Danish and Swedish royal relatives, such as Benedict, Duke of Halland. After Carl Gustaf became King, Bertil remained the next in line to the throne, Bertil became a naval officer and during the Second World War he served as Swedish naval attaché at the embassy in London. In 1943, Bertil had met his partner, Welsh commoner Lilian Craig. Their common base was a home in Sainte-Maxime, in the south of France, since his life with Mrs Craig was not official, Prince Bertils single status meant he was suggested as a match for, among others, Princess Margaret. Lillian then was made HRH Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland, Bertil was fond of cars, owning a rare Aston Martin DB2 and a Corvette. Volvo asked him to open the Volvo Halifax Assembly plant in 1963 in Nova Scotia, a parking garage in Sainte-Maxime is named after him. He was also a member of the society, La Chaine des Rotisseurs. He died at his home the Villa Solbacken in Stockholm in 1997 and his remains were buried at the Royal Cemetery in Haga Park. 28 February 1912 -15 September 1973, His Royal Highness Prince Bertil of Sweden,15 September 1973 -13 May 1979, His Royal Highness Prince Bertil, Heir Presumptive of Sweden, Duke of Halland. 13 May 1979 -5 January 1997, His Royal Highness Prince Bertil of Sweden, Duke of Halland. On his creation as Duke of Halland, Prince Bertil was granted use of a coat of arms based on the Arms of Dominion of Sweden, Swedish Royal Family Line of succession to the Swedish throne Media related to Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland at Wikimedia Commons
22.
Frederick William von Hessenstein
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Frederick William, Prince von Hessenstein, was a Swedish soldier and statesman. He was a son of King Frederick of Sweden and his mistress Hedvig Taube. King Gustav III treated him with great respect and he was appointed Field Marshal in 1773, Privy Councillor in 1776, and Governor-General of Pomerania between 1776 and 1791. Hessenstein was made a count of the Holy Roman Empire on 28 February 1741 and he was elevated to Prince von Hessenstein in the Empire in November 1772, and hereditary Prince von Hessenstein also in Sweden on 28 April 1785. In 1773 he was made one of the Lords of the Realm. According to unverified rumors, he might have been the father of a daughter by Princess Sofia Albertina. Named Sophia, she was born in 1786, a year before the princess was sent to Germany as Abbess of Quedlinburg. Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim Commander of the Royal Order of the Sword Lindquist, gustavs dagar ISBN 978-91-1-301455-5) Lagerqvist, Lars O. Sveriges regenter - från forntid till nutid ISBN 978-91-0-041538-9
23.
Prince Oscar Bernadotte
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Prince Oscar Carl August Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg was the second son of King Oscar II of Sweden and Sofia of Nassau. He was born Prince of Sweden and Norway, and after the Norwegian secession from Sweden, he was Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland. Ebba was a lady-in-waiting of the princess, Victoria of Baden, who in 1885 visited her brother-in-law in Amsterdam. Ebba and Oscar visited the Norwegian sailor church during their stay in Amsterdam and fell in love, Ebba was religious and influenced Oscar in this regard. When Oscar told his family that he wished to marry Ebba, they were scandalized and he was forced to take a two years consideration period, and Ebba was dismissed as a lady-in-waiting. On 21 January 1888, a ball was arranged on the Royal Palace of Stockholm where Ebba and Oscar were allowed to dance each other, and on 29 January 1888. The match was regarded as a great sorrow within the royal house, when the couple left Stockholm, a large crowd had gathered on the train station to see them off and show their support. He and his wife were invested with the new titles of Prince and it has never been determined if this was a title of nobility or another form of unofficial courtesy title. On 2 April 1892, he was given a hereditary title as Count of Wisborg by his uncle Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Wisborg was derived from Visborg, castle ruins in Oscars former Duchy of Gotland and his wife was the daughter of Carl Jacob Munck af Fulkila and wife baroness Henrika Ulrika Antoinetta Cederström
24.
