Swedish wars on Bremen
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The Swedish wars on Bremen were fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immedi
Siege of Bremen, 1666
Treaty of Stade, reprint
Bremen-Verden in 1655. Bremen (center bottom) and the secularized Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (center) in yellow, Verden (bottom right) in red.
The guarantors of the imperial constitution or guarantor powers were those states that were, by treaty, obligated to defend the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire. Starting in 1648 the guarantor po
Cardinal Mazarin, French statesman
Nikolay Rumyantsev, Russian envoy