Christopher O'Neill
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Christopher Paul ONeill is an American-British financier and the husband of Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland, a daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. ONeill has two half-sisters on his mothers side, Tatjana dAbo and Countess Natascha von Abensberg-Traun, and three on his fathers side, Stefanie, Annalisa and Karen and he grew up in London, St. Gallen, Austria and Germany, and holds dual American and British citizenship. ONeill was educated at Institut auf dem Rosenberg in St. Gallen, Switzerland and he also obtained an MBA from Columbia Business School in New York City. He was a Partner and Head of Research at Noster Capital and former employee of NM Rothschild and Sons, the first time Princess Madeleine and ONeill appeared publicly together was in January 2011. The Royal Court refers to him in Swedish as Herr Christopher ONeill, thus, remaining a private citizen, he can continue his career in finance. Their daughter, Leonore, was born in New York on 20 February 2014 and their second child, Nicolas, was born in Stockholm on 15 June 2015. In February 2015, the Swedish Royal Court announced that the family had moved to Stockholm from New York, in May 2015, the Swedish Royal Court announced that ONeill had moved to London, United Kingdom in April. In Autumn 2015, several months after the birth of Prince Nicolas, the family moved to London. His father-in-law, King Carl XVI Gustaf, conferred upon ONeill, commemorative Ruby Jubilee Medal of His Majesty The King. Recipient of the 70th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf
25.
Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern
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Johann Georg, Prince von Hohenzollern was a German prince, and through his marriage to Princess Birgitta of Sweden, was brother-in-law of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. Prince Johann Georg was the child of Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern. The House of Hohenzollern also produced rulers of the Kingdom of Romania, King Carol I of Romania was the first king of Romania born as a Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. He was followed by his nephew Ferdinand I of Romania, who was adopted as heir in 1889 by his uncle, Ferdinand became the father of King Carol II of Romania and grandfather of Michael I of Romania, the current head of the Royal Family of Romania. Johann Georg met Princess Birgitta of Sweden, the sister of the current King of Sweden Carl XVI Gustaf in 1959 at a party while visiting friends. On 15 December 1960, their engagement was announced by the Royal Palace of Stockholm, Johann Georg and Birgitta separated in 1990, though they remained legally married and attended Swedish royal family events together, including the 2010 wedding of Crown Princess Victoria. They celebrated their wedding in 2011. Johann Georg and Birgittas marriage produced three children, HSH Prince Carl Christian of Hohenzollern, married Nicole Helene Neschitsch, HSH Princess Désirée of Hohenzollern, married firstly Heinrich Franz Josef Georg Maria, Hereditary Count of Ortenburg, three children, divorced in 2002. Married secondly Eckbert von Bohlen und Halbach, HSH Prince Hubertus of Hohenzollern, married Uta Maria König. Johann Georg lived in Grünwald, Munich and was an art expert. From 1992 to 1998 he served as Director General of the Bavarian State Picture Collection and was also a director of the Hypo-Kunsthalle of the Hypo Cultural Foundation and he served as a Member of Advisory Board - Europe at Christies International plc. A patron of the arts, his 75th birthday was celebrated with a concert in Munich. com
26.
John Ambler
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John Kenneth Ambler was a British businessman married to Princess Margaretha of Sweden. His parents were Captain Charles Ambler and Louise Cullen, Princess Margaretha and John Ambler were married in Gärdslösa Church, Öland, on 30 June 1964. The couple then lived in England, first in London and later at Chippinghurst Manor outside Oxford and they had three children, Sybilla Louise, Charles Edward and James Patrick. For many years John Ambler was a director of Atlas Express Ltd and this was a pioneering venture ahead of the arrival of daily ro-ro ferry services linking the UK with the Continent. When business declined the family had to leave Chippinghurst Manor and move to a smaller house, the Amblers often visited the Swedish royal family at Solliden on Öland and John Ambler often participated in King Carl XVI Gustafs autumn hunts. The couple separated in 1996, but continued to be married, Ambler suffered from poor health for a number of years and spent his last ten years in a nursing home in Oxfordshire. Sweden, Commander of the Royal Order of Vasa, -- Netherlands, Recipient of the Wedding Medal of Princess Beatrix, Princess of Orange and Claus Van Amsberg
27.
Baron
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Baron is a title of honour, often hereditary. The word baron comes from the Old French baron, from a Late Latin baro man, servant, soldier, cornutus in the first century already reports a word barones which he took to be of Gaulish origin. During the Ancien Régime, French baronies were very much like Scottish ones, feudal landholders were entitled to style themselves baron if they were nobles, a roturier could only be a seigneur de la baronnie. These baronies could be sold freely until 1789 when feudal law was abolished. The title of baron was assumed as a titre de courtoisie by many nobles, emperor Napoléon created a new empire nobility, in which baron was the second lowest title. The titles followed a line of descent and could not be purchased. In 1815, King Louis XVIII created a new system based on the British model. Baron-peer was the lowest title, but the heirs to pre-1789 barons could remain barons, as could the elder sons of viscount-peers and this peerage system was abolished in 1848. The wife of a Freiherr is called a Freifrau or sometimes Baronin, families which had always held this status were called Uradel, and were heraldically entitled to a three pointed coronet. Families which had been ennobled at a point in time had seven points on their coronet. These families held their fief in vassalage from a suzerain, the holder of an allodial barony was thus called a Free Lord, or Freiherr. Subsequently, sovereigns in Germany conferred the title of Freiherr as a rank in the nobility, today, as of 1919 on, there is no legal privilege associated with hereditary titles in Germany. In modern, republican Germany, Freiherr and Baron remain heritable only as part of the legal surname, as opposed to this, hereditary titles have been banned completely in Austria. Still, in countries, honorary styles like His/her Highness, Serenity, etc. persists in social use as a form of utmost courtesy. As a result, German barons have been more numerous than those of countries where primogeniture with respect to title inheritance prevails as France. In Italy, barone was the lowest rank of feudal nobility except for that of signore or vassallo, the title of baron was most generally introduced into southern Italy by the Normans during the 11th century. Whereas originally a barony might consist of two or more manors, by 1700 we see what were formerly single manors erected into baronies, counties or even marquisates. Since the early 1800s, when feudalism was abolished in the various Italian states, the untitled younger son of a baron is a nobile dei baroni and in informal usage might be called a baron, while certain baronies devolve to heirs male general
28.
Consul (representative)
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A consul is distinguished from an ambassador, the latter being a representative from one head of state to another. In Classical Greece, some of the functions of the modern consul were fulfilled by a proxenos, unlike the modern position, this was a citizen of the host polity. The proxenos was usually a rich merchant who had ties with another city. The position of proxenos was often hereditary in a particular family, modern honorary consuls fulfil a function that is to a degree similar to that of the ancient Greek institution. Consuls were the highest magistrates of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire, the term was revived by the Republic of Genoa, which, unlike Rome, bestowed it on various state officials, not necessarily restricted to the highest. The Consolat de mar was an institution established under the reign of Peter IV of Aragon in the fourteenth century and it was primarily a judicial body, administering maritime and commercial law as Lex Mercatoria. Although the Consolat de mar was established by the Corts General of the Crown of Aragon and this distinction between consular and diplomatic functions remains to this day. Modern consuls retain limited powers to settle disputes on ships from their country. The Consulado de mercaderes was set up in 1543 in Seville as a merchant guild to control trade with Latin America, as such, it had branches in the principal cities of the Spanish colonies. The connection of consul with trade and commercial law is retained in French, in francophone countries, a juge consulaire is a non-professional judge elected by the chamber of commerce to settle commercial disputes in the first instance. Like the term embassy, the consulate may refer not only to the office of consul. The consulate may share premises with the embassy itself, a consul of the highest rank is termed a consul-general, and his or her office a consulate-general. He or she typically has one or several deputy consuls-general, consuls, vice-consuls, consulates-general need not have their offices in the capital city, but rather could have them in the most important/appropriate cities in terms of bilateral relations. In the United States, for example, most countries have a consulate-general in New York City, consuls of various ranks may have specific legal authority for certain activities, such as notarizing documents. As such, diplomatic personnel with other responsibilities may receive consular letters patent, aside from those outlined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, there are few formal requirements outlining what a consular official must do. Nonetheless, consulates proper will be headed by consuls of various ranks, and although it is never admitted publicly, consulates, like embassies, may also gather intelligence information from the assigned country. Contrary to popular belief, although many of the staff of consulates may be career diplomats, in practice, the extension and application of consular privileges and immunities can be subject to wide discrepancies from country to country. Consulates are more numerous than diplomatic missions, such as embassies, ambassadors are posted only in a foreign nations capital
29.
Tord Magnuson
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Tord Gösta Magnuson is a Swedish business executive and the Consul General for Mauritius. He is married to Princess Christina, the youngest of the sisters of King Carl XVI Gustaf. Magnuson is the son of Lennart Magnuson and his wife Gerda and he is also the grandson of the Swedish chemist Gunnar Magnuson and great-grandson of Swedish politician Tord Magnuson. Magnuson graduated as reserve officer in 1963 and graduated with a B. Sc. from Stockholm University in 1967. During his career he has been working at Stockholms Enskilda Bank, at Sandvik Steel Inc. in New York City, at Kayel AB and he is representative of Air Mauritius in Sweden and Commander of the Royal Order of Vasa. Magnuson and his wife first met in 1961 and they married on 15 June 1974. As a result of her constitutionally unapproved marriage to Magnuson, she lost her style of Royal Highness and received the title of Princess Christina. Sweden, Knight Grand Officer of the Royal Order of Vasa Sweden, Recipient of H
30.
Sigvard Bernadotte
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Sigvard Oscar Fredrik Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg was a Swedish industrial designer and former prince. He was also an uncle of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. An industrial designer, Bernadotte was known for designing everything from luxurious silver objects for Georg Jensen to everyday-use household items in plastic. Among his iconic designs were the Red Clara opener, EKA Swede 38 folding knife, the Margrethe bowl, the Bernadotte jug, and he served as a technical advisor on the 1937 film The Prisoner of Zenda. Bernadotte was born Prince of Sweden and Duke of Uppland, and he was also forbidden to use his birth titles and left to be called Mr. Bernadotte. Counts of Wisborg are considered to be part of the Swedish unintroduced nobility, on 28 May 1983 Bernadotte announced to Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå that his princely title was to be used from then on. King Carl XVI Gustaf never obliged, and remained estranged from his uncle, Bernadotte went to the European Court of Human Rights in an effort to reclaim his princely title. In 2004, after his death, the ECHR declared the application inadmissible, the wording on his gravestone, in a cemetery owned by the King, does make it clear that Bernadotte was born Prince of Sweden. He married Erika Patzek on 8 March 1934 and they were divorced on 14 October 1943 and he remarried Sonia de Robbert on 26 October 1943 and they were divorced on 6 June 1961. They have one son, Michael who married Christine Wellhofer on 6 February 1976 and have one daughter and he married lastly Marianne Lindberg Tchang on 30 July 1961 Swedish Act of Succession Instrument of Government Sigvard Bernadotte at the Internet Movie Database
31.
Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
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Gustaf VI Adolf was King of Sweden from 29 October 1950 until his death. He was the eldest son of King Gustaf V and his wife, Victoria of Baden, Gustaf VI Adolf was a lifelong amateur archeologist particularly interested in Ancient Italian cultures. He was born at the Royal Palace in Stockholm and at birth created Duke of Skåne, a patrilineal member of the Bernadotte family, he was also a descendant of the House of Vasa through maternal lines. Through his mother, Victoria, he was a descendant of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden of the deposed House of Holstein-Gottorp, Gustaf Adolf became Crown Prince of Sweden on 8 December 1907, at the death of his grandfather, King Oscar II. In 1938 he was elected a member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati. On 29 October 1950, Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf became king at age 67 upon the death of his father and he was at the time the worlds oldest heir apparent to a monarchy. His personal motto was Plikten framför allt, Duty before all, during Gustaf VI Adolfs reign, work was underway on a new Instrument of Government to replace the 1809 constitution and produce reforms consistent with the times. Among the reforms sought by some Swedes was the replacement of the monarchy or at least some moderation of the old constitutions provision that The King alone shall govern the realm. Gustaf VI Adolfs personal qualities made him popular among the Swedish people and, in turn, Gustaf VI Adolfs expertise and interest in a wide range of fields made him respected, as did his informal and modest nature and his purposeful avoidance of pomp. While the monarchy had been de facto subordinate to the Riksdag and ministers since 1917, even these nominal powers were removed when Swedens constitutional reform became complete in 1975, thus making Gustaf Adolf the last monarch to wield even nominal political power. He was succeeded on the throne by his 27-year-old grandson Carl XVI Gustaf and he died the day before the election of 1973, which is suggested to have swayed it in support of the incumbent Social Democratic government. In a break with tradition, he was not buried in Riddarholmskyrkan in Stockholm and he was the last surviving son of Gustaf V. The Kings reputation as a professional amateur professor was widely known, nationally and internationally, Gustaf VI Adolf was a devoted archaeologist, and was admitted to the British Academy for his work in botany in 1958. Gustaf VI Adolf participated in expeditions in China, Greece, Korea and Italy. Gustaf VI Adolf had a private library consisting of 80000 volumes. He had an interest in specialist literature on Chinese art and East Asian history, throughout his life, King Gustaf VI Adolf was particularly interested in the history of civilization, and he participated in several archaeological expeditions. His other great area of interest was botany, concentrating in flowers and he was considered an expert on the Rhododendron flower. At Sofiero Castle he created one of the very finest Rhododendron collections, like his son, Prince Bertil, Gustaf VI Adolf maintained wide, lifelong interests in sports
32.
Princess Margaret of Connaught
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Princess Margaret of Connaught was Crown Princess of Sweden and Duchess of Scania as the first wife of the future King Gustaf VI Adolf. She was the daughter of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, third son of Queen Victoria. Nicknamed Daisy and known in Sweden as Margareta, she died 30 years before her husbands accession to the throne of Sweden, Princess Margaret was born at Bagshot Park and baptised in the Private Chapel of Windsor Castle on 11 March 1882 by, The Archbishop of Canterbury. Her godparents were Queen Victoria, The German Emperor, the German Crown Princess, Prince and Princess Friedrich Karl of Prussia, and she was also confirmed in the Private Chapel of Windsor Castle in March 1898. Princess Margaret grew up as a member of the British Royal Family, taking part in family holidays and she was a bridesmaid along with her sister at the wedding of their paternal cousins The Duke and Duchess of York on 6 July 1893. When Princess Margaret of Connaught was 23 and her younger sister Princess Patricia of Connaught was 18 and their uncle, King Edward VII, wanted his nieces to marry a European king or crown prince. The Portuguese expected one of the Connaught princesses would become the future Queen of Portugal, the Connaughts continued their trip to Egypt and Sudan. In Cairo, they met Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, the future Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden, originally, Margarets sister Patricia had been considered a suitable match for Gustaf Adolf, without his knowledge, a meeting was arranged with the two sisters. Gustaf Adolf and Margaret fell in love at first sight, Prince Gustaf Adolf proposed at a dinner held by Lord Cromer at the British Consulate in Egypt, and was accepted. Margaret had certainly fallen completely in love with Gustaf Adolf and her parents were very happy with the match. Prince Gustaf Adolf was short of sight and used spectacles, he was tall, dark, well informed, fond of music, an excellent shot, Gustaf Adolf and Margaret married on 15 June 1905, in St. Georges Chapel, at Windsor Castle. The couple spent their honeymoon in Ireland, and arrived in Sweden on 8 July 1905, one of Margarets wedding presents was the Connaught tiara, which remains in the Swedish royal jewellery collection today. Margaret was a mother to her children, and was determined to spend time with them. She was not keen on letting them be raised by nursery staff, when Gustaf Adolfs father, Crown Prince Gustaf, acceded to the throne as King Gustaf V in 1907, the couple became Crown Prince and Princess of Sweden. The marriage between Margaret and Gustaf Adolf is described as a love match. The visiting Infanta Eulalia of Spain wrote that the Crown Princess gave the Swedish court just a touch of the elegance of the Court of St Jamess and of how much Margaret loved her life in Sweden. After her arrival in Sweden, Margaret, who in Sweden was called Margareta, received lessons in the Swedish language, after two years, she spoke good Swedish. She was also eager to find out more about Sweden, Margaret took a great interest in many forms of sports, she used the winters for skiing, ice skating and playing hockey, and played tennis and golf during the summers
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